Text Steganography

inference rules and traditional Sobel method, a method is presented for edge detection in digital images with noise. In the proposed method, at first an image is scanned by a 2 × 2 mask and at each step of the survey 4 pixels are sent to the input of Gaussian membership function. The membership function classifies the pixels based on fuzzy logic. The values of fuzzy sets made are adjusted by 16 rules and then the main edge candidates are introduced. In the next step the output of fuzzy approach is multiplied by a 5 × 5 Gaussian mask to reduce the residual noise in the image and the obtained output is detected by traditional Sobel detector. The results of this simulation shows the high performance of fuzzy logic and Gaussian filter to reduce noise; so that the proposed method shows a good resistance against salt-and-pepper and Gaussian noises compared to traditional Sobel method. Also this method does not have the problem of pointed images and detects the edge as continuous and smooth.

In this work, the author constructs a key access management scheme that seamlessly transitions any hierarchical-like access policy to the digital medium. The proposed scheme allows any public cloud system to be used as a private cloud. We consider the data owner an entity consisting of several organization units. We provide a secure method for each user of this entity to access the public cloud from both inside and outside the company’s network. The idea of the key access control scheme, which is based on Shamir’s secret sharing algorithm and polynomial interpolation method, is suitable especially for hierarchical organizational structures. It offers a secure, flexible, and hierarchical key access mechanism for organizations utilizing mission-critical data.

ABSTRACT: Digital watermarking is the art of embedding data, called a watermark, into a multimedia object such that the watermark can be detected or extracted later without impairing the object. Concealment of secret messages inside a natural language, known as steganography, has been in existence as early as the 16th century. However, the increase in electronic/digital information transmission and distribution has resulted in the spread of watermarking from ordinary text to multimedia transmission. In this paper, we review various approaches and methods that have been used to conceal and preserve messages. Examples of real-world applications are also discussed.

With the growing misuse of digital communication platforms, cybercriminals have started embedding malicious or deceptive messages within images using steganography, particularly through Least Significant Bit (LSB) techniques. Traditional security systems often fail to detect such covert channels, creating a serious threat vector. This project presents an end-to-end intelligent system that extracts hidden text from images using LSB decoding and classifies the content into three categories-spam, phishing, or safe. For robust and efficient classification, we employ a fine-tuned DistilBERT transformer model, which captures deep semantic nuances of the extracted message. Our system is trained on a hybrid dataset combining SMS spam and phishing messages, and evaluated for accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The proposed approach not only highlights the vulnerability of steganographic communication but also introduces an effective AI-driven framework to mitigate such hidden threats in real time.

A secure LSB method of message steganography will be introduced, this method will use a private key of 256 bits length, this length will provide the required key space to protect the hidden message from being hacked, the private key will be used to select the position of the covering-stego bytes and to generate a secret indices key, which will be used for message blocks of bits substitution. The presented method will use simple procedures for key generation, message substitution, message hiding and message extracting. The message binary column matrix will be divided into equal blocks, the block size will be variable and it will be determined by the message sender, blocking will be used to minimize the key generation time especially when the message is very long. The presented method will use a simple chaotic logistic map model to generate the required for message substitution indices key. The presented method will be implemented using various covering images and various messages, the obtained results will be analyzed by applying speed, quality and security analysis to show that the presented method will satisfy the requirements of good stego method.

One of the main aspects on embedding process of any text steganography methods is the capacity text.It is because a better embedding ratio and saving space offers; a more text can be hidden.This study tries to evaluate several format based techniques of text steganography based on their embedding ratio and saving space capacity.Thus, the main objective of this study is to analyze the performance of text steganography methods which are Changing in Alphabet Letter Patterns (CALP), Vertical based and Quadruple methods based on these two capacity factors.It has been identified that vertical based method give a good effort performance compared to CALP and Quadruple based method.In future, a robustness of text steganography methods should be considered as a next effort in order to find a strength capability on text steganography.

One of the main aspects on embedding process of any text steganography methods is the capacity text. It is because a better embedding ratio and saving space offers; a more text can be hidden. This paper tries to evaluate several format based techniques of text steganography based on their embedding ratio and saving space capacity. Thus, main objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of text steganography methods which are CALP, Vertical based and Quadruple methods based on these two capacity factors. It has been identified that vertical based method give a good effort performance compared to CALP and Quadruple based method. In future, a robustness of text steganography methods should be considered as a next effort in order to find a strength capability on text steganography.

