The Arabic sources

The article aims a) to study the question of peaceful coexistence between Christian Georgia and the Islamic World; b) to discuss and explore the policy of tolerance of other religions pursued by Georgian King David IV the Builder and his successors in their Muslim subjects. It is suggested that the status of the Muslim population in the Christian Kingdom of Georgia resembled that of the dhimmis (or members of the "protected" communities) in the Islamic states, although the Muslims living in the Kingdom of Georgia enjoyed more rights than the dhimmis in Islamic countries, legally and socially they were not equal with Christians. The methodological foundation of the research is the method of historicism, scholarly objectivity, and systematicity, which will enable us to explore the research issues deeply. Statistical, historical-comparative, and chronological methods will be the basis of the analysis of the historical data, and adequate conclusions will be reached. These methodologies made it possible to discuss the politics of religious tolerance from the analytic point of view based on that data and sources belonging to various types (narrative, epigraphic, documental) and various languages (Georgian, Armenian, Arabic, Persian and Turkish). The 12th-13th century Georgian literature and historical sources, expressing negative feelings towards Islam, keep silent about the policy of Georgian kings towards their subjected Muslim population. However, the works of Arab and Persian authors, dating from the same period, contain information concerning this fact. One part of these sources will be studied from the standpoint of the history of Georgia for the 􀅭irst time.

This article is analyzed by three reviewers and it is screened for the resemblance rate by the editor/ Bu makale üç hakem tarafından incelenmiş ve editör tarafından benzerlik oranı taramasından geçirilmiştir. * In this article, the principles of scientific research and publication ethics were followed/ Bu makalede bilimsel araştırma ve yayın etiği ilkelerine uyulmuştur. * This work is licensed under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0 (Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike). *There is no conflict of interest with any person/ institution in the prepared article/ Hazırlanan makalede herhangi bir kişi/ kurum ile çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır.

Хотя работа посвящена событиям исторического плана (войны, миграция,  передел территорий), в данном случае арабская агрессия прежде всего подразумевает религиозные цели — расширение диапазона влияния исламского умаййад ского халифата, в том числе путем создания плацдарма в Дербентско-Варачанском регионе, откуда распространялся ислам на горские народы Кавказа. Эту мысль красноречиво подтвердил и востоковед О. Г. Большаков. В частности, он писал: «Хакан в отчаянии отправил к Марвану посланца, чтобы узнать, чего же он еще хочет, когда и так уже завоевал все царство. Марван ответил, что хочет, чтобы он принял ислам. Рассказ о принятии ислама хаканом является апофеозом всего повествования о хазарском походе Марвана — без него торжество победителя было бы неполным»53. Естественно, таким образом ставилась задача усиления своего экономического могущества, а также повышения мощи армии. В итоге была перекроена этническая карта Северо-Восточного Кавказа. Страна савиров со столицей Варачан перестала существовать с 737 г. А самим савирам вместе с хазарами пришлось подвинуться на северные земли

В работе рассматривается возможность проникновения на южноуральские земли в IV–II вв. до н.э. прототюркских племен.  Предложена этимология гидронимов 'Юрюзань',  'Уфа', оронима 'Урал' из прото-тюрк. лексикона.  Показано  принципиальная возможность передачи и сохранения духовной традиции на
Южном Урале при смене языка общения и сохранение в башкирской культуре свидетельств пребывания прототюрков
на Урале в IV-II вв. до н.э.

В докладе предложена тюркская этимология др.-греч. Δάιξ ‘р. Яик (Урал)’ (Птолем. VI, 14, 2 и сл.)  из значения ‘широкий и мелководный, разлившийся (о воде)’, сохранившаяся в башкирских диалектах. В названии реки, согласно гипотезе,  выделена важная особенность: ее широкую пойму и одновременно мелководность, доступность для переправы скота, лошадей. Географическая реалия характерна не для истока и устья Урала, а именно для среднего течения – там, где и живут башкиры и казахи, там, где издревле шли торговые пути.
Литература.
Ишкильдина Л.К. Чередование анлаутных фонем [й] и [ж] в диалектах и говорах башкирского языка // Актуальные проблемы диалектологии языков народов России / X региональная конференция. Уфа, ИИЯЛ УНЦ РАН, 2010. С. 109-113.
Фасмер Макс. Этимологический словарь русского языка/ Перевод с немец. и доп. чл.-корр. АН СССР О. Н. Трубачева. Под ред. и с предисловием проф. Б.А. Ларина. Тома I–IV. 2-е изд. М.: Прогресс, 1986.

