Socio-Legal Studies (Law)

The evolution of Bengal’s land administration reflects a gradual transition from colonial exploitation to modern reforms. The Permanent Settlement of 1793 created a class of hereditary zamindars, fixed state revenue, and transformed peasants into tenants, leading to widespread poverty, indebtedness, and peasant unrest. Subsequent colonial laws, including the Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885, aimed to regulate rents and strengthen tenant rights but largely preserved landlord dominance. During the Pakistan period, reforms such as the East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950 abolished zamindari and transferred ownership to cultivators, though ceilings and redistributions faced political and administrative challenges. After independence, Bangladesh introduced further reforms—land ceilings, redistribution to the landless, survey systems, tribunals, and restoration of minority rights. Despite significant progress, historical legacies continue to shape land relations, making land reform a central issue in the country’s socio-economic development.

Abstract
The present study was aimed to evaluate the implementation of the right of prisoners for
conjugal visitation in Federal Prisons located in Addis Ababa. The very objectives of the study is
to identify the effect of conjugal visitation on prisoners and the intersection that the right has
with other human rights.
In order to address the objectives, the study utilizes both qualitative and quantitative research
methodology. Data were collected from Families of prisoners, detainees, and Correctional
administration staff through questionnaires, survey, observation, in-depth interview and key
informant interview. The data obtained were analyzed using Parson Product- Moment
Correlation Coefficient and Microsoft excel. These are cross-checked with personal observation
of the researcher. Related laws, policies and reform discourses of the country are also reviewed.
The study found gaps and concerns its critique in light of international human right standards, it
also identifies issues that need attention by policy makers and implementers for further
improvement, which would lead to better treatment of inmates
Key words: Human rights, Prisoners, Conjugal rights, Sexual Rights, Private Family visits

The present study was aimed to evaluate the implementation of the right of prisoners for conjugal visitation in Federal Prisons located in Addis Ababa. The very objectives of the study is to identify the effect of conjugal visitation on prisoners and the intersection that the right has with other human rights. In order to address the objectives, the study utilizes both qualitative and quantitative research methodology. Data were collected from Families of prisoners, detainees, and Correctional administration staff through questionnaires, survey, observation, in-depth interview and key informant interview. The data obtained were analyzed using Parson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and Microsoft excel. These are cross-checked with personal observation of the researcher. Related laws, policies and reform discourses of the country are also reviewed. The study found gaps and concerns its critique in light of international human right standards, it also identifies issues that need attention by policy makers and implementers for further improvement, which would lead to better treatment of inmates

Durant la guerre d'Algérie, des millions de civils furent déplacés dans des camps de regroupement. Michel Rocard, alors jeune inspecteur des finances, rédigea en 1958 un rapport alarmant sur ces centres, où les conditions de vie étaient inhumaines. Il y évoque une mortalité infantile effrayante : jusqu'à quatre enfants mouraient chaque jour dans certains villages, faute de soins, de nourriture et d'hygiène. Entourés de barbelés, ces enfants vivaient de glands et d'herbes, dans une détresse absolue.

El presente ensayo pretende realizar una revisión imparcial y objetiva del
relato oficial sobre la presidencia y el legado del general Carlos Basilio
Ezeta, que gobernó El Salvador entre 1890 y 1894. Particularmente, se
examina la manera en que llegó al poder y su peculiar relación con quien
fuera su mentor, Francisco Menéndez. Además, se analiza su gestión
como gobernante, con énfasis en sus aciertos en materia social y en los
desaciertos innegables que tuvo en el ámbito financiero-económico y en
el manejo de la crisis monetaria que ocurrió a finales del siglo XIX, lo que
lo llevó a implementar una errática política tributaria que lo enfrentó
directamente al proyecto liberal de desarrollo económico liderado por los
grandes hacendados cafetaleros.

This research paper conducts a comprehensive examination of the core principles within Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, and Sikhism that influence women's rights to land ownership, situated within the complex socio-cultural context of Pakistan, highlighting both shared values and notable distinctions. To accomplish this objective, the research primarily employs primary sources, concentrating on the sacred texts of these four major religions: the Quran, the Rig Veda, the Bible, and the Granth Sahib. Each of these texts offers distinct insights into the role of women concerning land ownership. These and the other primary sources, along with secondary data, are analysed through qualitative content analysis, employing a directed approach to verify, nullify, or complement the claim that "religion makes provision for women's rights to acquire, use or inherit property." The findings indicate that the principles of Islam, Hinduism, and Christianity confer certain rights to women regarding property ownership. In contrast, Sikhism does not have specified religious laws to regulate women's land rights.

