Tourism and rural communities

The recognition of the role of tourism planners in seeking to contribute to local residents' well-being by mitigating the potential costs of tourism development has been given more attention in the last decades. Several studies on the perception of positive or negative impacts, based on sustainability (namely the three pillars: economic, sociocultural and environmental) have been developed. However , the studies have been somewhat limited in terms of approaches, namely with respect to the contribution and participation of stakeholders. In this study, we attempted to use a bidirectional analysis of involvement and tourism knowledge to segment the residents and analyse their perception of the impacts. A total of 373 valid surveys were applied in a rural mountainous municipality (Boticas) during 2015 and 2016. In this municipality, tourism (activity) is an emergent activity. The results show that more informed and more involved residents have more positive perceptions of tourism than other groups, while less informed and less involved residents have more negative perceptions of it. The study contributes to increasing the knowledge about residents' perceptions of tourism, adding the aspects of involvement, especially in rural areas. This type of proposal can be applied to any destination to help manage residents' opinions and, consequently, their support of tourism development.

Sustainability has been a core conceptual framework for community development since the concept was popularized in 1987, although in its essence it reflects a long history of environmental conservation development, emerged more gradually out of ecological studies in the 1980s, but has only recently, since the mid-2000s, emerged as a focus of public interest as a way of responding and adapting to the planet’s growing anthropogenic changes. For many, sustainability and resilience are slightly nuanced perspectives on the same phenomenon. For others, however, there are distinct differences between them, with sustainability’s conservation goals being in opposition to the adaptation goals of resilience. Two major reasons for these confusions are: (1) both concepts are defined and used in many different ways to achieve a variety of political goals that may not reflect their core definitions; and (2) both concepts share similar goals and some common approaches, such as a focus on climate change and seeking a balance between humans and nature. Returning to the core definitions of conservation and adaptation helps to understand these similarities and differences, as well as to articulate indicators for understanding how each applies to community tourism development. Indicators from research in rural Taiwan tourism communities are based on responses to the questions: What does the community want to conserve and how do they want to do it (sustainability)? and What do they want to change and how do they want to do it (resilience)? Preliminary results suggest that the new ideal community is one that is both sustainable and resilient.

This article examines the relationship between rural tourism and national identity, with reference to a southern European country. Particular attention is devoted to the meaning making work that the state, national visitors and residents do at two of the most popular Historic Villages of Portugal. Drawing on ethnographic materials, the article sheds light on the links between historic conservation and “heritagization”, as defined by Poria and Ashworth, and demonstrates the force of the nation’s medieval origins in the dominant discourses on Portuguese national identity. In addition, it shows that “felt history” has been targeted by the state to increase the levels of consumption through rural tourism, but also triggers a sense of national pride among Portuguese visitors. The residents of Castelo Rodrigo and of Sortelha contest, but they also recycle the officially sanctioned interpretation of the sites as medieval to convey the fascinating distinctiveness of the local identity.

The presence of distinctive territories and identities are important assets for rural tourism in addition to favorable internal conditions in host communities to reach a governance tourism model. In Mexico, several rural tourism initiatives have shown weaknesses in the outcomes such as the emergence of new conflicts in host communities, an incorrect inversion in infrastructure or deficient local organizational
capabilities. This indicates the need of previous understanding in target territories
where rural tourism wants to be introduced. A geographical approach based on concepts such as identity, territory, land cover and multi-scale provides an ex-ante assessment in rural spaces of tropical dry lands in Mexico where rural tourism
initiatives want to be encouraged. The ex-ante assessment allowed the identification of five productive identities clearly defined from an inside perspective which revealed a high countryside capital in the studied area. In the productiven identities areas, different types of tourism and activities could be developed based on the specificities found. Furthermore, heterogeneous internal conditions in communities into the entire territory were found, which has implications for the creation of horizontal collaborative networks among communities. The results offered new evidence about the potentiality of the whole territory as well as the need of further intervention and analysis to strengthen the social capital in local communities. This geographical approach to guide an ex-ante assessment is complementary to other conventional approaches for recognizing the feasibility of rural tourism initiatives or policies in rural territories.

This paper provides a review of recent themes in the investigation of small towns in South Africa. The paper is divided into two main sections of review and analysis. The first section furnishes an overview of the different types of research themes that have been engaged. It is argued that a narrow set of issues, mainly concerning economic expansion and change have formed the key vantage point from which to view small town South Africa. The second section outlines a range of research questions that require attention. It is argued that there is a need to more closely consider how small town knowledge production takes place and that research themes need to move beyond mere issues of economic development.

The dominant narrative regarding tourism in Thailand centers on the various negative social and environmental consequences of rapid growth, but in the midst of this explosive expansion of conventional tourism, a less recognized story has recently emerged. Due to the efforts of researchers, environmental activists, non-governmental organizations, and public officials, community-based tourism (CBT) has become in the past decade an important component of the domestic tourism market, and signifies trends that are more encouraging than those associated with more conventional forms of tourism in Thailand. While it is true that some rural communities in Thailand struggle to plan, initiate, and sustain CBT projects, it is nevertheless possible, with the right combination of circumstances, to pursue successful CBT. The paper explores the emergence of CBT in Thailand, and examines the case study of Mae Kampong, a village in the Northern Thai province of Chiang Mai that is renowned nationally as a showcase CBT community. Using data and observations gathered during more than 30 research or study-tour visits to Mae Kampong, this paper argues that fortunate geographical conditions, external support, and transformational leadership represent the most important determinants of success for CBT in Thailand.

Despite its growing importance to the domestic tourism market in Thailand, and its pertinence to community-based forms of tourism generally, homestay tourism remains a neglected topic. The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of successful participation in homestay tourism in Thailand. Based on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 30 residents of Mae Kampong, a well-known homestay village located in the northern Thai province of Chiang Mai, this paper argues that success in the context of homestay tourism is a double-edged sword, because even when communities succeed in operating a homestay program, this success comes at the price of diminished authenticity, greater dependence on tourism, and enhanced social and economic inequalities. Notwithstanding such challenges, rural communities will continue to respond to tourist demand for novelty and authenticity by commercializing their homes and offering homestay experiences that deliver glimpses of rural life to curious guests.

This paper explores the strategic relevance for communities of properly managing collective symbolic capital under a neoliberal context, focusing on the impact of neoliberal policies in the capacity of communities to control the appropriation of value of their agro-food productions. The current economic crisis in Spain increases the pressure on the social and economic reproduction of the lower classes within local communities, and threatens the virtuous balance between the management of common resources and the collective symbolic capital associated with them. Entrepreneurial and institutional logic favors the capturing of collective symbolic capital by local bourgeoisies and transnational companies, while depleting the local common resources that had been exploited sustainably by local communities for centuries. The case study of the cultivation of clams in Carril, Spain, illustrates this process, while the
conclusions from previous research on other Spanish agro-food systems are presented to provide a comparative analysis and potential development alternatives based on different strategies for the management of collective symbolic capital.

