Suatainable Energy

Rural residences in solar rich areas (SRA) remain inadequately progress on the challenges of balancing sustainability and occupant comfort simultaneously. Recent advancements in achieving zero-carbon buildings have highlighted the growing demand on climate-responsive strategies that effectively address design considerations of building performances. This paper attempts to explore the optimal design solutions of a case building in Lhasa, a typical city located in SRA, through multi-objective optimization (MOO) based on machine learning in terms of energy, cost, carbon, thermal comfort, and daylight. Initiating comparative selection through representative surrogate models and metaheuristic algorithms, XGBoost achieves the most desirable predictive performances with the least prediction errors, and NSGA-II dominates the superior capability in this case. Based on the solutions discussed through entropy weight and biased weight TOPSIS of objectives, critical outcomes reveal the identification of the optimal building layout in addition to the potential interactions of design variables and building performances investigated. Offering a scalable solution-oriented climate-responsive design pattern, building envelope of the proposed building demonstrates greater potential in balancing building performances, while morphology tends to be comparatively constrained. Results also indicate that, in the most applicable scenario, energy use intensity (EUI) and life cycle carbon emission (LCCE) can be substantially reduced by 47.2% and 38.1%, while concurrently maintaining considerable levels of thermal comfort albeit with acceptable compromises in daylight availability. This paper presents a transferable approach to optimal climate-responsive design solutions, contributing notable insights of data-driven decision-making for rural residences in SRA.

Nigeria's 2.5-million-ton plastic waste crisis demands sustainable solutions. This study compared thermal pyrolysis of polystyrene (PS), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and a 50:50 LDPE-PS mixture chosen arbitrarily, in a fixed-bed batch reactor at 450 °C under nitrogen. Yields were measured by mass, and oils were analyzed for density, viscosity, and composition. PS yielded 97.0 ± 1.2 wt% liquid fuel, 2.5 ± 0.3 wt% gas, and 0.5 ± 0.1 wt% char (Table 1), outperforming LDPE (74.7 ± 1.5 wt% liquid) and the mixture (88.0 ± 1.3 wt% liquid). PS oil's low density (0.886 g/cm³) and high carbon content (92.1 wt%, Table 3) suit fuel applications, while LDPE's profile (87.8 wt\% carbon) aligns with diesel (Table 2). The mixture provides versatility for mixed-waste processing. Pyrolysis reduces reliance on landfills, generates revenue, and supports Nigeria's energy security.

This review examines theoretical and practical tensions between eco-humanism and eco-modernism, two frameworks for sustainable development. In eco-humanism, humans are considered close to nature and promote ethical stewardship and community-based sustainability efforts. In contrast, ecomodernism emphasises technological advancements that can solve environmental problems while sustaining economic growth. It discusses the synergies and contradictions that result from such opposite ideologies. Initiatives like renewable energy projects and precision agriculture show synergies between technological development and social equity targets. However, there are contradictions when technological solutions bypass ethical considerations, as in large-scale projects without community consultation. The review also considers how to integrate these frameworks, where priorities differ, and technological optimism might overshadow necessary behavior changes. It demonstrates how interdisciplinarity in research, inclusive education, and policymaking can close the gap between eco-humanism and eco-modernism. This paper concludes that human-centred ethics combined with technological innovation constitute a viable way forward towards sustainable development. By embracing both ideologies, future sustainability efforts can be more inclusive, just, and effective in tackling global environmental and social problems.

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تصدير :
إن تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة في أفق العام 2030 ، هو الهدف الأساسي والأسمى للعالم أجمع،
ولا يغيب عن أحد أنّ الطاقة هي المحرك الأساسي والعنصر الفاعل لكل تحوّل نحو التنمية، فهي العنصر
الأساسي لكافة قطاعات الاقتصاد، كما لا يخفى على أحد أنّ جلّ الطاقة المستخدمة في العالم أجمع هي
طاقة تقليدية وغير مستدامة، فضلاً عن أنها ملوثة للبيئة وتسبب انبعاثات ضارة، وهو ما يتعارض مع
أهداف التنمية التي تقوم في المقام الأول على حماية البيئة، وضمان الاستخدام الأمثل والتوزيع العادل
للموارد بين الجيل الحالي والأجيال القادمة. وقد لفت هذ الأمر انتباه المنظمات الدولية منذ انطلاق قمة
الأرض )ريو دي جانيرو 1992 ( وما تلتها من قمم نادت جميعها بضرورة الالتزام بتنفيذ وعودها في تحقيق
تنمية مستدامة، وإيجاد مصادر جديدة ومتجددة للطاقة، تحافظ على البيئة وتوفر فرص عمل جديدة،
وتلبي الطلب المتزايد على الطاقة، لذلك بدأت العديد من الدول تخطو خطواتٍ واسعة نحو إقامة وتطوير
مصادر الطاقة المتجددة ولاسيما طاقتي الشمس والرياح، وخصوصا في المجتمعات الريفية والصحراوية،
وكيف يمكن الاستفادة من هذه المصادر المتجددة للطاقة في تنمية هذه المجتمعات، وتعزيز قدرتها في
تحقيق الرؤى الخاصة باستراتيجية التنمية المستدامة في أفق العام 2030 .
ومساهمة من المنظمة العربية للتربية والثقافة والعلوم )الألكسو( في توعية المجتمعات العربية خصوصا
منها الريفية والصحراوية بكيفية الاستفادة من الطاقات المتجددة واستخدامها في تنمية مجتمعاتها،
ومواصلة لمساعيها لإثراء المكتبات العربية بكتب ودراسات متخصصة للاسترشاد بها والاستفادة منها في
حل المشكلات ذات العلاقة بالمجالات الحيوية، قامت الألكسو بإصدار كتاب: "دراسات حول كيفية
استغلال الطاقات المتجددة في تنمية المجتمعات الريفية والصحراوية وتطويرها"؛ نظرا لأهمية الطاقة
المتجددة في تحقيق التنمية المستدامة، وزيادة الوعى بضرورة ترشيد استهلاك مصادر الطاقة التقليدية من
أجل إتاحة فرصة للأجيال القادمة للاستفادة منها، وإيجاد سُبل واستراتيجيات كفيلة بضمان التحول إلى
اقتصاديات الطاقة المتجددة في الدول العربية، وحسن استخدامها خصوصا في المناطق الريفية والصحراوية،
وتشجيع البحث والتطوير في مجالات الطاقة المتجددة؛
وإذ تصدر المنظمة هذا الكتاب، تتوجّه بالشكر الجزيل والامتنان للخبراء، وتثمّن عاليا ما بذلوه من
جهد مقدّر في إعداده.
ويُسعد المنظمة أن تضع بين أيدي قرائها هذا الكتاب، وإتاحته للباحثين والمهتمين في نسختين ورقية
وإلكترونية، للاطلاع عليه والاستفادة من محتواه العلمي المتخصص كدليل تثقيفي توعوي يهم مختلف
شرائح المجتمع، والمساهمة بدور بارز في تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة في دولنا العربية.
والله ولي التوفيق
المدير العام
أ.د. محمد ولد أعمر