In this paper, we present a new alternative method for text steganalysis based on an evolution algorithm, implemented using the Java Evolution Algorithms Package (JEAP). The main objective of this paper is to detect the existence of hidden messages based on fitness values of a text description. It is found that the detection performance has been influenced by two groups of fitness values which are good fitness value and bad fitness value. This paper provides a valuable insight into the development and enhancement of the text steganalysis domain.

Abstract:-This study presents a new alternative of steganalysis method in order to detect hidden messages in text steganalysis called Evolution Detection Steganalysis System (EDSS) based on the evolution algorithm approach under Java Genetic Algorithms Package (JGAP). The result of the EDSS can be divided into two groups based on fitness values which are good fitness and bad fitness. Hopefully, this study can produce a good idea to other researchers for understanding the text steganalysis in order to develop a ...

In this paper, we present a new alternative method for text steganalysis based on an evolution algorithm, implemented using the Java Evolution Algorithms Package (JEAP). The main objective of this paper is to detect the existence of hidden messages based on fitness values of a text description. It is found that the detection performance has been influenced by two groups of fitness values which are good fitness value and bad fitness value. This paper provides a valuable insight into the development and enhancement of the text steganalysis domain.

Text steganography is crucial in information security due to the limited redundancy in text. The Arabic language features offer a new method for data concealment. In this paper, the researchers propose a new coverless text information hiding method based on built-in features of Arabic scripts. The first word of each row in the dataset is tested based on eight features to get one byte containing 1 or 0. That is a result of the presence or absence of the following features: mahmoze, diacritics, isolated, two sharp edges, vowels, dotted, looping, and high frequency. Then, each byte is converted to a decimal number (ASCII code) to implement a dynamic mapping protocol with the most frequent letter. In the hiding process, each character in the secret message is converted to ASCII code and successfully matched in the dataset. Thus, after matching, the candidate text is sent to the receiver. In contrast, the pre-agreed dynamic mapping protocol was implemented in a receiver to extract secret messages. Three Arabic datasets are used in this paper SANAD (Single-Label Arabic News Articles Dataset) includes 45500 articles, Arabic Poem Comprehensive Dataset (APCD) contains 1,831,770 poetic verses in total, Arabic Poetry Dataset contains more than 58000 poems). The suggested approach withstands existing detecting methods because of no modification or generation. Moreover, there is an enhancement in hiding capacity, which can conceal a (character per word). Hence, all the messages are embedded successfully using dynamic mapping.

In the digital era, protecting confidential information from unauthorized access is crucial. Information can be represented through a variety of communicative media, including text, video, audio, and images, with text being the most common. Traditional methods require carriers to disguise secret information, leading to carrier modifications which are challenging to avoid steganalysis. In contrast, coverless information hiding does not modify the carrier and transfers Secret message directly via the stego cover"s built-in attributes. The most crucial positive significance for the development of coverless information hiding technology is based on the Chinese mathematical phrase. The primary goal of this review is to examine the most recent findings in the fields of coverless hiding, development approaches, selected datasets, metrics of performance, and issues of hiding applications in English, Chinese, and other languages. The findings demonstrate that researchers have considered the Keywords and tags, approaches while the approach-based Markov model is mainly used with the English language. Additionally, the study reveals that hiding capacity, success rate, and security analysis metrics are the most common metrics used to evaluate coverless information hiding performance. As a final point, the unresolved issues and potential future directions are addressed to improve hiding capacity and algorithm efficiency, embed and extract information correctly, and extend these techniques to other languages.

Modern text hiding is an intelligent programming technique which embeds a secret message/watermark into a cover text message/file in a hidden way to protect confidential information. Recently, text hiding in the form of watermarking and steganography has found broad applications in, for instance, covert communication, copyright protection, content authentication, etc. In contrast to text hiding, text steganalysis is the process and science of identifying whether a given carrier text file/message has hidden information in it, and, if possible, extracting/detecting the embedded hidden information. This paper presents an overview of state of the art of the text hiding area, and provides a comparative analysis of recent techniques, especially those focused on marking structural characteristics of digital text message/file to hide secret bits. Also, we discuss different types of attacks and their effects to highlight the pros and cons of the recently introduced approaches. Finally, we re...