Since the inception of modernity, minority and majority identities have been constructed in a twofold process involving the parallel generation of representations of difference and the obliteration of alterity, that is, of other modes of existence. The exacerbation of the modern period in the supermodern era has furthered this process, adapting it to the new forms of neoliberal and post-political governmentality. This is paralleled by a shift from real to symbolic and metacultural forms of interaction that serve to negotiate identity and hegemony in the social sphere. Heritage has become a fundamental trope for the negotiation of identity, access to resources and power, as its production is not anymore bounded to the State but is rather ‘dispersed’ in society. This article explores the way cultural heritage has become a ‘machine’ for the production of dominant and individualised identities interacting in a deregulated market environment in Maragatería (Spain).

Landfilling is the main method for municipal waste disposal in Romania. Access to sanitation services are limited on rural territory and that leads to uncontrolled waste disposal with negative implications on the geosystem. Implementation of EU acquis on waste disposal from rural areas requires local authorities to close the landfills by July 16, 2009 . Following this deadline, municipalities are obliged to provide waste collection and transportation to the existing urban landfills. Under these conditions,this article is proposing a territorial review of closing and rehabilitation of rural landfills from Neamt county. Also, this paper analyzed the existing environmental dysfunctions supported by field observations.

As from the second industrial revolution, rural communities have been affected by a continuous social and economic decline. The traditional economic development paradigms moved people and investments towards the industrialized metropolitan areas, causing depopulation of rural areas and loss of their cultural heritages. This development model became, with time, unsustainable from the social, cultural, and economic point of view. Modern patterns of rural development highlight that a rational and planned exploitation of agricultural resources together with the valorization of cultural and naturalistic heritage of rural areas are the right leverages to assure sustainable growth. In this work we analyze the potentials of Agritourism as a means of sustainable development for rural areas. To reach this aim, we present some findings of an explorative survey carried out in the Calabria region of Italy during 2012 on a sample of 52 farms offering agritourism activities. After analyzing the extent of the agritourism phenomena in the region, the survey aims to evaluate if agritourism can support sustainable development of a rural community becoming the hub of an “agritourism rural network.”

Lack of waste management facilities from mountain region often lead to uncontrolled disposal of waste on river banks polluting the local environment and damaging the tourism potential. Geographical conditions influences the distribution of human settlements which are located along the rivers and its tributaries. This paper aims to estimate the amounts of household waste generated and uncollected disposed into mountain rivers, taking into account several factors such as:proximity of rivers to the human settlements, the morphology of villages, length of river that crosses the locality(built up areas), local population, the access to waste collection services and waste management infrastructure. Vulnerability of rivers to illegal dumping is performed using GIS techniques, highlighting the localities pressure on rivers in close proximity. For this purpose, it developed a calculation model for estimation the amounts of waste (kg) that are dumped on a river section (m) that crosses a locality (village) or it is in close proximity. This estimation is based on the "principle of proximity and minimum effort" it can be applied in any mountainous region that are lacking or partially access to waste collection services. It is an assessment tool of mountain rivers vulnerability to waste dumping, taking into account the geographical and demographic conditions of the study area. Also the current dysfunctions are analyzed based on field observations.

This book focuses on three areas of development driving the significant structural and functional changes that have been appearing in and shaping rural spaces: development of renewable energy, multifunctional agriculture, and rural tourism. In the rural context these three phenomena are related and significantly influence each other – or better to say that they intersect, sometimes effectively cooperating and other times contesting with each other. The original idea behind this book was to approach a representative sample of geographers and rural sociologists in order to analyze and discuss the trends and dynamic processes occurring within rural spaces in their wider complexity, spatial scale, and interrelationships, trying to present a balanced compilation of theory, critique, and empirical research findings occurring in different types and contexts of rural areas.
Ranging from global to regional scale, this book covers rural studies from different types of regions, on one hand from regions in the United Kingdom where the rural change debate has a long tradition, on the other hand views from the Central-European perspective, where the above-mentioned processes have appeared much more recently. Different experiences with the issues can be noticed from the post-socialist countryside, other ones from Alpine villages. But in general, the story of all covered rural spaces is interwoven by a red line idea of efforts to improve their societal, economic, and environmental qualities.

This paper is based on an ethnographic enquiry conducted over the last four years and shows the setting of a close interaction between hosts and guests in the White Tai villages in Mai Chau district, in the northwest uplands of Vietnam. The author argues that tourism is utilised as a medium to demonstrate a culture of hospitality. A new trend in tourism production and consumption is brought into discussion; in relation to this, this paper looks at what is really happening in the tourism spaces of the White Tai villages through the experiences not only of tourists but also of villagers. The author identifi es several types of host-guest relationships and argues that there is a transformation of the
host-guest relationship within these tourist spaces, a transformation evident in the new production and consumption practices of the market. Such relationships must be understood by looking beyond conceptions of commodification and politicisation of ethnicity.

The paper examines tourism as potential source of waste generation in urban and rural areas from Neamț County. An assessment method is proposed and the final result is mapping the process at local scale. In order to analyze the tourism impact on local waste management system, the waste generated by tourists (estimated values) is related to local household waste generation. This paper outlines the disparities within cities and communes and it also analyses the bad practices of tourists supported by field observations.

Purpose of the Study: This study aims to identify the potential of Pentingsari Tourist Village and tourist characteristics and analyze the presence of local wisdom Memayu Hayuning Bawono in Pentingsari Village, especially its implementation in the sustainable Tourist Villages management. Methodology: This research uses a "multi-method" or mixed-method approach. In addition to conducting non-participant observation in the Pentingsari tourism village, researchers also conducted in-depth interviews with a purposive sampling method. While the accident sampling method was adopted to distribute questionnaires involving 72 respondents (tourists). Main Findings: This research found that tourism and local wisdom have become unity and seem to strengthen one another. In other words, harmonization between the environment, arts and culture, and community life aspects through local wisdom, can become a tourism commodity. On the other hand, tourism provides economic and social impacts to preserve the local sense of the community. Implication/Applications: This case study can be useful as a role model of sustainable tourism management based on local knowledge. Besides, this study can enrich references related to the concept of sustainable tourism based on local wisdom. Originality of the study: The paper is original, and this is the current study to examine the local wisdom Memayu Hayuning Bawono in Pentingsari Village, particularly related to tourism issues.