حرص سلاطين الأسرة الرسوليّة التي حكمت اليمن ما بين سنتي 626- 858هـ/ 1229-1454م على تقديم صورة سلطانيّة تليق ب"الحاكم المثالي"، تتجلى فيها في نفس الوقت ملامح الشرعية والهيبة في أبهى مظاهرها. ظهر هذا الحرص في الوثائق المكتوبة المتنوّعة الأصناف ومن ضمنها الكتابات الموجودة على النقود أو العمائر والتحف الرسوليّة، وكذلك الأشعار والمؤلفات التي وضعها السلاطين أنفسهم مثلما هو شأن السلطان الأفضل عبّاس الذي كان من أكثرهم وضعا للكتب وبالتالي مساهمة في تلميع صورته وصورة أسرته فما هي ملامح الصورة التي رسمها لنفسه صحبة الجهاز الدعائي البلاطي المكلف بهذا الأمر؟

There is no scholarly consensus regarding the date of the Bulgarian-Croatian war during the reign of Emperor Simeon I the Great (893-927). However, the answers should not be sought in the multitude of historians' opinions, but in the historical sources themselves. Primarily, information about the events in question can be found in the acts of the Second Synod of Split, which have not been fully utilized in Bulgarian historiography due to the lack of a complete translation of the excerpt referring to the mission of Bishop Madelbert and Duke John. Existing conclusions are also largely influenced by the limited familiarity with Croatian research published since the 1960s. According to the Historia Salonitana maior, the Roman envoys departed for Bulgaria two years after the First Synod of Split, that is, in 927. This is most likely also the year of the ill-fated military campaign for the Bulgarians, led by a commander of Emperor Simeon whose name remains unknown. This conclusion is supported by the accounts of Byzantine chroniclers, who also date the campaign to the year 927. It is true that the date May 27 and the 15th indiction are associated both with the military expedition and with reports of Emperor Simeon's death. However, it is hardly coincidental that all of these events are assigned the same date in the sources. It appears that the military defeat and the death of the Bulgarian ruler occurred within a relatively short time span. Moreover, the sources emphasize a direct causal link between the news of the soldiers' demise and the emperor's heart attack. The question here is not whether the military loss was indeed the immediate cause of the heart failure; rather, the more important point is that the chroniclers actively sought this connection, taking advantage of the circumstances. Therefore, the defeat of the Bulgarian army should be dated to the spring of 927, sometime before May 27. It is difficult to accept that these events

This paper focuses on a book list that was recorded by Ṣaḥḥāflarşeyḫizāde Esʿad Efendi, who occupied an important place as a scholar and as a chronicler in both cultural and political life of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century, in one of his personal manuscript notebooks. This type of personal manuscript notebook was called mecmūʿa in Turkish and consisted of a variety of selected texts (e.g. poems, lines of prose, chronograms, correspondence, calculations, prayers). Generally, a compiler or several compilers selected texts and gathered their own mecmūʿa with these texts-this was a very common habit among Ottoman scholars. Esʿad Efendi started to compile his own at the beginning of his official career, collecting parts of the various books he had read and copying them into his mecmūʿa. In addition, Esʿad Efendi's mecmūʿa contains uncompleted first drafts of his works and a list of books that he used during his researches. Considering together the book list and the works written by Esʿad Efendi in the following years, it is possible to see the relationship between the texts compiled into his mecmūʿa, the readings he made and his career trajectory. Thus, this paper aims to uncover the details of these relations through an examination of Esʿad Efendi's reading practices.

In the first decades of the 10 th century, the Bulgarian Empire was embroiled in a fierce duel with the Byzantine Empire, during which Roman diplomacy succeeded in attracting various tribes and peoples to its side. One of its allies was the Croatian dux Tomislav (c. 910-c. 928), under whose rule Croatia became a regional power. The allied relations between Byzantium and the Croats led to the Bulgarian-Croatian war, which ended in a defeat for the Bulgarian army, which some scholars define as a military "disaster". In the present study, the Bulgarian military expedition against the Croats is dated to the spring of 927. The same year, Pope John X brokered peace through his legates bishop Madelbert and Duke John. The peace treaty between Bulgaria and Croatia was concluded in May 928 at the latest, but it is very likely that it became a fact in the second half of 927 along with the settlement of relations with the Byzantine Empire. It is beyond any doubt that the Bulgarian army suffered a serious military setback, which, however, cannot be described as a military "disaster", since even after the death of emperor Simeon, the Bulgarian Empire still had the ability not only to resist but also to military pressure against their opponents. The fact that the Croatian army did not undertake a counteroffensive against Bulgaria and Serbia remained part of the Bulgarian state for a few more years should not be overlooked.

