Cloud Mobile Media: Reflections and Outlook
2014, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
https://doi.org/10.1109/TMM.2014.2315596Abstract
This paper surveys the emerging paradigm of cloud mobile media. We start with two alternative perspectives for cloud mobile media networks: an end-to-end view and a layered view. Summaries of existing research in this area are organized according to the layered service framework: i) cloud resource management and control in infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), ii) cloud-based media services in platform-as-a-service (PaaS), and iii) novel cloud-based systems and applications in software-as-a-service (SaaS). We further substantiate our proposed design principles for cloud-based mobile media using a concrete case study: a cloud-centric media platform (CCMP) developed at Nanyang Technological University. Finally, this paper concludes with an outlook of open research problems for realizing the vision of cloud-based mobile media.
References (103)
- "Global mobile data traffic forecast update, 2012-2017," Cisco Visual Networking Index, White Paper, Feb. 2013 [Online]. Available: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.pdf
- M. Satyanarayanan, P. Bahl, R. Caceres, and N. Davies, "The case for VM-based cloudlets in mobile computing," IEEE Pervasive Comput., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 14-23, Oct. 2009.
- P. Wendell and M. J. Freedman, "Going viral: Flash crowds in an open CDN," in Proc. 2011 ACM SIGCOMM Conf. Internet Measurement Conf. (IMC '11), New York, NY, USA, 2011, pp. 549-558.
- D. Clark, B. Lehr, S. Bauer, P. Faratin, R. Sami, and J. Wroclawski, "The growth of internet overlay networks: Implications for archi- tecture, industry structure and policy," in Proc. Telecommunications Policy Research Conf., 2005.
- P. Mell and T. Grance, in The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, Sep. 2011.
- X.-S. Hua, G. Hua, and C. W. Chen, "ACM workshop on mobile cloud media computing," in Proc. ACM MCMC'10, Firenze, Italy, Oct. 2010.
- M. Tan and X. Su, "Media cloud: When media revolution meets rise of cloud computing," in Proc. 6th IEEE Int. Symp. Service Oriented System Engineering (SOSE 2011), 2011.
- W. Zhu, C. Luo, J. Wang, and S. Li, "Multimedia cloud computing," IEEE Signal Process. Mag., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 59-69, May 2011.
- S. Dey, "Cloud mobile media: Opportunities, challenges, and direc- tions," in Proc. Int. Conf. Computing, Networking and Communica- tions (ICNC), 2012, Feb. 30-2, 2012, 2005, pp. 929-933.
- U. Hoelzle and L. A. Barroso, The Datacenter as a Computer: An In- troduction to the Design of Warehouse-Scale Machines, 1st ed. San Rafael, CA, USA: Morgan and Claypool, 2009.
- M. Zhou, R. Zhang, W. Xie, W. Qian, and A. Zhou, "Security and pri- vacy in cloud computing: A survey," in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Semantics Knowledge and Grid (SKG), 2010, 2010, pp. 105-112.
- Z. Wang, "Security and privacy issues within the cloud computing," in Proc. Int. Conf. Computational and Information Sciences (ICCIS), 2011, 2011, pp. 175-178.
- Y. Zhang, A. Juels, M. K. Reiter, and T. Ristenpart, "Cross-VM side channels and their use to extract private keys," in Proc. 2012 ACM Conf. Computer and Communications Security (CCS '12), New York, NY, USA, 2012, pp. 305-316.
- B. Rimal, E. Choi, and I. Lumb, "A taxonomy and survey of cloud computing systems," in Proc. 5th IEEE Int. Joint Conf. INC, IMS and IDC, 2009 (NCM'09), 2009, pp. 44-51.
- A. Beloglazov, R. Buyya, Y. Lee, and A. Zomaya et al., "A taxonomy and survey of energy-efficient data centers and cloud computing sys- tems," Advances Comput., vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 47-111, 2011.
