Social cognition (Psychology)

The scientific interest in spirituality has increased in recent years, paralleled by promising findings on the effects of spiritual experiences induced by psychedelics substances (PS), in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. However, these experiences may also bring challenges, depending on a variety of nonpharmacological variables. This article argues that an undiscerning use of PS to induce spiritual experiences, may facilitate the development of psychospiritual pathology, of which spiritual bypassing is a common example. This conclusion is based on a combination of three arguments: a) the ability of PS to trigger transcendental phenomenology; b) the unfamiliarity of the ruling mechanisticreductionist scientific paradigm with the nature and implications of spirituality; c) the influence of New Age beliefs promoting PS as vehicles for spiritual and psychological growth. Considering the common occurrence of transcendental phenomenology in psychedelic experiences, the use of appropriate tools of assessment and support should be encouraged. Bearing in mind that both Eastern and Western philosophical and spiritual traditions are living repositories of wisdom on how to address spiritual experiences, a possible solution points towards the selective incorporation of this millenary knowledge, from a secular, transcultural perspective, to support informed uses and practices in psychedelic research and therapy.

Healing describes contemporary psychedelic therapies of indigenous cultures, mestizo adaptations, and emerging global traditions. Analysis of cultural contexts and ritual practices of diverse entheogenic traditions provides an understanding of their individual and common dynamics. A common framework situates the practices in cultural context, describes training of healers, examines preparatory and ritual activities, and analyzes the dynamics of healing. The chapters examine the roles entheogens play in healing, focused on the alterations of consciousness and spirit experiences produced, the forms of illness treated, the nature of the healing processes, and post-session integration practices. Their commonalities provide guidelines for the Psychedelic Renaissance.

"Massa Critica-
Strettamente legato al discorso del risveglio di coscienza è il concetto della“massa critica”. Ora non tutti sanno di preciso cosa significa,come terminologia in fisica nucleare viene definita : “la massa critica di un materiale fissile che indica la quantità necessaria affinché questo materiale abbia una reazione nucleare a catena che possa auto - sostenersi in maniera autonoma. Una soglia quantitativa minima oltre la quale si ottiene un mutamento qualitativo”, quindi una soglia quantitativa minima anche di una massa piccola, che oltre la quale per uno o due fattori aggiuntivi può ottenersi un mutamento qualitativo in percentuali estremamente maggiori.
Effetto Maharishi -
Quando si sviluppò questo concetto nel quotidiano, nel sociale? Quando si cominciò a parlare di “Effetto Maharishi” (Maharishi era un grande maestro indiano meditatore) studiato scientificamente da un istituto, il “Maharishi International University “ nel Massachusetts in USA .
L’assunto di partenza era che se una persona pratica regolarmente una qualche forma di meditazione, si produce una sorta di armonizzazione nel suo stato mentale ed emozionale che si ripercuote positivamente non solo sulle situazioni che risultano più calme e meno violente ma che addirittura può raggiungere una quota di almeno l’1% della popolazione di un’intera città che pratica la meditazione per cui gli effetti positivi si diffonderanno anche sul restante 99% che non medita. Incredibile! Basterebbe che l’1% della popolazione di una città praticasse la meditazione costantemente magari in orari precisi, effondendo un intento preciso, che potrebbe “accadere che il restante 99% della popolazione che non medita ottiene lo stesso risultato, rilevando un sensibile abbassamento dei tassi di criminalità e di violenza”.
Il termine “massa critica” è quindi una piccola percentuale ma costante di persone che possono generare un cambiamento nella rimanente parte del mondo, nella rimanente popolazione, nel rimanente spazio sub-atomico della materia. Questi esperimenti condotti fin dagli inizi degli anni ’70 portano ad un’indagine che definisce la cosiddetta “coerenza cerebrale”, cioè quando il cervello entra in “coerenza”, anche a distanza. Uno studio molto interessante fu condotto, intorno al 2005-2007 in Italia, in provincia di Lucca, dal Villaggio Globale, un’organizzazione che fa capo ad alcuni ricercatori del mondo dei “ Creativi culturali”. A questo esperimento parteciparono oltre un milione di persone in tutto il mondo, sempre sulla base dell’effetto Maharishi, e qui si evidenziò una relazione statisticamente significativa tra la “coerenza cerebrale” di due gruppi di persone che meditavano a 200 km di distanza l’uno dall’altro.
Questi due gruppi, durante la meditazione, venivano monitorati attraverso degli elettroencefalografi e l’analisi indicò un aumento di coerenza a livello cerebrale tra tutti gli individui: è come se i loro cervelli si fossero sincronizzati a distanza. Cosa voleva significare? Che lo stato generale di consapevolezza di ciascun singolo influenzava quello di tutti, di ben due gruppi che tra l’altro meditavano a km di distanza l’uno dall’altro! Un grande esperimento che andò a determinare un flusso di coscienza che si cominciò a chiamare il “paradigma olistico” della spiritualità della Nuova Era."