This article will explore how the amendment to Law No. 39/2008 on State Ministries that removed the maximum limit on the number of ministries, has significant constitutional and political implications for Indonesia’s presidential system. This study employs a socio-legal or interdisciplinary approach by analyzing the normative aspects of legislation alongside the political dynamics behind the policy revision. The findings indicate that the removal of ministerial limits is primarily driven by political accommodation rather than administrative efficiency. This increasingly expansive governance model risks creating a bloated bureaucracy that lacks effectiveness in executing governmental functions. The findings indicate that without a limit on the number of ministries, the institutional precedent is difficult to reverse due to mechanisms of path dependency, which reinforce resistance to bureaucratic reform. To address the risk of constitutional regression and the weakening of the principle of checks and balances, this article recommends policy reconstruction by revising the Law on State Ministries to explicitly set a maximum of 34 ministries, as well as a limited amendment to Article 17 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia so that the restriction is constitutionally enshrined. In this way, the reform is expected to uphold constitutional supremacy, improve bureaucratic efficiency, and maintain institutional stability within the framework of good governance.

Buku ini menyajikan gambaran komprehensif mengenai ilmu hukum, mulai dari konsep dasar hingga penerapan sistem hukum di Indonesia. Bagian awal menguraikan definisi hukum, unsur-unsur, fungsi, serta tujuan hukum, serta sejarah dan perkembangan hukum baik secara global maupun nasional. Pembaca diperkenalkan pada berbagai sumber hukum, klasifikasi hukum berdasarkan berbagai aspek, serta sistem hukum dunia dan Indonesia. Peran masyarakat dalam hukum beserta hubungan antara norma sosial dan hukum yang berlaku turut dibahas secara mendalam.

Pembahasan selanjutnya mencakup subjek dan objek hukum, peristiwa hukum serta akibat hukumnya, serta proses penemuan hukum meliputi sumber dan cara-cara penemuan hukum. Berbagai aliran hukum yang menjadi landasan pemikiran dalam bidang hukum juga dikupas secara terperinci. Pada bagian akhir, lembaga-lembaga hukum di Indonesia, mulai dari pembentukan hingga penegakan hukum dan keadilan, termasuk hambatan yang sering muncul dalam penegakan hukum, dijelaskan dengan lengkap. Cakupan materi yang luas menjadikan buku ini referensi penting bagi siapa saja yang ingin memahami dasar-dasar serta dinamika ilmu hukum secara menyeluruh.

Cigarette consumption has caused the death of half of its users (WHO, 2016). In Indonesia, several policies have been implemented by the government, but the results have not been as expected. Excise tariffs, pictorial messages, and smoke-free areas are policies that are expected to control cigarette consumption. However, the prevalence of smoking in Indonesia continues to increase. Several factors that cause the prevalence of smoking in Indonesia to not decrease, namely the price of cigarettes is still cheap compared to the increase in income, a lot of cigarette advertising, and a smoking culture in society, although prices have increased, this increase has not been able to reduce prevalence, and efforts to control cigarette consumption cannot be done using a single policy.

Este artículo analiza el papel de la sociología jurídica como asignatura fundamental en la formación de los juristas desde la licenciatura en derecho. La tesis es que la sociología que se enseña en las facultades de derecho no debe ser una mera reproducción de las investigaciones, teorías y métodos de las ciencias sociales, ni una simple introducción o sensibilización a las cuestiones sociales. Por el contrario, debe construirse como un campo transdisciplinario de enseñanza-investigación-extensión, en diálogo con las ciencias sociales, pero también con otras disciplinas fundamentales (como la economía, la teoría jurídica, la filosofía y la historia), con la dogmática jurídica y abordando los roles, ámbitos de decisión y problemas que marcan la actuación de los juristas. Para desarrollar este argumento central, ilustramos el potencial de la formación sociológica a partir de los estudios universitarios de derecho, con referencia al caso brasileño. Si el inicio de la institucionalización académica de la sociología jurídica en Brasil estuvo marcado por su tímida presencia en los planes de estudio (primero como asignatura optativa, luego como obligatoria, por exigencia del Ministerio de Educación) y por un contraste con la «verdadera» sociología producida en las facultades de ciencias sociales y con la dogmática jurídica cultivada en las facultades de derecho, hoy la articulación entre docencia e investigación en el campo de la sociología jurídica y su difusión a través de asignaturas optativas desde la licenciatura en derecho muestran un arraigo y desarrollo que abren nuevas posibilidades para el desarrollo del área.

Este artículo analiza el papel de la sociología jurídica como asignatura fundamental en la formación de los juristas desde la licenciatura en derecho. La tesis es que la sociología que se enseña en las facultades de derecho no debe ser una mera reproducción de las investigaciones, teorías y métodos de las ciencias sociales, ni una simple introducción o sensibilización a las cuestiones sociales. Por el contrario, debe construirse como un campo transdisciplinario de enseñanza-investigación-extensión, en diálogo con las ciencias sociales, pero también con otras disciplinas fundamentales (como la economía, la teoría jurídica, la filosofía y la historia), con la dogmática jurídica y abordando los roles, ámbitos de decisión y problemas que marcan la actuación de los juristas. Para desarrollar este argumento central, ilustramos el potencial de la formación sociológica a partir de los estudios universitarios de derecho, con referencia al caso brasileño. Si el inicio de la institucionalización académica de la sociología jurídica en Brasil estuvo marcado por su tímida presencia en los planes de estudio (primero como asignatura optativa, luego como obligatoria, por exigencia del Ministerio de Educación) y por un contraste con la «verdadera» sociología producida en las facultades de ciencias sociales y con la dogmática jurídica cultivada en las facultades de derecho, hoy la articulación entre docencia e investigación en el campo de la sociología jurídica y su difusión a través de asignaturas optativas desde la licenciatura en derecho muestran un arraigo y desarrollo que abren nuevas posibilidades para el desarrollo del área.