- P. Endo, G. Gonçalves, J. Kelner, and D. Sadok, "A survey on open- source cloud computing solutions," in Proc. VIII Workshop em Clouds, Grids e Aplicações, 2010, pp. 3-16.
- M. Zhou, R. Zhang, D. Zeng, and W. Qian, "Services in the cloud com- puting era: A survey," in Proc. 4th IEEE Int. Universal Communication Symp. (IUCS), 2010, 2010, pp. 40-46.
- Y. Jin, Y. Wen, G. Shi, G. Wang, and A. Vasilakos, "CoDaaS: An Ex- perimental cloud-centric content delivery platform for user-generated contents," in Proc. 2012 IEEE Int. Conf. Computing, Networking and Communications. Maui, HI, USA: , 2012.
- Fernando, Niroshinie, Loke, W. Seng, Rahayu, and Wenny, "Mobile cloud computing: A survey," Future Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 84-106, Jan. 2013.
- Z. Sanaei, S. Abolfazli, A. Gani, and R. Buyya, "Heterogeneity in mobile cloud computing: Taxonomy and open challenges," IEEE Commun. Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1-24, 2013.
- A. Klein, C. Mannweiler, J. Schneider, and H. Schotten, "Access schemes for mobile cloud computing," in Proc. 11th Int. Conf. Mobile Data Management (MDM), 2010, 2010, pp. 387-392.
- H. Harada, "Cognitive wireless cloud: A network concept to handle heterogeneous and spectrum sharing type radio access networks," in Proc. IEEE 20th Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Com- munications, 2009, 2009, pp. 1-5.
- M. Satyanarayanan, P. Bahl, R. Caceres, and N. Davies, "The case for VM-based cloudlets in mobile computing," IEEE Pervasive Comput. p. 1, 2011.
- T. Verbelen, P. Simoens, F. De Turck, and B. Dhoedt, "Cloudlets: Bringing the cloud to the mobile user," in Proc. 3rd ACM Workshop Mobile Cloud Computing and Services (MCS '12), 2012, pp. 29-36.
- S. Ferretti, V. Ghini, F. Panzieri, and E. Turrini, "Seamless support of multimedia distributed applications through a cloud," in Proc. IEEE 3rd Int. Conf. Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 2010, Jul. 2010, pp. 548-549.
- H. Ahlehagh and S. Dey, "Hierarchical video caching in wireless cloud: Approaches and algorithms," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Communications (ICC), 2012, 2012, pp. 7082-7087.
- W. Pu, Z. Zou, and C. W. Chen, "Dynamic adaptive streaming over http from multiple content distribution servers," in Proc. 2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf. (GLOBECOM 2011), 2011, pp. 1-5.
- W. Pu, Z. Zou, and C. W. Chen, "Video adaptation proxy for wireless dynamic adaptive streaming over http," in Proc. 2012 19th Int. Packet Video Workshop (PV), 2012, pp. 65-70.
- J. Daniels, "Server virtualization architecture and implementation," Crossroads, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 8-12, Sep. 2009.
- M.-J. Montpetit, "Your content, your networks, your devices: Social networks meet your TV experience," Comput. Entertain., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 34:1-34:3, Sep. 2009.
- B.-G. Chun, S. Ihm, P. Maniatis, M. Naik, and A. Patti, "CloneCloud: Elastic execution between mobile device and cloud," in Proc. Eu- roSys'11, Salzburg, Austria, Apr. 2011.
- S. Kosta, A. Aucinas, P. Hui, R. Mortier, and X. Zhang, "ThinkAir: Dynamic resource allocation and parallel execution in the cloud for mobile code offloading," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Computer Commu- nications Mini-Conf. (INFOCOM'12), Houston, TX, USA, Mar. 2012.
- X. Zhang, A. Kunjithapatham, S. Jeong, and S. Gibbs, "Towards an elastic application model for augmenting the computing capabilities of mobile devices with cloud computing," Mobile Netw. Applicat., 2011.