The field of linguistic steganography studies systems which are able to encode secret messages in existing cover texts themselves. The primary focus of these systems is to provide users the ability to communicate encrypted messages without an observer being able to detect their use of cryptography. In this paper, we extend a neural steganography system to implement publickey encryption methods. Our work allows users who have not previously communicated secrets with each other to gain the benefits of steganography and provides a construction that eases the pre-coordination requirements for users while providing similar security measures.

This paper proposes an approach to implement public key algorithm in Steganography. Here, in this paper, Public key algorithm is used based on RSA assumptions with traditional LSB modification scheme for Steganography to randomize the position of the secret bit in cover image.

Steganography techniques are concerned with hiding the existence of data in other cover media. Today, text steganography has become particularly popular. This paper presents a new idea for using Arabic text in steganography. The main idea is to superimpose multiple invisible instances of Arabic diacritic marks over each other. This is possible because of the way in which diacritic marks are displayed on screen and printed to paper. Two approaches and several scenarios are proposed. The main advantage is in terms of the arbitrary capacity. The approach was compared to other similar methods in terms of overhead on capacity. It was shown to exceed any of these easily, provided the correct scenario is chosen.

Recently perfectly secure steganographic systems have been described for a wide class of sources of covertexts. The speed of transmission of secret information for these stegosystems is proportional to the length of the covertext. In this work we show that there are sources of covertexts for which such stegosystems do not exist. The key observation is that if the set of possible covertexts has a maximal Kolmogorov complexity, then a high-speed perfect stegosystem has to have complexity of the same order.

The need to hide essential information has rapidly increased as mobile devices and the internet has overgrown. Steganography is a method created to create hidden communication. Recently, methods have been developed to hide important information using text steganography. This work-study takes advantage of the possibility of concealing data in all diacritics after the two letters ال)) in the cover text. In the presented study, we propose a new algorithm in steganography in Arabic text as a cover text. After pre-processing the cover text, the algorithm hides the elements of secret messages inside the Arabic letters by adding appropriate diacritics (like Hamzah Al-Wasl) on the extracted words beginning with (ال) according to its third letter type (solar or lunar). In the proposed algorithm, the length of the secret message is determined so that the intended recipient can extract the hidden message accurately. The proposed algorithm is robust against the attack because the change in the ...

Using OCR programs is one of the best ways to convert written and printed documents into digital form. The first phase in OCR is segmenting the input image and identifying text and non-text regions. This paper proposes a new method for segmentation of Persian printed texts which is based on the Ink Spread Effect. Considering that the Persian scripts are very different from the English script, most methods proposed for the English script have not rendered good results for the Persian scripts. The method proposed in this paper has been designed considering the special features of the Persian scripts. In addition, one of the most important characteristics of this method is resistance to skew. Moreover, the proposed approach is directly applicable to Arabic scripts.

In this paper, a novel watermarking technique for the tamper detection of text images is pro- posed. Entropy of every sentence is computed and Markov matrix using the occurrences of the characters is used to generate a character pattern. Entropy and character patterns are converted to Unicode Zero Width Characters (ZWCs) by using a lookup table. The ZWCs of entropy of each sentence is embedded at the end of every sentence after terminator. ZWCs of the character patterns are embedded in the end of the text of the image. On receiver side, ZWCs are extracted and converted to numerical form using the same lookup table. Entropy of every sentence and character patterns are recalculated and compared with extracted values for tamper detection. Comparison of technique with existing state-of-art techniques shows the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

The current online digital world, consisting of thousands of newspapers, blogs, social media, and cloud file sharing services, is providing easy and unlimited access to a large treasure of text contents. Making copies of these text contents is simple and virtually costless. As a result, producers and owners of text content are interested in the protection of their intellectual property (IP) rights. Digital watermarking has become crucially important in the protection of digital contents. Out of all, text watermarking poses many challenges, since text is characterized by a low capacity to embed a watermark and allows only a restricted number of alternative syntactic and semantic permutations. This becomes even harder when authors want to protect not just a whole book or article, but each single sentence or paragraph, a problem well known to copyright law. In this paper, we present a fine-grain text watermarking method that protects even small portions of the digital content. The core method is based on homoglyph characters substitution for latin symbols and whitespaces. It allows to produce a watermarked version of the original text, preserving the anonymity of the users according to the right to privacy. In particular, the embedding and extraction algorithms allow to continuously protect the watermark through the whole document in a fine-grain fashion. It ensures visual indistinguishability and length preservation, meaning that it does not cause overhead to the original document, and it is robust to the copy and past of small excerpts of the text. We use a real dataset of 1.8 million New York articles to evaluate our method. We evaluate and compare the robustness against common attacks, and we propose a new measure for partial copy and paste robustness. The results show the effectiveness of our approach providing an average length of 101 characters needed to embed the watermark and allowing to protect paragraph-long excerpt or smaller the 94.5% of the times.