The study aims to find out the solving method for problems in the thematic tourist village of Mulyaharja and designing the development of thematic tourism village model based on a community empowerment approach. This study is qualitative with an action research method. There are five respondents, i.e. chief of the village office, secretary of the village office, manager of the thematic tourist village, leader of mature farmer group and chief of youth group organization. This study was undertaken from February, 2018 to September, 2019. The generated outcomes are a solving problem method as solving steps chart, which consists of an explanation of the problem, solving and progress report each aspect, institutional, vision, activity, amenities, accesbility and entrepreneurship aspect. Furthermore, the model designed for development of thematic tourist village based on community empowerment is a circle with series of steps of eleven steps that connected each other and continuity. The series of steps are 1) choosing the candidate of partner village; 2) deciding the category of tourist village; 3) executing the MoU; 4) determining the program targets; 5) identifying the potentials of tourist village; 6) managing the empowerment programs; 7) implementing the assistance programs; 8) directing the college resources; 9) promoting the outcome of program; 10) evaluating the program and 11) mapping the stakeholder based on their proactive involvements.

Over the last few years, rural tourism has been increasingly viewed as a panacea for improving the economic benefits of rural communities in Indonesia. One of the main focuses in developing rural tourism is to encourage participation of local communities. While many scholars are concerned with a number of roles local communities could take in tourism development, few have reported how local communities themselves perceive and are aware of their role(s) in tourism development. Therefore, this paper examines local communities’ perceived awareness of their role in rural tourism development and assesses their knowledge of sustainable tourism principles. Differences in awareness and knowledge within resident groups based on their occupation are also examined.
The findings reveal that local communities recognize and acknowledge the need to be involved in tourism development. Almost all of the respondents were not only aware of their important role in tourism development but also had high levels of knowledge of sustainable tourism principles. Furthermore, this study found that the perceived awareness of local communities’ role in tourism had influenced their perceived knowledge of sustainable tourism principles. Similar to previous studies, this study discovered that profession could not be used to differentiate residents’ awareness, as differences were not found between respondents who work in tourism and those who do not.

El análisis del impacto del turismo en el mundo rural ha generado resultados que parecen contradictorios: el turismo como motor de desarrollo versus mecanismo que aumenta la vulnerabilidad y la dependencia; estrategia que empodera a la mujer versus ejercicio que incrementa su carga laboral y consolida una división sexuada del trabajo que la posterga a tareas reproductivas; ocupación que reduce la pobreza versus actividad que sustrae los recursos a los sectores económicos tradicionales; etc. Hemos denominado Dilema de la Dualidad a estas discordancias. Nos preguntamos por la razón de esta disparidad, y planteamos tres hipótesis: a) que las consecuencias son distintas porque los contextos son diferentes; b) que el investigador llega al terreno con convicciones teóricas que le llevan a priorizar unos aspectos sobre otros en sus valoraciones; c) que los destinos pasan por diferentes fases que van de la expansión a la crisis (Ciclo de Vida Turístico), y la valoración es resultado del momento en que se realiza el estudio.
Sin querer ofrecer respuestas, pero considerando que es necesario hacernos preguntas, la presente publicación reúne textos de diferentes autores que, a partir de sus trabajos en América Latina, analizan estos resultados en ocasiones tan divergentes.

This paper analyzes the expansion of sanitation services in rural areas after the closure and rehabilitation of rural dumpistes having as deadline July 16, 2009. Following this period local authorities are forced to collect and dispose the waste generated in urban landfills from proximity until the transfer stations will be operational. Most of the rural population has no access to waste collection services, waste generated and uncollected are uncontrolled disposed polluting the local environment. Development of sanitation services is a basic condition for an efficient implementation of integrated waste management system at county level.

A dinâmica rural no novo século, baseada na multifuncionalidade da agricultura, assim como a busca da valorização do rural, da reconexão entre cidade e campo e da conscientização de crianças e jovens sobre a produção de alimentos, trouxeram à tona a emergência de novas atividades não agrícolas, como o Turismo Rural Pedagógico (TRP), uma nova modalidade de turismo rural e agroturismo voltada à prática pedagógica. Desta forma, o presente artigo apresenta alguns resultados da dissertação intitulada A prática do turismo rural pedagógico: aspectos motivacionais e impressões dos benefícios para as famílias e comunidades rurais, cujo principal objetivo foi investigar e identificar as motivações e os benefícios socioeconômicos do turismo rural pedagógico para as famílias e a comunidade no entorno do projeto Viva Ciranda e do roteiro Caminhos Rurais. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com os empreendedores e a comunidade local. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da categorização das respostas, tabulação dos dados e dos softwares Web-QDA e Excel. Os resultados revelaram que o TRP consolida-se como uma interessante opção de investimento e de estratégia de desenvolvimento local, atraindo diferentes perfis de empreendedores. Observou-se que, embora represente uma oportunidade de diversificação econômica, as principais motivações para iniciar e permanecer no TRP, bem como os principais benefícios reconhecidos pelos empreendedores, estão vinculados aos aspectos sociais, como a valorização do meio rural, a satisfação pessoal e a conexão entre rural e urbano. Além disso, a pesquisa verificou o reconhecimento e a valorização dessa prática pela comunidade do entorno das propriedades pedagógicas.

ABSTRACT Creative tourism is a current topic, yet most of the research is focused on the urban context, with few articles focusing on how creativity can be used and developed in the setting of rural tourism. Furthermore, the theoretical elements identified in this article can become checkpoints through which better strategies for sustainable rural tourism can be developed in the future. Although rich in culture, Romanian villages have not developed their rural tourism offer to its full potential, partly because of the lack of involvement of the local community in long-term tourism planning and development, but also due to the changes in what tourists want from their tourism experience. In response to shifting patterns in consumer behavior, creative tourism has emerged as a better form of cultural tourism, but mostly in urban areas, which has led to a proliferation of creative industries and people within that specific context. The study proposes that most Romanian rural communities in areas pertaining to tourism already have local individuals with some of the characteristics of the creative people necessary for the development of creative tourism. By involving the entire local community in tourism planning, and not just the local actors with direct ties to it, Romanian rural tourism can be revitalized.

El presente artículo presenta un análisis
de las contribuciones de la Antropología del
Turismo en el Estado español a la problematización
del controvertido debate sobre
el turismo comunitario en América Latina.
Entre la multiplicidad de prácticas turísticas,
el turismo comunitario, por sus especiales
características, ha sido empleado como
una estrategia para el desarrollo local y ha
entrado con fuerza en la agenda política de
la cooperación internacional a partir de la
puesta en marcha de las metodologías Pro
Poor Tourism (PPT) y Sustainable Tourism
for Eliminating Poverty (ST-EP). A partir del
análisis de determinados casos de estudios
en América Latina, el artículo plantea los
debates existentes en torno a los beneficios
y limitaciones de este tipo de turismo.