We describe two experiments on signaling and detecting uncertainty in audiovisual speech by adults and children. In the first study, utterances from adult speakers and child speakers (aged 7-8) were elicitated and annotated with a set of six audiovisual features. It was found that when adult speakers are uncertain about their answer they are more likely to produce filled pauses, delays, high intonation, eyebrow movements, smiles and funny faces. The basic picture for the child speakers is similar, in that the presence of an audiovisual cue in an answer correlates with uncertainty, but the differences are relatively small and only significant for the features delay, eyebrow and funny face. In the second study both adult and child judges watched answers from adult and child speakers selected from the first study to find out whether they were able to correctly estimate a speakers' level of uncertainty. It was found that both child and adult judges give more accurate scores for answers from adult speakers than from child speakers and that child judges overall provide less accurate scores than adult judges.

We describe two experiments on signaling and detecting uncertainty in audiovisual speech by adults and children. In the first study, utterances from adult speakers and child speakers (aged 7—8) were elicited and annotated with a set of six audiovisual features. It was found that when adult speakers were uncertain they were more likely to produce fillers, delays, high intonation, eyebrow movements, and “funny faces.” The basic picture for the child speakers was somewhat similar, in that the presence of certain audiovisual cues correlated with uncertainty, but the differences were relatively small and less often significant. In the second study both adult and child judges watched responses from adult and child speakers selected from the first study to find out whether they were able to correctly estimate a speakers' level of uncertainty. It was found that both child and adult judges gave more accurate scores for answers from adult speakers than from child speakers and that child j...

When answering factual questions, speakers can signal whether they are uncertain about the correctness of their answer using prosodic cues such as fillers ("uh"), a rising intonation contour or a marked facial expression. It has been shown that on the basis of such cues, observers can make adequate estimates about the speaker's level of confidence, but it is unclear which of these cues have the largest impact on perception. To find the relative strength of the three aforementioned cues, a novel perception experiment was performed in which answers were artificially manipulated in such a way that all possible combinations of the cues of interest could be judged by participants. Results showed that while all three factors had a significant influence on the perception results, this effect was by far the largest for facial expressions.

This paper presents research on the use of audiovisual prosody to signal a speaker's level of uncertainty. The first study consists of an experiment, in which subjects are asked factual questions in a conversational setting, while they are being filmed. Statistical analyses bring to light that the speakers' Feeling-of-Knowing (FOK) correlate significantly with a number of visual and verbal properties. Interestingly, it appears that answers tend to have a higher number of marked feature settings (i.e., divergences of the neutral audiovisual expression) when the FOK score is low, while the reverse is true for non-answers. The second study is a perception experiment, in which a selection of the utterances from the first study is presented to subjects in one of three conditions: vision only, sound only or vi-sion+sound. Results reveal that human observers can reliably distinguish HighFOK responses from LowFOK responses in all three conditions, be it that answers are easier than non-answers, and that a bimodal presentation of the stimuli is easier than their unimodal counterparts. Results of these two experiments are potentially relevant for improving the communication style in human-machine interaction.

The study explores the intersection of neuroscience, neurophilosophy, and indigenous knowledge systems to address systematic and empirical evidence about the interface between visible and invisible - unseen world - phenomena by examining the Pakasqa Nuna (subconscious) at the ancestral medical practices, providing highlights in the integration of indigenous knowledge into contemporary biomedical and neurocognitive paradigms. Drawing on ethnomedicine practices, the paper proposes a consilient and trandisciplinary approach that bridges cultural and scientific perspectives. It emphasizes the health and wellness as rooted in the interrelation of human, natural, and sacred communities. The study also critiques the limitations of reductionist views in neuroscience and psychiatry, advocating for the reconceptualization of mental health disorders. By exploring altered states of consciousness and their neurophenomenological impacts, the research offers new pathways for integrating spiritual dimensions into global health paradigms and
science development.