During the recent years, the issue of preserving the integrity of digital text has become a focus of interest in the transmission of online content on the Internet. Watermarking has a useful tool in the protection of digital text content as it solves the problem of tampering, duplicating, unauthorized access, and security breaches. The rapid development currently observable in information transfer and access is the consequences of the widespread usage of the Internet. When it comes to the different types of digital data, text constitutes the most complex and challenging type to which the method of text watermarking can be applied. Text watermarking constitutes a highly complex task, most of all, since only limited research has been done in this field. In order to ensure the successful evaluation, analysis, and implementation, a comprehensive research needs to be performed. This paper studies the theory, methods, and applications of text watermarking, which includes the discussion on the definition, embedding and extracting processes, requirements, approaches, and language applications of the established text watermarking methods. This paper reviews in detail the new classification of text watermarking, which is through embedding process and its related issues of attacks and language applicability. Open research challenges and future directions are also investigated, with a focus on its information integrity, information availability, originality preservation, information confidentiality, protection of sensitive information, document transformation, cryptography application, and language flexibility. INDEX TERMS Information protection, information security, text analysis, text watermarking, watermarking.

The need to hide essential information has rapidly increased as mobile devices and the internet has overgrown. Steganography is a method created to create hidden communication. Recently, methods have been developed to hide important information using text steganography. This work-study takes advantage of the possibility of concealing data in all diacritics after the two letters ‫ال‬)) in the cover text. In the presented study, we propose a new algorithm in steganography in Arabic text as a cover text. After pre-processing the cover text, the algorithm hides the elements of secret messages inside the Arabic letters by adding appropriate diacritics (like Hamzah Al-Wasl) on the extracted words beginning with ‫)ال(‬ according to its third letter type (solar or lunar). In the proposed algorithm, the length of the secret message is determined so that the intended recipient can extract the hidden message accurately. The proposed algorithm is robust against the attack because the change in the cover text is small and imperceptible. On the other hand, since Arabic is used as a cover text, the breadth of the inclusion depends on the number of words beginning with ‫)ال(‬ definition.

The need to hide essential information has rapidly increased as mobile devices and the internet has overgrown. Steganography is a method created to create hidden communication. Recently, methods have been developed to hide important information using text steganography. This work-study takes advantage of the possibility of concealing data in all diacritics after the two letters ال)) in the cover text. In the presented study, we propose a new algorithm in steganography in Arabic text as a cover text. After pre-processing the cover text, the algorithm hides the elements of secret messages inside the Arabic letters by adding appropriate diacritics (like Hamzah Al-Wasl) on the extracted words beginning with (ال) according to its third letter type (solar or lunar). In the proposed algorithm, the length of the secret message is determined so that the intended recipient can extract the hidden message accurately. The proposed algorithm is robust against the attack because the change in the ...

Cloud computing provides a lot of shareable resources payable on demand to the users. The drawback with cloud computing is the security challenges since the data in the cloud are managed by third party. Steganography and cryptography are some of the security measures applied in the cloud to secure user data. The objective of steganography is to hide the existence of communication from the unintended users whereas cryptography does provide security to user data to be transferred in the cloud. Since users pay for the services utilize in the cloud, the need to evaluate the performance of the algorithms used in the cloud to secure user data in order to know the resource consumed by such algorithms such as storage memory, network bandwidth, computing power, encryption and decryption time becomes imperative. In this work, we implemented and evaluated the performance of Text steganography and RSA algorithm and Image steganography and RSA as Digital signature considering four test cases. The simulation results show that, image steganography with RSA as digital signature performs better than text steganography and RSA algorithm. The performance differences between the two algorithms are 10.

