TRANSLATING SUBTITLES

Chinese animated films are increasingly visible on the global stage, yet their cross-cultural communication depends heavily on effective subtitle translation. This study examines the English subtitles of the 2025 animated film Nobody.........................

Some limitations that come with learning a new language affect a university students' capacity to read the material for their research. In universities where English is not a native language, teachers have noticed that students need to improve their vocabulary, grammar, and reading comprehension. Direct contact with fluent English speakers not only exposes them to different patterns of their language but also helps the students build self-confidence and strengthen motivation. The implementation of intercultural programs in universities aimed at exposing students to the English language will open a broader gate to research possibilities in their field. By developing an upper-intermediate English proficiency level, a students' mind can directly perceive the patterns and peculiarities of the language. This paper explores the research opportunities for students made available to them by participating in immersion programs. Organizing such programs on campus ensures higher chances of developing research skills. Students who were unable to read English literature and who participated in such programs were not only satisfied with the language proficiency acquired but also became curious and felt encouraged to read literature written in English in their field. The effectiveness of such programs designed for high school students cannot be compared to any other teaching approach.

Audiovisual material accompanied by interlingual subtitles is a powerful pedagogical tool which can help improve the vocabulary learning of second-language learners. This study was intended to determine whether or not the mode (standard and reversed) of subtitling affects the incidental vocabulary acquisition of Iranian L٢ learners while watching TV programs. Forty-five participants were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions: (a) watching an English movie with original soundtracks and without subtitles (non-subtitling), (b) watching the same movie with foreign language in sound track and native language in subtitles (standard subtitling), and (c) watching the movie with foreign language in subtitles and native language in sound track (reversed subtitling). The study was carried out using a ١٥minute-long episode of an animated cartoon about a group of ants trying to confront grasshoppers. The results were clearly suggestive of the paramount and fundamental role of subtitling

In this study, the researchers focus on the types of humor based on the theory of Raphaelson-West (1989), translation strategies according to Gottlieb (1992), and the level of translation acceptability according to Nababan (2012) by using qualitative descriptive method which is used because the purpose of this study is to explain the phenomenon of translating humor subtitles in the Superstore series. The results show that the most common type of humor is universal humor with a total of 48 data, cultural humor with 37 data and linguistic humor with 25 data. The most frequently used translation strategy in the subtitles is transfer strategy with 43 data, while expansion and resignation are the least used with 2 data. Of the 110 data analyzed, 67 data fall into the acceptable category and only 3 data are unacceptable, which means that the subtitle translation is acceptable. Data collection is done by watching all seasons then selecting utterances that contain humor and classifying them based on the theory used. The transfer strategy is most used for universal humor, while paraphrasing is more dominant in cultural humor. Thus, the translation of verbal humor in the series is natural and relevant to the Indonesian language, and is able to maintain meaning and humor.

This dissertation could not have been completed without the guidance, advice, and support from many people. My first and deepest gratitude goes to my advisor, Asst. Prof. Dr. Suda Rangkupan, who devoted her time supervising and guiding me through the whole process of research. She gave me advice not only on how to analyze the data from a linguistic perspective but also on how to see research as part of the whole learning experience that would contribute to my own personal growth as well as the growth in the field of the study. It was therefore really a privilege to work under her supervision.

Teknolojinin ilerlemesiyle birlikte görsel-işitsel çeviri ürünlerinde artış görülmektedir. Bu sektördeki gelişmeler mevcut alandaki çeviri ihtiyacını da kaçınılmaz kılmaktadır. Bu alanda ön plana çıkan görsel-işitsel çeviri, kendine özgü çeşitli parametreler içeren bir disiplin olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu disiplin içerisinde yer alan altyazı ve dublaj sıklıkla kullanılan iki yöntemdir. Bu nedenle mevcut çalışma, altyazı çevirisini incelemeyi ve çevirinin kaynak-erek dil çifti arasındaki yönelimini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışma, amatörler veya meraklılar tarafından yapıldığı düşünülen Türkçe altyazı çevirisi (Funsubs) ile Apple TV’den elde edilen ve profesyonel çevirmen tarafından yapıldığı düşünülen Türkçe altyazı çeviri versiyonlarını incelemektedir. Amatör olarak yapılan altyazı çeviri, www.turkcealtyazi.org sitesinde yayınlanan Babyangel takma adlı çevirmenin versiyonudur. Çalışmada 5 farklı Buz Devri filmi arasından rastgele seçilmiş olan ve 2012’de gösterime giren Kıtalar Ayrılıyor serisi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmadaki kuramsal çerçeve ise Henrik Gottlieb’in altyazı çeviri sınıflandırmasına dayanmaktadır. İki farklı çeviri versiyonunda tespit edilen stratejiler doğrultusunda çevirmenlerin anlaşılabileceklerini düşündükleri durumlarda kaynak dilin dilsel ve kültürel özelliklerini korumayı amaçladıkları, ama izleyiciyi de ön planda tutarak daha çok erek dil odaklı bir çeviri yapma eğilimi içinde oldukları görülmektedir. Ancak amatör çevirmene göre profesyonel çevirmenin çeviri versiyonunda erek dil odaklı çeviri yönteminin daha baskın olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Mevcut çalışmanın bulguları, araştırma bağlamı içerisinde tartışılmış ve altyazı çevirisi ile ilgili önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Anahtar sözcükler: Görsel-işitsel çeviri, altyazı çevirisi, çeviri stratejileri, amatör çeviri, profesyonel çeviri.