वर्तमान अध्ययन वर्णनात्मक है और कानपुर जिले में आयोजित किया गया है, जिसे उत्तर प्रदेश के जिलों में से एक के रूप में नामित किया गया है। अध्ययन का उद्देश्य डिग्री कॉलेजों के पुरुष तथा महिला शिक्षक प्रशिक्षकों के बीच उनकी कार्य प्रेरणा के संबंध में भूमिका द्वन्द के अंतर का पता लगाना है। अन्वेषक ने सरल यादृ छिक नमूनाकरण तकनीक का उपयोग करके अपने शोध जांच के लिए 20 सरकारी डिग्री कॉलेजों से शिक्षकों प्रशिक्षकों (65 पुरुष और 65 महिला) को नमूने के रूप में लिया है। डेटा के संग्रह के लिए अन्वेषक ने डॉ. प्रोमिला प्रसाद द्वारा निर्मित शिक्षक भूमिका द्वन्द सूची और के.जी. अग्रवाल द्वारा निर्मित कार्य प्रेरणा प्रश्नावली का भी उपयोग किया है। डेटा के विश्लेषण और व्याख्या के लिए अन्वेषक ने टी-टेस्ट और सहसंबंध विधि को लागू किया है। परिणाम में पाया गया कि डिग्री कॉलेजों में कार्यरत महिला तथा पुरुष शिक्षक प्रशिक्षकों के बीच उत्पन्न भूमिका द्वंद और उनके कार्य प्रेरणा स्तर में कोई सार्थक सहसंबंध नहीं है ।

मुख्य बिंदु

कार्य प्रेरणा, भूमिका द्वन्द, शिक्षक प्रशिक्षक, डिग्री कॉलेज

Hkkjr es a Lora =rk iz kfIr ds i'pkr~ ls xz keh.k v/;;uks a ds iz fr c<+ rh gq bZ :fp ds dkj.k xz keh.k vFkZ C;oLFkk ds fodkl dks ,d ubZ fn'kk iz kIr gq bZ A Lora =rk ds dq N o"kZ igys egkRek xk¡ /kh us ^^xk¡ oks a dks okil pyks ** dk tks ukjk fn;k FkkA mls lkdkj djus ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us xz keh.k fodkl ds iz fr viuk /;ku ds fUnz r fd;kA bl iz ;kl ds vUrxZ r xz keh.k thou dk v/;;u djus ds fy, u ds oy fo'ks "k 'kks /k lfefr;k¡ xfBr dh xbZ cfYd xz keks a ds prq fnZ d fodkl dks viuk iz kFkfed y{; ekurs gq , lkeq nkf;d fodkl dk;Z Øe dks Hkh O;kid Lrj ij ykxw fd;k tkus yxkA ;ks tuk vk;ks x dk xBu gks us ds i'pkr~ blh vk;ks x ls lEc) ,d ^^dk;Z Øe ew Y;k¡ du la xBu** dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ftldk mnñs '; Hkkjr tS ls vkfFkZ d] HkkS xks fyd vkS j lk¡ Ldfrd fofo/krk ls ;q Dr ns 'k ds fy, iz R;s d {ks = dh tkudkjh iz kIr djkuk rFkk fofHkUu fodkl ;s ktukvks a dks iz Hkko'kkyh <a x ls ykxw djuk FkkA Hkkjrh; lekt ds iq ufuZ ekZ .k ds egRo dks Lohdkj djrs gq , Hkkjr ds cq f)thfo;ks a dk /;ku xz keh.k thou dh vks j vkdf"kZ r gq vk ftlds QyLo:i xz keh.k fodkl es a O;kid :fp yh tkus yxh gS A o)tuks a dh df"k ls DVj lEcU/kh] y?kq fla pkbZ ,oa df"k fodkl] i'kq ikyu rFkk nq X/k mRiknu] fofo/k y?kq ,oa dq Vhj m|eks a lEcU/kh dq 'kyrk;s a ] vxyh ih<+ h dks gLrxr dj] fuf'pr gh xz eh.k fodkl es a lg;ks xh gks rh gS a ] ftudh dHkh x.kuk ugha dh tkrh gS A ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn% xz keh.k lkekftd la xBu] y?kq fdlku] lhekUr fdlku fo'ys "k.k] foos pu ,oa fu"d"kZ % MkW -ns lkbZ ds 'kCnks a es a ^^Lora =rk iz kfIr ds i'pkr~ xz keh.k lkekftd la xBu] mldh la jpuk] iz dk;Z ,oa fodkl dk ,d O;ofLFkr v/;;u ds oy vko';d gh ugha Fkk vfirq ;g vfuok;Z Hkh gks x;k FkkA** bl lUnHkZ es a xz keh.k fodkl ls lEcfU/kr ljdkj ds lHkh iz ;Ruks a ls Hkkjr es a xz keh.k {ks =ks a ds vkfFkZ d fodkl dks vR;f/kd iz ks Rlkgu feykA xz keh.k fodkl dks le>us ds fy, fuEu xz keh.k bdkb;ks a dks le>uk vko';d gks tkrk gS & y?kq fdlku %,s lk fdlku] ftlds ikl 2-5 ,dM+ ls 5 ,dM+ rd Hkw fe gks rh gS ] ftl ij og ifjokj dk ikyu djrk gS y?kq fdlku dgykrk gS A lhekUr fdlku %,s lk fdlku ftlds ikl 5@3 ,dM+ fla fpr vFkok 2-5 ,dM+ ls de vfla fpr Hkw fe gks ] tks vfla fpr gks vFkok fdlh iz dkj dh tehu gks ] lhekUr fdlku dgykrk gS A df"k Jfed % df"k Jfed( ,d lkekU; Jfed gks rk gS ] tks viuh vk; dk 50 ;k 50 ls vf/kd iz fr'kr] df"k ij 'kkjhfjd Je ds fofHkUu dk;Z djds ¼etnw jh½ iz kIr djrk gS A df"k Jfed ds oy fdlh [ks r ij mRiknu djus okys Jfed dks gh ugha dgrs ] vfirq ml Jfed dks Hkh df"k Jfed dgrs gS a tks i'kq ikyu] Qyks |ku] nq X/k O;olk;] e/kq eD[kh ikyu] eq xhZ ikyu] lw vj ikyu eRL; ikyu vkfn lgk;d O;olk;ks a ds dk;Z djrs gS a A