Objectives: Steganography is a technique for hiding data in sensitive applications such as banking and legal fields. With Steganography the secret information can be passed without any suspicion. Methods Analysis: Text Steganography embed data in a text file through various techniques. Format based Method modifies the cover text to hide the secret message by Resizing the text, Changing the style of text. Text rotation techniques in MS excel document are hard to detect the minor changes in the text's angle through. Mixed case font technique hides one character within each 8 letters of text file. Font Type method use three capital letters to hide one character of secret message. Findings: Criteria have been used to measure the goodness of the algorithm. Text rotation method in an excel document benefits the feature of hard to detect and will be applied to excel document only. Its percentage capacity is average and its similarity measure is one. In the mixed case font method payload capacity is very high when compared to other method but it looks like the fonts used in chat rooms. Its percentage capacity is high and its similarity measure is less than one. In Font Type method the embedding capacity is low when compared to other two techniques because only capital letters are used to hide but its similarity measure is one. Improvements: Font Type method though has the similarity measure one but it is found that it cannot be applied for numbers and other symbols to hide.

The rapid growth of online communication has increased the demand for secure communication. Most government entities, healthcare providers, the legal sector, financial and banking, and other industries are vulnerable to information security issues. Text steganography is one way to protect secure communication by hiding secret messages in the cover text. Hiding a large amount of secret information without raising the attacker's suspicion is the main challenge in steganography. This paper proposes the Color and Spacing Normalization stego (CSNTSteg) model to resolve the low capacity and invisibility problems in text steganography. CSNTSteg consists of two stages: the pre-embedding stage, which achieves high capacity by utilizing RGB coding and character spacing. It is designed to increase the number of bits per location and usable characters. Besides, it applies the Huffman coding technique to compress the secret message to add more capacity enhancement. The second stage is color and space normalization, which accomplishes high invisibility by normalizing the RGB coding and character spacing of the cover and stego text. CSNTSteg overcomes the color difference issue between the cover and stego texts regardless of the color of the cover text. To assess the quality of CSNTSteg, the experimental results are compared with existing works. CSNTSteg shows superior capacity over the existing studies with a percentage of 98.85%. CSNTSteg also achieves high invisibility by reducing the color difference with a percentage of 4.7% and 5.07% for black and colored cover text, respectively. Furthermore, CSNTSteg improves robustness by 94.22% by reducing the distortion in stego text. Overall, the CSNTSteg model embeds a high capacity of secret data while maintaining invisibility and security, offering a new perspective on text steganography to protect against visual and statistical attack issues.

Transmission of documents in an e-learning system should be in a very secure manner; otherwise, if the hacker can reach the documents, they can edit or destroy the documents. In our proposed model, we have used the Least Significant Bit (LSB) based Steganography technique for hiding along with the Haar wavelet transform and PackBits algorithm for the compression. Using this model, the sender can send their material after compression, which is space efficient, and LSB steganography technique will also provide security and authenticity. Through object oriented analysis of any system, all the advantages of an object oriented approach like data redundancy, reusability, data hiding, encapsulation and polymorphism etc. can be achieved. Though there are so many types of object oriented metric analysis proposed by Lorenz and Kidd, Harrison, Counsell and Nithi etc., here we will limit our discussion on Chidamber and Kemerer metric (CK metric) and Metric for Object Oriented Design metric (MOOD metric) based on the class hierarchy diagram regarding the transmission of study material from the teacher to learner in an e-learning system.

In an e-Learning environment, the communication between sender and receiver has been done via Internet. In general, while the sender sends their important documents to receiver through Internet, he/she encrypts the document which is decrypted by the receiver(s) at their end. In case of large images, decryption causes some sort of distortion, which may be overcome through our proposed model. The object oriented analysis of a system helps to make better understanding and cop up with the real world. The main characteristics of object oriented metric analysis are data hiding, data encapsulation, data abstraction, polymorphism etc. Here we calculate the values of different metrics like CK and MOOD metrics based on the class diagram of our proposed model regarding the transmission of documents from administrator to learner.