L'implementazione dei Large Language Models (LLM) ha rappresentato un avanzamento significativo nel campo dell'intelligenza artificiale (IA), trasformando radicalmente l'interazione tra esseri umani e sistemi artificiali. Questi modelli avanzati, basati su reti neurali profonde, sono addestrati su enormi corpora testuali che consentono loro di raggiungere i livelli di comprensione, generazione e traduzione linguistica precedentemente ritenute esclusive della cognizione umana 1. Nonostante i vantaggi apportati, l'impiego dei LLM solleva questioni etiche e tecniche di notevole rilevanza, in particolare per la riproduzione di bias culturali e sociali, tra cui quello di genere che emerge come uno dei fenomeni più evidenti e problematici. Questo contributo intende analizzare le origini dei bias nei LLM, fornire esempi concreti della loro manifestazione e proporre approcci di mitigazione degli effetti.

Alcune scuole di pensiero incoraggiano le persone ad essere riconoscenti per la conoscenza degli altri. Come individui possiamo imparare ed ideare soltanto una limitata quantità di cose; per ottenerne di più grandiose , abbiamo bisogno di una comunità (S. Sloman & P.Fernbach L'illusione della conoscenza-Perché non pensiamo da soli, Raffaello Cortina, Milano 2018) Quando una rete ha lo scopo di diffondere qualcosa che ha un valore per le persone come nel caso di una rete televisiva, il valore dei servizi è lineare. Se la rete consente transazioni tra nodi individuali, il valore aumenta al quadrato. Quando la stessa rete include la possibilità che gli individui formino gruppi, il valore è invece esponenziale (Donald Reed

This article aims to problematize the marketing network that markets the stem cells present in the umbilical cord through the analysis of statements made by relatives about their relationship with the umbilical cord, collected on homepages of Brazilian private banks. Based on the Foucaultian archegenealogical studies, we argue that one of the facets of contemporary biopolitics is centered on the regulation and normalization of bodies and health, as well as the accumulation of biological capital through the autologous storage of umbilical cells. It is specifically a cut of a master's research carried out by the research laboratory in "Science, Technology and Creation", within the scope of the Graduate Program in Contemporary Culture Studies, Federal University of Mato Grosso. In this work, we call attention to the forms of subjectivity that emerge in the commercialization of umbilical stem cells, characterized mainly by self-management and indebtedness.

This article explores a novel, systematic approach to veridical afterlife communication facilitated by archetypal feedback practices. Archetypal feedback involves a resonant process between symbols (externally represented or internally visualized) and internal archetypal templates. External symbols, such as mandalas, serve as energetic conduits, drawing the practitioner into deeper transpersonal realms. Deep trance concentration on these symbols amplifies the energy in this feedback loop, reinforcing the resonance between personal unconscious structures and universal archetypal energies. Through two case studies, I demonstrate how archetypal feedback during highdose psilocybin and peyote sessions, using the mandala as the focal point, enabled intentional and verifiable interactions with the spirits of deceased individuals. Unlike previous research where veridical experiences were rare and unpredictable, our method employs archetypal feedback as a structured and repeatable process, yielding consistent results within a doubleblind experimental framework. Our findings build on early 20th-century afterlife research and suggest that integrating psychedelics with archetypal feedback could provide a reliable method for accessing and studying transpersonal realms and the continuity of consciousness after death. This technique, while demonstrated here in the context of afterlife communication, holds potential for accessing other transpersonal domains, such as archetypal realms, mystical states, or encounters with non-ordinary realities. However, this article focuses specifically on its application to veridical afterlife communication, based on the experimental results presented.

Although the importance of the psychiatric diagnostic interview is undeniable in the actual clinical practice, its peculiarities as a specific kind of interpersonal phenomenon have not attracted much attention in the literature. This chapter approaches the diagnostic interview from the perspective of research on social cognition, by drawing on discussions about the difference between secondperson and third-person relations. We start by motivating a picture of the diagnostic interview according to which the clinician has to draw on multiple sources of diagnostically relevant information. This picture leads to the question of how to approach the complexity of the interview, and the role that the distinction between second-person and third-person relations might play for a better understanding of it. By elaborating on a conceptualization of second-person relations which foregrounds the roles of reciprocity and communication, we propose that second-and third-person relations are complementary methodological tools by means of which the clinician seeks to gain a better understanding of the patient.