- Y. Wen, W. Zhang, and H. Luo, "Energy-optimal mobile application execution: Taming resource-poor mobile devices with cloud clones," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Computer Communications Mini-Conf. (IN- FOCOM'12), Houston, TX, USA, Mar. 2012.
- P. Stuedi, I. Mohomed, and D. Terry, "WhereStore: Location-based data storage for mobile devices interacting with the cloud," in Proc. ACM MCS'10, San Francisco, CA, USA, Jun. 2010.
- D. Neumann, C. Bodenstein, O. F. Rana, and R. Krishnaswamy, "STACEE: Enhancing storage clouds using edge devices," in Proc. ACM ACE'11, Karlsruhe, Germany, Jun. 2011.
- D. Miao, W. Zhu, C. Luo, and C. W. Chen, "Resource allocation for cloud-based free viewpoint video rendering for mobile phones," in Proc. 19th ACM Int. Conf. Multimedia (MM '11), New York, NY, USA, 2011, pp. 1237-1240.
- X. Nan, Y. He, and L. Guan, "Optimal resource allocation for multi- media cloud based on queuing model," in Proc. IEEE Int. Workshop Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP'11), Hangzhou, China, Oct. 2011.
- F. Chen, K. Guoy, J. Liny, and T. L. Porta, "Intra-cloud lightning: Building CDNs in the cloud," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Computer Com- munications Mini-Conf. (INFOCOM'12), Houston, TX, USA, Mar. 2012.
- X. Cheng and J. Liu, "Load-balanced migration of social media to content clouds," in Proc. NOSSDAV'11, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Jun. 2011.
- F. Wang, J. Liu, and M. Chen, "CALMS: Cloud-assisted live media streaming for globalized demands with time/region diversities," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Computer Communications Mini-Conf. (IN- FOCOM'12), Houston, TX, USA, Mar. 2012.
- X. Qiu, H. Li, C. Wu, Z. Liy, and F. C. Lau, "Dynamic scaling of VoD services into hybrid clouds with cost minimization and QoS guar- antee," in Proc. IEEE Int. Packet Video Workshop (PV'12), Munich, Germany, May 2012.
- D. Niu, H. Xu, B. Li, and S. Zhao, "Quality-assured cloud band- width auto-scaling for video-on-demand applications," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Computer Communications Mini-Conf. (INFOCOM'12), Houston, TX, USA, Mar. 2012.
- D. P. Bertsekas, Dynamic Programming and Optimal Control, Two Volume Set, 2nd ed. Nashua, NH, USA: Athena Scientific, 2001.
- D. P. Bertsekas and S. E. Shreve, Stochastic Optimal Control: The Dis- crete-Time Case. Orlando, FL, USA: Academic, 1978.
- S. Boyd and L. Vandenberghe, Convex Optimization. NewYork,NY, USA: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004.
- A. Vetro, C. Christopoulos, and H. Sun, "Video transcoding architec- tures and techniques: An overview," IEEE Signal Process. Mag., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 18-29, Mar. 2003.
- T. Bailloeul, C. Zhu, and Y. Xu, "Automatic image tagging as a random walk with priors on the canonical correlation subspace," in Proc. 1st ACM Int. Conf. Multimedia Information Retrieval, 2008, pp. 75-82.
- B. Girod, M. Kalman, Y. Liang, and R. Zhang, "Advances in channel- adaptive video streaming," Wirel. Commun. Mobile Comput., vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 573-584, 2002.
- A. G. Kunzel, H. Kalva, and B. Furht, "A study of transcoding on cloud environments for video content delivery," in Proc. ACM MCMC'10, Firenze, Italy, Oct. 2010.
- Z. Huang, C. Mei, L. E. Li, and T. Woo, "CloudStream: Delivering high-quality streaming video through a cloud-based H.264/SVC proxy," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Computer Communications Mini-Conf. (INFOCOM'11), Orlando, FL, USA, Mar. 2001.
- A. Garcia and H. Kalva, "Cloud transcoding for mobile video con- tent delivery," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Consumer Electronics (ICCE), 2011, Jan. 2011, pp. 379-380.