The widespread adoption of electronic distribution of material is accompanied by illicit copying and distribution. This is why individuals, businesses and governments have come to think of how to protect their work, prevent such illicit activities and trace the distribution of a document. It is in this context that a lot of attention is being focused on steganography. Implementing steganography in text document is not an easy undertaking considering the fact that text document has very few places in which to embed hidden data. Any minute change introduced to text objects can easily be noticed thus attracting attention from possible hackers. This study investigates the possibility of embedding data in text document by employing the entropy rate of the constituent characters of words not less than four characters long. The scheme was used to embed bits in text according to the alphabetic structure of the words, the respective characters were compared with their neighbouring characters and if the first character was alphabetically lower than the succeeding character according to their ASCII codes, a zero bit was embedded otherwise 1 was embedded after the characters had been transposed. Before embedding, the secret message was encrypted with a secret key to add a layer of security to the secret message to be embedded, and then a pseudorandom number was generated from the word counts of the text which was used to paint the starting point of the embedding process. The embedding capacity of the scheme was relatively high compared with the space encoding and semantic method.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) adoption is increasing in home and industrial settings, but information security for this technology is still immature. Thus far, three security threat categories have been identified: technical data theft, sabotage, and illegal part manufacturing. In this paper, we expand to a new threat category: misuse of digital design files as a subliminal communication channel. We identify and explore attacks by which arbitrary information can be embedded steganographically in the most common digital design file format, the STL, without distorting the printed object. Because the technique will not change the manufactured object's geometry, it is likely to remain unnoticed and can be exploited for data transfer. Further, even with knowledge of our methods, defenders cannot distinguish between actual data transfer and random manipulation of the files. This is the first info-hiding attack on this system, conducted despite the fact that random changes may spoil the physical artifact and result in detection. CCS CONCEPTS • Applied computing → Computer-aided manufacturing; • Security and privacy → Cryptography.

New steganography methods are being proposed to embed secret information into text cover media in order to search for new possibilities employing languages other than English. This paper utilizes the advantages of diacritics in Arabic to implement text steganography. Diacritics-or Harakat-in Arabic are used to represent vowel sounds and can be found in many formal and religious documents. The proposed approach uses eight different diacritical symbols in Arabic to hide binary bits in the original cover media. The embedded data are then extracted by reading the diacritics from the document and translating them back to binary.

This paper presented new models to hide sensitive data via Arabic text steganography. The models are structured to serve personal remembrance of secret shares to be used within counting-based secret sharing technique. This research hides secret shares adopting humanized remembrance tool to serve uncontrolled assigned shares, which are generated from the security system via automatically authentic target key generation process. The shares in their original secret sharing process are challenging to be memorized unlike normal password assignment that is enjoying the full personal selection. Therefore, our models for hiding secret shares are proposed to be hidden inside the personally chosen texts utilizing improved Arabic text steganography. This steganography models study is based on Kashida extension character used redundant within Arabic writing text. The research tests our two proposed modifications to original Arabic text steganography all serving secret sharing on the same text database. The comparisons examined the different models on the same benchmark of Imam Nawawi's forty hadeeth collected by Islamic Scholar: Yahya ibn Sharaf an-Nawawi as standard text statements (40 Prophet Hadiths) showing interesting results and promising research contributions.

Steganography is a method of hiding data within a cover media so that other individuals fail to realize their existence. In this paper, a new approach for steganography in Arabic texts is proposed. The main idea is that each Arabic word may have some characters which can be extended by 'Kashida'. The ranks 'locations' of such characters and the inserted Kashida, construct a coding method to represent a block of secret bits. Different scenarios have been proposed based on the maximum number of Kashida possible to be inserted per word. The approach was compared to some existing Arabic text steganography approaches in terms of capacity and security. It is shown that this proposed approach outperforms the others with interesting promising results.

Steganography is the science of hiding information messages in groups of irrelevant data possibly of another form. Despite of several Arabic text steganography techniques that have been proposed in the literature, there are only limited number of researches that showed high steganography quality in terms of capacity and security. In this paper, we present a novel approach for hiding the secret bits within Arabic text by engaging Unicode standard. Our methods rely on the use of contextual form of Arabic characters to hide certain secret bits showing interesting feedback. Moreover, extra characters such as Zero-width-Joiner or Zero-width-without-joiner, Kashida, and MMSP, are all also used to further enhance the capacity, while preserving acceptable security. Our testing results show that these proposed techniques outperform most reviewed existing methods to be practical, i.e. in order of both efficiency measures of capacity and security. Moreover, our techniques can be widely adopted due to the use of Unicode, in Arabic as well as Urdu Languages, which is opening the research field for the encoding standards to be utilized differently benefitting the ongoing evolving World's text writing systems.