L'emergere e la diffusione del concetto di "società" in senso moderno è strettamente correlato all'epoca dell'Illuminismo francese, così come ai successivi discorsi intellettuali francesi (filosofici, sociologici, storici). Mentre nel pensiero medievale e nella prima età moderna la comunità di persone era spesso vista come un mondo gerarchicamente organizzato e altamente normativo costruito secondo principi morali-clericali, un nuovo approccio emerse gradualmente durante il XVII e XVIII secolo. In questa nuova visione, la comunità non era più solo un "mondo morale" (monde moral) dettato da un ordine divino, ma una "società" separata (société) fatta di relazioni umane e di istituzioni, con le sue leggi, determinate dalla politica, dall'economia, dalla cultura e dai costumi.

La manipolazione psicologica delle sette che permette loro di aggiungere membri alla loro causa è spesso molto potente. Abbastanza da influenzare le persone ad adottare ideologie e comportamenti pericolosi. In questo articolo cercherò di mostrare i subdoli meccanismi che si inseriscono all’interno di un gruppo settario.

La psicologia, in quanto scienza che studia il comportamento, ha molto da dire sul tema delle sette, soprattutto perché bisogna tenere conto che i gruppi settari includono solitamente persone psicologicamente vulnerabili o predisposte, che in alcuni di questi gruppi, tecniche di persuasione coercitiva sono solitamente utilizzate per catturare, indottrinare e trattenere seguaci, come conseguenza di queste tecniche, si incoraggia la destrutturazione della precedente personalità dei soggetti, la comparsa di disturbi psicologici e la distruzione dei legami affettivi ed effettivi comunicazione delle persone con se stesse e con il loro ambiente sociale abituale. L’intervento psicologico professionale è necessario per aiutare gli ex adepti a raggiungere una riabilitazione psicosociale soddisfacente.

Cardiac and other invasive surgical procedures cause significant anxiety and stress to patients and their family members. In this study Virtual Reality (VR) was used as a method to reduce stress, anxiety and pain in patients undergoing surgical procedures. This study compared a cohort of patients in the interval prior to and successive to the surgery, differentiating the responses achieved by males and females and comparing the effectiveness. The results are encouraging: they demonstrate the efficacy of VR treatment and the safety of the method and detection of differences in the responses based on gender.

This article aims to problematize the marketing network that markets the stem cells present in the umbilical cord through the analysis of statements made by relatives about their relationship with the umbilical cord, collected on homepages of Brazilian private banks. Based on the Foucaultian archegenealogical studies, we argue that one of the facets of contemporary biopolitics is centered on the regulation and normalization of bodies and health, as well as the accumulation of biological capital through the autologous storage of umbilical cells. It is specifically a cut of a master's research carried out by the research laboratory in "Science, Technology and Creation", within the scope of the Graduate Program in Contemporary Culture Studies, Federal University of Mato Grosso. In this work, we call attention to the forms of subjectivity that emerge in the commercialization of umbilical stem cells, characterized mainly by self-management and indebtedness.

This thesis introduces the concept of a dining experience designed to simulate the sensory aspect of a psychedelic journey. Through projection mapping, binaural sounds, and other techniques, all five senses are enhanced without the use of actual psychedelics. Each dish is inspired by a specific psychedelic substance and its associated rituals, using food as a cultural object to explore ancient practices and rituals from diverse
cultures such as Ancient Egypt, Tibetan, Aztec, Vedic traditions, and more. Ingredients and visual styles reflect these practices and the effects of the substances. Using visual projections and other techniques transform the dining space to achieve sensory immersion. The aim is for every course to not only satisfy the palate but also engage the other senses, creating either a sensory overload or deliberate sensory deprivation to intensify the overall journey.

The focus is on challenging societal perceptions of psychedelics and exploring their potential benefits. The event offers a vegetarian menu to ensure inclusivity and aligns with many traditional psychedelic and religious practices that utilize plant-based
substances.

This project aims to redefine traditional dining methods and explore how sensory immersion can enhance our understanding and enjoyment of food. By merging historical practices with contemporary cuisine and food, this thesis offers the opportunity for a unique exploration that guides participants through a series of sensory and emotional states, making it an immersive and enlightening journey.

In this paper, I investigate the bodily dimension of elementary forms of social cognition. I argue that the discussions on participatory sense-making and mutual incorporation as its phenomenologically accessible dimension can provide valuable conceptual tools accounting for a pre-reflective, bodily-organised sense of having to do with another subject. I also argue, however, that the bodily sense of sharedness intended in these discussions is less informative concerning recent findings from the discussion on collective intentionality. Therefore, I suggest reconsidering Hermann Schmitz' notion of solidary incorporation as an alternative.