सारांश : ग्रामीण भारत में ऋणग्रस्तता का बोझ असाधारण रूप से बहुत अधिक है। स्वतंत्रता के बाद की अवधि में वितीय संस्थानों और ग्रामीण ऋण के रूपों में बड़े संरचनात्मक परिवर्तनों के बावजूद भी ऋण सुविधा के नाम पर ग्रामीण जनता का शोषण ग्रामीण भारत की सबसे व्यापक समस्याओं में से एक है। इस पेपर का उद्देश्य क्षेत्रीय ग्रामीण बैंकों के विकास स्वरूप का आकलन करना है, क्षेत्रीय ग्रामीण बैंकों के शाखा विस्तार और सीडी अनुपात की जांच करना। अध्ययन की विश्लेषण अवधि प्रारंभ (1975) से अब तक (2023) है।
भारत में क्षेत्रीय ग्रामीण बैंकों की समग्र स्थिति काफी संतोषजनक नहीं है। खराब ऋण-जमा अनुपात अभी भी क्षेत्रीय ग्रामीण बैंकों के काम-काज पर असर डाल रहा है। चूंकि क्षेत्रीय ग्रामीण बैंकों को गरीब लोगों के लिए बैंक माना जाता है, इसलिए देश के सभी राज्यों में विशेष रूप से अविकसित राज्यों में इसकी उपस्थिति चीजों को बेहतर बना सकती है। सरकार को वास्तव में जरूरतमंद ग्रामीण लोगों को ऐसी बैंकिंग सेवा प्रदान करने के लिए जमीनी स्तर पर क्षेत्रीय ग्रामीण बैंकों की शाखाओं का प्रसार करना चाहिए। इसके अलावा यह बैंक प्रबंधन और प्रायोजित बैंक की जिम्मेदारी है कि वे बैंक के ऋण-जमा अनुपात को बढ़ाने के लिए सुधारात्मक उपाय करें जो ग्रामीण भारत में क्षेत्रीय ग्रामीण बैंकों को प्रासंगिक बना सके।

This guide provides the IES required uniform method for determining and reporting the photometric characteristics of skylights and tubular daylighting devices. It describes the procedures followed and the precautions observed in obtaining uniform and reproducible measurements of tubular daylighting devices and skylights with glass or plastic glazing (not recommended for devices with clear glazing). This guide identifies the components and the structure type needed to adequately measure daylighting devices. The procedures, calibration of the equipment, and determination of sun angles and sky conditions are also discussed.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has become a vital technological advancement in the fight against climate change by lowering greenhouse gas emissions from energy generation and industrial operations. However, the development and application of CCS technologies confront formidable legal and policy obstacles despite their potential to help achieve global carbon reduction goals. This study examines the legislative and policy tools required to support the implementation of CCS as a sustainable energy choice. To solve these issues, it evaluates national, regional, and international legal methods and the regulatory gaps that prevent CCS projects from being widely implemented. The analysis focuses on identifying the factors that hinder and facilitate the deployment of CCS, including environmental regulations, intellectual property rights, liability concerns, and public participation. The research also examines how current international climate agreements, like the Paris Agreement, impact CCS's regulatory environment. This paper identifies optimal methods for establishing a favorable legal environment by evaluating case studies from nations with advanced CCS efforts. Lastly, suggestions are made for coordinating legislative and regulatory frameworks so that CCS can significantly contribute to realizing sustainable energy transitions.

vkj-,l-lh-vkbZ-Vh-(RS-CIT) dk f'k{kk ds {ks = es s a ;ks xnku ,oa blds iz fr v/;kidks a dh vfHkofr dk v/;;u ljks t iz tkir 'kks /kkFkhZ ] iS flfQd ,ds Meh vkW Q gk;j ,tq ds 'ku ,a M fjlpZ ;w fuoflZ Vh] mn;iq j MkW-dfiys 'k frokjh 'kks /k funs Z 'kd] iz kS Qs lj] f'k{kk iS flfQd ,ds Meh vkW Q gk;j ,tq ds 'ku ,a M fjlpZ ;w fuoflZ Vh] mn;iq j

This study investigates the issue of environmental awareness in the
short stories of Ruskin Bond, a well-known Indian author whose
works frequently demonstrate his profound connection with nature.
This study investigates how Bond’s narratives show the complex
interaction between humans and the natural world, highlighting the
importance of environmental preservation and sustainability.
Bond’s stories set in the foreground of the Himalayan terrain,
capture nature’s beauty and fragility, encouraging readers to
consider the influence of human actions on the environment. The
paper explores how Bond employs character development, setting,
and storyline to convey ideas about the value of biodiversity, the
effects of deforestation, and the need to follow the environment.
Bond’s storytelling promotes environmental stewardship and
respect by depicting the simplicity and interconnectivity of rural
life. This approach emphasizes Bond’s function as a literary
advocate for environmental awareness, contributing to the larger
conversation about ecological protection through his evocative and
moving storytelling.
Keywords: Environment, Humans, Natural World, Conservation,
and Ecology.