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The article is an attempt to summarize information about personalities from the one clan of Qipchaq-Qanglï, represented by the relatives of the queen Tärkän Khātūn, at the court of her husband the Khwārizmshāh ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Täkäš (1172–1200) and of her son the Khwārizmshāh ‘Alā’ ad-Dīn Muḥammad (1200–1220). The article analyzes the onomastics and titles of eleven personas (not counting Tärkän Khātūn herself) found in writen sources. The research is based on a classic set of sources, mainly on the following publications of historical texts: 1) in Arabic: ‘Alī ‘Izz al-Dīn b. al-’Aṯīr al-Jazarī “Al-kamīl fī al-tārīḫ” (1231) cited according the classic edition by C.J. Tornberg; Shihāb al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Nasawī “Sīrat al-sulṭān Jalāl al-Dīn Mankburnī” (1234/1235) in edition of Z.M. Buniyatov; 2) in New-Persian (Fārsī-yi Darī): Bahā’ al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Mu’ayyad al-Baghdādī “al-Tawassul ilā al-tarassul” (late 12th or early 13th cс.) in the Tehran edition in 1937; ‘Alā al-Dīn ‘Atā Malik Juwaynī “Ta’rīḫ-i jahāngushāy-i” (1260) according the edition by M. Qazvini; Rashīd al-Dīn al-Т̣abīb or Rashīd ad-Dīn Fazl-’Allah Hamadanī “Jami‘ al-tawārīḫ” (1314) according the Tehran edition in 1994; Manhāj al-Dīn Abū ‘Amr ‘Usmān b. Sirāj al-Dīn Jūzjānī “Ṭabaqāt-i nāṣirī” (1260) according the Cairo edition in 2013. They were also periodically used data of other sources in Arabic, New-Persian, Turkic, Middle Mongolic and Chinese. In addition to evidence of written sources they were analyzed linguistic data, which primarily represented by lexical and etymological dictionaries, such as the works of G. Doerfer and Sir G. Clauson.

This article examines the beginnings of Shi'ism, especially Imami Shi'ism, in the region of Aleppo, a major part of Bilād al-Shām, starting in the first third of the fourth century AH / mid-tenth century CE and stopping with the end of the Emirate of the ʿUqaylids at the end of the fifth century AH / end of the 11th century CE, when Shi'ites declined with the spread of Saljuq influence and control of the region. The study also identifies the most important Shi'ites of that period, including leading scholars of the Prophetic traditions, jurisprudence and other branches of knowledge, and discusses their works and their scholarly positions. The article also notes some of the Shi'ite religious sites, shrines and places of visitation during the period.

Analysis of the Description of the Eastern Bulgarian Lands in "Journey Of The Wanderer To Cross The Countries" (12th  Century) Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), pp. 91-106


The aim of the research is to analyse the descriptions of the Eastern Bulgarian lands in
“The Pleasure Excursion of One Who Is Eager to Traverse the Regions of the World” by the Arab
geographer al-Idrisi (d. 1166). I worked with the so-called "Sofia manuscript" of the book, kept
in the National Library "St. Cyril and Methodius". By "Eastern Bulgarian lands" I mean the lands
between the Black Sea in the East and the line Razgrad-Sliven in the West. As a result, there are
presented new localisations of some toponyms. The hypotheses are built on the comparison of
the previous surveys, interpretations of other historical sources and the use of Geographic
information systems. The article includes a list of the toponyms and five GIS models of the
settlement and road networks in the Eastern Bulgarian lands in the 12th century.

Drawing on its etymological relationship with the Algarve, scholarship has largely identified Gharb alAndalus with the Southernmost Portuguese region (Algarve), something which is not only ambiguous but abusive at the same time. A similarly ungrounded connection has been traditionally set between Gharb al-Andalus and Portugal. To a large extent, this approach is the product of a partial and hasty reading of the Arabic sources that has been routinely and uncritically repeated over time. A close reading of the Arabic texts reveals that Gharb al-Andalus and Burtuqāl are different names that cannot be identified. While Gharb remained a largely geographical name with blurred territorial boundaries, ever since the 12th century Burtuqāl gradually gained a much more specific political meaning related to the consolidation of the kingdom of Portugal.