In a sample of Italian adolescents (N = 754) and their parents (N = 469), we examined the levels of essentialist beliefs about nationality, the extent to which adolescents’ beliefs were shaped by parental beliefs and classroom ethnic diversity, and the implications of essentialist beliefs for attitudes and behaviors toward national outgroups as well as for intergenerational
transmission of prejudice. Results of path analyses showed that adolescents who had parents higher in essentialism and who attended less diverse classrooms expressed higher levels of essentialism. Adolescents and parents with higher levels of essentialism expressed higher levels of anti-immigrant prejudice and fewer friendships with immigrants. In addition, parent-adolescent concordance in essentialism partly explained intergenerational similarity in prejudice. These findings offer preliminary support for working with youth’s essentialist beliefs as a means to counteract the development of prejudice.

Our research examines the role of followers in unethical leadership. Drawing on a social-cognitive approach to leadership and recent research in the field of behavioral ethics, we focus on how leader behavior and follower information processing interact to produce unethical outcomes. In two experimental studies simulating a personnel-selection context, we examine to what extent individual implicit assumptions regarding the follower role (i.e., implicit followership theories, IFTs) relate to employees’ tendency to comply with leader unethical suggestions. In Study 1, controlling for possible alternative explanations such as personal need for structure, romance of leadership, and moral disengagement, we found that the IFT Good Citizen increased and the IFT Insubordination decreased followers' tendencies to contribute to unethical leadership. In Study 2, we varied the leader’s unethical suggestions to further investigate the conditions under which these effects occur and included authoritarianism as an additional control variable. Overall, our findings suggest that IFTs make a unique contribution to our understanding of the role of followers in unethical leadership, and that this contribution depends on the way leaders frame their unethical request. Interaction effects suggest that follower characteristics need to be considered as they are embedded in specific situational settings rather than as isolated traits.

La traduzione, con una mia introduzione, del celebre saggio di Robert K. Merton “The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action” (1936). Uno dei più citati testi del sociologo americano, tuttora fertile di suggestioni e indicazioni per il sociologo.

Similarity and dissimilarity in intergroup relations: Different dimensions, different processes Similitude et difference dans les relations intergrollpes. differenles dimensions, different.> processus Resume L'objectif cle eel ,lr[ide de proposer une revision critique recherche conduitrc sur le~ relations entre similitude et diff{crcncc enln.' groupes et les attitudes inter gIT)UpeS, ct c1e pIt-seitter line' expli cati()1) intc'gralt,,": dcs propo.'ilinl'ls tileuriqul'o l'l des reslIlt;Wi cmpi riqucs opposes clans ce c10maine c1e rt~cherche. ]etten, Spears et Postmes (2004) onl que l'idcntificarion avec (~tait Ie moderatclir qui pcrml'ttait c1e resoudre les C(Jlltra clictoircs infcrecs de la thcoric c1e l'ic!entite 50ciJIe et de la eoucemanl I'impact de I;; simililude/diff{~rencc sur les attitudes intergroupes, Nous questionnons Ie caractere tudc/difference entre groupes. concerne les aspecls inslru rnentaux, Us seraicnt modcrcs par entre groupc.). En conclusion, eel article propose Abstract of this p::1per is to rC\'iew the research intel-group similarity! ami intergroup atti and 1)I'Cscnt an integrati\'(:~ r'or l'oillpeting tlll'r) rl'lical applUdches and empirical results. Jettel1, SPC,ll'S ~lIld l'ostmes found ingroup identification to be the moderator solvilll, the instrumental) to which il1tcrgl'Oup similarily/dis:,im

This Azimuth special issue dedicated to the history, uses, and implications of psychedelic substances aims to advance research and philosophical debate on hallucinogenic experiences, substances, and their broader social context. The past decade has witnessed a resurgence of psychedelic research, and the flourishing studies on psychedelic states in cognitive sciences have earned the nickname "Psychedelic Renaissance". Psychedelic substances are increasingly used in therapeutic settings and seem to offer effective potential for treating many psychopathological disorders, such as depression, alcohol, drug, and tobacco addiction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and end-of-life anxiety that often affects cancer or terminally ill patients.