- W. Shi, Y. Lu, Z. Li, and J. Engelsma, "Scalable support for 3D graphics applications in cloud," in Proc. IEEE 3rd Int. Conf. Cloud Computing, 2010.
- R. Pereira, M. Azambuja, K. Breitman, and M. Endler, "An architec- ture for distributed high performance video processing in the cloud," in Proc. IEEE 3rd Int. Conf. Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 2010, Jul. 2010, pp. 482-489.
- R. Pereira and K. Breitman, "A cloud based architecture for improving video compression time efficiency: The split amp; merge approach," in Proc. Data Compression Conf. (DCC), 2011, Mar. 2011, p. 471.
- L. Zheng, L. Tian, and Y. Wu, "A rate control scheme for distributed high performance video encoding in cloud," in Proc. Int. Conf. Cloud and Service Computing (CSC), 2011, Dec. 2011, pp. 131-133.
- H. Yue, X. Sun, J. Yang, and F. Wu, "Cloud-based image coding for mobile devices -toward thousands to one compression," IEEE Trans. Multimedia, to be published.
- G. Zhang, Y. Wen, J. Zhu, and Q. Chen, "On file delay minimization for content uploading to media cloud via collaborative wireless network," in Proc. IEEE WCSP'11, 2011.
- J. Sun, Y. Wen, and L. Zheng, "On file-based content distribution over wireless networks via multiple paths: Coding delay trade-off," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2011 , 2011, pp. 381-385.
- Y. Wen, G. Zhang, and X. Zhu, "Lightweight packet scheduling algorithms for content uploading from mobile devices to media cloud," in Proc. 2nd IEEE Workshop Multimedia Communications & Services-IEEE GLOBECOM 2011, 2011.
- Y. Huang, Z. Li, G. Liu, and Y. Dai, "Cloud download: Using cloud utilities to achieve high-quality content distribution for unpopular videos," in Proc. ACM Multimedia (MM'11), Scottsdale, AZ, USA, Nov. 2011.
- Y. Wen, G. Shi, and G. Wang, "Designing an inter-cloud messaging protocol for content distribution as a service (CoDaaS) over future in- ternet," in Proc. ACM CFI'11, Seoul, Korea, Jun. 2011.
- H. A. Tran, A. Mellouk, and S. Hoceini, "QoE content distribution net- work for cloud architecture," in Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Network Cloud Computing and Applications (NCCA), 2011, 2011, pp. 14-19.
- J. Cervino, P. Rodriguez, I. Trajkovska, A. Mozo, and J. Salvachua, "Testing a cloud provider network for hybrid P2P and cloud streaming architectures," in Proc. IEEE 4th Int. Conf. Cloud Computing, 2011.
- Y. Wu, C. Wu, B. Li, L. Zhang, Z. Li, and F. C. Lau, "Scaling social media applications into geo-distributed clouds," in Proc. IEEE Infocom 2012, Mar. 2012.
- Y. Cui, M. Kim, H. gun Yoon, and H. Lee, "SMSS: Social media sharing system using UPnP in cloud computing environment," in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Internet (ICONI), 2011.
- D. Daz-Sánchez, F. Almenares, A. Marin, and D. Proserpio, "Media cloud: Sharing contents in the large," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Con- sumer Electronics (ICCE'11), 2011.
- D. Daz-Sánchez, F. Almenarez, A. Marn, D. Proserpio, and P. A. Cabarcos, "Media cloud: An open cloud computing middleware for content management," IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron., vol. 57, no. 2, May 2011.
- D. Daz-Sánchez, F. Almenarez, A. Marn, P. Arias, R. Sánchez-Guer- rero, and F. Sanvido, "A privacy aware media gateway for con- necting private multimedia clouds to limited devices," in Proc. IFIP WMNC'11, 2011.