This inductive research is located within the theme of the management and development of renewable energy systems. In brief, It introduces the potential and ability of renewable energies available in &quot;Wadi AL-ajal&quot;, which is located southwest of Libya, in providing many job opportunities; in addition to power generation. Several proposed investment models in solar, wind and biomass energies in this paper show-via statistical approach-how to provide a variety of job opportunities according to investment activities proposed in the three mentioned fields of renewable energies. In conclusion, the paper confirms the availability of the earlier mentioned renewable energies in varying amounts and varying degrees, they are all able to create jobs and employment of advanced technology, which are necessary for any national program for sustainable development, with the support

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Tropical tuber and root crops are essential for food security,
nutrition, and coping with climate change. In the human diet, starchy
roots and crop tubers are crucial. Even within a similar geographic
area, there are several roots and tubers that contribute to a rich
biodiversity. As a result, in addition to adding variety to the diet, they
provide a wide range of positive nutritional and physiological benefits,
including antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypo-glycemic, immunomodulatory, and hypocholesterolemic effects. A wide range of
bioactive substances, including as glycoalkaloids, phenolic
compounds, bioactive proteins, phytic acids, and saponins, are thought
to be responsible for the reported effects. There is still much to learn
about the beneficial health and nutritional properties of several starchy
tuber crops. Various edible roots are also utilized as traditional
medicines in various Asian nations. Tubers can be used to make a
number of dishes and may also be employed in industrial settings. The
bioactivities of the constituent chemicals may be impacted by
processing. The use of tubers as functional foods as well as nutritional
supplements for disease risk mitigation and wellness has enormous
promise.

भारत में वर्तमान समय के संदर्भ में भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में सूती वस्त्र उद्योग का एक महत्वपूर्ण योगदान है। सूती वस्त्र उद्योग मुख्य दो भागों में विभाजित है। हथकरघा सूती वस्त्र उद्योग और विद्युतकरघा सूती वस्त्र उद्योग। विद्युतकरघा सूती वस्त्र उद्योग, हथकरघा सूती वस्त्र उद्योग का आधुनिकीकरण और विद्युतीकरण का परिणाम है। हथकरघा सूती वस्त्र उद्योग का विद्युतीकरण होने के बाद सूती वस्त्र उद्योग में लागत में कमी और उत्पादन में अत्यधिक तेजी से वृद्वि हुई और साथ ही मजदूरों के मजदूरी में भी कमी हो गयी जिसके कारण परिवार की आय में वृद्वि के लिए महिलाओं कों भी अपने परिवार की सहायता के लिए इस उद्योग में आना पड़ा ताकि उनका जीवन स्तर अन्य दूसरों की तरह बेहतर रहें लेकिन सामाजिक और सांस्कृतिक कारकों के कारण महिलाओं की भागीदारी बाजार तक न हो करके केवल घरेलू श्रमिक के रूप में ही सीमित है। विद्युतकरघे का सूती वस्त्र उद्योग में प्रवेश के बाद महिला श्रमिकों की भागीदारी इस उद्योग में घट रही है। क्योंकि हथकरघें में महिलाएं मुख्यतः बुनाई का कार्य नहीं करती थी लेकिन बुनाई के पहले और बुनाई के बाद का कार्य महिलाओ द्वारा ही किया जाता था। क्योंकि हथकरघें में शारीरीक बल का अत्यधिक उपयोग करना पड़ता था। और महिलाओं कों शारीरिक रूप से कमजोर समझा जाता है। लेकिन विद्युतकरघें में शारीरीक बल की जगह कौशल कार्य करता है। वर्तमान में मशीनीकरण ने महिलाओ से संबंधित सभी कार्यों का मशीनीकरण कर दिया है। इस शोध प्रपत्र का मुख्य उद्देश्य वाराणसी जिले के अलईपुरा क्षेत्र के साड़ी वस्त्र उद्योग में कार्य करने वाली महिलाओं के कार्य के दौरान होने वाली विभिन्न कठिनाईयों और इससे होने वाले स्वास्थ्य सम्बन्धित कारकों का आकलन करना है। अलईपुरा क्षेत्र वाराणसी शहर का एक मुस्लिम बाहुल्य क्षेत्र है। यहाँ विद्युतकरघे से अत्यधिक मात्रा में बुनाई का कार्य होता है। अध्ययन का मुख्य उद्देश्य अलईपुरा क्षेत्र में कार्य करने वाली महिलाओं की स्वस्थ्य से संबंधित समस्याओं का पता लगाना है। इस शोध प्रपत्र में प्राथमिक आंकड़ों को एकत्र करने के लिए साक्षात्कार अनुसूचि का प्रयोग किया गया है। आंकड़ों के विश्लेशण से यह निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि वर्तमान समय में बुनाई मुख्य रूप से विद्युतकरघे से ही हो रही है। हथकरघा द्वारा वस्त्रों की बुनाई पहले की अपेक्षा बहुत कम हो गयी है। महिलाओं का विद्युतकरघे में आने का मुख्य कारण आर्थिक और वित्तीय आवश्यकता, बेरोजगारी, गरीबी और हथकरघे की अपेक्षा चलाने में आसानी लेकिन महिलाओं की साक्षारता और परिवार का छोटा आकार महिलाओं की इस उद्योग में भागीदारी का प्रमुख दोष है। आंकड़ों के विश्लेशण से यह पता चलता है कि अधिकांश महिलाएं इस उद्योग में होने वाले ध्वनि प्रदूषण से सिरदर्द और विद्युतकरघे के चलने के दौरान उससे निकलने वाले धांगो के छोटे-छोटे टुकड़े से सांस से सम्बन्धित समस्याओं से पीड़ित है। पिछले 4 से 5 वर्षों में विद्युतकरघा क्षेत्र बिजली आपूर्ति, बाजार गिरावट और बुनकरों के पलायन और अन्य राजनैतिक कारणों और 2016 में जब से विमौद्रिकरण और जी.एस.टी लागू हुआ है। तब से वाराणसी के बुनकरों की स्थिती और खराब होती गयी। साथ ही यह व्यवसाय अन्य राजनैतिक कारकों से भी पीड़ित है।
प्रमुख शब्दावलीः बुनकर महिलाएं, विद्युतकरघा, स्वास्थ्य समस्यायें, गरीबी, हथकरघा, सूती वस्त उद्योग