Assentados da Reforma Agrária de baixa escolarização buscam inclusão social na escola. Como desenvolver projeto pedagógico para atender  sujeitos do campo com suas demandas específicas numa perspectiva emancipatória? Os objetivos foram refletir sobre: a Educação do Campo como resultado das lutas dos movimentos sociais pelo direito dos sujeitos do campo de pensar a educação e a produção a partir do lugar onde vivem, tendo como horizonte a emancipação humana; e, a complexidade da formação de educadores na educação de adultos. Adotou-se a metodologia da reinvenção democrática para a formação de sujeitos ativos, com diferentes saberes, capazes  de resolver problemas e participar da gestão.  Os resultados apontam o rompimento com resistências da educação tradicional via atividades participativas cuidadosamente elaboradas pelos educadores; sistematização interdisciplinar de conceitos integradores como identidade e territorialidade; conquista da autonomia no cotidiano pelos alfabetizados. Os aportes teóricos da Educação do Campo trouxeram novas abordagens teórico-metodológicas para o atendimento às demandas educacionais dos sujeitos excluídos. Conclui-se que a perspectiva emancipatória contribuiu para a construção colegiada dos processos possibilitando aos educandos romper com a dependência de intermediários. Embora a resolução de problemas imediatos não garanta um salto social e político emancipatório, fortalece o diálogo para empoderamento em novos espaços.

Settlers of Agrarian Reform with lower education search for social inclusion through school. How develop pedagogic project to attend them according to their specific demands, in an emancipator way? The study objectives were reflections on: Rural Education as a result of the struggle of social movements for the settlers’ rights of perceiving education and production through the land where they live, having their own emancipation in mind and the complexity in training educators for Adults Education. A methodology of democratic reinvention was adopted to form active people, with diverse knowledge, able to solve problems and participate in managing. The results point to rupture traditional education methods by participatory activities carefully elaborated by teachers; Adopting interdisciplinary systems integrating concepts such as identity and territoriality into school subjects; The conquest of autonomy on day-to-day life to the literate. The theoretical contributions from Rural Education have brought new approaches to theories and methodologies in meeting the educational demands. In conclusion, the emancipatory perspective contributed for the schooled construction of the processes that allowed  settlers to break up with  dependency of intermediaries. Although the resolution of immediate problems does not guarantee social and political leap, it strengthens dialog and empowerment in new relational spaces.

Following decades of apartheid that manifested itself through oppression and racially-based land dispossessions; the democratic South African regime developed a platform for previously oppressed people to reclaim their land. Successful land claims on conservation areas by previously disenfranchised communities have often resulted into the co-management agreements with external actors, including conservation organisations in pursuit of both Community-Based Ecotourism (CBET) and enhancement of sustainable livelihoods. Using field-based data collected through methods inspired by the traditional of participatory research such as semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions, this paper explores the role of community participation in natural resources management. It specifically examines the extent to which social capital can be instrumental in promoting collaborative management of community based ecotourism (CBET) initiatives in tribal communities of Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. It is argued in the paper that social capital is an indispensable tool for successful co-managing of CBET schemes in land reformed tribal communities and should be part of the integrated national development agenda and policy framework.

The paper examines the  per capita  waste generation rates from  from rural areas  of Neamț County (Romania) using thematic cartography. Geographical approach of this issue is difficult because the lack of  a geostatistic database at commune  scale. Spatial analysis of waste indicators reveals several disparities between localities.  Comparability of data between communes located in various geographical conditions must be carrefully made according to local waste management systems. Several dysfunctionalities are outlined  in order to compare these results, on the one hand, between localities and on the one hand, between recent years. Geographical analysis of waste generation rates is imperative  for a proper monitoring of this sector. Data from 2009, 2010 and 2012  shows  that rural waste management is in a full process of change towards a more organized, stable and efficient system.

Rural areas all over Europe experience difficulties in attracting and holding on to residents. In Denmark, this has made some municipalities, especially in regions with declining population, loosen restrictions on residence, and allowing otherwise permanent residences to be sold and used as second homes.  In this paper we look to two particular municipalities, Vejen in central-southern Jutland (814 km2, population 43.000) and Langeland, an island SE of Funen (291 km2, population 14.000). Vejen is currently experiencing population growth, while the situation for Langeland is the opposite, along with a higher average age.
In the international literature, second homes is described ambiguously, with examples of a number of positive and negative effects locally. A review of current research, however shows that the second home phenomenon should be seen in a local or regional development perspective. The review also shows huge differences in the way “second homes” are defined. In this work, second homes are defined as non-recreative or all-year dwellings, used only part-time. More specific, second homes are defined as separate houses, clusters of houses or apartments, owned and used by people with registered address outside of the municipality in which the dwelling is situated. The phenomenon does thus not include campers, tents, boats or cabins. Of particular interest, on the other hand, has been small, former farms between 0.55 and 2 hectares, thought to be attractive as second homes.
In the current survey of second homes, quantitative as well as qualitative approached have been used to assess the extent of second homes in the two municipalities. The quantitative part consists of area planning and cadastral data from a national database of property, analysed using standard GIS software. Results, following the criteria for ownership described above, show that 10% of properties in Vejen and 29% of properties in Langeland are probably second homes. Looking only to land zone (basically outside towns and larger villages), and counting former farms of relevant size, potential second homes constitute 12% in Vejen, however only 2% of these are owned by someone with address outside the municipality. In Langeland this group of properties make up 7% of all properties in the land zone, but with 25% of these being owned by “outsiders”. The quantitative survey thus clearly shows that the extent of second homes is much greater in Langeland than in Vejen.  This is in agreement with our expectations, given the literatures emphasis on nature and scenery as important determining factors for second homes, along with the less central location of Langeland.
In addition, qualitative analysis were made in the form of interviews with local stakeholders in the two municipalities, including real estate agents, tradesmen and shop owners. Summing up these interviews, it appears that in Langeland, there is no negative attitude to second homes, mostly because the development is perceived as inevitable. The general opinion is, that houses being used as second homes contribute positively to the standard of maintenance and thereby the visual quality of the built environment. Further, owners of second homes typically use local craftsmen and local retail, giving positive spin-off effects to the local area. Questioned directly, real estate agents make clear, that they do not experience locals being pushed out of the housing market, a negative effect of second homes, described and discussed especially in England. For other social issues, the effects of second homes are harder to estimate, including the integration of second home owners in local social life and the effects on the number of pupils attending local primary schools.

Globalisation is considered to be a defining phenomenon for the present society having a decisive impact in the outlining and evolution of local identiy elements. The main purpose of the study is to localise, record and analyse the cellars found in Sălacea in order to preserve, promote and profit from their use in tourism. The methods used were the study of the speciality literature and onsite visits. Therefore, a series of specific software programs were used, the results having created a digital data base which may be considered as an informational support for other scientific procedures, including the identification of a series of opportunities for local development.