Despite numerous studies on translation quality, there is a clear necessity for further research and the development of models that provide an empirical and comprehensive assessment of translation quality. Furthermore, the dominance of English as Lingua Franca in academic publications and the widespread use of translation in the academic domain have undoubtedly heightened the necessity for studies on the quality of academic translations. In this context, this study aims to propose a new translation quality assessment model and to evaluate the translation quality of research article abstracts. The abstracts were collected through the purposive sampling method with the help of a survey prepared under predetermined criteria. In this manner, the translations of a total of 50 research article abstracts in the Turkish-English language pair that met the specified criteria were evaluated through the proposed model. The results indicated that the most prevalent category of translation errors was linguistic errors (61%), followed by other categories. The translations deemed to be of superior quality and less erroneous were those produced by professional translators. The findings indicated that the quality of the translations varied depending on several factors, including the translator and the translation method employed. In addition to proposing a novel translation quality assessment model and testing it empirically, the study is expected to contribute to the existing literature on translation quality and preferences in the abstract tradition by providing comprehensive findings.

Duale Untertitel zeigen beim Sichten audiovisueller Medien die gesprochene Sprache der Tonspur gleichzeitig im Original und als Übersetzung an. Da DVD-Player und Fernsehgeräte normalerweise keine Funktion besitzen, mit der sich duale Untertitel zuschalten lassen, wird zuerst beschrieben, wie dies am Computer mit spezieller Software dennoch gelingt. Dann werden 36 empirische Studien referiert, die die Wirkung von dualen Untertiteln erforscht haben. Der Beitrag kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass sie für den Unterricht nur begrenzt nützlich sind, aber einen großen Wert für das autonome Lernen außerhalb des Unterrichts haben.
Dual subtitles show the spoken words of the audio track simultaneously in
the original and as a translation when viewing audiovisual media. Since DVD players and TV sets usually do not have a function that allows dual subtitles to be switched on, the paper first describes how this can nonetheless be done by using a computer and special software. Then 36 empirical studies are reviewed that have investigated the effects of dual subtitles. The article comes to the conclusion that they are only of limited use for the classroom but have great value for self-directed learning outside the classroom.

Prior research indicates that first language (L1) orthography can adversely affect second language (L2) phonological acquisition, yet studies on orthographic interference and pedagogical strategies to mitigate these effects remain sparse. Addressing these research gaps, this study investigates the impact of orthographic interference on L2 German pronunciation among L1 English speakers, employing a technology-based homework intervention with EdPuzzle, an educational video platform, in three beginner courses. Students in two experimental groups engaged with captioned video clips and were guided through questions using either an inductive or deductive approach, while a control group focused solely on meaning. Analysis of a pre-intervention production task revealed German grapheme-phoneme correspondences < v >-/f/, < s >-/z/, and < z >-/ts/ were most frequently mispronounced. Comprehensibility ratings by native German speakers suggest that both experimental groups significantly improved in their word-level productions, with the inductive group also significantly improving in their sentence-level productions. This study also sheds light on student perceptions of these instructional activities, enhancing our understanding of engaging L2 German pronunciation pedagogy. This research underscores the potential of integrating technology and accessible content in homework assignments to enrich and supplement L2 German pronunciation instruction in the classroom.

As is commonly known, Polish AVTs are dominated by narration (voice-over) – a cultural phenomenon of the post-communist state. Given the translation reality of the contemporary European TV market, whenever voice-over is applied to movie translations, it is perceived as a painful legacy of the Communist era. No matter which translation mode an average film viewer prefers, it is the TV corporation that decides whether to dub, to narrate (to voice-over) or to subtitle a foreign film, and then broadcast it to the viewers. This paper attempts to unravel the tangle of conflicting claims on narration (voice-over) as a film translation mode from an academic viewpoint based on linguistics, translation studies and cultural linguistics. In the authors’ view, there are three main technical barriers for narration (voice-over) which a translator needs to take into account at any stage of his work: the translator’s personality, translation conventions commonly accepted by film translators and legal regulations.

O principal objetivo deste capítulo é mostrar os passos seguidos para o cumprimento deste encargo de tradução, que foi planejado em forma de exercício a ser executado por um grupo de tradutores novatos, sob a orientação de três professores/tradutores experientes.

SELECTED ASPECTS OF POETICS OF FILM TRANSLATION Film translation is often referred to as a "necessary evil." This is because the translated lines tend to be simplified in the process of audiovisual translation. It is estimated that the dialogue in a film translation might be shortened by up to 30-40% compared to the original text. However, it should be borne in mind that film dialogues are an integral part of the film's image and serve not only an informative but also a poetic function. Thus, when translating the characters' statements, one should consider not only the semantic aspect but also the stylistic elements used in the material, particularly repetitions, contrasting juxtapositions of foreground and background dialogues, and references to musical works. The article presents the conclusions of the author's research based on five translation variants of the film Cold War into Russian.

