On the Analysis of Cellular IP Access Networks

Handover management is one of the most critical iss ues that mobility management protocols are concerned with. This process becomes even more critical in the case of Micro-mobility where the Mobile host is expected to encounter frequent handovers . Several IP micro-mobility protocols have been proposed to enhance the performance of Mobile IP in an environment with frequent handoffs. In this paper we make a details study of how the performance of the handoff schemes of two candidates for micro- mobility protocols, namely HAWAII and Cellular IP. The aim of the paper is to investigate the impact of handoffs on TCP by means of simulation traces that show the evolution of segments and acknowledgments during handoffs. Application of these models allows a comparison of two important handoff schemes: the Multiple Stream Forwarding scheme of HAWAII and the Semi-soft Handoff scheme of Cellular IP .

IEEE Students Conference, ISCON '02. Proceedings.

Most of today's wireless networks are based on a circuit-switched Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) architecture similar to that found in wire line telecommunication networks. With the advent of the Internet Protocol (IP) and tremendous growth in data traffic, the core networks in wireless industry are evolving to IP and its associated technologies. Mobile IP is a proposed standard of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) designed to assist almost all of current mobile users. It allows a mobile computer to be seamlessly reachable at a fixed IP address (called its home address), irrespective of its current point of attachment to the Internet. Transport layer connections are maintained across moves and all this is accomplished without the need to propagate host-specific routes throughout the Internet routing fabric. In this paper, we present an implementation of Mobile IP in Linux (WASMIP) and advocate the use of Mobile IP as a means for solving the mobility management problems in 3G wireless networks.

One of the most recent Internet challenges is to support transparent movement of people along with their computers, data and most of all applications. Therefore, Mobile IP has been developed to provide Internet mobility services. This paper aims at enhancing the IETF Mobile IP standard. The model developed in this paper suggests a new caching mechanism, which is based on the Mobile Information Server (MIS). Actually, the MIS is designed to be part of the border router of any network that supports mobility services. Moreover, the paper suggests a peering technique by which information about mobiles hosts could be shared among different MISs. All the design issues including model components as well as mechanisms for caching and peering are described in details. The simulation results show that the proposed design provides improved performance and better bandwidth utilization. The suggested architecture provides other qualitative advantages such as scalability and transparency.

Mobile IP is now the standard for supporting mobility in IP networks. It provides seamless mobility by hiding the change of IP address when a mobile host moves between IP subnets. Nevertheless, Mobile IP is not designed to support fast handoff and seamless mobility in handoff-intensive environments. Several micro-mobility protocols have been proposed to support host mobility with frequent handoffs within a domain without interaction with the Mobile IP enabled internet. Cellular IP, HAWAII and HFA are some of the popular IP micro-mobility protocols. Cellular IP complements Mobile IP with support for fast, seamless and local handoff control, and IP paging. In this paper a modification to the existing indirect handoff mechanism in Cellular IP is proposed and subsequently assessed by simulation. The approach proposed in this paper, called Enhanced Indirect Handoff, constitutes a new way to handoff to the new base station where the handoff is initiated along the old base station, resulting in reduced handoff delay and hence reduced packet loss.

2008

In this research, an architecture called the Agent-based Mobility Protocol (AMP) comprising a multi-agent system residing in both the mobile host(s) and the access networks has been developed for the purpose of enhancing mobility management in IP-based networks. The agent system on the mobile host was designed and subsequently built using an agent development platform called Agent Builder Pro. The core of the AMP architecture is the access network agency and both its specifications and the corresponding mobility management were designed using a combination of collaboration and operation diagrams. Given the scope and complexity of computer networks generally, and the Internet, specifically, the use of a network simulator was considered appropriate in providing a wider and comprehensive understanding of how the AMP architecture and protocol would perform in supporting a mobile host roaming over multiple network domains or autonomous systems. Hence, this paper presents our work in developing the AMP architecture including its implementation over a discrete-event network simulator called ns-2 where customized objects have been built into the simulator. In addition, using different simulated scenarios, the architecture and protocol operations of AMP for mobility management were evaluated against Mobile IP as a basis for comparative analyses.

IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering

In the current Cellular IP architecture, only one gateway serves the entire CIP network. So, the gateway is single point of failure for all the mobile hosts who rely on it to be connected to the Internet. Cellular IP requires that a mobile host be using exactly one gateway to the Internet backbone with Mobile IP at a time. When multiply gateways are used in a cellular IP network, the optimal design for the multiple domains is needed. The cellular IP protocol provides better performance for hand-off than other protocol using micromobility. A set of base station cluster together on the same cellular IP network. This kind of domain base network is superior to mobile IP in support of routing optimization and QoS. Experiment were conduct to explore load our protocol and survey the packet loss. This result so that the load of control packet is negligible for cellular IP and the number of lost packet can be successfully reduced. This thesis developed to design cellular IP architecture and fault detection mechanism and recover the protocol of cellular IP.

IEEE Network, 2004

Mobile networks and the Internet are converging. This convergence challenges the QoS provisioning in such mobile IP networks. The future mobile Internet will include many portable devices connected to the global network. In order to achieve higher bandwidth for the users, the cell size will have to be limited. That leads to the creation of microcellular, or even picocellular environments, where the users move frequently among cells. This paper addresses problems that arise from the integration of mobile networks and the Internet, which are mainly due to user mobility. Also analyze the impact of handovers on different traffic types, such as CBR, VBR, as well as best-effort traffic.

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2003

We point out the different performance problems that need to be addressed when considering mobility in IP networks. We also define the reference architecture and present a framework to classify the different solutions for mobility management in IP networks. The performance of the major candidate micro-mobility solutions is evaluated for both real-time (UDP) and data (TCP) traffic through simulation and by means of an analytical model. Using these models we compare the performance of different mobility management schemes for different data and real-time services and the network resources that are needed for it. We point out the problems of TCP in wireless environments and review some proposed enhancements to TCP that aim at improving TCP performance. We make a detailed study of how some of micromobility protocols namely Cellular IP, Hawaii and Hierarchical Mobile IP affect the behavior of TCP and their interaction with the MAC layer. We investigate the impact of handoffs on TCP by means of simulation traces that show the evolution of segments and acknowledgments during handoffs.

… , 2009. NETCOM'09 …, 2009

Mobility management in the wireless domain is a challenging issue for the next generation networks. Frequent change of network requires a new IP address to route packets from one host to another. It is done by sending the mobile node (MN) binding update to the Home Agent (HA) when the Care of address (CoA) gets changed. This registration requires large number of location updates, excessive signaling overhead and service delay. This problem is solved by Hierarchical Mobile IP (HMIP) protocol using the concept of hierarchy of Foreign Agent and the Gateway Foreign Agent /Mobility Anchor point to localize the registration information. This article presents an overview of set of HMIP based mobility protocols such as HMIP, PHMIP, RHMIP, DHMIP, FFHMIP, MIFA etc. that will play an important role in IP based mobility management.