- X. Zhu, J. Zhu, R. Pan, M. Prabhu, and F. Bonomi, "Cloud-assisted streaming for low-latency applications," in Proc. Int. Conf. Com- puting, Networking and Communications (ICNC), Feb. 30-2, 2012, pp. 949-953.
- W. Yin, J. Luo, and C. W. Chen, "Event-based semantic image adapta- tion for user-centric mobile display devices," IEEE Trans. Multimedia, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 432-442, 2011.
- Popcorn Maker [Online]. Available: https://popcorn.webmaker.org/
- S. Shi, W. J. Jeon, K. Nahrstedt, and R. H. Campbell, "Real-time re- mote rendering of 3D video for mobile devices," in Proc. 17th ACM Int. Conf. Multimedia (MM '09), New York, NY, USA, 2009, pp. 391-400.
- K. Ota, H. Kubota, and T. Gotoh, "Media cloud service with optimized video processing and platform," FUJITSU Sci. Tech. J., 2011.
- K. S. Candan, "RanKloud: Scalable multimedia and social media re- trieval and analysis in the cloud," in Proc. 9th Workshop Large-Scale and Distributed Informational Retrieval (LSDS-IR '11), New York, NY, USA, 2011, pp. 1-2.
- W. Yin, X. Zhu, and C. W. Chen, "Contemporary ubiquitous media ser- vices: Content recommendation and adaptation," in Proc. IEEE First PerCom Workshop Pervasive Communications and Service Clouds, 2011.
- K. S. Gopalan, S. Nathan, B. T. C. H, A. B. Channa, P. Saraf, and G. Shanker, "A cloud based service architecture for personalized media recommendations," in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Next Generation Mobile Ap- plications and Services, 2011.
- X. Giro-i Nieto, C. Ventura, J. Pont-Tuset, S. Cortes, and F. Marques, "System architecture of a web service for Content-Based Image Re- trieval," in Proc. ACM Int. Conf. Image and Video Retrieval (CIVR '10), New York, NY, USA, 2010, pp. 358-365.
- R. Lämmel, "Google's mapreduce programming model-revisited," Sci. Comput. Program., vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 1-30, Jan. 2008.
- S. Liu and C. W. Chen, "A novel 3D video transcoding scheme for adaptive 3D video transmission to heterogeneous terminals," ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Applicat., vol. 8, no. 3s, pp. 43:1-43:21, Oct. 2012.
- G. Pallis and A. Vakali, "Insight and perspectives for content delivery networks," Commun. ACM, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 101-106, Jan. 2006.
- Y. Wen, P. Sun, and J. Cai, "Codaas: Content delivery as a service for user generated contents (invited paper)," J. Internet Technol., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 353-364, May 2013.
- A. Loui, J. Luo, S.-F. Chang, D. Ellis, W. Jiang, L. Kennedy, K. Lee, and A. Yanagawa, "Kodak's consumer video benchmark data set: Concept definition and annotation," in Proc. Int. Workshop Multimedia Information Retrieval (MIR '07), New York, NY, USA, 2007, pp. 245-254.
- D. Agrawal, K. S. Candan, and W. S. L. , Eds., New Frontiers in Information and Software as Services: Service and Application Design Challenges in the Cloud. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2011.
- M. Isard, M. Budiu, Y. Yu, A. Birrell, and D. Fetterly, "Dryad: Dis- tributed data-parallel programs from sequential building blocks," in Proc. 2nd ACM SIGOPS/EuroSys European Conf. Computer Systems 2007 (EuroSys '07), New York, NY, USA, 2007, pp. 59-72.
- H. Espeland, P. Beskow, H. Stensland, P. Olsen, S. Kristoffersen, C. Griwodz, and P. Halvorsen, "P2G: A framework for distributed real- time processing of multimedia data," in Proc. 40th Int. Conf. Parallel Processing Workshops (ICPPW), 2011, Sep. 2011, pp. 416-426.