Genealogical claims of Visigothic continuity have long been regarded as the principal legitimation strategy in two late ninth-century Asturian sources, the Chronica Albeldensia and the Chronicle of Alfonso III. Recent studies suggest that these narratives also rely heavily on the Lex Wisigothorum as an anchor of stability as they project sovereignty over the Asturian kingdom’s subjects and leverage the political uncertainty of a frontier society. The chronicles reference several external enemies of the kingdom, such as the Basques and the Northmen, but the most detailed treatment is unquestionably afforded to Muslims. Given that the Lex defined both the scope of royal power and the limits of its adversarial realm, this essay ponders what the Muslim-dominated periphery may have represented to the Asturian monarchy from the legal standpoint. It further suggests that some traits describing Muslims (e.g. heresy, perversion, perfidy, fraud, astuteness, and deceit) parallel those the Lex attributes to the Jews. However, given the extent to which Asturian interaction with Muslims was defined by combat, this reliance on Visigothic law does not necessarily indicate that Muslims would have been thought of as representing mainly a confessional, rather than a political, threat to the Kingdom of Asturias.

The judiciary in India has played a pivotal role in advancing reproductive and sexual rights, particularly in the absence of explicit statutory recognition. Through progressive interpretations of constitutional provisions, especially Articles 14, 15, and 21, Indian courts have expanded the scope of personal liberty, privacy, and dignity to include reproductive autonomy and sexual freedom. Landmark judgments such as Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administration, Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, and Joseph Shine v. Union of India have laid the foundation for recognizing individual choices in matters of sexuality and reproduction as integral to fundamental rights. The judiciary has also intervened to protect the rights of vulnerable groups, including women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and minors, against coercion, discrimination, and violence. Despite socio-cultural resistance and legal gaps, the Indian judiciary continues to serve as a vital institution in promoting bodily autonomy and reinforcing the human rights framework surrounding reproductive and sexual freedoms.

My research re-introduces two social and political thinkers, Erich Fromm (1900-80) and Shōzō Fujita (1927-2003). It would seem that there is no need to go into any detail about the former. He has been generally regarded as a German-American social psychologist who integrated Marx’s historical materialism with Freud’s instinct theory by way of Weberian sociology. The latter is most commonly regarded as a Japanese political thinker who focused on the study of the Tennō system (Tennōsei) as a Japanese system of government. As we shall see later, it appears that Fromm and Fujita share no link, in the sense of different disciplines and historical backgrounds. Despite these clear differences, however, their academic works have much in common in some respects. First, they both concern themselves with psychoanalytic theory with a focus on the concept of ‘narcissism’ in the social range. Second, they are both in favour of some important theoretical tools and components of philosophy, such as...

This article methodologically explores Erich Fromm’s theory of narcissism in socio-theoretical terms while referring to his theory of alienation. It thereby portrays the foundations of an analytical method of far-right politics in the context of capitalism and demonstrates that malignant narcissism touches off fascism without regard to authoritarianism. Essentially, the Freudian psychoanalytic concept of narcissism lies in Fromm’s social theory. However, it is possible to discern the theoretical essence of his social theory characteristically in his conception of alienation. By focusing on this theoretical concern, I argue that in Fromm’s social theory the concept of narcissism works on a sociopathological level, particularly in the way in which it synchronises with alienation, a social phenomenon that fulfils its important functions in conjunction with the marketing orientation under the conditions of a market society, and therefore that the concept plays an overriding role in his ...

Leonardo Marques de Souza e Lucas Fucci Amato (capítulo 21) tematizam o “Experimentalismo na Administração Pública”, discutindo suas implicações para o controle da administração, os serviços públicos, a atividade econômica e a regulação. Em termos teóricos, o texto compara a agenda experimentalista esboçada por Mangabeira com o pragmatismo da análise econômica do direito e com o mapeamento de arranjos institucionais híbridos pela nova economia institucional. A conclusão aponta que uma estratégia crucial do experimentalismo seria o estabelecimento de regimes alternativos naqueles diversos campos e funções administrativas (por exemplo, diferentes regimes de contratações e compras públicas).