Linguistic and cultural aspects of film translation

The dissertation is devoted to Polish-Russian translation issues of selected Polish feature films. The presented research has been conducted using descriptive research methods applied in contemporary translation studies and communicative linguistics based on the assumption of perceiving linguistic phenomena from the perspective of cross-cultural communication.
The first chapter presents the theoretical foundations of audiovisual translation. It also attempts to determine its typology and further clarifies a definition of this term. This led to the conclusion that the term audiovisual translation is superior to the term film translation. Additionally, the existing main classifications and translation techniques (subtitling, voice-over, dubbing and commentary) are discussed in this chapter.
The second chapter is devoted to the genre specificity of the feature film and its translation. Particular focus is put on the film dialogue seen here as a kind of text since it is a crucial object of interest in creating a new language version of the film. As well as this, the chapter shows the evolution of dialogues functions in contemporary cinematography.
The analytical part of the dissertation focuses on linguistic issues affecting the description of film characters. A subject of particular interest in this study is multilingualism in the film dialogues and the occurrence of substandard language in this type of text. These factors have been analysed regarding of their influence on film viewers and their perception of film characters.
The conducted research allows us to conclude that appropriate use of systemic differences between the confronted languages at different levels can be a source contributing to the humour in the dialogues. Such a solution allows the translator to provide information, for example, on characters’ nationality or place of action, and it also constitutes an essential element of linguistic reality in the world featured in a film. As for substandard language phenomena, a significant role in film dialogues is played by elements of informality – informal lexis, vulgar language or regional language varieties.
Film dialogue does not only provide information related only to film characters, but it is also a carrier of plot threads. This can be achieved, for example, by using address forms. Translation transformations may lead to modifications of the source text in a way which can disrupt the consistency of the film image and its accompanying dialogues. Translated text sometimes happens to be more detailed than an original text or, the other way round, contains less information than its original dialogue. These two factors impact viewers’ perception of the film’s plot. While creating a new language version, the audiovisual translator frequently needs to shorten or simplify a text, which often results from technical limitations. Thus, taking into account the functions of specific components of the film dialogue and the information explicitly and implicitly carried by them plays an essential role in this process.
A particular challenge encountered by translators is posed by linguistic and visual plays, i.e. dialogues whose form or meaning are closely related to the visual component. Therefore, this type of dialogues requires close attention also on the part of the translator since the relationship between dialogues and accompanying film images is a crucial issue in working on a film script.
The analysis of cultural phenomena in film dialogues also emphasises functions of religious lexis that occur not only in conversations related to religion and religious belief but also informs of the time setting of the film plot and its accompanying circumstances. In this context, the role of topographical names is stressed since their mistranslations can disrupt the consistency of described events.
The analysis of the factographic research material also focused on the dialogues containing intertextual references as they pose a potential problem for the translator as he cannot use footnotes for such text fragments. Consequently, a film viewer faces the problem of their identification of a quoted text and associating it with an appropriate classical text. Interpreting this type of dialogues requires competencies (prior knowledge) that foreign viewers might not possess. This refers in particular to the films whose plot is deeply rooted in the Polish reality and culture, and such types of film productions constituted a focus of the dissertation research.

En los últimos años y desde la entrada del nuevo milenio, se han estrenado múltiples películas, series o documentales que abarcan distintas historias y puntos de vista de lo que fue el rock de los años 70. En este trabajo vamos a abordar la película Almost Famous (2000) como texto audiovisual nostálgico que intenta plasmar la esencia y el escenario del rock de los años 70, en concreto, desde el año 1973. Vamos a conectar la fecha de estreno con la crisis el rock y el auge de la hegemonía del pop y en las músicas del mundo, así como la tendencia del cine de Hollywood por intentar dar una visión nostálgica de los grandes bandas de rock. Por otra parte, conectaremos el año en el que se ambienta la película con el contexto real, y cómo la película blanquea asuntos como la droga, el sexo, el alcohol, el machismo y la adolescencia.

Japanese animated shows called “anime” have seen increased popularity among Philippine audiences in the 2000s and beyond partly because of television broadcasts and online streaming platforms, but one possible hindrance to the understanding of the media is the language gap, since Japanese and the Philippine national lingua franca Filipino, along with the international lingua franca English, are unrelated languages. To bridge this gap, a number of channels and sites provide translations of the shows into th e languages spoken by Filipinos, and one of the forms that they take are subtitles: texts in the target language placed near the bottom of the screen, providing viewers with line-by-line translations of the dialogue. Through the analysis of three examples of
Japanese linguistic humor and their corresponding translations into Filipino and English, this paper aimed to understand strategies translators use in presenting wordplay to unrelated languages. Results reveal that a word-by-word translation is not always followed, and translators put the target languages’ culture, structure, lexicon and patterns into consideration. Examples include the use of the figurative-literal dichotomy of the meanings of words in both Filipino and English when the original Japanese material utilizes the exactly similar pronunciation between two words with entirely different meanings.