Background: A doubly nested partially balanced incomplete block (DNPBIB) design is defined as an arrangement of v treatments
each replicated r times in three systems of blocks if, each block of the first system contains m1
blocks of second system and each
block of the second system contains m2
blocks of the third system. Each stage of DNPBIB design, treated independently, is a PBIB design.
Methods: Three component designs viz., (i) ignoring the first and second system of blocks, a PBIB design with b3
blocks each of
size k3
(< v) units with, 3i
concurrences of any pair of treatments which are ith associates of each other, (ii) ignoring first and third
system of blocks, another PBIB design with b2
blocks each of size k2
(< v) units with 3i
concurrence of two treatments which are
ith associates of each other and (iii) ignoring the second and third system of blocks, a third PBIB design with b1
block each of size k1
(< v) units with, 1i
concurrences of two treatments within first associate of each other, are obtained.
Result: This study provides two new general methods of constructing DNPBIB designs, where the component designs are PBIB
designs with two or three associate classes. Group divisible and rectangular association schemes have been used for developing
such designs. Methods are illustrated with appropriate examples.
Key words: Efficiency, Group divisible association scheme, Partially balanced incomplete block design, Rectangular association scheme.

The Tejaswini 'Sugam Shiksha' education content had 4 key steps to enable the out of school 'adolescent girls and young women' prepare for formal examinations at elementary and secondary level. The 4 steps included: 1. Preparation for Center, 2. Preparation for Learning, 3. Preparation for Elementary Level, and 4. Preparation for Secondary Level.

This is a practice book for the Step 3 to guide the facilitators prepare the learners for the Tejaswini Mathematics course for elementary level.

From ancient time, Agnihotra is a ritual to purify the environment using this method. This is a healing fire from the Vedic science of Ayurveda. The tremendous amount of energy during the fire is resonating and a magnetic field is produced that strengthens positive energy and prevents negative energy. People around the world have experienced Agnihotri’s power to reduce stress, clarity of mind and improvement in full health. Agnihotra, homa has significant effect on plant growth and development. Homa farming methods are used in different parts of the world to increase the yield and disease resistance of produce. When done regularly every day, it enables the atmosphere to receive cosmic energy from planetary bodies such as the sun and moon, which have a positive impact on humans, plants and animals, leading to good health, balanced environment and harmony.

श्वसन क्रिया के द्वारा तथा अन्य व्सयनों के माध्यम से हम अपने आंतरिक अंगों को प्रभावित करते है वर्तमान समय यदि वातावरण के सन्दर्भ में कहा जाए तो अधिकांष ऐसे प्रदूषण मे व्यक्ति जीवन जी रहे है। व्यक्ति के बढ़ते भौतिकवादी आचरण के कारण विभिन्न प्रकार के रोग हमें घेर लेते है। आधुनिक समय में अधिकांशतः व्यक्ति अस्थ्मा, दमा तथा अन्य श्वसन सम्बंधित रोगों से घिरे रहते है जिसका कारण है हमारे द्वारा श्वास क माध्यम से तथ व्सयनों के माध्यम से धीरे-धीरे अपने शरीर के अंगांें में विजातीय द्रव्य इककठा सा करते रहना। हमारा शारीरिक स्वास्थ्य तथा आंतरिक और वाह्य अवयव विजातीय द्रव्य अथवा दुर्घटनाओं के कारण प्रभावित होते रहते है। इस क्रम में यदि हम वर्तमान परिस्थितियों पर नजर डाले तो हमें ज्ञात होता है कि हम किसी न किस रूप में वाह्य दूषित पदार्थाे को षरीर में एकत्रित कर रहे है हम वातावरण की अशुद्धि को नासिका और मुख के माध्यम से ग्रहण करते है और इन अशुद्धियों के कारण हमारे कान के आंतरिक भागों तथा मस्तिष्क पर भी प्रभाव पड़ता है। इन अंगों के शोधन तथा स्वच्छ निर्मल बनाने के लिए हठयोग में षटकर्म का वर्णन मिलता है। जिसमें नेती क्रिया मुख्य रूप से इन अंगों के शुद्धिकरण में सहायक है नेति क्रिया के द्वारा ऑंख, कान,नाक,गला व मस्तिष्क मन का शुद्धिकरण होता है और यह अंग स्वच्छ और स्वस्थ होते है। वर्तमान समय में नेति काक्या उपयोग है उसकेष्शरीरिक और आध्यात्मिक लाभ क्या है और नेति की विशेषता क्या है, इस योजना मे प्रस्तुत किया जा रहा है।