Para entendermos a autonomia/independência das diferentes áreas da sociedade e dos respectivos discursos científicos, partiremos das análises de Weber e Luhmann. Tomando a explicação de Weber (1994), diversos campos do conhecimento passam a se propor, na modernidade, princípios de funcionamento próprios, baseados em critérios de coerência e consistência internos. Com o avanço da racionalização moderna, o Direito, a Economia, a Física, cada campo do conhecimento começou a desenvolver uma linguagem própria, que validaria internamente seu discurso. Luhmann (2004) faz uma caracterização

La participation citoyenne est un idéal et une réalité en tension dans les sociétés contemporaines 1 . Symptôme parmi d'autres, le décrochage électoral 2 est révélateur de ce que certains dispositifs associés à la démocratie représentative tombent en désuétude 3 . Alors que se transforment les formes de la participation politique 4 , les innovations participatives se multiplient (jury citoyen, forums électroniques, etc.), et ce dans une multitude de domaines d'action : aménagement du territoire, défense des droits, etc. 5 . Dans le même temps, la prolifération de ces expériences a contribué au foisonnement des publications dans diverses disciplines (science politique, études urbaines, etc.) 6 . Il en résulte une remarquable convergence des savoirs sur le droit, la société et la nature 7 . Toutes choses qui conduisent en définitive à postuler l'émergence d'un « tournant participatif » 8 au sein des institutions politiques et dans les disciplines scientifiques. Supposée être « un commun » 9 , également accessible à tous les citoyens et à toutes les citoyennes dans les sociétés démocratiques 10 , le monde de la justice demeure relativement invisible dans les recherches

The dominant decolonial approach in Adivasi studies and South Asian socio-legal studies is broadly and primarily rooted in a critical study of the British colonial rule, epistemologies, laws and institutions, as they are considered to be the roots of social, cultural, religious, legal and political challenges faced by post-colonial India. Therefore, in common vocabulary, the decolonial or decolonisation approach is synonymous with identifying and dismantling the legacies of colonial rule and epistemologies. This paper highlights the limitations of the dominant decolonial approach in relation to postcolonial discourses vis-à-vis categories of caste and tribe. I argue that the classification of social groups into caste and tribe has more to do with Brahmanical epistemology than colonial epistemology. Subsequently, drawing upon Adivasi oral narratives from the field, this paper argues that there is a need to look beyond the prevailing decolonial approach and consider a decolonial-debrahmanical approach to address the decolonial challenges in postcolonial India.

Criminal justice is often overlooked by researchers in political science as a site of nation building and national imagination. At the same time, researchers in criminal justice generally ignore the role that national identity has played in criminal justice. This paper looks into several important events and issues in the history of American criminal justice, including penal reform in the early Republic, anti-radicalism campaigns in the twentieth century, race issues, and today's American war on terrorism, with the aim of uncovering the entanglement of national identity with American criminal justice. By providing an alternative angle from mainstream scholarship, I wish to show how thinking about identity in terms of the self and other is not only highly useful, but also crucial in understanding American criminal justice.

For democratic legislatures to operate effectively, legislative privileges are essential. They give members the freedom to carry out their constitutional responsibilities without undue influence or concern about legal action. These rights are given to Parliament and State Legislatures in India, respectively, by Articles 105 and 194 of the Constitution. However, these privileges' evolving nature and lack of codification have frequently resulted in conflicts with the judiciary, especially when it comes to striking a balance between judicial review and legislative autonomy.

Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some seventy countries around the world. It addresses the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. In internal wars it documents violations by both governments and rebel groups. Human Rights Watch defends freedom of thought and expression, due process and equal protection of the law; it documents and denounces murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, exile, censorship and other abuses of internationally recognized human rights. Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of its Helsinki division. Today, it includes five divisions covering Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Middle East, as well as the signatories of the Helsinki accords. It also includes five collaborative projects on arms transfers, children's rights, free expression, prison conditions, and women's rights. It maintains offices in New

Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some seventy countries around the world. It addresses the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. In internal wars it documents violations by both governments and rebel groups. Human Rights Watch defends freedom of thought and expression, due process and equal protection of the law; it documents and denounces murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, exile, censorship and other abuses of internationally recognized human rights. Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of its Helsinki division. Today, it includes five divisions covering Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Middle East, as well as the signatories of the Helsinki accords. It also includes five collaborative projects on arms transfers, children's rights, free expression, prison conditions, and women's rights. It maintains offices in New

My thanks go to Prof. Alan Dashwood for his insights into many aspects of this field and to the participants in various conferences and seminars held under the auspices of the Centre for European Legal Studies of the University of Cambridge for the lively and stimulating discussions that have contributed to my interest in this area. This culminated in the publication mentioned infra note 2, from which some of the ideas discussed here are drawn. Any errors and inaccuracies that remain are solely my responsibility. I have endeavoured to reflect the current state of play with regard to these developments as of March 2001. 1. Treaty of Nice Amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties Establishing the European Communities and Certain Related Acts O.

Penulisan artikel ini mengkaji fenomena normalisasi candaan seksual dalam budaya komunikasi remaja yang kian marak terjadi, terutama melalui media sosial dan interaksi seharihari. Candaan seksual, baik verbal maupun nonverbal, kerap disamarkan sebagai humor atau bentuk keakraban, namun sebenarnya merupakan bentuk kekerasan simbolik yang berdampak negatif terhadap perkembangan psikososial remaja. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa normalisasi candaan seksual dipengaruhi oleh faktor sosial-lingkungan, pengaruh budaya populer dan media sosial, minimnya pendidikan seksual dan etika, serta internalisasi maskulinitas toksik. Dampaknya mencakup terganggunya kepercayaan diri, meningkatnya kekerasan terselubung, rusaknya relasi sosial, hingga melemahnya nilai etika dan kesadaran sosial. Penulisan ini merekomendasikan perlunya kolaborasi antara institusi pendidikan, keluarga, media, dan masyarakat dalam membangun budaya komunikasi remaja yang lebih sehat dan beretika. Kesadaran kritis remaja terhadap bentuk-bentuk kekerasan simbolik sangat penting untuk mencegah reproduksi budaya yang merugikan ini.