An improved Arabic text steganography method is proposed. It hides secret data into text cover media in two Diacritics chosen based on highest availability percentage among all Diacritics, which are eight in Arabic language. This utilization of Diacritics-or Harakat-for security purposes is benefiting from the natural existence of Diacritics as historical Characteristics of Arabic language, originated to just represent vowel sounds. The paper exploits the possibility of hiding data in two Diacritics, i.e. Fathah and Kasrah, adjusting the previously presented single (Fathah only) diacritic hiding scheme. This proposed two Diacritics stego-work is featuring higher capacity and security showing interesting promising results. 

Secret Sharing is required in situations where access to important resources has to be protected by more than one person. We propose new secret-sharing scheme that works based on parallel counting of the ones within the shares to generate the secret output. Our work presented two different modeling variations that are mainly different in the secret-sharing keys generation where both are studied elaborating their pros and cons. Our counting-based secret shares key reconstruction is implemented and simulated considering the security level required by the usage functions. Comparisons showed interesting results that are attractive to be considered. This secret sharing method is of great benefit to all multimedia secret sharing applications such as securing bank sensitive accounts and error tracking, voting systems trust, medical agreements, wills and inheritance authentication management.

Steganography is the ability to hide information in a cover media such as text, and pictures. An improved approach is proposed to embed secret into Arabic text cover media using Kashida, an Arabic extension character. The proposed approach is maximizing the use of Kashida to hide more information, represented in binary bits, in Arabic text cover media. A stego system has been developed based on this approach. After sufficient testing and evaluation, our system shows promising performance in terms of capacity.

Flexible security system suitable to hide sensitive text-data on personal computer (PC) is proposed and implemented. The system provides security information to the user to select the cover-image within the PC based on his/her security priority. The technique flexibility allows the user to test several images to hide the same text within. Then, the user chooses one image to be used as cover image based on his selection knowing the security priority needed. The system uses normal image based steganography replacing the pixel least significant bit with text-hidden. The study explores the data dependency and its security effects by experimenting 30 different fixed size images showing interesting attractive results.

Steganography is the science of hiding secret messages in irrelevant data that is possibly of another form. Despite several Arabic text steganography techniques having been proposed in the literature, there is only a limited amount of research that shows high-quality steganography in terms of capacity and security. In this paper, we present a novel approach of hiding secret bits in Arabic text by using Unicode. Our method relies on the use of a contextual form of Arabic characters to hide certain secret bits. Extra characters, such as zero-width joiner, Kashida, and zero-width non-joiner, are also involved to further enhance the capacity while preserving security. Our experimental results show that the technique outperforms most reviewed existing methods in both capacity and security performance measures. Moreover, our technique can be widely adopted in any linked to Arabic characters, such as Urdu and Farsi as well as many languages benefiting from Unicode as the encoding standard possibly used for most of the world's writing systems.

Encrypted messages will draw the attention of third parties, leading attempts to break the original messages and disclose it. Obscuring facts and communications can be achieved by concealing the message using a technique called steganography, which hides the presence of messages and secrets from the public. Several digital mediums, such as texts, images, audio and video, can be used as cover media for digital steganography, with text steganography being our focus in this research. Utilizing text as a target medium is complex due to the lack of available redundant data-bits within text file. Steganography can be used together with cryptography to offer higher level of privacy and security over the communication channel. This paper presents a multi-level security method that takes the sensitive text and compresses it through the LZW compression algorithm and then encrypts it using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm in order to be stego-hidden in forward email colored platform. Implementation results show that this proposed multi-level scheme is giving motivating security, highcapacity, and practical performance text crypto stego interesting technique showing attractive contribution.

Secret Sharing is required in situations where access to important resources has to be protected by more than one person. We propose new secret-sharing scheme that works based on parallel counting of the ones within the shares to generate the secret output. Our work presented two different modeling variations that are mainly different in the secret-sharing keys generation where both are studied elaborating their pros and cons. Our counting-based secret shares key reconstruction is implemented and simulated considering the security level required by the usage functions. Comparisons showed interesting results that are attractive to be considered. This secret sharing method is of great benefit to all multimedia secret sharing applications such as securing bank sensitive accounts and error tracking, voting systems trust, medical agreements, wills and inheritance authentication management.

