Suatainable Energy

Plastic usage in daily life has increased from 5 to 100 million tons per year since the 1950s due to their light-weight, non-corrosive nature, durability and cheap price. Plastic products consist mainly of polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) type plastics. The disposal of plastic waste causes environmental and operational burden to landfills. Conventional mechanical recycling methods such as sorting, grinding, washing and extrusion can recycle only 15–20 % of all plastic waste. The use of open or uncontrolled incineration or combustion of plastic waste has resulted in air and waterborne pollutants. Recently, pyrolysis technology with catalytic reforming is being used to convert plastic waste into liquid oil and char as energy and value-added products. Pyrolysis is one of the tertiary recycling techniques in which plastic polymers are broken down into smaller organic molecules (monomers) in the absence of oxygen at elevated temperatures (>400 °C). Use of catalysts such as aluminum oxides, natural and synthetic zeolites, fly ash, calcium hydroxide, and red mud can improve the yield and quality of liquid oil. The pyrolysis yield depends on a number of parameters such as temperature, heating rate, moisture contents, retention time, type of plastic and particle size. A yield of up to 80 % of liquid oil by weight can be achieved from plastic waste. The produced liquid oil has similar characteristics to conventional diesel; density (0.8 kg/m3), viscosity (up to 2.96 mm2/s), cloud point (−18 °C), flash point (30.5 °C) and energy content (41.58 MJ/kg). Char produced from pyrolysis can be activated at standard conditions to be used in wastewater treatment, heavy metals removal, and smoke and odor removal. The produced gases from pyrolysis are hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and can be used as energy carriers. This chapter reviews the challenges and, perspectives of pyrolysis technology for production of energy and value-added products from waste plastics.

The rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves and environmental concerns with their combustion necessitate looking for alternative sources for long term sustainability of the world. These concerns also appear serious in developing countries who are striving for rapid economic growth. The net biomass growing potential on the global land surface is 10 times more than the global food, feed, fiber, and energy demands. This study investigates whether the developing countries have sufficient land resource to meet the projected energy demand towards 2035 by planting energy crops on surplus agricultural land after food and feed production. The annual yields of four commonly grown energy crops specifically jatropha, switchgrass, miscanthus, and willow have been used to make scenarios and estimate land requirements against each scenario. This paper first performs literature reviews on the availability of land resource, past and future trends in land use changes, demand of lands for food production, and potential expansion of croplands. The energy demands towards 2035 are compiled from energy scenarios derived by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the British Petroleum (BP). This paper also reviewed biophysiological characteristics of these energy crops to determine whether they are cultivable under tropical climatic conditions in developing regions. This paper found that projected energy demand through 2035 in developing regions could be provided by energy crops grown on a portion of surplus croplands or upgraded grasslands (27% and 22% respectively for miscanthus scenario). Sustainable land management practices, improved agricultural productivity, and adopting suitable energy crops cultivation can potentially supply increasing energy demands.

This paper describes how the city of Panjim (capital of Goa, in India) and its wider region could meet the multiple goals that sustainable development requires – combining high quality living conditions, a successful economy, and sustainable levels of resource use and waste generation. It outlines the methodologies used and describes the changes needed in the use and management of water and land, infrastructure, buildings and transport systems, and in the governance framework needed to underpin such changes. It uses the term “RUrban” to highlight how this requires a sustainable integration of rural and urban communities, where rural living standards come to match those in urban areas and where cities become net producers of ecological services rather than relying on regional and global resources and waste sinks.

Transparent electrodes that are used in amorphous silicon solar cells are textured to provide light scattering. We studied the light scattering behavior in transmission and reflection and found that in order to describe the measured spectra thickness variations of 50–60 nm over several micrometers have to be assumed. This is in qualitative agreement with measured rms roughnesses as determined with atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is important to include these thickness variations in the modeling of amorphous silicon solar cells. The wavelength dependence of the light scattering in transmission at the TCO–air interface was found to be λ−3 for light incident from both sides. Scattering of the weakly absorbed long wavelength light at the back contact is therefore essential in order to obtain high solar cell efficiencies.

Optimization of consumption and distribution of resources, as well as power management efficiency improvement, are the top priority tasks for economy of most countries. Problems of world energy require innovative solutions in the area of constructing highly energy efficient buildings, based on alternative fuels. The article develops a concept of a highrise nearly zero energy building. Due to architectural and engineering decisions, the building may autonomously produce the amount of energy which is necessary for its proper functioning.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is situated in an arid region and faces a chronic challenge to meet its increasing water demand. Riyadh is the capital of KSA and home to about six million people. The water demand is mostly met by groundwater resources (up to 48%), while the desalination plants cover the rest of the water supply requirements. There is a potential risk of a significant gap in water demand–supply due to the retirement of old desalination plants. This study, therefore, developed a probabilistic model to forecast desalinated water demand in Riyadh for domestic purposes up to the year 2040 based on three scenarios: low growth, the most likely (mean), and high growth scenario. The results showed that an investment of about US$6.24, 11.59, and 16.04 billion is required to meet the future domestic water demand of the city for the next 25 years based on low, mean, and high growth scenarios, respectively. Moreover, a strong commitment to public–private partnership is required to remove the fiscal budget burden related to the desalination along with public awareness campaigns to reduce per capita water consumption, upgrading the water tariff system and using renewable energy to run desalination plants.

The concept of sustainable development has always been on the lips of many government officials in Hong Kong. Yet, seldom could we find a paper specifically investigate the sustainable development objective of property management companies'. There are two major objectives in this paper: 1) to find out whether property management companies have provided sustainable property management services, 2) how traditional Chinese thinking smoothen sustainable property management. The results from a survey of 14 local property management companies show that sustainable development is not a major concern for property management companies. Although, all of the local property management companies studied provides cleaning, security, repair and maintenance services, none of them have included the sustainable development concept as their operational objective.

 Abstract-In accordance with Article 33 of engineering Law, the supervision of the engineer responsible for the design and implementation of national building regulations for all buildings is by Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. Housing Ministry publishes article on this topic has twenty national regulations in the nineteenth topics related to saving energy consumption in the building topic in the building natural-gas lines and regulations of the seventeenth topic the provisions established XIV such thermal arthroplasty air conditioning is. Regulations have been revised several times in the nineteenth topic last revised in 2002; it has been communicated to all the organs. The topic shifted to the seventeenth edition of 1387. Since the National Building Regulations set of technical standards, which are administrative and legal compliance in the design, implementation and monitoring is essential to the construction and implementation of laws providing the safety, health, and productivity welfare is necessary for the individual and society comprehensive and prevented the set of rules is necessary. According to the latest revision of the XIX topics of mechanical and ventilation, yet is brief and incomplete. In this paper, based on its review of the rules and notices published in the fresh air and the air needed for combustion, the emphasis is placed.