I:.gypl mid Syria JESHO Th e jihad and its Time l}MES JAOS JARCE jNES JRAS JSM I NTRODUCTION xv ruler heralded a shift in political a ll egia nce in favor of the Abbasids and the offic ial return of Egypt to the Sunni fold. On 10 Muharram / II September, aVAdid died and with him was extin gu ished the Fatimid state. Until the death of Nur aI-Din in May 11 74, Saladin 's re lations with his fo rma l overlord were strai n ed. In Oc tobe r 1171 , a coordinated attack planned by Nul' a i-Din and Saladin on the Frankish fo rts of Karak a nd Shawbak came to naught due to Saladin 's failure to meet Nu r aI-Din. A year later, Salad in 's independent foray aga in st these stron gholds failed to restore trust to the relatio n s betwee n th e two leaders. SUl difficulties in the relations between Salad in and Nur ai-Din did not prevent Saladin from ruling Egypt as he saw fit. His position in Egypt was firm ly secured. A plot discovered in 11 74 was of minor significance, pos in g no rea l threat to his rule. From Egypt. Saladin conducted an expans ionistic policy in three directions: Nubia, the Mediterranean coast of North Africa and Yemen. Egypt itself was successfull y defended against a nother Christia n Mediterranean power-the Normans of Sicily. Their attack 0 11 Alexandria was repell ed after mu ch fighting (August 11 74).

Muszlim forrásokban előfordul néhány utalás a kereszténység felvétele előtti magyarság hitvilágára. Ezek történeti értelmezésére vállalkozik jelen tanul mány. A Dzsajháni-hagyományban megőrződött egy rövid utalás a magyarok vallásáról, 1 amely a honfoglalást megelőző évtizedre datálható: Ibn Ruszta: "a magyarok tűzimádók (ʿabdat un-nīrān)"; 2 Gardézi: "a magyarok tűzimádók (ātiš-parast and)"; 3 al-Bakri: "a magyarok bálványimádók (ʿabdat āwṯān)"; 4 Abúl-Fidá: "ők tűzimádók (ʿabdat un-nīrān)". 5 A birtokos szerkezet második eleme, az arab nīrān a nār 'tűz' szó többes számú alakja, amelynek perzsa megfelelője az ātiš 'tűz'. Al-Bakrinál az arab waṯan 'bálvány' többese, az āwṯān szerepel, ez a másoló téves emendációja, jelezve, hogy az illető nép vallása nem tartozik a könyves vallások (iszlám, kereszténység, judaizmus) egyikéhez sem, azaz pogányok. Ugyanakkor Abúl-Fidá egy olyan al-Bakri-féle szövegváltozatot másolt, ahol még az eredeti forma szerepelt. Nyitrai István leszögezi, hogy Gardézi perzsa munkájában a fordítás egyértelmű -"tűzimádók" -, ellenben az arab nīrān két szónak is lehet a többes száma. Az egyik a nār 'tűz', a másik a nūr 'fény'. Miután feltételezi, hogy a Dzsajháni-hagyomány eredetileg arab nyelven készült, felvet egy másik fordítási lehetőséget: 'csillagokat tisztelők' vagy 'a Napot és Holdat tisztelők'. 6 Ez utóbbi Tadeusz Lewicki ötlete, aki úgy vélte, hogy az ‫النيران‬ alak helyett ‫النيرات‬ an-nayyirāt 'csillagok' állhatott az eredetiben. 7 Ezek az újabb értelmezések további bizonyítékok nélkül pusztán nehezen védhető hipotézisek. A Dzsajháni-hagyomány Ṣaqlabīya (általában 'szlávok'-nak fordítják) fejezetében, van egy párhuzamos hely, amelynek az értelmezése szintén összetett probléma. Az Ibn Ruszta-kéziratban ʿabdat uṯ-ṯīrān szerepel, amit a kiadás-