Legal protection of the Bajapuik marriage tradition needs to be done as an effort to preserve and sustain Indonesian culture and in order to realize the cultural resilience of the Pariaman community. The protection referred to here is the substance and form of legal protection provided by the Regional Government in accordance with the mandate of the Regional Government Law and the Law on the Promotion of Culture. Globalization can have a negative impact on the Bajapuik marriage tradition. This happens because of the development of human thought, increasingly rapid technology, and economic principles that are used by the Pariaman community in their lives in West Sumatra. That is why it is necessary to build the concept of protection to maintain the existence of the Bajapuik marriage tradition so that it does not disappear as the local wisdom of the Pariaman community. The law studied is ius constitendum. The data used are primary and secondary data, data collection techniques such as...

while accurately conveying a sense of the lived realities of everyday politics. It is therefore a book which will be of interest not only to scholars of the Latin American Left but to all readers interested in radical reform and the future of democracy.

This thesis applies Bourdieusian field-theory to investigate the way scientific knowledge is converted into evidence to inform decision making across four key fields central to the development and enforcement of water resource management law in New Zealand: the New Zealand Environment Court, the Environmental Protection Authority, regional councils plan hearings, and ministerially appointed science and technology advisory groups. The New Zealand publicly funded science system now exhibits most of the characteristics of a “neoliberal science regime” (Lave, 2012), a regime constituted by an extensive and influential science "consultocracy" (Hodge and Bowman, 2006) a marketplace of expertise which encompasses the seven Crown Research Institutes, hybrid scientific research institutes and significant aspects of the university sector. This regime has structurally entrenched a series of contradictions across New Zealand’s publicly funded science system which have a decisive influence on 1.) scientific habitus across institutional settings, 2.) the production of ‘public good' environmental expert knowledge claims, and 3.) the way that ecological expertise is converted into evidence to inform decisions on RMA law and policy.

While the autonomy of New Zealand’s publicly funded science system has been greatly diminished, the New Zealand Environment Court has developed a set of procedures and rules that are designed to reconstruct the idealised or ‘pure’ autonomous scientific community inside the juridical field. Some of these procedures and rules, most significantly those that relate to the still developing practice of expert-conferencing, have been replicated within regional authority plan hearings and science and technology advisory groups.

These procedures function relatively effectively inside the Environment Court. Within quasi-juridical fields like the EPA, councils and STAGs however, politics and power have a significant influence in the process of converting scientific knowledge into evidence to inform actions and judgements, as well as the evidentiary burden that is placed on ecological and biophysical evidence versus other forms of expertise. The neoliberal regime favours agents with the greatest economic capital to engage experts, primarily industry and local and regional authorities. Aside from a small number of highly active ‘misfit' individuals, university-based experts are not major players in the Environment Court, which points towards the powerful authority assigned to expert-knowledge claims produced outside academia. Within this context, mātauranga Māori increasingly represents a corrective to the technocratic, ecological modernisation project embodied in the New Zealand RMA. Ecological misfits see mātauranga Māori as the most powerful articulation of 'public good' environmental values in Aotearoa today. However, the most vocal champions of mātauranga Māori tend to argue around the contradictions produced by the neoliberal science regime, rather than challenging them directly, arguably blunting its transformative potential.

Comparative studies of crime have persistently challenged and daunted criminology scholars. For criminologists studying Japan, interest has traditionally been focused on the country's much-heralded low crime rate. The current study examines whitecollar lawbreaking in both the United States and Japan, focusing on similarities and differences in culture, law, criminal justice system response, corporate governance, and regulation. The study concludes that if Japan's low crime rate is an enigma to criminologists, then its ample amounts of white-collar and corporate crime appear that much more puzzling. Given that the depth of the problem of white-collar crime goes far beyond adjudicated cases, Japan's remarkably low rate of common crime is likely eclipsed by its rate of white-collar and corporate crime. The study concludes that the different legal and cultural contexts of the "law in inaction" go far in explaining the official nonrecognition of white-collar and corporate crime in both the United States and Japan. Keywords Crime . Culture . Japan . Comparative . Economic crime . White-collar crime . Comparative studies of crime have persistently challenged and daunted criminology scholars. Such work can effectively refute or extend findings and theories constructed on the basis of more parochial information, besides providing a much richer portrait of relationships between cultural conditions and illegal actions. At the same time, transnational research poses many vexing problems. The necessity to truly comprehend social and linguistic nuances that mark one's own as well as an alien culture can provide formidable obstacles to sophisticated cross-cultural inquiries. Among other things, what is defined as

In today's increasingly competitive global business landscape, employee branding has emerged as a strategic approach for companies to build and maintain a positive public image through their workforce. In the digital era, particularly with the rise of social media, every action and communication by employees-both online and offline-can influence the company's reputation. This study aims to examine the legal consequences for employees who fail to uphold employee branding in line with corporate standards and expectations, especially within the framework of Indonesian labor law. The research focuses on clarifying the legal boundaries, employee obligations, and protections for individual rights, including freedom of expression. Using a normative-juridical approach, this study seeks to provide a balanced understanding between a company's interest in safeguarding its reputation and the rights of employees in the employment relationship. The findings are expected to contribute to the development of fair corporate policies aligned with national labor law principles.