Securing private texts to fully prevent any detection, is a technique called Steganography. This research work of Arabic text steganography focuses on improving the hiding secrets within Arabic language text utilizing the redundant extension "Kashida" letter as covering media. We propose modifying the "Kashida" stego-cover technique merging with a new way of embedding sensitive data within whitespaces. This modified merging was tested on hiding data within Arabic text of the last 30 Chapters of the Holy Quran (Sura Al-Buruj #85 to Sura An-Nas #114) comparing with both the normal method and the improved proposed one. The results demonstrated clear increase in the capacity as expected without degrading the security, which justifies this work for real promising research direction.

Steganography techniques are concerned with hiding the existence of data in other cover media. Today, text steganography has become particularly popular. This paper presents a new idea for using Arabic text in steganography. The main idea is to superimpose multiple invisible instances of Arabic diacritic marks over each other. This is possible because of the way in which diacritic marks are displayed on screen and printed to paper. Two approaches and several scenarios are proposed. The main advantage is in terms of the arbitrary capacity. The approach was compared to other similar methods in terms of overhead on capacity. It was shown to exceed any of these easily, provided the correct scenario is chosen.

Encrypted messages will draw the attention of third parties, leading attempts to break the original messages and disclose it. Obscuring facts and communications can be achieved by concealing the message using a technique called steganography, which hides the presence of messages and secrets from the public. Several digital mediums, such as texts, images, audio and video, can be used as cover media for digital steganography, with text steganography being our focus in this research. Utilizing text as a target medium is complex due to the lack of available redundant data-bits within text file. Steganography can be used together with cryptography to offer higher level of privacy and security over the communication channel. This paper presents a multi-level security method that takes the sensitive text and compresses it through the LZW compression algorithm and then encrypts it using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm in order to be stego-hidden in forward email colored platform. Implementation results show that this proposed multi-level scheme is giving motivating security, highcapacity, and practical performance text crypto stego interesting technique showing attractive contribution.

In this paper, we propose a method that exploits justified texts of PDF files to embed secret data. It was designed in such a way as to take advantage of combinatorics to embed a block of a secret message in each cover PDF file text line containing m double spaces and n spaces (m, n ≥ 1). Block whose value is between 0 and n+m m. Block insertion was performed by repositioning spaces and double spaces arranged in the different lines of justified texts, thus allowing to embed ⌊log2(m+n m)⌋ bits in each of these lines. As an advantage, this method embeds a secret message without modifying the size of the cover file on one hand and the other hand, if the stego file is printed, the secret message will still be retrievable through Optical Character Recognition (OCR), which makes it more robust than the existing methods.

The weakness of Human Auditory System (HAS) led the audio steganography process to be used in hiding data in the digital sound. Audio steganography is implemented here by using Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm to hide message into multiple audio files. This is achieved by 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , and 4 th bits hiding ratios. In comparison to other used bits, hiding results show that the use of 1 st bit in LSB method for embedding data is much better than those used bits as expected. In addition to that and according to the results, file's size affects strongly upon the effectiveness of the embedding process while hiding starting position doesn't affect upon the variation of the adopted statistical estimators regardless to which bit is used. Among the statistical estimators that have been adopted here, the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) seems to be the best one in testing hiding process.

The need to hide essential information has rapidly increased as mobile devices and the internet has overgrown. Steganography is a method created to create hidden communication. Recently, methods have been developed to hide important information using text steganography. This work-study takes advantage of the possibility of concealing data in all diacritics after the two letters ‫ال‬)) in the cover text. In the presented study, we propose a new algorithm in steganography in Arabic text as a cover text. After pre-processing the cover text, the algorithm hides the elements of secret messages inside the Arabic letters by adding appropriate diacritics (like Hamzah Al-Wasl) on the extracted words beginning with ‫)ال(‬ according to its third letter type (solar or lunar). In the proposed algorithm, the length of the secret message is determined so that the intended recipient can extract the hidden message accurately. The proposed algorithm is robust against the attack because the change in the cover text is small and imperceptible. On the other hand, since Arabic is used as a cover text, the breadth of the inclusion depends on the number of words beginning with ‫)ال(‬ definition.