- J.-L. Chen, S.-L. Wu, Y. Larosa, P.-J. Yang, and Y.-F. Li, "IMS cloud computing architecture for high-quality multimedia applications," in Proc. 2011 7th Int. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conf. (IWCMC), Jul. 2011, pp. 1463-1468.
- Z. Ye, X. Chen, and Z. Li, "Video based mobile location search with large set of SIFT points in cloud," in Proc. 2010 ACM Multimedia Workshop Mobile Cloud Media Computing (MCMC '10), New York, NY, USA, 2010, pp. 25-30.
- C. Keimel, J. Habigt, C. Horch, and K. Diepold, "Video quality evalu- ation in the cloud," in Proc. IEEE Int. Packet Video Workshop (PV'12), Munich, Germany, May 2012.
- R. H. Glitho, "Cloud-based multimedia conferencing: Business model, research agenda, state-of-the-art," in Proc. IEEE Conf. Commerce and Enterprise Computing, 2011.
- C. Gadea, B. Solomon, B. Ionescu, and D. Ionescu, "A collaborative cloud-based multimedia sharing platform for social networking envi- ronments," in Proc. 20th Int. Conf. Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN'11), 2011.
- E. Vartiainen and K. Väänänen-Vainio-Mattila, "User experience of mobile photo sharing in the cloud," in Proc. ACM MUM '10, Limassol, Cyprus, Dec. 2010.
- S. Saranya and M. Vijayalakshmi, "Interactive mobile live video learning system in cloud environment," in Proc. Int. Conf. Recent Trends in Information Technology (ICRTIT), 2011, Jun. 2011, pp. 673-677.
- T. Ali, M. Nauman, F.-e. Hadi, and F. bin Muhaya, "On usage con- trol of multimedia content in and through cloud computing paradigm," in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Future Information Technology (FutureTech), 2010, May 2010, pp. 1-5.
- H. Liang, D. Huang, L. Cai, X. Shen, and D. Peng, "Resource allocation for security services in mobile cloud computing," in Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), 2011, Apr. 2011, pp. 191-195.
- C.-T. Huang, Z. Qin, and C.-C. Kuo, "Multimedia storage security in cloud computing: An overview," in Proc. IEEE 13th Int. Workshop Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP), 2011, Oct. 2011, pp. 1-6.
- V. Jacobson, D. K. Smetters, J. D. Thornton, M. F. Plass, N. H. Briggs, and R. L. Braynard, "Networking named content," in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies (CoNEXT '09), New York, NY, USA, 2009, pp. 1-12.
- X. Zhang, K. Chang, H. Xiong, Y. Wen, G. Shi, and G. Wang, "Towards name-based trust and security for content-centric network," in Proc. 2011 19th IEEE Int. Conf. Network Protocols (ICNP '11), Washington, DC, USA, 2011, pp. 1-6, IEEE Computer Society.
- D. Niu, C. Feng, and B. Li, "A theory of cloud bandwidth pricing for video-on-demand providers," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Computer Com- munications Mini-Conf. (INFOCOM'12), Houston, TX, USA, Mar. 2012.
- "The new multi-screen world: Understanding cross-platform consumer behavior, white paper, Google," Aug. 2012 [Online]. Available: http:// services.google.com/fh/files/misc/multiscreenworld_final.pdf
- "Software-defined networking: The new norm for networks, white paper, open networking foundation (ONF)," Apr. 2012 [Online]. Available: https://www.opennetworking.org/images/stories/down- loads/white-papers/wp-sdn-newnorm.pdf
- L. Zhang, D. Estrin, J. Burke, V. Jacobson, J. D. Thornton, D. K. Smetters, B. Zhang, G. Tsudik, D. Massey, and C. Papadopoulos et al., "Named data networking (ndn) project," Relatório Técnico NDN- 0001, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center-PARC, 2010.
- J. Gantz and D. Reinsel, "Extracting value from chaos, White Paper, IDC," Jun. 2011 [Online]. Available: http://www.emc.com/collateral/ analyst-reports/idc-extracting-value-from-chaos-ar.pdf