The personal and commercial use of plastics has increased considerably in the past few decades and, considering their non-biodegradable nature, underlines an increasing need to sustainably and effectively manage waste plastics. Pyrolysis is a fairly novel approach in plastic waste management, with only a few decades’ worth of research and implementation, but potentially significant implications to waste management and energy creation due to the procedure’s capacity to degrade polymer plastics into pyrolytic oil, which is a fuel-substitute. This study implemented an experimental proof-of-concept to utilize pyrolysis in a controlled, sustainable, and fairly inexpensive setting to recover liquid fuel. With particular emphasis on the viability and sustainability of pyrolysis as a plastic waste management approach, this research study sought to determine the optimal and reliable operational conditions of thermal pyrolysis for potential future scalability and commercialization of the model. Locally-fabricated and repurposed materials were utilized to design and build a pyrolytic reactor in a homestead setting, and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastics were used as the feedstock. The results corroborated the waste-to-energy potential of pyrolysis, with the resulting pyrolytic oil being refined into practically-applicable gasoline and diesel fuel products used in low-combustion, non-automotive engines. The pyrolysis project highlights the potential social, environmental, and economic impact of pyrolysis, especially in the context of a developing country like the study setting of Kenya.
 

India has always been one of the biggest players in the production of Fashion
Apparel and Textiles and has been producing them at indigenous levels since time immemorial in the forms of weaves, embroideries and crafts, etc. Being an economy adept at being self-sufficient in most spheres, India has always been able to offer skilled hands to the global market. As such major Fashion labels li ke Christian Dior, Versace, etc, and other manufacturers have looked up to India to fulfill their needs for quality craftsmanship and skills, textiles, cheap labor, art, and indigenous crafts. The Liberalization policy in 1990 opened the doors for major brands to invest and explore the Indian market and contributed to unprecedented growth of the Fashion Industry in India. The present paper
aims to study the development of the Fashion Industry in India after the British Raj; its significant milestones in a concise manner. The environmental impact of the Fashion Industry and the eminent need to include sustainability in its production chain and practices in these highly unpredictable circumstances. The uncertainty and challenges brought about by the recent pandemic and how the fashion industry rose to meet them by changing
important aspects of its operations. In addition, this paper also leaves scope for further discourse and discussion on the same. A secondary method of data collection has been used for this paper.

Spillage in embankment of Barua Sagar of District Jhansi has been of concern since two decades.
Geologically it is formed by hard graniterock layers of Gneissic complex of Protozoic era. Exfoliation joints of
2cm to 10 cm are usually observed with spillage. Many remedial measures like filters, clay blankets and
Geosynthetic jutes can be applied to control it. Use of Bentonite with plasticizer is recommended for cheap and
best remedial measures.

The growing population and increasing water demand necessitate exploring alternative sources of water, including saline water. Saline water treatment technologies have undergone significant advancements in recent years, enabling the production of potable water from seawater and brackish water. This review provides an overview of the current state of saline water treatment technologies, including desalination and membrane-based processes. The advantages and limitations of each technology and their suitability for different applications are discussed. Recent advancements in materials and techniques that have led to improvements in energy efficiency, productivity, and cost-effectiveness of these technologies are highlighted. Finally, the future directions and challenges in the field of saline water treatment are outlined.

Thermal degradation at 500 o C to a Real Municipal Solid Waste (RMSW) has leave a footprint of problem with very low mass yields of liquid fuel. Therefore, in the presence research, it has been attempted to increase the mass yield of liquid fuel by using Long Catalyzer Downstream (LCD) equipped with top and bottom outlet in stage pyrolysis. Two types of natural catalysts (zeolite and kaolin) that have been activated at 500 o C for 2 hours were used in this experiment. Also, LCD temperatures were varied from 200-300 o C with pyrolizer temperature were hold at 500 o C. The experimental results revealed that there was a significant increase in the mass yield of liquid fuels compared to pyrolysis without catalysts and direct catalyst of pyrolysis. The presence of LCD was making a major contribution to generate secondary cracking and producing more products of short hydrocarbon ranges from MSW feedstock. Among natural zeolite and kaolin catalysts, natural zeolite catalysts have productivity behavior better than natural kaolin. The higher mass yields in liquid fuels have been demonstrated by natural zeolite catalysts.

Plastic usage in daily life has increased from 5 to 100 million tons per year since the 1950s due to their lightweight , non-corrosive nature, durability and cheap price. Plastic products consist mainly of polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) type plastics. The disposal of plastic waste causes environmental and operational burden to landfills. Conventional mechanical recycling methods such as sorting, grinding, washing and extrusion can recycle only 15-20 % of all plastic waste. The use of open or uncontrolled incineration or combustion of plastic waste has resulted in air and waterborne pollutants. Recently, pyrolysis technology with catalytic reforming is being used to convert plastic waste into liquid oil and char as energy and value-added products. Pyrolysis is one of the tertiary recycling techniques in which plastic polymers are broken down into smaller organic molecules (monomers) in the absence of oxygen at elevated temperatures (>400°C). Use of catalysts such as aluminum oxides, natural and synthetic zeolites, fly ash, calcium hydroxide, and red mud can improve the yield and quality of liquid oil. The pyrolysis yield depends on a number of parameters such as temperature, heating rate, moisture contents, retention time, type of plastic and particle size. A yield of up to 80 % of liquid oil by weight can be achieved from plastic waste. The produced liquid oil has similar characteristics to conventional diesel; density (0.8 kg/m 3), viscosity (up to 2.96 mm 2 /s), cloud point (−18°C), flash point (30.5°C) and energy content (41.58 MJ/kg). Char produced from pyrolysis can be activated at standard conditions to be used in wastewater treatment, heavy metals removal, and smoke and odor removal. The produced gases from pyrolysis are

The paper presents a mathematical model to calculate the thermal efficiency of the steam turbines with superheating, methodology forecasting for the Rankin cycle with superheated steam using Regression equations, MathCad, SPSS, and Statistatica programs. The resulting regression equation is applied to calculate the indicator values in a given range of variation of parameters, and it is also limitedly suitable for calculation outside this range. A MathCad-based approach for calculating the predictive model was created and presented. This work presents the formulation of a problem for the method of experiment planning. A turbine unit with three input parameters that influence the value of the output parameter Y (the thermal efficiency of the Steam turbine unit) was studied through the method of experiment planning. Along with that, the first parameter (initial pressure turbine, bar) varied within: 100< x1 <128; the second parameter (the turbine-inlet temperature, °С) varied within: 450 < x2 < 550; the third parameter (the fraction of dryness) varied within: 0.79 < x3< 0.83.