Moral criticism is both a social act and the result of complex cognitive and conceptual processes. We demonstrate consensual features of various acts of moral criticism and locate them within a higher-order feature space. People showed consensus in judging 28 verbs of moral criticism on 10 features, and the judgment patterns formed a two-dimensional space, defined by an intensity axis and an interpersonal engagement axis. Subsets of verbs formed well-defined clusters roughly corresponding to the four quadrants of this space. The marker verbs of these clusters were lashing out (intense, public), pointing the finger (mild, public), vilifying (intense, private), and disapproving (mild, private).

I want to single out my loyal committee members, first and foremost for outliving my resistance. Especially my committee co-chairs, Shirley Strum and Ed Hutchins, for inspiring me in equal measures social complexity and distributed cognition-deeply ecological ways of seeing and being primates. Jeff Elman for steadfast encouragement and clear vision regarding the relevance of animal behavior to the study of human communication. Pat Churchland for letting me in her experimental philosophy den, tolerating very fuzzy thinking as I cut my teeth on basic discernments. Marty Sereno for extreme curiosity, making exposure to brain science seem a worthy struggle. Jim Hollan for not blinking once along the winding path connecting baboons to car drivers, technology and design. Roy D'Andrade-from committee version 1.0-for pointing out the significance of what animals do incessantly, and encouraging me to translate data retroactively into state-space for quantitative analysis. Paul Rodriguez-my shadow committee of one-for an unbroken thread of intellectual and personal friendship. From 1996 Santa Fe Institute summer school-where he first suggested describing baboon sexual consorts in state-space-then holding fast as I made him responsible for getting me through the trials and tribulations of analyzing baboon behavior in all manner old and new.

suggest that there are at least two distinct selfperspectives in every person: actor (tends to be prosocial) and agent (tends to be selfish), which mainly differentiated by the feeling of being watched. What if that feeling came from ideas about God? Priming God concept is known as activating factor to prosociality. We predicted that the activation of God concept can diminish prosociality gap between self-perspectives by increasing their prosociality. It means that there is an interaction effect between self-perspective and God prime. A 2 (self-perspective: actor, agent) X 2 (prime: God, neutral) X 2 (recipient: self, others) mixed-design computer-based experiment (N = 124) was conducted to test them. The manipulations including the task to describe or rate the importance of two kinds of goals: selfish and prosocial , and semantic prime . Prosociality is measured by comparing the importance of selfish and prosocial goals . We found that God prime has divergent effects on prosociality: increases actor's prosociality, but decreases agent's prosociality. It suggests that effect of thought about God depends on how our self-perspective is. This finding is an important consideration in designing behavior intervention methods to promote prosocial behavior.

A recent study showed that adaptation to causal events (collisions) in adults caused subse-quent events to be less likely perceived as causal. In this study, we examined if a similar negative adaptation effect for perceptual causality occurs in children, both typically develop-ing and with autism. Previous studies have reported diminished adaptation for face identity, facial configuration and gaze direction in children with autism. To test whether diminished adaptive coding extends beyond high-level social stimuli (such as faces) and could be a general property of autistic perception, we developed a child-friendly paradigm for adapta-tion of perceptual causality. We compared the performance of 22 children with autism with 22 typically developing children, individually matched on age and ability (IQ scores). We found significant and equally robust adaptation aftereffects for perceptual causality in both groups. There were also no differences between the two groups in their attention,...

What would a theory of visuospatial perspective taking (VSPT) look like? Here, ten researchers in the field, many with different theoretical viewpoints and empirical approaches, present their consensus on the three big questions we need to answer in order to bring this theory (or these theories) closer.

The main goal of the current research is to investigate emotional reactions to situations that implicate honor in Turkish and northern American cultural groups. In Studies 1a and 1b, participants rated the degree to which a variety of events fit their prototypes for honor-related situations. Both Turkish and American participants evaluated situations generated by their conationals as most central to their prototypes of honor-related situations. Study 2 examined emotional responses to Turkish or U.S.-generated situations that varied in centrality to the prototype. Highly central situations and Turkish-generated situations elicited stronger emotions than less central situations and U.S.-generated situations. Americans reported higher levels of positive emotions in response to honor-enhancing situations than did Turkish participants. These findings demonstrate that the prototypes of honor relevant situations differ for Turkish and northern American people, and that Turkish honor relevant situations are more emotion-laden than are northern American honor relevant situations.