Özellikle 1980’lerden itibaren özerkleşmeye başlayan çeviri eğitimi kısa bir zaman diliminde, teknolojik ivmelenmenin de etkisiyle (Beckett, 2017), teknoloji odaklı yeniliklere uyum sağlamayı başarmış ve bu yeniliklerden beslenen alanlardan biri olarak görsel-işitsel çeviri, öğretim programlarına kademeli şekilde kazandırılmaya başlanmıştır. Çeviri eğitiminin sınırlarının genişlediği bu dönemde profesyonel çevirmenlerin görsel-işitsel çeviri alanında yetkinliğe sahip olmaları adına atılan adımlar, zaman içinde doğan ihtiyaçlarla birlikte bugün yerini yeni yönelimlere bırakmıştır. Demokratikleşen teknolojinin bir sonucu olarak profesyonel olmayan çevirmenlerin de katılımcı kültürdeki aktif varlığı, çeviri eğitiminin profesyonel çevirmenleri çağın ihtiyaçlarına uyum sağlayabilecekleri şekilde hazırlamasını da gerekli kılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda çalışma, Türkiye’deki görsel-işitsel çeviri eğitimine ışık tutmak amacıyla, profesyonel çevirmenlerin altyazı çevirisindeki yetkinliklerine odaklanmıştır. Kitle kaynaklı bir çeviri projesinden toplanan İngilizce-Türkçe dil çiftindeki veriler, Jan Pedersen tarafından dillerarası altyazıların kalitesini ölçmek üzere önerilen FAR Model (2017) çerçevesinde analiz edilmiştir. Dillerarası altyazıların İşlevsel Eşdeğerlik, Kabul Edilebilirlik ve Okunabilirlik olmak üzere üç ayrı yönden incelemeye tabi tutulduğu bu model, çeviri kalitesine etki eden hataların gerekçeleriyle birlikte belirlenmesine de yardımcı olmuştur. Karma yöntemli analiz sonucunda, profesyonel çevirmenler tarafından üretilen dillerarası altyazılar, hem aynı çeviri projesinde faaliyet gösteren profesyonel olmayan çevirmenlerin ürettiği altyazılara ait kalite skorları hem de grup içi skorlar dikkate alınarak irdelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular içerisinden profesyonel ve profesyonel olmayan çevirmenlerin ortalama uygunluk oranları arasındaki fark ön plana çıkmış, ayrıca bazı profesyonel olmayan çevirmenlerin diğer çevirmenlere göre daha yüksek kalitede altyazılar üretebildiği de tespit edilmiştir. Yürütülen araştırma, dillerarası altyazı kalitesi perspektifinden Türkiye’de görsel-işitsel çeviri eğitiminin eksik ve geliştirilmesi gereken yanlarına dikkat çekerken çeviri yetkinliğinde eğitimin etkisine de yanıt aramaktadır.

língua inglesa, nos anos 1995 (Toy Story), 1999 (Toy Story 2) e 2010 (Toy Story 3) 1 . Cada um deles teve ao menos uma indicação ao Oscar, e o terceiro ganhou o Oscar de "Melhor Animação" do ano de 2010. Toy Story 3 é uma história de despedida do mundo dos brinquedos. Uma aventura cheia de surpresas e desafios, muitos risos, e algumas lágrimas que escapam pelo cantinho do olho. As ações e falas dos brinquedos são extremamente contemporâneas ou fazem parte de determinado jargão 2 (ligado a exército, rodeio, viagem, guerra espacial, etc.), além da utilização de muitos termos populares e gírias. Assim, a forma como a tradução foi adaptada 1 Trailers, resenhas, críticas, indicações e prêmios podem ser acessados em ou . Acesso em novembro de 2010. 2 De acordo com o Dicionário Priberam Online "Jargão" é "Linguagem característica de um grupo profissional ou sociocultural".

The translation landscape is changing significantly with the advent of genAI-powered chatbots like ChatGPT. Machine translation (MT) systems have been at the forefront of translation technology since the 1950s, but the new genAI models represent a transformative shift.

This study explores the advantages and limitations of translating English to Portuguese and Spanish using Machine Translation (MT) systems and ChatGPT. MT systems have improved significantly over the last years, and large language models (LLMs), democratized recently by ChatGPT, have also recently proved to be effective at translating text. Nevertheless, these systems still face challenges in accurately capturing different languages’ cultural specificities, nuances, and complexities.

This paper analyzes translations performed by various chatbots and MT systems, including Systran, Google Translation, DeepL, Chat AI GPT (free), Bing Chatbot (powered by ChatGPT), and Google's Bard. The data analysis is presented from a cognitive and contrastive perspective, following the author's recent methodology. The aim is to evaluate their overall performance and effectiveness.
The results reveal that translating from English to Spanish and Portuguese presents significant challenges for all systems and tools, including grammatical and semantical issues. Additionally, notable differences have been observed between the translations performed by the MT-Systems and those from genAI chatbots. Finally, this paper will discuss the advantages and limitations of MT-translation systems and their implications for the role of human translators.
Website:
http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/index.php/lenguayhabla/issue/view/1853

The diversity of fields of knowledge and the huge flow of information around the globe brought about a new phenomenon: the use of technology to disseminate knowledge. Translation is a means to reach that; it is extensively concerned with the latest technological update, either regarding means or regarding the fields of knowledge. Translation means are no longer exclusively based on the use of traditional tools, particularly with the outstanding technological revolution that transformed the perception of translation aids and their contribution to the success of the translation process. This article attempts to shed light on the usefulness of dictionaries in print format as translation aids in the age of ChatGPT, a tool that revolutionized the classical perception of dictionaries as a classical translation aid either in translation training or in professional translation practices. It stems from the reality that translation practices are dependent on technology and online language tools in general. It poses the following research question: To what extent is the bilingual dictionary in print format still a useful translation aid in the age of ChatGPT, either in training future translators or in translation practice? What indicates its (un)usefulness in both uses? An investigative study approaches the unreliability of ChatGpt linguistic resources to replace the print format dictionary since the tool is deprived of the interpretive contextual faculty needed to perform the translation task. Extracts are taken from advertisement documents to approve the validity of the hypothesis.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, bilingual dictionary, ChatGPT, print format dictionary, translation aid