The support of government agencies in the development of rural areas in terms of the sustainability of development is important. Todays, Turkey to accelerate regional development, to compensate for disparities between regions and sustainable regional development agencies were set up in order to make. In Turkey's South Marmara Development Agency is an organization providing support to rural development project. The aim of this study in 2011 in South Marmara Development Agency, supported by thick Nusratlı Village Tourism Development Project and the findings of the effects of uncovering is to create solutions to problems that arise as a result. For this purpose Nusratlı local people living in the village were interviewed. The study used a qualitative research design pattern of the case data were collected through interviews. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive analysis technique. According to the results, after the realization of the project's revenue with the local people, socialize, villages and natural environment of increased solidarity against problems that occur awareness has emerged.

—The rural areas in India have experienced substantial changes in the last two decades. The share of rural population in Indian was 74.28% in 1991 which decreases to 68.84 % in 2011. One of the reason for the decreasing in rural population is migration from rural to urban area. The pace of rural to urban migration has gradually accelerated with each passing decade. As per census of India, rural to urban migration increased from 42% in 2001 to 56% in 2011.People from rural area migrate to urban area in search of better job, education and life. Uttaranchal (now Uttarakhand) was carved out of the state of Uttar Pradesh on November 9, 2000 as the 27th state of the Republic of India. It occupies 53,483 sq. km. of total land area out of which 86% is mountainous. As per the Census of India the rural population of Uttarakhand was 74.33% in 2001 and it decreases to 69.45% in 2011.Uttarakhand has a high rate of out-migration and majority of the population migrate to various urban areas for better education and economic opportunities. The reasons of out migration is due to regional backwardness, small landholding size, unemployment and under-employment. As the result of migration 33 villages no longer exist in the state's map and about 1053 villages are completely abandoned and uninhabited and have turned into ghost villages. The present study focuses on the hill out-migration from rural areas of Uttarakhand, its reasons, it impact and rural tourism as a solution.

The strategic objectives of South Africa’s government in getting the most impoverished rural areas in the country out from underdevelopment are: infrastructure development, poverty alleviation and job creation. In the national policy framework, tourism is singled out as the most effective tool for achieving pro-poor rural development through community-based tourism. A successful implementation of pro-poor tourism development at the local level requires an inclusive approach and developmental governance which depends on effective cooperation between tribal (traditional) authorities and the local government. Likewise, a successful implementation of community-based tourism development depends on active participation of community in all tourism related issues including distribution of benefits. Since the poorest areas in the country are under the rule of tribal authorities, the question this paper attempts to answer is whether community-based rural tourism development can be implemented in areas under tribal chieftaincy. In understanding the role of tribal authority in rural tourism development the focus is on royal villages in the kingdom of Modjadji, the Rain Queen, in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The key findings from in-depth interviews lead to a conclusion that traditional authorities have absolute power in making decisions regarding every aspect of tourism development in the village, in particular employment and share of benefits which emerged as the most contentious issue for the community. This points to an imperative of extending the research agenda on applicability of community-based tourism under tribal chieftaincy for achieving pro-poor developmental objectives of rural tourism development in South Africa.

Niniejszy artykuł zawiera analizę gościnności jako elementu składowego reputacji gospodarstwa agroturystycznego. Celem rozważań jest znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy reputacja kreowana na bazie gościnności usługodawcy i gościnności miejsca docelowego jest istotnym czynnikiem tworzącym niematerialną wartość gospodarstwa agroturystycznego, i czy może stanowić o jego konkurencyjnej przewadze w sytuacji kryzysowej. W pracy wykorzystano technikę sondażu diagnostycznego. Zgodnie z otrzymanymi wnioskami Autorka artykułu proponuje traktować gościnność jako proces rozciągnięty w czasie, obejmujący okres od zapytania rezerwacyjnego do utrzymywania kontaktów po zakończonej wizycie. W artykule zostaje także przeprowadzona typologia gościnności oraz wskazane relacje, jakie mogą zachodzić między poszczególnymi typami gościnności w wybranych podmiotach świadczących usługi na rzecz turystów. We wnioskach zwrócono również uwagę na źródła kryzysu dla turystyki wiejskiej i agroturystyki oraz fakt, iż w przypadku gospodarstw agroturystycznych, które nie prowadzą działalności gospodarczej, trudno mówić o świadomym kreowaniu swojej reputacji, czy wyborze i konsekwentnej realizacji konkretnej koncepcji zarządzania.




HOSPITALITY AS A SIGNIFICANT COMPONENT

OF A REPUTATION OF AN AGROTOURIST FARM



Summary

This article focuses on the analysis of hospitality as a component of reputation of an agro-tourist farm. The main objective was to find answer the question whether reputation created based on the hospitality of the service provider and the hospitality of the destination as such is a significant factor in the creation of the goodwill of an agro-tourist farm and whether it may determine its competitive advantage in the slumping economy. This article used the public opinion research. The conclusion is that hospitality should be viewed as an extended in time process, ranging from the moment of the receipt of an enquiry to keeping in touch after the guest visit. The article includes a typology of hospitality and descriptions of relations that may arise between respective types of hospitality based on research carried out in selected farms providing the tourist services. The analysis of the above mentioned issues also covers an analysis of the sources of the crisis with regard to rural and agro-tourism and an outline concerning the fact that in case of agro-tourist farms which do not run business activity, conscious creation of reputation does not apply here, nor does deliberate choice and consequently pursued concept of management.

This article seeks to establish the development of rural communities, with up to 500 inhabitants, with the creation of a Rural Tourism Development Forum and a Tourism Development Program with local identity. It is proposed to capitalize on cultural assets and local knowledge, to strengthen the profile and tourist circuits, local services and enterprises, agro-tourism and other related economic and social activities. The objective is to contribute to territorial tourism development from an innovative perspective, which, based on the efficient use of local resources, generates employment and improves the quality of life of its inhabitants, capitalizing on the advantages of tourist activity. The methodology used consisted in analyzing the problems of local development, identifying the obstacles and conceiving tourism as a solution and sustenance that allowed the elaboration of the model.

RESUMEN. El presente artículo procura instalar el desarrollo de comunidades rurales, de hasta 500 habitantes, con la creación de un Foro de Desarrollo Turístico Rural y un Programa de Desarrollo Turístico con identidad local. Se propone capitalizar los bienes culturales y saberes locales, para fortalecer el perfil y los circuitos turísticos, servicios y emprendimientos locales, el agroturismo y otras actividades económicas y sociales conexas. El objetivo es contribuir al desarrollo turístico territorial desde una perspectiva innovadora, que a partir del uso eficiente de los recursos locales, genere empleo y mejore la calidad de vida de sus habitantes, capitalizando las ventajas de la actividad turística. La metodología utilizada consistió en analizar la problemática del desarrollo local, identificar los obstáculos y concebir al turismo como solución y sustento que permitió la elaboración del modelo. Palabras clave: agroturismo, desarrollo local, desarrollo turístico, identidad local, turismo rural.