On 5 August 2019, India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi took a bold decision and made drastic changes to Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, thuschanging the legal status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. This further sparked a debate over the real architect of the Article. There has been a lot of debate and discussion around Article 370. Article 370 provided a special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The debate around Article 370 is highly political, biased, and targeted. It is either blaming Jawaharlal Nehru for the Article or proving that Vallabhbhai Patel was the real architect of the Article.1 This Essay goes beyond this narrow debate and looks into the available documents for a more authentic picture of the Article and Vallabhbhai Patel’s approach to it. The story of Article 370 follows the following trajectory.

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. 2 To this end, those harmed by a breach of contract are required to mitigate damages. This obligation has long been recognized by case law and is incorporated into Article 2 of the U.C.C. 3 Section 2-718(1) of the U.C.C. states that, "damages for breach by either party may be liquidated in the agreement but only at an amount which is reasonable in light of the anticipated or actual harm caused by the breach, the difficulties of proof of loss, and the inconvenience or nonfeasibility of otherwise obtaining an adequate remedy. A term fixing unreasonably large liquidated damages is void as a penalty." See also Section 1-106 of the U.C.C. and Section 356 of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts. 4 The difficulty of meeting the standards for an enforceable liquidated damages clause is illustrated by Lake River Corporation v. Carborundum Company, 769 F.2d 1284, 1290 (7th Cir. 1985), in which parties' formula estimating damages was disallowed on the grounds that it constituted a windfall for one of the parties. See also Raffel v. Medallion Kitchens of Minnesota, Incorporated, 139 F.3d 1142 (7th Cir. 1998). For cases in which liquidated damages clauses were upheld, see

Kegiatan magang ini dilaksanakan di Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak Republik Indonesia, khususnya pada Asisten Deputi Pemenuhan Hak Anak atas Kesehatan dan Pendidikan. Fokus utama kegiatan adalah mengkaji penerapan indikator Kawasan Tanpa Rokok (KTR) dalam program Kabupaten/Kota Layak Anak (KLA) Klaster III: Kesehatan Dasar dan Kesejahteraan. Penerapan KTR merupakan salah satu upaya strategis untuk menekan angka prevalensi perokok anak yang terus meningkat, serta untuk menciptakan lingkungan yang sehat dan aman bagi anak-anak. Metode yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan antara lain observasi, diskusi kelompok terfokus (FGD), serta keterlibatan langsung dalam berbagai kegiatan kementerian. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa meskipun sebagian besar daerah telah memiliki regulasi KTR, masih terdapat tantangan dalam implementasi di lapangan, seperti kurangnya pengawasan, minimnya kesadaran masyarakat, serta belum meratanya edukasi dan penegakan hukum. Melalui kegiatan ini, peserta magang memperoleh pemahaman mendalam terkait kebijakan dan strategi penerapan KTR, serta memberikan kontribusi dalam upaya penguatan pemenuhan hak anak atas kesehatan dan kesejahteraan di Indonesia. Kata kunci: Kawasan Tanpa Rokok, Kabupaten/Kota Layak Anak, kesehatan anak, indikator KTR, magang.

In both French and Romanian legal systems, the special irrevocability which governs the field of donations presupposes that certain clauses cannot be stipulated in the donation contract. Such clauses, which are prohibited as incompatible with the principle of the irrevocability of donations, would allow the donor to unilaterally revoke the contract. This article is concerned, on the one hand, with the origin and the evolution of the special irrevocability of donations and, on the other hand, with the compatibility of the return of the donated good clause with the principle of irrevocability of donations. The return of the property clause will be analyzed in a comparative manner in French and Romanian legal systems by looking at the provisions of the French Civil Code, 1865 Romanian Civil Code and of the contemporary Romanian Civil Code, in order to put into perspective both similarities and differences between the civil regulations of the two legal systems, but also the changes within the Romanian civil law from the previous Civil Code to the current one.