Research on using psychedelic substances for treating various psychological problems such as addiction, treatment resistant depression and death agony seem to indicate that under the right circumstances the use of psychedelics could have positive outcomes on mental health. Studies also suggest that the potentially positive outcomes on mental health cannot be reduced to pharmacological effects alone. Subjective spiritual experiences during the time of consumption seem to have an important role in outcome. Much of the research on psychedelic substances uses quantitative methodology to assess the substance's effectiveness in treating various mental disorders and illnesses. While the spiritual experience is considered significant and the importance of integration is mentioned, little focus is placed on understanding how the spiritual experience is related to changes in the consumer's mental health. The aim of this study is to establish the connection between the spiritual experience and the changes that occur in mental processes and physiological responses. Using semistructured chat-based interviews and thematic analysis, we examine subjective experiences during Ayahuasca ceremonies in 11 participants, recruited through an anonymous online discussion forum. An Ayahuasca intervention needs to be understood as a drug induced altered state of consciousness and spiritual experience, guided by a shaman, and influenced by context. The spiritual experience is intimately connected to mental processes and physiological responses. Such an understanding is vital for an appropriate integration of the medicine into a culture that may be skeptical of spirituality and the validity of subjective accounts. The expertise of the shaman in ceremonies seems to also carry great significance for the experience and should be paid detailed attention to.

Il mondo ha tre poteri: il potere culturale; il potere morale; il potere economico. Dio ha tutti e tre questi poteri in Sé, nella completezza e totalità. La società ha in Sé, nelle differenziazioni create dall'insieme degli individui, questi poteri, differenziandola: il risultato sociale dell'individuo nel formare la società determina i tre poteri: se i tre poteri sono in equilibrio nell'individuo e nella risultanza sociale, si crea giustizia sociale e l'individuo ha il corretto posto nella società; se i tre poteri non sono in equilibrio nell'individuo e nella risultanza dell'azione sociale, si crea ingiustizia sociale e l'individuo non è correttamente inserito nella società nel posto a cui esso spetta. Il valore sociale dell'individuo è dunque dettato dal livello dell'equilibrio del suo personale potere culturale, morale ed economico, differenziandolo e inserendolo correttamente nel posto cui spetta socialmente. Il valore di una società, nel complesso mondo, nelle differenti forme morali, culturali ed economiche, è dettato dal valore di equilibrio dei suoi componenti: la civiltà. Il termine globalizzazione di civiltà è il seguente: il mondo civile.

"Concepts create idols; only wonder comprehends anything. People kill one another over idols. Wonder makes us fall to our knees."- Saint Gregory Of Nyssa
Unfortunately, human history - from a certain perspective - is a history of genocides and atrocities. Extreme forms of violence in certain "conflicts with outgroups" is a too well documented fact in human history - a problem deeply embedded in human culture and human consciousness - that only proper understanding and education will solve. That fact is excluded by mainstream social psychology and from social identity theory. Relevance: The recent FBI report said hate crimes hit an all-time high in America

It is readily apparent, from even a precursory view of history, that “Some circumstances trigger extreme forms of violence in some
"conflicts with outgroups" - a very consistent factor in history. On top of that, groups related instincts - powerful emotions correlated with ingroup-outgroup conflicts are a factor in wars of course.
Setting the stage, the deadly wars of places like Rwanda, Bosnia, and Ethiopia claimed the lives of 30 million people and made refugees of another 45 million. Why are these extreme forms of violence important? 
As the authors of the article "Beyond the Group Mind: A Quantitative Review of the Interindividual–Intergroup Discontinuity Effect" which was published in Psychological Bulletin, observed, “It is estimated that just in the final decade of the twentieth century, the deadly wars of places like Rwanda, Bosnia, and Ethiopia claimed the lives of 30 million people and made refugees of another 45 million (McGuire, 1998). Still, even though human relations may be as “stubbornly set” as ever, this meta-analysis underlines that great strides have been made toward understanding why intergroup relations are often more antagonistic and competitive than interindividual relations." 
Is Modern Materialist psychology facilitating scapegoating & racism? There is truth to the maxim - Out of sight, out of mind!

Visual perspective taking (VPT) is a fundamental process of social cognition. To date, however, only a handful of studies have investigated whether humans also take the perspective of humanoid robots. Recent findings on this topic are conflicting as one study found no evidence for level 1 VPT (i.e., which object is seen by the agent) and a different study has found evidence for level 2 VPT (i.e., how is the object seen by the agent). The latter study proposed that the human-like appearance of robots triggers VPT and that a mental capacity to perceive the environment is not required (mere-appearance hypothesis). In the present study, we tested whether the mere-appearance hypothesis is also applicable to level 1 VPT. We manipulated the appearance of a humanoid robot by either showing it with a human-like or artificial head, and its mental capacity for perception by presenting it as switched on or off. We found that all manipulations triggered VPT, showing, in contrast to earlier findings, level 1 VPT for robots. Our findings support the mere-appearance hypothesis as VPT was triggered regardless of whether the robot was switched on or off, and also show that the mere-appearance hypothesis is robust with regard to alterations of human-like appearance.