This research aims to describe the types of slang expressions found in the movie, the subtitling strategies employed by the subtitler and the degree of meaning equivalence of the slang expressions in the English Clueless movie text, and their Bahasa Indonesia subtitling text. This research was descriptive qualitative. The data were all slang expressions taken from the Clueless movie’s dialogues and its subtitle. There are two instruments of the research, the researcher and the data sheet.  The research findings show 96 data indicated as slang expressions. Slang expressions occurring in the English Clueless movie text fall into the New Invention type as the dominant type, followed by the Standard Expression type. Out of 10 strategies, there were eight subtitling strategies employed in translating the slang expressions wherein Transfer was the most dominant strategy followed by Paraphrase, Condensation, Expansion, Deletion, Decimation, Resignation and Imitation. Subsequently the trans...

Abstract
The diversity of fields of knowledge and the huge flow of information around the globe brought about a new phenomenon: the use of technology to disseminate knowledge. Translation is a means to reach that; it is extensively concerned with the latest technological update, either regarding means or regarding the fields of knowledge.Translation means are no longer exclusively based on the use of traditional tools, particularly with the outstanding technological revolution that transformed the perception of translation aids and their contribution to the success of the translation process.This article attempts to shed light on the usefulness of dictionaries in print format as translation aids in the age of ChatGPT, a tool that revolutionized the classical perception of dictionaries as a classical translation aid either in translation training or in professional translation practices. It stems from the reality that translation practices are dependent on technology and online language tools in general. It poses the following research question: To what extent is the bilingual dictionary in print format still a useful translation aid in the age of ChatGPT, either in training future translators or in translation practice? What indicates its (un)usefulness in both uses? An investigative study approaches the unreliability of ChatGpt linguistic resources to replace the print format dictionary since the tool is deprived of the interpretive contextual faculty needed to perform the translation task.Extracts are taken from advertisement documents to approve the validity of the hypothesis.
Keywords:Artificial intelligence,bilingual dictionary, ChatGPT,print format dictionary, translation aid

The aim of this thesis is to present the differences between the two audiovisual translation modes, i.e., subtitling and voice-over, and assess the quality of Polish translation versions of the American television series Better Call Saul. The paper is divided into two chapters: theoretical and analytical. The first one contains the historical background, the translation theory and the extensive description of the chosen audiovisual translation modes. The second one offers the comparative analysis of the technical aspects concerning subtitles and voice-over versions in the abovementioned series as well as the evaluation of translators’ performances.

Key words: audiovisual translation, subtitles, voice-over, literal translation, generalisation, proper noun, idiom

The learning of foreign language, specifically English, has become widely excepted as unconditional norm. The context has created a need for successful and efficient teaching and learning. Consequently, this has made the research in the field of second language acquisition significantly active in the past decades.
The use of subtitled audio – visual material in foreign language classroom is considered an innovative strategy for foreign language instruction. It is an effective teaching tool since it enhances second language learning both from linguistic and sociocultural perspective. The full potential of the use of subtitles in classroom practice is still to be explored. However, the recent findings in regard are more than encouraging.
This paper aims to provide a set of evidence on the multifaceted implications the subtitled audio – visual materials have for second language learning. It analyses this process from theoretical aspect taking into account all the elements involved in second language learning through watching subtitled films and TV series, while denoting possible directions for its implementation in foreign language classroom. The proposal is based on the indicators which show a certain connection between the use of subtitles for films and TV series as a general system for multimedia translation and the level of proficiency in English language specifically. The research in this field is still limited, so there is a large number of lines of investigation to carry out which could allow learners who are exposed to foreign language only in classroom to prospect as greatly as possible.

Democratization of technology has set a stage for prosumers, who have started to take on an active role in online translation activities, and also has brought about the appearance of new practices and environments. This thesis, circling around the quality assessment of interlingual subtitles created by professional and nonprofessional translators, aims to investigate a crowdsourced translation project as one of those new translation environments, where volunteer translators with distinctive backgrounds engage and collaborate in a participatory culture. In accordance with this aim, the TED Translators program was determined as the data source of the thesis and profiles of volunteer translators were reviewed to recognize professionals and non-professionals according to self-identification data. Conforming to the purposive sampling strategy, four professional and four non-professional volunteer translators that had translated TED-Ed Lessons were chosen at random. The interlingual subtitles translated into Turkish by the volunteers were evaluated following the framework of the FAR Model (2017), drawn by Jan Pedersen, and a mixed-methods quality assessment was conducted searching for an answer to the question of whether the quality of interlingual subtitles produced by different groups of translators for the same crowdsourced translation project shows disparities. The analysis, in which TED’s in-house translation guidelines were also employed to feed the FAR Model, additionally concentrated on the sufficiency of in-house guidelines to ensure a standard of quality between the translators. The results of the quality assessment present insightful perspectives on Audiovisual Translation training, translation competence, and online collaborative translation practices.

