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Figure 3. The English letters frequency (a): tabular data, (b) histogram [46].

Figure 3 The English letters frequency (a): tabular data, (b) histogram [46].

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Table 2. Dots in Arabic letters Arabic symbols such as fathah, dhammah, kasrah, sukon, and shaddah use diacritical marks, which are short vowels. Tanween can alternatively be formed from two dhammas, kasrah, or fathah. These diacritical marks can be positioned above or below the characters and are written as strokes. A word's meaning can be altered by altering a character's diacritical mark. Arabic readers are used to inferring meaning from context when reading undiacritical texts, see table 2Q Each word usually consists of more than two connected letters. One, two, or three dots are put above or below the letter in some Arabic letters. Unlike English, which lacks multipoint letters, Arabic features 15 pointed letters, 5 of which are multipoint, see table 2.
Table 2. Dots in Arabic letters Arabic symbols such as fathah, dhammah, kasrah, sukon, and shaddah use diacritical marks, which are short vowels. Tanween can alternatively be formed from two dhammas, kasrah, or fathah. These diacritical marks can be positioned above or below the characters and are written as strokes. A word's meaning can be altered by altering a character's diacritical mark. Arabic readers are used to inferring meaning from context when reading undiacritical texts, see table 2Q Each word usually consists of more than two connected letters. One, two, or three dots are put above or below the letter in some Arabic letters. Unlike English, which lacks multipoint letters, Arabic features 15 pointed letters, 5 of which are multipoint, see table 2.
Table 3. Diacritical marks of Arabic language The different character forms that are used to write an Arabic sentence are another characteristic of the Arabic script. Arabic characters are written from right to left, and some do not connect to the characters that come after them. An Arabic character’s shape in a sentence depends on where it falls within the word. A character can produce one of four shapes when it is isolated, connected to its position in the word from the right (ending form), connected from the left (starting form), or connected from both sides (middle form) [29]. The extended character that appears between words to write (—) is another distinctive aspect of Arabic script, commonly referred to as Kashida, such as ‘iS’ extended letter ‘4 ‘ to ‘Gis’ [30].
Table 3. Diacritical marks of Arabic language The different character forms that are used to write an Arabic sentence are another characteristic of the Arabic script. Arabic characters are written from right to left, and some do not connect to the characters that come after them. An Arabic character’s shape in a sentence depends on where it falls within the word. A character can produce one of four shapes when it is isolated, connected to its position in the word from the right (ending form), connected from the left (starting form), or connected from both sides (middle form) [29]. The extended character that appears between words to write (—) is another distinctive aspect of Arabic script, commonly referred to as Kashida, such as ‘iS’ extended letter ‘4 ‘ to ‘Gis’ [30].
Each Arabic letter in this standard has a general code, and for each of its several presentation forms within a word, it has a separate code. For instance, 0628 is the general code for the letter Beh, FE8F represents an isolated form, FE90 Table 4. The number of sharp edges in Arabic letters [32]
Each Arabic letter in this standard has a general code, and for each of its several presentation forms within a word, it has a separate code. For instance, 0628 is the general code for the letter Beh, FE8F represents an isolated form, FE90 Table 4. The number of sharp edges in Arabic letters [32]
In this step, implementing the dynamic mapping protocol is the pre-agreed protocol upon beforehand between the sender and receiver. Figure 1 shows the details of this step.
In this step, implementing the dynamic mapping protocol is the pre-agreed protocol upon beforehand between the sender and receiver. Figure 1 shows the details of this step.
Table 7 explains examples of Arabic words and their 8-bit based built-in features. Table 7. Example of construct 8-bit based built-in features
Table 7 explains examples of Arabic words and their 8-bit based built-in features. Table 7. Example of construct 8-bit based built-in features
Table 8. ASCII Code and their frequency in SANAD dataset
Table 8. ASCII Code and their frequency in SANAD dataset
4.1.6. Create Dynamic English Letter Mapping
4.1.6. Create Dynamic English Letter Mapping
Table 9. Dynamic English letter mapping results: ASCII frequencies in three datasets
Table 9. Dynamic English letter mapping results: ASCII frequencies in three datasets
_— On the sender side, the hiding procedure was started by preprocessing the secret message by removing special characters, converting them to lowercase, converting numbers to words, and tokenizing. Each character in a secret message token was converted to the corresponding ASCII code. Then, using pre-agreed dynamic English letters mapping. This protocol maps the most frequent ASCII code with the most frequent English letters. The successful matching was collected as the stego-text sent to the receiver. Figure 4 shows the hiding and extraction procedures.
_— On the sender side, the hiding procedure was started by preprocessing the secret message by removing special characters, converting them to lowercase, converting numbers to words, and tokenizing. Each character in a secret message token was converted to the corresponding ASCII code. Then, using pre-agreed dynamic English letters mapping. This protocol maps the most frequent ASCII code with the most frequent English letters. The successful matching was collected as the stego-text sent to the receiver. Figure 4 shows the hiding and extraction procedures.
Figure 5. Hiding procedure results using SANAD dataset Example: assume the secret message = ‘hope’, Figure 5, figure 6, and figure 7 explain the details of the hiding procedure in three datasets.
Figure 5. Hiding procedure results using SANAD dataset Example: assume the secret message = ‘hope’, Figure 5, figure 6, and figure 7 explain the details of the hiding procedure in three datasets.
Figure 6. Hiding procedure results using APCD dataset
Figure 6. Hiding procedure results using APCD dataset
Table 10. Comparison of proposed method with related works 6. Conclusion and Future Work
Table 10. Comparison of proposed method with related works 6. Conclusion and Future Work
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