o primeiro agradecimento vai para meus pais, irmãos e avó que, apesar da distância, apoiaram com amor cada passo desta caminhada. Em segundo lugar, agradeço ao Professor Carlos Osmar Bertero, meu orientador, que tomou possível este trabalho por seus conselhos, suas aulas e nossas conversas. De modo especial, agradeço muito ao Professor Fernando Cláudio Pontes Motta, pela amizade e inspiração que sempre me deu. A Sônia Marin, Patrícia Laczynski e Susan Jenny Betts agradeço pela inestimável ajuda, assim como a Fernando Chilvarguer, embora seja algo um tanto dificil, pois nenhum "obrigado" seria suficiente para expressar minha gratidão. Fica aqui, entretanto, o registro de todo o valor que merece um grande aIIÚgO. Alexandre e Carolina Schneider, para IIÚm, são uma extensão da minha família. Karin Braun, Ana Paula Campos Salles, Cristiana Longo e Cesare Rivetti, aIIÚgOS de todas as horas, agradeço-lhes pelos anos de alegria e companheirismo. Ao Dr.Jurgen Paulus e a Saulo Abreu de Castro Filho agradeço, de coração, pelo apoio fundamental nas horas de dúvida. Paula Raquel de Lima, minha grande amiga, sempre tomou meu CaIIÚnhO mais fácil. Daniela Langaro da Silva, Adrian Kemmer Cernev e Heloísa Cortella Marone são os aIIÚgOS da EAESP que sempre prestaram ajuda e cujos conselhos foram essenciais na fase final de elaboração do texto. Também agradeço a Maria Celina de Azevedo Rodrigues e Henri Villion pela compreensão e apoio para a finalização deste trabalho, e a todas as funcionárias da Secretaria de Pós-Graduação da EAESP, que sempre foram muito prestativas e profissionais. Por fim, com todo o meu amor, agradeço a Anie Rampon por todo o seu carinho e compreensão, sempre preciosos para IIÚm.

Este livro reúne uma série de estudos inspirados pela proposta de Roberto Mangabeira Unger de tomar a análise jurídica como ferramenta de imaginação institucional; isto é: de mapeamento de soluções jurídicas dominantes e desviantes (na história, no direito comparado, entre os diversos ramos jurídicos) e de crítica imanente dessas formas de organização postas, a partir dos ideais e interesses que são atribuíveis como justificações do direito atual, mas que ele realiza imperfeitamente. Esse exercício permite propor reformas jurídicas, traçando linhas possíveis como alternativas normativas para o direito futuro. Em vez de uma moldura institucional pronta e acabada, Mangabeira sugere que as reformas estruturais são encaminháveis por testes fragmentários e cumulativos, pela via que chama de experimentalismo democrático. Os capítulos ilustram a aplicação dessa proposta em diversos temas: Poder Judiciário, finanças públicas, tributação, trabalho, relações entre Executivo e Legislativo, participação popular, desinformação, direitos autorais, direito da concorrência, administração pública, regulação e meio ambiente.
This book brings together a series of studies inspired by Roberto Mangabeira Unger's proposal to use legal analysis as a tool for institutional imagination; in other words: mapping dominant and deviant legal solutions (in history, in comparative law, among the various branches of law) and immanent criticism of these existing forms of organization, based on the ideals and interests that can be attributed as justifications for current law, but which it imperfectly realizes. This exercise makes it possible to propose legal reforms, outlining possible normative alternatives for future law. Instead of a ready-made institutional framework, Mangabeira suggests that structural reforms can be carried out through fragmentary and cumulative tests, through what he calls democratic experimentalism. The chapters illustrate the application of this proposal to various topics: the judiciary, public finances, taxation, labor, relations between the executive and legislative branches, popular participation, disinformation, copyright, competition law, public administration, regulation and the environment.

Essai ini memuat studi kasus yang menganalisis implementasi kebijakan Kawasan Tanpa Rokok (KTR) di tingkat kota/kabupaten di Indonesia, dengan fokus pada penerapan ilmu logika sebagai landasan berpikir sistematis. Essai ini menggunakan pendekatan model logika untuk mengevaluasi kebijakan KTR berdasarkan komponen input, proses, output, dan outcome, hingga dampaknya terhadap kesehatan masyarakat. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa implementasi KTR di berbagai daerah masih menghadapi tantangan signifikan, seperti rendahnya tingkat kepatuhan masyarakat, keterbatasan sumber daya, pengawasan yang lemah, dan kurangnya komitmen dari pemerintah daerah. Selain itu, koordinasi lintas sektor yang belum optimal juga menjadi penghambat efektivitas kebijakan ini.

Penerapan metode berpikir induktif, deduktif, dan penalaran berbasis bukti terbukti membantu dalam memahami permasalahan yang ada serta merumuskan solusi yang tepat berdasarkan data empiris dan prinsip-prinsip logis. Kebijakan KTR dapat lebih efektif jika didukung oleh regulasi yang kuat, partisipasi aktif dari masyarakat, kolaborasi lintas sektor yang erat, serta sistem evaluasi yang berkelanjutan. Dengan demikian, integrasi antara pendekatan logika dan kebijakan kesehatan tidak hanya memperkuat legitimasi kebijakan, tetapi juga berkontribusi pada penciptaan lingkungan yang lebih sehat dan bebas asap rokok bagi seluruh lapisan masyarakat.