This paper investigates the way films are produced, interpreted, translated for dubbing, and how the audience receive them. Inevitably, regardless of the audience category we belong to, when we watch a film, we analyze it in all its aspects: narrative, technical, and translation. In this study we do not investigate the qualitative accuracy of the translation, but rather the way the translation for Italian dubbing fits into a multilingual film in which one of the languages of communication is Italian itself, thus producing a gap of realism on the Italian viewer. We thus observe how the translation is embedded in the film's narrative, examining the film as a commercial product and as an artistic product, to observe from a comparativist perspective what elements are needed for the audience's reception to maintain the entertaining effect.

This paper investigates the way films are produced, interpreted, translated for dubbing, and how the audience receive them. Inevitably, regardless of the audience category we belong to, when we watch a film, we analyze it in all its aspects: narrative, technical, and translation. In this study we do not investigate the qualitative accuracy of the translation, but rather the way the translation for Italian dubbing fits into a multilingual film in which one of the languages of communication is Italian itself, thus producing a gap of realism on the Italian viewer. We thus observe how the translation is embedded in the film's narrative, examining the film as a commercial product and as an artistic product, to observe from a comparativist perspective what elements are needed for the audience's reception to maintain the entertaining effect.

Després d'efectuar un estudi aprofundit de la versió xinesa subtitulada de la pel•lícula de Kaufman (2001) sobre el marquès de Sade, Quills (distribuïda per Deltamac), es pot afirmar que la subtitulació en xinès de Hong Kong, en particular en els diàlegs eròtics, no és prou orientada al públic en el sentit que la llengua mare de l'audiència de Hong Kong no s'utilitza de manera adequada. No és natural ni pel que fa a l'elegància ni quan hi ha vulgaritat. L'article es proposa demostrar aquests fets, explicar els seus orígens i suggerir maneres de millorar el nivell de la subtitulació en xinès de Hong Kong en general i la subtitulació eròtica en particular. Bàsicament, defensa l'ús d'una llengua xinesa tripartida, que combinaria xinès clàssic, xinès estàndard i xinès dialectal (en el cas de Hong Kong, cantonès) en la subtitulació de diàlegs eròtics.

Audiovisual Translation develops and expands around products with a multi-layered structure; nevertheless, the conclusions that the quality of subtitling is negatively affected by the existence of different practices and the adoption of heterogeneous approaches have paved the way for steps taken for standardization. In this direction, codes on subtitling norms have been produced, research has been conducted on different scales and homogeneity in subtitles has been tried to be achieved. Generalized subtitling standards, which failed to meet the requirements of each translation project, have resulted in the introduction of localized inhouse translation guidelines prepared specifically for the translation task. Although in-house guidelines that address technical, linguistic and stylistic considerations of subtitling in the light of local norms are much more functional than generalized guidelines in ensuring quality, it has remained unclear to what extent these guidelines are able to fulfil this function. This study has examined whether the subtitling rules set by the in-house guidelines for TED's crowdsourced translation project are followed according to the FAR Model (2017) proposed by Jan Pedersen, focusing on volunteers’ translations into Turkish. The audiovisual material sampled from the project have first been subjected to qualitative analysis under the Readability category of this Model, and then quantitative results have been evaluated in terms of subtitle quality. The results have revealed that the in-house guidelines are not able to bridge the gap between volunteers with different translation backgrounds, prevent in-group variation, and ensure a certain level of quality, suggesting insights for crowdsourcing projects as well.

V modernich definicich slangů (ve francouzske tradici oznacovane pojmem argot(s)) se důraz klade na expresivni a na identitarni funkci. Publikace shrnuje třiadvacet frankofonnich přispěvků ke slangove problematice ve vztahu k desitce evropských jazyků. Cleněny jsou do osmi sekci: Obecna „slangologie“ (Argotologie generale), Slang a žargon, Slang a lexikografie, Slang a vzdělavani, Slang a politika, Slang a literatura, Slang a překlad a Slang na sceně. V jednotlivých kapitolach představuji autoři studie na rozlicna temata, mj. o srovnani gruzinskeho a francouzskeho studentskeho slangu, o slovnikovem zachyceni francouzských slangových slov s raritnimi inicialami ci o slangu ve veřejnem diskurzu (v radiich, divadle, hudbě, blozich aj.). Ve francouzskem překladu zde vychazi i studie Marie Krcmove o brněnskem hantecu.

Anime are interesting and they also provide lots of different context for the viewer. Language learning in classroom does not use such element, especially in a country like Bangladesh. Traditional methods are being used in classes where English is treated as a subject but not a language, which is acquired better than learned forcefully. Use of books, black boards and white boards are very common and monotonous. Different studies have been done worldwide on this idea of using anime to teach English but in most of the cases they are used as material or, as secondary source. In this study, anime was used in direct and explicit way to see impact of using anime on students in an ESL classroom. The survey was done on two different groups which were the controlled and the experimental group. The findings showed that the impact of watching anime in class was positive and students were focused on class.