RESUMO - Devido às recomendações de confinamento, realizada pelas organizações internacionais, a crise gerada pela pandemia do novo coronavírus levou as principais atividades que sustentam a economia global ao colapso, entre elas, o turismo, impactado principalmente pelas restrições às viagens internacionais. O prognóstico é de uma recuperação lenta e que apresentará uma nova forma de se praticar esta atividade, ocasionando na desglobalização. No contexto atual, o tema necessita ser investigado, visto o grau de impacto ao desenvolvimento da atividade turística. E, como tendências possíveis para superar esse cenário, observa-se a busca por práticas que se relacionam aos conceitos que vêm sendo discutidos no âmbito do turismo de proximidade e sub-turismo. Assim, se estabelecem como potenciais alternativas ao turismo de massa, o turismo de interesses especiais e o turismo em espaço rural. Este estudo tem por objetivo estimular a reflexão sobre o fomento do turismo de interesses especiais no espaço rural, a partir da retomada da atividade turística após a pandemia da COVID-19. São utilizadas como abordagens metodológicas o levantamento bibliográfico sobre turismo no espaço rural e a análise de dados obtidos através de formulário estruturado. Se caracteriza como pesquisa aplicada quali-quantitativa, bibliográfica, exploratória e descritiva. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir, neste momento, que as pessoas têm interesse em praticar o turismo rural, farão viagens aos destinos regionais, com o objetivo da prática do lazer, e consideram como fatores importantes para a decisão de escolha do destino: preço, protocolos de higienização e qualidade dos serviços.
PALAVRAS - CHAVE: COVID-19; turismo rural; pandemia; turismo de interesses especiais; espaço rural.

ABSTRACT - Due to the recommendations of confinement, carried out by international organizations, the crisis generated by the pandemic of the new coronavirus led the main activities that sustain the global economy to collapse, and among them tourism, impacted mainly by restrictions on international travel. The prognosis is of a slow recovery that will present a new way of practicing this activity, causing deglobalization. In the current context, this theme needs to be investigated, given the degree of impact it causes to the development of tourism activity. As possible trends to overcome this scenario, we observe the search for practices related to staycation and undertourism. Thus, as potential alternatives to mass tourism, we address special interest tourism and tourism in rural areas. This study aims to stimulate reflection on the promotion of special interest in rural areas, from the restart of tourism after the COVID-19 pandemic. The methodological approaches are bibliographic survey on tourism in rural areas and the analysis of data obtained through a structured form. It is an applied research, characterized as qualitative-quantitative, bibliographic, exploratory and descriptive. From the obtained results, it was possible to conclude, at this moment, that people have an interest in practicing rural tourism, will make trips to regional destinations, for leisure purposes, and consider as important factors for the decision to choose the destination: price, hygiene protocols and quality of services.
KEYWORDS: COVID-19; rural tourism; pandemic; special interest tourism; rural area.

Rural areas have quite unique opportunities to attract tourists by building relationships between them and their cultural, historical, ethnic and geographical roots. However, currently the existing homestay has not been included into tourist' package products, so that it can become a tourist attraction for tourists. This phenomenon causes existing homestays to only be used as accommodation or accommodation facilities. In fact, homestays can also offer a variety of interesting activities related to the culture and social life of the local community. Therefore, in developing a homestay it is very important to involve the local community as a tourist attraction. The purpose of this study is to identify the potential of the Cibodas village as an educat ional tourist attraction. In addition, to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges of developing homestay in Cibodas tourism village as an educational empowerment attraction based on community empowerment as well. The last one is to formulate a homestay development strategy. In order for this research could be conducted thoroughly and achieves goals that are in accordance to the expectations of the researcher, multi-method approach of qualitative and quantitative method will be applied.

Purpose of the Study: Overtourism is an issue that is being experienced by many well-known destinations in the world, both in urban and rural areas. The purpose of this research is to find out how the experience of developing a Tourist village is seen from the tourism lifecycle approach. This study also explores the sensitivity of managers to the phenomenon of overtourism in their village, to design strategies for product rejuvenation. Methodology: This research adopts a historical qualitative research approach. This method is exercised through two data sources. Primary data was carried out through non-participant observation (for four months) in the Nglanggeran tourist village, Yogyakarta to observe and interview tourist village managers, tourism entrepreneurs, workers, and local communities. Meanwhile, Secondary data used include online media articles, scientific writings, and promotional media. Main Findings: The study found that in the tourism area life cycle model approach, tourist villages' growth can be grouped into 6 phases. The exploration phase and stagnation, marked by the start of the Nglanggeran tourist village and massive growth that had environmental, social, and cultural impacts. The management adopts several strategies, including price management, visitor management, and length of stay management. Implication/Applications: This experience is very important to be learned and known by tourism stakeholders, especially tourist village managers and the government which is developing similar tourism products massively throughout Indonesia. The originality of the study: This research is original, and this is the first study that finds out how the experience of developing a tourist village is seen from the tourism lifecycle approach and explores how managers are sensitive to the phenomenon of overtourism in their village. Thus, this scope is expected to be developed in other tourist villages in Indonesia to get generalizations about the development of tourist villages.

ÖZET
Bu çalışmada, Kars ilinde bulunan Boğatepe köyündeki kırsal turizm faaliyetleri coğrafi bir bakış açısı ile incelenerek, köyün günümüzde kırsal turizmde geldiği durumun değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kırsal turizm faaliyetleri genellikle turistlerin bir köylü gibi yaşadığı ve onların gündelik işlerini tecrübe ettikleri şekilde geçekleşmektedir. Araştırma sırasında Boğatepe köyüne de gelen turistlerin bahsi geçen faaliyetlerde bulundukları gözlemlenmiştir. Araştırma yapılırken öncelikle konu ile alakalı literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Köy ile alakalı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü ve Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu'ndan çeşitli nicel veriler alınmıştır. Ayrıca köyde bulunan yerel halk ve turistler ile mülakatlar yapılarak her iki tarafın görüşlerine başvurulmuştur. Nitel ve nicel yöntemlerin kullanılması nedeniyle bu çalışmayı karma desenli olarak nitelendirmek mümkündür. Bilindiği üzere kırsal turizm faaliyetleri diğer turizm faaliyetlerinden oldukça farklıdır ve genellikle az sayıda turist tarafından tercih edilmektedir. Boğatepe köyünde yapılan turizm faaliyetleri arasında "kırsal yaşamı tecrübe etme" ön plana çıkmaktadır. Ancak, Boğatepe köyünde, tipik faaliyetlerin yanında, kadın girişimciliğin ön plana çıktığı ve bazı turistlerin bu yüzden köyü tercih ettikleri tespit edilmiştir.