Babacar FAYE ; Agnès Daba THIAW ; Natacha MBENGUE ; Paul NDIAYE Dynamique d'espaces forestiers adjacents à partir d'une approche comparée de techniques d'inventaire dans les forêts classées de Koutal et de Kouyong Cheikh Tidiane SAMB ; Aminata Niang DIÈNE Facteurs associés à la malnutrition chronique des enfants de moins de cinq ans dans la région de Kolda, au sud du Sénégal : une étude transversale au niveau communautaire Zady Édouard ZOGBO ; Konan KOUASSI ; Narcisse B. ASSI-KAUDJHIS ; Wafy Lucie COULIBALY Les enjeux socio-économiques des parcs de stationnement à Niakara (Côte d'Ivoire) Alioune DÈME ; Moustapha SALL ; Aissata THIAM ; Mariama BA Découvertes d'épigraphie islamiques à Diongui-Thikité (Moyenne Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal) Fadel Amadou THIAM L'histoire et la géographie du chemin de fer du Sénégal Iyéwa Constant ODAH ; Pierre Bacary BADJI La « philo-thérapie » chez Boèce Abdoul Hameth BA ; Djiby DIAKHATÉ ; Marème Dia THIAM ; Lamine NDIAYE Les Subsahariens en Chine : solidarité inter migrants face à une politique migratoire chinoise complexe : étude de cas des Africains de Guangzhou (Chine) Mamadou Gando BARRY Rentrer ou rester après une formation au Canada ? Le discours des diplômés guinéens sur leurs motivations Martine GBOUGNON L'influence du politique sur les associations d'originaires et de l'appartenance ethnique sur les étudiants de l'Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé (Côte d'Ivoire) Régine TCHICAYA-OBOA Kongolia. La reconversion réussie d'une hôtesse de l'air en restauratrice Alexis TOBANGUI Histoire de l'enseignement de la sociologie au Congo : épistémologie, éthique et nouvelle forme d'engagement

The famous linguist scientist notes in one of the works of I.Orsky that "peoples and tribes can have the same culture as they speak in different languages, and similarly, tribes with the same language or language can often be sharply different from each other due to their material culture "In this view, the Albanian Albanians, which those who live in the territory of the ruling elders, mainly Turkic language Specifically, it should be noted that the axis of the skull

A scholar’s social and scholarly reputation requires more than just talent: it takes a lot
of diligence, an oſten modestly silent financial background and, last but not least,
a strong contact network, that is, getting to know people who are at the right place
at the right time to get help and support. ere can be no doubt about Vámbéry’s
language skills, but it is also clear from his memoirs that his diligence was even
more significant. He rose from an extremely poor milieu, and his first voyages to
Constantinople and the East were extremely miserable, though not so long as they
brought him world fame, reputation, and wealth. Later he became so respected
both in Hungary and abroad that he was invited to different remarkable societies
and associations as an honorary member or honorary president. While in the first
part of our study we focus on his contact network during his early career, in the
second part we will showcase the elderly Vambéry’s involvement in different scien-
tific and Turanist endeavours in Hungary. Who helped the completely unknown,
poor, lame man during his first stay in Constantinople? Who were his friends and
influential patrons in the Ottoman capital, thanks to whom he could later become
an advisor to the sultan? Which were the organisations of which Vámbéry became
the honorary member or president? We will seek the answers to these and other
similar questions in this article, aiming to reveal Vámbéry’s barely known character
as a network builder.

Ibn Fadlán, az Abbászida kalifa volgai bolgárokhoz küldött delegációjának tagjaként úti beszámolót készített, melyben több török nyelvű népről találhatunk feljegyzéseket. Ezek egy része saját
megfigyeléseket, más része hallomásból szerzett információkat rögzít. A cikkben a baskírokra vonatkozó
feljegyzést igyekszem több szempontból megvizsgálni – részint a fadláni szöveg más népekre vonatkozó
értesüléseinek kontextusában, részint a korabeli kipcsak törökökre vonatkozó hiedelemleírásokkal összevetve, részint a későbbi baskír folklórra vonatkozó ismereteink tükrében.

Title: Observations on the Bulgarian Fiscal Politics and International  Commerce – a Survey on the Transfer of the Marketplace  of Bulgarian Merchants from Constantinople to Thessaloniki  in 893–894
Abstract: The Byzantine-Bulgarian War of 894–896 was sometimes called the first economic war in medieval Europe. The expulsion of Bulgarian merchants from the Constantinopolitan market and their transfer to the market of Thessaloniki served as a cause de la guerre for Bulgarian ruler Symeon. A survey of historiography concludes that most scholars resorted to a restatement of the historical facts conveyed by Byzantine written sources. While scholars attempted to clarify the status of Bulgarian merchants in the Byzantine capital, the paper raises questions concerning the commodities Bulgarians supplied to the Byzantine market and what they demanded in exchange. The paper explores how Bulgarian ruler Simeon was affected by the transfer of Bulgarian merchants away from the Byzantine capital by applying methods of enquiry such as textual analysis and comparison of historical data. The military response of the Bulgarian ruler allows various hypotheses. The paper proposes that Bulgarian merchants most likely exchanged goods for multiple types of
Byzantine and non-Byzantine textiles, not on the list of forbidden articles to export.
The Book of Eparch informs us that Byzantine-Bulgarian commerce was in kind via barter exchange. Based on the examination of the commercial terms stipulated in the tenth-century Byzantine-Rus treaties, the paper considers the issue of Symeon’s involvement in Byzantine-Bulgarian commercial affairs in a similar fashion to the Rus princes who sent their envoys and merchants to the Byzantine Empire to sell the surpluses of collected taxes in kind. The paper addresses the issue of fiscal policy and
taxation practice in ninth-century Bulgaria.