Este trabalho relata uma experiência extensionista decorrente do projeto "Promovendo o empreendedorismo pela prática de tradução e interpretação comercial assistidas por tecnologias" desenvolvido pelo curso de Bacharelado em Letras com Habilitação

Numerous studies have focused on incidental language acquisition and improving English skills with subtitles, but few have examined how Bangladeshi tertiary students can enhance their vocabulary knowledge. Thus, the aim of this research is to explore how the private university based undergraduates view the utilization of subtitles in enhancing their vocabulary knowledge in English. Semi-structured interview were conducted to obtain data from 15 undergraduates and 5 English language teachers from the department of English of two Dhaka-based private universities. The findings indicate that students are positive about advancing their knowledge of vocabulary using the series/movie subtitles in English. Teachers also support subtitled content in language classes, but acknowledge barriers and suggest future research for improved teaching and learning.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting learners' satisfaction in online Korean classes to identify implications for more effective online Korean classes. To this end, this study analyzed the satisfaction evaluation results and teacher activity patterns of learners who participated in the online Korean language course at the Online King Sejong Institute in 2022 to identify factors affecting satisfaction. The analysis results are as follows. First, depending on the teacher, there was a large variation in the number of LMS(Learning Management System) logins and the number of times they communicated with learners through class bulletin boards. Second, there was a difference in learners’ satisfaction according to the type of lecture, and the satisfaction with the lecture-supported class that combines real-time classes was high. Third, among the factors affecting learner satisfaction, teacher satisfaction was found to have the greatest impact, and it was found that teacher’s bulletin board activities had an effect on teacher satisfaction. Finally, it can be seen that both the teacher’s bulletin board activities and satisfaction with the teacher affect the completion rate. This suggests that the role of teachers is very important for learners to successfully perform their studies.

Il seguente progetto di tesi si concentra sulla traduzione audiovisiva, con uno sguardo più attento alla sottotitolazione, in particolar modo quella rivolta alle persone sorde. Il lavoro si apre con un capitolo introduttivo di carattere generale, dando una panoramica dei principali metodi usati per tradurre un prodotto audiovisivo. Vengono poi descritte le caratteristiche intrinseche della sottotitolazione e le linee guida da rispettare per realizzare una sottotitolazione efficace ed efficiente. Successivamente viene approfondito il tema principale della tesi, ossia la sottotitolazione indirizzata alle persone sorde: evidenziando le sue particolarità e le differenze che intercorrono tra i due tipi di sottotitolazione. Il lavoro è supportato da una parte tecnico-sperimentale, attraverso la sottitolazione di tre episodi tratti dal documentario “Kreatur, das feministische Magazin”, (in italiano: Creatura, la rivista femminista), in onda sul canale online Arte.tv. Al momento della creazione dei sottotitoli, realizzati attraverso la piattaforma OOONA, è stata posta particolare attenzione al rispetto delle norme che governano questo tipo di sottotitolazione e alle particolarità sintattiche della lingua tedesca. Vengono, infine, analizzate le difficoltà che si incontrano nel far adattare la lingua tedesca alle regole dello schermo.

Translation is generally the transfer of meaning from one language to another, whether spoken, written or sign language. An interpreter is a linguist who conveys oral information from one language to another. A translator is a linguist who changes written words in to a different language. There is a great need for interpreters and translators in contemporary communities. Interpretation or simultaneous translation is concerned with transferring the meaning of the spoken language, like in government acts, press conferences, courtrooms, educational institutes, hospitals and public events. However, written translation is concerned with communicating the meaning of the written language, as in articles, academic research papers, medical reports and legal documents. In addition to interpretation and translation, there is the translation of sign language which is the conversion of the verbal language into sign symbols or vice versa, thus, is the language that deaf understand. The article sheds light on the different roles of an interpreter as an intercultural facilitator.

Translating jokes from English into Arabic is a challenging task since jokes are strongly related to their languages and cultures. The task is becoming more challenging due to the subtitling rules, conventions, and constraints. The present study endeavours to investigate the translating techniques used by different Arabic subtitlers in different films to solve the technical, linguistic, and cultural problems of subtitling jokes in different American films. To achieve this pursuit, we adopt Baker's [3] techniques for translating idioms and adapt them to meet the requirement of the subtitling of jokes' punchlines, using a qualitative research method. The study reveals that subtitlers always translate the setting of the joke literally except for joke N° 4. The subtitlers use different translation techniques to render the punchlines; however, some of them fail to trigger a laugh. Unlike universal jokes, linguistic and cultural jokes are difficult to render. Besides, the subtitlers omit (the entire or part) of the joke which is inappropriate and unacceptable in the host culture.

This study seeks to examine how various components of English grammar can be taught through animated movies. The study demonstrates the use of gerunds in a sentence or a discourse through an animated feature film Tangled. The data for this research was taken from the students of grade eight. The students were shown various video clips, comprising dialogues and songs, from the movie and asked to identify the use of gerunds. Later, the students were given various worksheets containing tasks, based on the use of gerunds in a sentence. The students remained very responsive during the whole lesson and effectively learned the use of gerunds and the difference between gerunds and the present participle. The study concluded that animated movies in grammar teaching classes can serve as a positive reinforcement tool for the language learning process as the animated movies considerably increase the learning speed and proficiency of the students.