Corona Virus transmitted disease (Covid-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV-2) origination in the Wuhan city of China has become a major public health emergency decleard by the world health organisation (WHO). The outbreak of novel corona virus has been recognised in more than 215 countries and territories with a total no of 6,88,45,368 laboratories confirm cases and recovery 67,275,064 and 15,70,304 death. The ability of corona virus to cross species barriers and emerging rapidly in the humans infections Covid-19 is now pandemic with severe losses, of health and economy. It is necessary to control the spread of virus infection for welfare of mankind. Article aim to highlight the virus epidemologic characters, pathogenesis, transmission, incubation, diagnosis and possible treatment of the pandemic disease of covid-19.

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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), is rich source of oil, protein and potent antioxidants with wide applications. Molecular approach can be of great use for trait improvement as well more availability for this crop. The present work aims at tissue specific transcriptome profiling along with biochemical pathway analysis and genic region putative marker discovery. We report 14389, 9465 and 5490 DEGs in root, leaf and flower-bud tissues, respectively. 135, 113 and 120 cellular metabolic or signaling pathways having common 118 pathways were found in root-leaf (RL), leaf-flower (LF) and flower-root (FR), respectively. 218, 170 and 180 transcription factors were identified in root, leaf and flower transcriptome, respectively. Among DEGs, microRNA targets predicted were 534, 376 and 173 in root, leaf and flower, respectively. Genic region repeat analysis revealed 379 SSR. Further variant analysis revealed 3371, 5439 and 4975 SNPs and 2257, 2403 and 2411 INDELs in root, leaf and flower, respectiv...

Due to the increasing environmental awareness, the tendency to develop sustainable buildings has also increased interest in using renewable energy or energy-efficient technologies in recent years. Integrating a photobioreactor, an innovative building element on the façade, has received attention as an alternative approach to renewable energy systems for its potential to reduce the carbon footprint and energy consumption of a building without compromising thermal and visual comfort. This study aims to improve the performance of the building by using a façade integrated photobioreactor system. Implementing photobioreactors on the building façades raises the following benefits a) regulating the indoor temperature swings and improving thermal comfort, b) blocking the excess daylight thanks to the increasing concentration during the algae growth, c) reducing the energy consumption of the building, and d) producing energy from the harvested biomass (algae). The photobioreactor is integrated into the south façade of an existing office building in Izmir and comprises two glasses and a growth medium of photosynthesizing microalgae between the glasses. The method is simulation-based optimization that maximizes useful daylight illuminance and minimizes thermal comfort violation and energy use intensity. The performance of the existing building was compared with two photobioreactor alternatives. Rhino Grasshopper software with the Octopus plugin was used for the optimization study. The optimization results show that the photobioreactor integrated façade system performed better than the currently used one. The photobioreactor integrated façade can reduce the number of uncomfortable hours during the year. For the investigated photobioreactor configurations, there was no significant difference between 100% photobioreactor façade and 80% photobioreactor façade, except for partial improvement in daylight illumination.

Due to the increasing environmental awareness, the tendency to develop sustainable buildings has also increased interest in using renewable energy or energy-efficient technologies in recent years. Integrating a photobioreactor, an innovative building element on the façade, has received attention as an alternative approach to renewable energy systems for its potential to reduce the carbon footprint and energy consumption of a building without compromising thermal and visual comfort. This study aims to improve the performance of the building by using a façade integrated photobioreactor system. Implementing photobioreactors on the building façades raises the following benefits a) regulating the indoor temperature swings and improving thermal comfort, b) blocking the excess daylight thanks to the increasing concentration during the algae growth, c) reducing the energy consumption of the building, and d) producing energy from the harvested biomass (algae). The photobioreactor is integrat...

The poor degradability of plastics has led to huge plastics deposit in a landfill of which pyrolysis technology has been proposed to solve plastics waste problem. This paper reports the study on characteristics of two kinds of plastic wastes: selected packaging plastics and PVC. Characterizations have been performed for investigating water content, ash content, and decomposition temperature. The results revealed that the water content of packaging plastic waste was 0.69 ± 0.11%, while PVC was 1.22 ± 0.24%. The ash contents are 2.36 ± 1.03 % and 27.24±1.73 % for packaging plastics waste and PVC waste respectively. Plastic waste from packaging application and PVC waste decomposed at a temperature of 300-500C and 200-800C respectively. Decomposition of PVC waste took place in three stages: 200-370C, 370-525C and 600-800C. It is recommended that the pyrolysis process should be conducted in the range of 300-500C for packaging plastic waste and 200-800C for PVC waste.

The accurate forecast of residential water demand is critically important for arid and oil rich countries such as Saudi Arabia which depend on costly desalination plants to satisfy the growing water demand. Achieving the desired prediction accuracy is a challenging task since the forecast model should take into consideration a variety of factors such as economic development, climate conditions and population growth. The task is further complicated given that the water sector in the country is characterized by high levels of unaccounted-for-water and heavy government subsidies, which lead to an artificially high water demand. This study presents a model for forecasting the long term water demand for Riyadh city, the capital of Saudi Arabia. The proposed model used historic records of water consumption to calibrate an econometric predictive model for per capita water use. The explanatory variables included household income, persons per household and maximum monthly temperature. Both the effects of unaccounted-for-water and conservation measures were also included. The calibration results indicate that socioeconomic factors and weather temperature are equally important for water demand. The results also predict considerable savings if a comprehensive policy for water conservation and unaccounted-for-water management is implemented.