The article is devoted to the political circumstances that influenced certain decisions regarding the first two editions of the travel report of the Arab traveler Ibn Faḍlān from Baghdad to the Volga Bulgars (921–922). The now-famous text of the voyage account, known as the Mashhad manuscript, was discovered in 1923 by a Turkish orientalist of Bashkir origin, Ahmed Zeki Velidi Togan (1890–1970) and formed the basis of his doctoral dissertation defended at the University of Vienna in 1935. Due to various problems, the German translation (in book form) was only published in print in 1939. The same year saw the publication of a Russian translation of the voyage description by a Soviet Arabist – Andrei P. Kovalevskiy (1895–1969). Both scholars conflicted with the USSR authorities: Togan had fought with the Soviet Army in 1920–1923, while Kovalevskiy was sentenced to five years in the gulag in 1938 on (as it later turned out) a wrongful charge of counterrevolutionary activity. These circ...

Abstract: I manuale di stilistica ricordano sempre che il fortunato e fecondo termine tedesco di Stilistik compare per la prima volta nel frammento 499 di Novalis come conio del più antico francesce stylistique. Ciò che poi segue tale prima e convenzionale fotografia storica è un breve inquadramento del neologismo novalisiano all’interno della tradizione retorica antica e una sua derubricazione ad ancella degli studi di poetica e di grammatica. In realtà il frammento di Novalis definisce in modo assolutamente originale il concetto di Stilistik, a cui al contrario si ispirerà il termine francese, collocandolo nell’orizzonte enciclopedico e romantico della poesia universale e progressiva e determinandolo nello specifico secondo termini psicologici e fisiologici. Ritroveremo la moderna definizione di Novalis di stilistica fisiologica individuale nelle riflessioni di Nietzsche sullo stile letterario e, soprattutto, nella specificazioni di Vossler e Spitzer di uno stile come espressione della lingua di un autore (Stilsprache), diverso dalla stile di una lingua generalmente inteso (Sprachstil). Questo breve contributo vuole allora riportare l’originale definizione novalisiana nella sua giusta cornice storica e teoretica, indicandone la complessità, la ricchezza di significato e il suo sviluppo nella grande critica stilistica di inizio Novecento.

Abstract inglese: Stylistics manuals always remind us that the fruitful German term Stilistik appears for the first time in fragment 499 of Novalis as a coinage of the oldest French stylistique. What then follows this conventional historical photograph is a brief framing of the Novalisian neologism within the ancient rhetorical tradition and its declassification as a handmaiden of poetic and grammatical studies. In reality, Novalis's fragment defines the concept of Stilistik in an absolutely original way, which on the contrary will inspire the French term, placing it in the encyclopedic and romantic horizon of universal and progressive poetry and determining it specifically according to psychological and physiological terms. We will find Novalis’s modern definition of individual physiological stylistics in Nietzsche’s reflections on literary style and, above all, in Vossler and Spitzer’s specification of a style as an expression of an author’s language (Stilsprache), different from the generally understood style of a language (Sprachstil). This brief contribution therefore aims to bring the original Novalisian definition back into its correct historical and theoretical framework, indicating its complexity, richness of meaning and its development in the great stylistic criticism of the early twentieth century.

When the 13th-century Coptic official Ibn al-ʿAmīd was thrown into prison by Sultan Baybars, he set out to compile a summary of universal history from the creation to his own days. His work was to become one of the major instances of Christian-Muslim intellectual exchange in the pre-modern era.

Рахно К. Культ меча у русів арабо-перських джерел // Коли Захід зустрів Схід. Матеріали  міжнародної наукової конференції  «Коли Захід зустрів Схід: наукова конференція присвячена пам’яті Андрія Ковалівського», яка відбулась 27-28 травня 2024 р. / Упорядник д. і. н. Я. В. Пилипчук. Київ – Вінниця: Український державний університет імені М.  Драгоманова, НІЛАН-ЛТД, 2024. – С. 160–163.