ABSTRACT
In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the current situation of the village in rural tourism by
examining the rural tourism activities in Boğatepe village in Kars from a geographical perspective.
Rural tourism activities usually take place in such a way that tourists live like a villager and
experience their daily work. During the research, it was observed that the tourists coming to
Boğatepe village also engaged in the mentioned activities.
While doing the research, first of all, the related literature was searched. The Various quantitative
data, associated with the village, were taken from Turkey Statistical Institute and General
Directorate of Meteorology. In addition, interviews were held with local residents and tourists in the
village, and both parties were consulted. Due to the use of qualitative and quantitative methods, it is
possible to characterize this study as a mixed pattern.
As it is known, rural tourism activities are quite different from other tourism activities and are
generally preferred by a small number of tourists. Among the tourism activities carried out in
Boğatepe village, "experiencing rural life" stands out. However, in Boğatepe village, it has been
determined that besides typical activities, female entrepreneurship is prominent and some tourists
prefer the village for this reason.

Abstraksi Bisnis pariwisata memerlukan standar-standar pelayanan minimal yang terukur. Keberadaan bandara baru Yogyakarta International Air Port yang berbatasan dengan Kabupaten Purworejo dapat mendorong pemanfaatan kegiatan pariwisata di desa-desa sekitarnya khususnya di Desa Pacekelan. Tren perjalanan wisata yang meningkat juga dapat mendorong peran serta masyarakat untuk ikut aktif dalam kegiatan tersebut. Pada tahapan awal, perencanaan secara optimal unsur-unsur pariwisata di Desa Pacekelan akan berpengaruh secara langsung maupun tidak langsung terhadap meningkatnya perekonomian masyarakat desa. Abstract The tourism business requires measurable minimum service standards. Utilization of tourism activities with the existence of the new airport Yogyakarta International Airport which borders Purworejo Regency can encourage the participation of surrounding villages. Increasing the trends of traveling activities can also be utilized by the community to encourage their participation in the activity. In the initial stages, optimal planning of the elements of tourism in Pacekelan Village will directly and indirectly affect the economic improvement of the village community.

Mestia Municipality is a high mountain district of northwest Georgia, is located in the Greater Caucasus Mountain range. On the one hand, tourism is relatively new and rapidly growing economic activity in Mestia, but on the other, traditional economic activity of the population is agriculture. Analyzing linkages between tourism and agriculture is a vital part of the sustainable development process of the municipality. The purpose of this paper is exploring and analyzing links between tourism and changed/diversified agricultural market in Mestia municipality. The paper applies triangulation method-qualitative in-depth interviews and desk research. MAXQDA is used for data processing. In-depth interviews were conducted with two targeted groups: 1) Representatives of local community-driven economic activities; 2) Representatives of the tourism industry who operate in Mestia municipality. In total, 59 interviews were collected. The fieldwork revealed three main tendencies: 1) Tourism has an impact on agricultural product's market in Mestia municipality. Agricultural products were sold mainly outside municipality before developing tourism. Now, tourism has created a great chance to realize productions inside the region.2) With the development of tourism, agricultural cultivated lands are decreasing in Mestia. 3) Rural tourism is emerging in the villages of Mestia Municipality.

Nell’ambito delle attività di predisposizione del nuovo Programma di sviluppo rurale 2014-2020, la Regione del Veneto ha provveduto a realizzare una serie di schede informative sul sistema agricolo e rurale del Veneto. La Regione ha considerato prioritaria la realizzazione di iniziative di studio e approfondimento finalizzate alla definizione di un quadro conoscitivo generale sulla situazione e sull’evoluzione del contesto agricolo e rurale.
Le schede realizzate sono 73, suddivise tra le sei priorità europee per lo sviluppo rurale del periodo 2014-2020. La loro elaborazione è stata affidata, attraverso apposite convenzioni, agli stessi soggetti che hanno collaborato all’attività di analisi del nuovo Psr Veneto 2014-2020. Qui si presenta quella sul tema "Agriturismo e turismo rurale (in Veneto)".

Resumen
El Bajo de Véliz es un paraje rural cercano a Santa Rosa del Conlara (provincia de San Luis) que presenta características naturales muy particulares, así como un proceso socioterritorial reciente de gran riqueza para el análisis de la práctica turística. En el año 2002 el gobierno provincial decide asfaltar la ruta hasta el paraje, y convertirlo en un área natural protegida, lo cual implicaba la expropiación de las tierras en detrimento de la población local, familias campesinas que resistieron la expropiación organizándose y reconvirtiéndose parcialmente al turismo.
El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar el proceso de conversión del Bajo de Véliz en un atractivo turístico a partir del accionar del Estado provincial, de los empresarios turísticos y de la población local, desde un punto de vista territorial, planteando que se trata de un “laboratorio” de la territorialidad del turismo, y un caso llamativo para el debate sobre el turismo rural. Se recurrió al análisis de fuen tes periodísticas y oficiales, así como a la realización de un trabajo de campo que incluyó la observación directa en el terreno, el registro fotográfico y entrevistas a
diferentes actores.
Palabras clave: Bajo de Véliz, Turismo rural, Territorialidad, Neodesarrollismo, Campesinado.

The conflict of Bajo de Véliz (San Luis, Argentina), laboratory of the
territoriality of rural tourism

Abstract
Bajo de Véliz is a rural area near Santa Rosa del Conlara (province of San Luis) that has very particular natural characteristics, and has recently gone through a socio-territorial process of great richness for the analysis of tourism. In 2002, the provincial government decided to pave the route to the area, and turn it into a protected natural area. This decision had a detrimental effect on the local population since it involved expropriation of lands. As a consequence, peasant families against these measures formed organizations that favored tourism. The aim of this work is to analyze the process undergone by the Bajo de Véliz to become a
tourist attraction based on the joint action of the provincial government, tourist entrepreneurs, and the local population. Likewise, from a territorial point of view, this process is considered to be a “laboratory” of the territoriality of tourism, i.e. a striking case for the debate on rural tourism. Different press and official sources were analyzed, and field work was carried out including direct observation, photographic records and interviews to different actors.
Key words: Bajo de Véliz, Rural tourism, Territoriality, Neodevelopmentalism, Peasantry.