Plastics are nonbiodegradable, and safe disposal of this waste poses an environmental challenge all over the world. Catalytic pyrolysis is superior to thermal pyrolysis as it uses lower temperatures and hence less energy. The main objective of this study was to produce liquid fuel from plastic waste using indigenous clay as a catalyst through catalytic pyrolysis. The clay from Kisumu County was characterized through an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRFS) and an X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The reaction setup consisted of a round-bottom flask reactor through which plastic feed and catalyst were heated in a temperature-controlled furnace. Vapor product was condensed using a Liebig type water condenser to give pyrolysis liquid product. Solid char was recovered from the flask at the end of the reaction. Optimization studies using central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were performed in design expert software to predict optimal conditions of the operating...

Energy is an essential component of meeting social needs and economic growth. The
international energy agency (IEA) estimates that a 53% increase in global energy consumption
is expected by 2030. Pollution of environment, climate change, and the growing of demand
energy worldwide require serious attention. Moreover, fossil fuels will significantly contribute
to greenhouse gas emissions from combustion and exacerbate climate change. Renewable
energies (REs) such as solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biofuels are the right solution
to running out of fossil fuels, protecting the environment, and stopping climate degradation.
Many countries have jumped into the field of energy production from photovoltaic panels to
reduce dependence on fossil fuels and recorded success stories. This paper reviews the great
efforts developed countries and the rest of the world made in investing in solar energy.
Especially photovoltaic energy, and compares it with the reality of the situation concerning the
neighboring countries of Iraq in general and in Iraq in particular, and shows the determinants
of developing this industry and the difficulties it faces, especially in the field of providing
electricity to cities and farms. Moreover, providing appropriate solutions based on the success
stories achieved by other countries.

Plastic is non-biodegradable material, it’s demand is increasing day to day, because of light weight, highly electrical resistance, easy to shape and long life, more used in electrical and electronic equipment for makeup wire insulator, equipment body, Plates, switches, and many other purposes. E-waste contain 15-20% plastic, If E-waste are open dumping, plastics has many adverse effects on the human life and environment, that’s way we need recycling, recovery and disposal of plastic to prevent from the adverse effect. E-waste also contain harmful materials like arsenic, mercury, cadmium and led, which affects the environment and human life. The review paper contains the e-waste challenging problems such as handling, pollution problems, transportation, recovery and some key factors which are responsible for ewaste in India and methods for recovery of plastic and other precious materials from e-waste.

The startling acceleration in the amount of pollution caused by plastic rubbish has created a significant ecological issue on a scale that encompasses the entire planet. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the process of reverse engineering, which is utilized in the conversion of unwanted plastic waste into beneficial fuel products. Pyrolysis and catalytic conversion are two examples of modern technologies for thermally degrading waste plastic, and both of these processes result in the production of fuels generated from hydrocarbons as well as other valuable byproducts. This study aims to increase the generation of fuel in terms of both quantity and quality. To accomplish this, it will investigate ways in which operational parameters, catalysts, and feedstock sources can be adjusted. In addition, the economic and environmental effects of the novel method are analyzed, with a particular focus on lowering the amount of pollution caused by plastic and increasing the production of renewable energy. The findings of the study emphasize the practicability and potential of changing plastic trash into viable fuels. This is a sustainable resolution to global energy and environmental challenges, and the findings also highlight the promise of this solution. We want to emphasize how important it is to conduct continual research and development in this field in order to support the extension of these processes for general acceptance and to contribute in the construction of a future that is environmentally conscientious and sustainable. To summarize, the findings of this study indicate the possibility of employing waste plastic in the production of valuable fuel commodities. This would both address environmental concerns and provide a solution that is both practical and effective to the problem of waste plastic. This is a great resource for policymakers, scientists, and businesses that are looking for long-term answers to the problems of managing plastic trash and producing energy.

This study aims to investigate the catalytic co-pyrolysis of beech wood with polystyrene as a synergic and catalytic effect on liquid oil production. For this purpose, a tubular semi-continuous reactor under an inert nitrogen atmosphere was used. Several zeolite catalysts were modified via incipient wetness impregnation using iron and/or nickel. The liquid oil recovered was analyzed using GC-MS for the identification of the liquid products, and GC-FID was used for their quantification. The effects of catalyst type, beechwood-to-polystyrene ratio, and operating temperature were investigated. The results showed that the Fe/Ni-ZSM-5 catalyst had the best deoxygenation capability. The derived oil was mainly constituted of aromatics of about 92 wt.% for the 1:1 mixture of beechwood and polystyrene, with a remarkably high heating value of around 39 MJ/kg compared to 18 MJ/kg for beechwood-based bio-oil. The liquid oil experienced a great reduction in oxygen content of about 92% for the po...

History of Modern Indian education and its historiographical discourse in colonial and postcolonial periods need to be studied through transnational and cross-cultural approach. This synopsis examines the crucial but hitherto largely neglected contributions made by LMS missionaries to social and cultural history of the depressed classes in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The paper begins by analyzing how early missionaries unintentionally laid the groundwork for ‘reform’ movements while pursuing their two grand projects viz., proselytisation and dissemination of Western ideas. Missionaries, some of them, highly-gifted with literary, cultural, educational and above all religious pursuits, focused their attention towards the respective interested fields, getting to know the Indians and Indian society. The missionaries, during the colonial period found the depressed classes in a ‘deplorable condition’ and their ‘utter ignorance and degradation’ became the ‘chief factor’ that stirred their attention, further insisted on a public education for them. This synopsis  concludes that the depressed castes, and their transition from slavery, untouchability and servitude into a ‘discourse of respectability,’ and ‘liberation’ through missionary education into a stage of ‘social upward mobility’ which needs to be located within the specific historical context.