Стаття  присвячена  звісткам  про  культ  меча  у  русів  в  арабських  і  перських середньовічних джерелах. Зокрема, меч виступав важливим елементом родильної обрядовості. Комплекс  арабо-персидских  письменных  источников  о  славянах  и  русах  должен
рассматриваться с точки зрения исторической этнографии, тому для порівняння залучено дані етнографії  українців  ХІХ-ХХ  століть.  Паралелі  також  знаходяться  в  іраномовних  народів Сходу, що може вказувати на степовий етнокультурний спадок Русі.
Ключові слова: руси, арабські джерела, перські джерела, історична етнографія, культ меча.

The article deals with  the data about  the  sword cult among  the Rus  in Arabic and Persian medieval sources. In particular, the sword was an important element of the birth ritual. The complex of Arabic-Persian written sources about the Slavs and the Rus should be considered from the point of view of historical ethnography, therefore data from the ethnography of the Ukrainians of the 19th and 20th centuries are included for comparison. Parallels are also found in the Iranian-speaking peoples of the East, which may indicate the steppe ethno-cultural heritage of Rus.
Key-Words: Rus, Arab sources, Persian sources, historical ethnography, sword cult.

Hatvan éve, 1962-ben jelent meg Maszúdi Aranymezők és drágakőbányák című, 943/944-ben írt művének francia, Charles Pellat-féle javított fordítása, és hatvan éve nem reflektált a magyar arabisztika a könyv azon adatára, amely a madjghariyya nevű nép lakhelyét Transzoxániába (az Amu-darja és a Szir-darja folyók közé) teszi. E népnév azért fontos számunkra, mert a magyarokat takarja az arab forrásokban (Czeglédy 1956, 273., Zsidai 2013, 5.). A tanulmányban a szöveget és környezetét járom körül, valamint azt próbálom értelmezni, mit is jelentenek a magyar őstörténet szempontjából Maszúdi szavai, egyáltalán, bele lehet-e illeszteni a magyarok ezen említését egy értelmes narratívába. Igen, lehetséges: azaz ténylegesen is a magyarokról van szó e szövegben, mely segít megállapítani, hol éltek őseink, kik voltak mitikus királyaik. Maszúdi szövege Ibn Hordádzbeh egy romlott részletét is jelentéssel tölti fel, az szintén a magyarokról szól.

Toponimik söylem analizi, yer isimlerini ve coğrafi mekanları inceleyerek iletişim disiplini açısından önemli bir veri kaynağıdır. Bu tür bir analiz, yerleşim yerlerinin adlarının kökenini, anlamını, etimolojisini ve kültürel bağlamını anlamamıza yardımcı olabilmektedir. Toponimik açıdan yerleşim yerlerinin söylem analizi, dilbilimciler, tarihçiler, coğrafyacılar ve kültürel araştırmacılar için önemli bir araştırma alanı olup iletişim disiplini de bundan faydalanabilmektedir. Bu analiz, yer isimlerinin yerel kültürlerin, tarihin ve dilin yansımaları olduğunu gösterirken, aynı zamanda coğrafi bilgilere de katkı sağlar. Bu analiz ile kültürel istihbarat çalışması çerçevesinde ve stratejik iletişimde kullanılabilecek aşağıda belirtilen veriler başta olmak üzere birçok bilgi elde edilebilir.

The work under review deals with an account of the Magyars in the ninth and tenth centuries, mainly before their arrival and final settlement in their present-day habitat in Central Europe. It is part of a succinct description of the peoples of Eastern Europe which has come down to us in several, slightly differing versions in Arabic, Persian and Turkish. It is generally assumed that they all derive from an Arabic work composed by the wazīr Ǧayhānī in Buḫārā in the Sāmānid Emirate around the beginning of the tenth century, the original of which has not survived. The present work is the English translation of a volume originally published in Hungarian in 2005 (Zimonyi 2005a). It was also published in German in 2006 (Zimonyi 2006). It deals first with the Ǧayhānī tradition, presenting an account of Ǧayhānī's person, his activities, his sources and the works which preserved his account of Eastern Europe. Then follow the versions of the Magyar chapter in Arabic, Persian and Turkish, accompanied by English translations. An interpretation of the contents of the Magyar chapter follows sentence by sentence, with a detailed philological analysis, in essay form, of the questions involved. Finally, the author offers a tentative reconstruction of the original textin English translationwith a

The text is dedicated to Bektashi-Hurufi scenes and letter-like compositions that visualize notions of personal and group cults. The scenes depict very particular metamorphic transformations, born of esoteric notions of the separation of the material from the spiritual or the body from the soul. The letter-like compositions are consisted of Arabic letters and represent highly specific calligraphic artifacts in which individual graphemes and/or lexemes are transformed into anthropomorphic figures. The scenes and letter-like compositions under examination were created on the basis of Sufism and its related Hurufi and Bektashi-Kizilbashi doctrines, which testifies to their great influence on the work of most Ottoman artists and calligraphers.