Zarys treści: W artykule omówiono wyniki badań ilościowych dotyczących przekładu form adresatywnych w apelatywie, z języka angielskiego na język polski, w dwóch nieprofesjonalnych tłumaczeniach filmu What Women Want ("Czego pragną kobiety"). Porównano trzy przekłady amatorskie (tzw. wersje fansubbing) oraz trzy przekłady studentów filologii angielskiej. Wyniki analizy wykazały, że 1. amatorzy częściej niż studenci pozostawiali w napisach imię głównego bohatera, zarówno w dialogach, jak i polilogach, 2. pod pewnymi względami przekład amatorski przypomina tekst oryginalny, 3. studenci pozostawiali apelatywy głównie w polilogach, zarówno w przypadku imienia głównego bohatera, jak i postaci drugo-i trzecioplanowych. W artykule przedstawiono również najważniejsze aspekty polskich form adresatywnych.

A Study on the use of SNS in college education: A Comparison of experienced learner and non-experienced learner Jun ByounghoㆍJun Byoungchul <Abstract> Dramatic transformation in education has taken place and Internet Technologies have played a key role. Especially SNS has been considered as an effective educational tool because of its exceptional features such as discussion on course topics, feedback from peers and group collaboration. The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors affecting the attitude, intention to continuous use of SNS and performance in college education comparing between experienced learner and non-experienced learner. Self-efficacy on media usage, educational expectancy, subjective norm, habit, and enjoyment were identified as affecting factors based on prior researches. The results shows that all factors are significantly related to the learner's attitude on the use of SNS in college education. Experienced learner's attitude on educational use of SNS in college was found to be significantly related to the intention to continuous use and performance. This study can provide a guideline of effective strategy for SNS utilization in college education.

The paper aims to present a critical review of language policy development in Algeria since independence (1962) to present time. It takes the policy of Arabization, an important turning point in Algerian history that was troubled with serious problems, as an example of language planning in the country. Data was gathered from policy documents, Laws and media reports. It was then coded into themes before it was analyzed employing a documentary research method. To provide a systematic discussion, three issues will be covered. The first part of the paper explores the impact of Arabization on Algerian current state of language policy development in light of the debates over national educational reforms. The second part highlights the quandary that language planners face during the processes of language planning and policy making. Finally, the paper concludes with an evaluation of the process of language policy development in Algeria. The paper argues that in order to foster sustainable multilingualism and achieve effective educational reforms, a keener recognition of Algerian linguistic diversity by the government is imperative.

The paper aims to present a critical review of language policy development in Algeria since independence (1962) to present time. It takes the policy of Arabization, an important turning point in Algerian history that was troubled with serious problems, as an example of language planning in the country. Data was gathered from policy documents, Laws and media reports. It was then coded into themes before it was analyzed employing a documentary research method. To provide a systematic discussion, three issues will be covered. The first part of the paper explores the impact of Arabization on Algerian current state of language policy development in light of the debates over national educational reforms. The second part highlights the quandary that language planners face during the processes of language planning and policy making. Finally, the paper concludes with an evaluation of the process of language policy development in Algeria. The paper argues that in order to foster sustainable multilingualism and achieve effective educational reforms, a keener recognition of Algerian linguistic diversity by the government is imperative.

The paper aims to present a critical review of language policy development in Algeria since independence (1962) to present time. It takes the policy of Arabization, an important turning point in Algerian history that was troubled with serious problems, as an example of language planning in the country. Data was gathered from policy documents, Laws and media reports. It was then coded into themes before it was analyzed employing a documentary research method. To provide a systematic discussion, three issues will be covered. The first part of the paper explores the impact of Arabization on Algerian current state of language policy development in light of the debates over national educational reforms. The second part highlights the quandary that language planners face during the processes of language planning and policy making. Finally, the paper concludes with an evaluation of the process of language policy development in Algeria. The paper argues that in order to foster sustainable multilingualism and achieve effective educational reforms, a keener recognition of Algerian linguistic diversity by the government is imperative.

Subtitling humor is a challenging task for the translators. The complexity in translating humor lies in the fact that humor is bound to the culture it is produced in, and in some cases, it is attached to the syntactical and semantic aspects of the source language. One of the most frequently used type of humor is satire; this form of humor is common in political context. However, satire is also used in TV shows, especially situational comedies. This paper present a detailed analysis of the subtitling strategies used by the Arab subtitle to transfer satire in the American sitcom, Seinfeld, into Arabic. The study also uncovers the factors that might govern the subtitle’s decisions and choices. The study draws on the General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH); Attardo & Raskin 1991), Attardo’s (2002) model of analyzing and translating humor, and Pedersen’s (2005) model of subtitling extra-linguistic culture-bound references. The analysis reveals that the subtitle managed to transfer language...

The present paper focuses on the use of translation in helping learners to acquire, develop and strengthen their knowledge and competence in the English language. Translation integrated into the language learning practice along with generally used learning activities, such as reading, listening, writing, and vocabulary development could be defined as a "pedagogical tool", considering that its purpose is to teach a language. Translation activities make students communicate both ways: into and from the foreign language. While translating students are incited to notice differences in structure and vocabulary, to strengthen grammatical competence, to shape their own way of thinking and to correct common mistakes that could otherwise remain unnoticed. Students can make the best out of their learning, if they are encouraged to use translation skills properly. Translation activities are used in the advanced English learning programmes at Kaunas University of Technology (KTU). This paper is based on a brief theoretical literature overview, analysis of the activities in the language classroom and analysis of the results of the survey. The findings of the survey suggest that translation is a good tool in the English language learning course aimed at enhancement of students' foreign language skills.