The familiar words of the Miranda warning are known by almost all Americans who have watched television at any time since the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1966 decision in Miranda v. Arizona.1 The precise rules have evolved over the years, but most people know that they have the right to remain silent and the right to have an attorney appointed if they cannot afford one. There can be difficult issues of proof in court, but litigants, attorneys, and judges fundamentally know how Miranda works.2 That is not to say, however, that Miranda is uncontroversial. Few areas of law provoke more consistent debate than interrogation and confessions,3 and Miranda’s exclusion of incriminating

This study aims to identify effective strategies for reducing smoking rates among adolescents. The research found that smoking behavior in adolescents is influenced by factors such as peer influence, family environment, stress, and lack of awareness about the dangers of smoking. This study used a literature review approach, systematically examining various studies related to the impact of smoking on adolescents. The results showed that an effective strategy for reducing smoking rates among adolescents is to increase awareness about the dangers of smoking, using interventions and therapies to prevent and stop smoking habits. This study suggests the need for appropriate interventions to reduce smoking rates among adolescents and promote good health.

Uvođenje instituta sporazuma o priznanju krivnje predstavljalo je dio sveobuhvatne reforme kaznenog postupka u Bosni i Hercegovini koje je podrazumijevalo ne samo izmjenu u pogledu promjene uloge tužitelja i osumnjičenih/optuženih, nego i povećanje učinkovitosti te unaprjeđenje ostvarivanja principa pravičnosti. Polazeći od odgovarajućeg teorijskog okvira koji se veže za ekonomsku analizu (kaznenog - krivičnog) prava i Landesov model, namjera autorica bila je usmjerena ka tome da se utvrdi razina intuitivnog pregovaračkog ponašanja tužitelja u postupku korištenja sporazuma o priznanju krivnje u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine. U tom smislu provedeno je istraživanje, odnosno online anketa prema kantonalnim tužilaštvima u FBiH kako bi se utvrdila prisutnost ekonomskih principa djelotvornosti i racionalnosti kod donošenja odluka tužitelja u pogledu “posezanja” za institutom sporazuma o priznanju krivnje te imaju li oni prevagu nad principom pravičnosti.The introduction of plea bargains ...

Jean Carbonnier argued that there are certain fields in which the law doesn't apply, although it has the vocation to govern those specific domains-places like the private space of a home or the space used for the right of asylum, in times such as the night in the case of a search by warrant during a criminal procedure, or relations such as the mutual extra-contractual help that the parties provide for each other. In this article I will argue that gift relations, although constitute the object of civil regulations related to donations, they belong to the field of non-law in the way Jean Carbonnier understands it. There is a lot that anthropology shows of the intricate functioning of gift-relations, the elaborate implicit cultural rules people follow when they enter a giftrelation, that the law tries to govern through specific legal notions of don manuel and donation contracts, leaving the fundamental aspects of such relations to other normative sources. Such cultural rules that seem to govern gifts are the ones that make gifts reciprocal and not unilateral, interested and not gratuitous, and mandatory instead of free, despite the legal provisions that state the contrary.

Ce rapport fait suite à une mission d’enquête réalisée au Maroc entre 2022 et 2023 par la Coalition marocaine contre la peine de mort (CMCPM), l’Observatoire marocain des prisons (OMP) et ECPM (Ensemble contre la peine de mort). Elle a été menée par une équipe pluridisciplinaire placée sous la direction locale de Me Abderrahim Jamaï, avocat, coordinateur de la CMCPM et du Réseau des avocats contre la peine de mort au Maroc (RACPM).
Cette équipe a pu mener des entretiens individuels semi-directifs avec des
personnes condamnées à mort, des proches de personnes condamnées à mort, des avocats et d’autres intervenants au Maroc. Carole Berrih, directrice de Synergies Coopération a très justement repris les témoignages recueillis par les enquêteurs pour les intégrer dans une analyse historique et juridique de l’application de la peine de mort au Maroc.
Ce rapport s’inscrit dans le cadre de la collection « Rapports de missions d’enquête » d’ECPM, qui dresse un état des lieux des conditions de vie des personnes condamnées à mort détenues dans différents pays du monde.
L’objectif est de rendre compte de la réalité de l’application de la peine de mort pour interpeller l’opinion publique et appuyer le plaidoyer auprès des autorités nationales et la communauté internationale.

Workplace monitoring has become increasingly common as employers seek to enhance productivity, protect company assets, and ensure compliance with policies. While legal in many contexts, employee monitoring raises significant ethical concerns regarding privacy, consent, and transparency. Legally, employers are often within their rights to monitor activities on company-owned devices, networks, and premises. In the United States, for example, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) allows employers to monitor email and internet usage if there is a legitimate business reason and the equipment is company-owned. However, laws vary by jurisdiction, and some states require employee consent before monitoring occurs. Employers are also generally allowed to use video surveillance in public or work areas, though audio recording is more strictly regulated.

This short preface was originally written for the unofficial Turkish edition of the UNODC Handbook on Prisoners with Special Needs. It highlights the human rights obligations of prison systems in addressing the specific needs of marginalized prisoner groups, such as the disabled, elderly, LGBT individuals, and foreign nationals.

Originally published in 2013 by the Civil Society in the Penal System Association (CİSST), this text is now made available in English with minor editorial updates. The full Turkish version is accessible via the websites of UNODC and CİSST, while this English version is shared via the author’s website.