The scholarly journal Dunya was established in 2023 as the publication of the Free University Institute of Asia and Africa.

The journal is published annually, with each issue expected to be released in December.

Dunya adopts a bilingual approach and is published in both Georgian and English. 

The journal's primary objective is to serve as a platform for young scholars to share their knowledge and research. Therefore, Dunya welcomes submissions from undergraduate and graduate students, as well as postgraduate researchers at authorized higher education institutions.

Authors can focus on a region of their choice, including the Middle East, the Arab countries, Iran, Turkey, and the Far East, such as Japan, China, and Korea, as well as, given the context, the Euro-Atlantic region.

Исследование осуществлено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (проект № 20-09-00385) и РНФ (проект № 21-18-00124). Аннотация Особое место в истории российского и европейского востоковедения, в истории и культуре народов современной России, Армении, Азербайджана, Казахстана, Узбекистана, Украины и др. стран занимают ключевые центры востоковедения в Москве и Петербурге-Лазаревский институт восточных языков, Санкт-Петербургский университет, Азиатский музей, Восточная комиссия Московского археологического общества, Восточное отделение Русского археологического общества и др. с их богатыми исследовательскими и гуманистическими традициями и значимым наследием выдающихся ученых и практиков. Среди сохранившихся трудов отдельного внимания заслуживают работы основоположников отечественного востоковедения

Les articles réunis dans ce premier numéro de la Revue Société Sénégalaise de Sociologie et d'Anthropologie (3SA) rendent hommage à trois monuments de l'institution universitaire sénégalaise, les professeurs Abdoulaye Bara DIOP, Boubakar LY et Gora MBODJ qui, à travers leurs productions scientifiques ont contribué de manière significative à l'institutionnalisation et au développement de la sociologie laissant ainsi un héritage de travaux pionniers, novateurs et d'inspiration inestimable.

folyó menti mongol csata következményei Dolgozatom második része a Kalka menti összecsapással végződött. Ebben az ütközetben a keletről előre törő mongolok, súlyos csapást mértek az egyesült Kijevi Nagyfejedelemség és Kománia 1 csaptataira. A legyőzöttek nagy szerencséjére, a mongolok ekkor még nem szállták meg katonailag a területet, mert a nagykán, Dzsingisz (1206-1227) visszarendelte a csapatait. Mindenesetre a hódítás jogán a terület felett innentől kezdve a nagykán legidősebb fia, Dzsozsi (+1227) rendelkezett! 2 A Kun Törzsszövetség három népeleme a nyugati kun, a középső kipcsak és a keleti kangli, három részre szakadt. Az Al-Dunától az Irtisig nomadizáló Kun Törzsszövetség elvesztette a Volgától keletre húzódó szállásterületét és törzseit (kanglik 3), mivel azok behódoltak a mongoloknak. 4 A maradék kun társadalom elitje pedig olyan mértékű pusztulást szenvedett, ami végérvényesen megakadályozta a Kun Törzsszövetség egységes államba való tömörülését! 5 A középső kun törzsek (kipcsakok) ezután, a csatát túlélő Kotjan (Kötöny) fejedelemmel a Halicsi Fejedelemség felé húzódtak. A nyugati kunoknak pedig két lehetőségük maradt. Vagy a Magyar Királyságnak hódolnak be, vagy a Bolgár Cárságnak. Ezzel megvalósult volna II. Aszen János (1192-(1218-1241) északi ország gyarapító terve. Mivel ez a terv viszont apósa, II. András (1178-(1205-1235) a magyar király évtizedes terveit keresztezte, az érdekellentétek egy évekig tartó, hol nyílt, hol burkolt magyar-bolgár konfliktushoz vezettek. 1 A kun területek középkori magyar neve (Comania ill. Cumania). Magát az etnikumot általában Comani ill.

Ibrahim ibn Yaqub's Account of His Travel to Slavic Countries as Transmitted by al-Bakri, with Contemporary Commentaries, ed. by Mustafa S w i t a t, translated by Agnieszka Waśkiewicz (Studies in Oriental Culture and Literature, ed. by Barbara Michalak-Pikulska),