O estudo empreendido objetivou avaliar as principais estratégias adotadas em um território rural
deprimido de Santa Catarina, conhecido como Encostas da Serra Geral, para construção de um
processo de desenvolvimento territorial sustentável. O território em questão é marcado pela presença
de pequenos agricultores familiares que historicamente dedicaram-se, sobretudo nas décadas de
1980 e 1990, ao cultivo do fumo e a queima da floresta Atlântica para fabricação do carvão vegetal. O
resultado deste processo foi uma grave crise econômica, ambiental e social, culminando com o
aprofundamento do êxodo rural. Em meados da década de 1990 um grupo de lideranças passou a
discutir alternativas para este cenário, conseguindo implementar, aos poucos, atividades inovadoras
que mudaram os rumos do território e de parte dos agricultores e agricultoras lá inseridos. Neste
sentido, o estudo de caso avaliou, a partir de uma das organizações protagonistas do processo de
construção territorial sustentável, empregando a metodologia do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC),
as estratégias adotadas e os principais resultados obtidos historicamente no quadro de reversão da
situação de depressão territorial. A pesquisa indica que o processo desenvolvido nas Encostas da
Serra Geral gerou impactos socioeconômicos aos agricultores, melhoria da condição ambiental das
propriedades e municípios, melhoria da imagem do território (interna e externamente), aumento da
autoestima dos/as agricultores, fortalecimento da identidade e do sentimento de pertencimento ao
território, fortalecimento da organização social e cooperação, dentre outros. O estudo conclui que o
processo de construção territorial foi permeado por relações de poder e mediações com políticas
públicas ora aproveitando políticas existentes ora exercendo pressão para construção de políticas
adequadas a realidade local e de tantos outros territórios marcados pela presença da pequena
agricultura familiar.

This study aimed to relate the rural tourism as a strategy for territorial development. The methodology is
characterized as a case study, with evaluative exploratory descriptive research, with temporal cut between
2006 and 2014 in the Education Zone for the Ecodevelopment of the Microbasin in the Rio Sagrado (Paraná).
The interpretation and data diagnosis are based on the qualitative/quantitative research and participant
observation. It was concluded that the contradictions were accentuated in rural areas: first, rural tourism
led to the preservation of livelihoods and biodiversity, other, few public policies are developed in rural areas
focused on rural tourism toward the rural territorial development, which may jeopardize the continuity of
this activity.

Este texto se enmarca dentro de parte de los resultados científicos del trabajo de investigación titulado “El Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de Castilla y León: el Caso de los Cantos del Ramo en los Pueblos de la Tierra de Valdebecedas en la Comarca Abulense de El Barco. Una Tradición Popular en Trance por la Despoblación Rural”, llevado a cabo por el autor de este texto dentro de la edición 2015/2016 del Curso Europeo On-line en Formación en Gestión del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial: La Etnología de Castilla y León, impartido por el Instituto de Estudios Europeos y la Universidad de Valladolid (Centro de Excelencia Jean Monnet).

Dentro de un contexto mundial cada vez más globalizado, el modelo de desarrollo imperante desde hace décadas, tendente a la concentración y al crecimiento de las grandes aglomeraciones urbanas, junto a las condiciones de competitividad impuestas a los espacios productivos en la segunda mitad del siglo XX en España, han provocado la crisis definitiva de los sistemas económicos tradicionales rurales, originando una profunda crisis demográfica en las provincias interiores.

En este marco, a partir de la implementación de metodología propia de la investigación geográfica, señera en la comunicación de los conocimientos, como el análisis y representación espacial de diversas fuentes directas para el conocimiento de la dinámica de los usos del suelo y la evolución de la población, este trabajo ha puesto de relieve que las áreas de montaña, eminentemente agrarias y económicamente en declive, caso del área de referencia empírica, el Valle del Alto Tormes (Ávila, España), no escapan a la corriente general. La crisis de despoblación, pese a la aplicación de diferentes políticas de desarrollo rural, se continúa hoy transformada en una crisis de fuerte envejecimiento y grave agotamiento demográfico, aparentemente, irreversible. A su vez, se está consolidando el aprovechamiento de las zonas de montaña como espacios de ocio y esparcimiento. En general estos nuevos usos del suelo han introducido cambios y rupturas importantes en el ritmo de una montaña que encuentra muchas dificultades para resolver su problemática demográfica.

Así, un desafío social y, por ende, científico ineludible en este siglo XXI en el ámbito de las Ciencias Sociales, es abordar en la praxis, de forma inter/multi/transdisciplinaria, y con la participación de los actores locales, programas de desarrollo socio-territorial integral y sostenible para estas comarcas serranas desde una perspectiva medioambiental, demográfica, económica y social. Esta ordenación territorial debería encauzar de forma armoniosa los nuevos usos del territorio sin destruir los recursos naturales y ecoculturales tradicionales, de cara a la reconstrucción de una estructura socio-económica y, en consecuencia, demográfica equilibradas.

Para ello, esta comunicación ofrece información precisa que, a la vez que proporciona nuevas herramientas de conocimiento y acción a la ciudadanía, facilita la aplicación de sus indicadores geodemográficos a los diferentes niveles de la Administración para afrontar las decisiones socio-políticas en torno al reto de la gestión sustentable de la Sierra de Gredos. Esta planificación socio-territorial debería contemplar objetivos diferentes, que con demasiada frecuencia son antagónicos.

Palabras Clave: Áreas de montaña - Crisis demográfica - Desafío social y científico - Planificación socio-territorial integral y sostenible -  Interdisciplinariedad.

The following paper is an ethnographic study that was conducted over the course of eleven months while working in León, Nicaragua, for an international NGO. It adds to existing literature that illustrate the shortfalls of community-based tourism projects, particularly when multiple stakeholders are involved. It focuses its attention on the cultural misunderstandings between the NGO, municipal government, and a rural tourism cooperative regarding tourism development and land management. Furthermore, it highlights the cooperative’s efforts in maintaining its agency when it felt as though its interests were being ignored by organizations with greater social, political, and economic capital than them.

Resumo: O presente artigo discute a proposição de um roteiro gastronômico de Turismo rural no município de Piedade-SP, com foco na hospitalidade. A proposta deste roteiro temático foi desenvolvida a partir da propriedade do Sítio Sakaguti, que recebe um evento anual de Colha e Pague do Caqui Fuyu, com cerca de 8000 visitantes. Para compor tal roteiro, estabeleceu-se uma relação com três outras propriedades rurais, com o intuito de evitar a sazonalidade relativa à produção de caqui fuyu e aumentar a permanência dos turistas no município. Como metodologia, foi realizado trabalho de campo associado à pesquisa qualitativa, com aplicação de questionários semi-estruturados aos gestores familiares das quatro propriedades rurais. Observou-se que a proposição deste roteiro temático de caráter integrado beneficiou as propriedades de maneira equitativa, fomentando o diálogo entre gestão pública, sociedade local, associações de classe e iniciativa privada. Palavras-chave: Turismo rural. Piedade. Roteiros. Gastronomia. Hospitalidade. Abstract: This article discusses the proposition of a gastronomic tour of rural tourism in the municipality of Piedade, focusing on hospitality. The proposition of this thematic tour was developed from a property, called Sítio Sakaguti, that receives every year about 8000 visitors. To compose this tour itinerary, was established a relationship with three other farms, in order to avoid seasonality on the production of Fuyu Persimmon and increase the stay of tourists in the city. As a methodology, a fieldwork was conducted, associated with qualitative research and with application of semi-structured questionary to four farms managers. It was observed that the proposition