Objective: Our study has validated the Automatic thoughts Questionnaire among Syrian multiple sclerosis patients. The Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-18 item-Multiple Sclerosis-Arabic has included both the version of the 8-item Negative Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire and 10 positive items from the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Revised. Method: A total of 65 Syrian multiple sclerosis patients have been recruited in Damascus Hospital and Ibn Alnafees Hospital for validation of Automatic Thought Questionnaire-18 item-Multiple Sclerosis-Arabic. Results: The internal consistency reliability (alpha>0.70) and the split-half reliability were very good. Exploratory factor analysis (accounted for 72.28% of total variance) indicated 3 factors for the Automatic Thought Questionnaire-18 item-Multiple Sclerosis-Arabic: negative thought, positive thought (emotional), and positive thought (cognitive). The Negative Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire was positively related to depression, stress and anxiety (p<0.01), and negatively related to self-esteem and life satisfaction (p<0.01). The Positive Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire subscale score was negatively related to depression, stress and anxiety (p<0.05), and positively related to self-esteem and life satisfaction (p<0.01). Conclusion: This study is the first research that examines the positive and negative cognitions in multiple sclerosis patients and confirms the internal and external validity of the Automatic Thought Questionnaire-18 item-Multiple Sclerosis-Arabic. This study suggested that an examination of both the positive and negative dimensions of thoughts contribute to understanding of the depression in multiple sclerosis. Clinical implications: The validation of a tool (Automatic Thought Questionnaire-18 item-Multiple Sclerosis-Arabic) has three important clinical implications: deposit a valid research instrument in multiple sclerosis. Ability to evaluate two style of thinking, negative and positive and study their role in the initiation, maintenance and treatment of depression in multiple sclerosis patients. Automatic Thought Questionnaire-18 item-Multiple Sclerosis-Arabic minimizes the diagnostic false for evaluate the depression in multiple sclerosis patients. Examination of both the positive and negative dimensions of cognition might contribute to a greater understanding of the psychopathology of depression in multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: Psychological troubles (PSYT) are common co-morbidities symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS). Negative verbal thinking style plays a causal role in maintaining intrusions, perhaps serving to trigger subsequent depressive and anxious symptoms and psychological distress. Positive verbal thinking style plays protective role against these symptoms. Objective: The objective of this study was the first to evaluate the short-term effects of the TRPPT method (Treatment by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts). Method: The total of (27) participants, 20 students from the University of Damascus and 7 MS patients from Damascus Hospital and Ibn Alnafees Hospital. Results: Experimental group who has benefited from RPPT have had less depression, less anxiety and less stress and there were significant differences between experimental and control groups. According to value of effect size (Cohen's d), NAT (1.595; 1.822), depression (1.446; 2.615), anxiety (1.492; 2.286), stress (1.395; 2.363) decrease after TRPPT; and PAT (1.643; 2.162) self-esteem (2.204; 1.676) and satisfaction in life (1.432; 1.781) improve among MS patients and students after TRPPT, respectively. The results showed a significant reduction in psychological disturbances throughout the experimental group (p<0.05) and a significant reduction in stress following the RPPT protocol (p<0.01), less anxiety (p<0.001) and also less depression (p<0.05). The short-term effect RPPT (repeating phrases positive thoughts) is significant. A low score of psychological disorders have emerged as one independent variable predictive of a good response to treatment by RPPT method. Conclusion: The positive cognitions improve the treatment of depression, anxiety and stress in clinical sample (MS patients) and non-clinical one (students) and it also enhance their selfesteem and their quality of life. Unlike medicinal treatments, there is no consumption limit or adverse side effects. TRPPT is new psychotherapeutic approach against psychological disorders. Contrary to NAT, increased PAT predicted decreased psychopathy. So, the optimal state of mind based on TRPPT is characterized by the optimal balance between cognitive and affective structure, corresponding to an adaptive and flexible balance in healthy persons in neutral situations. This theoretically optimal state of mind is positively balanced, but at the same time includes sufficient negative cognition to remain realistically cautious.

Introduction: Psychological troubles (PSYT) are common co-morbidities symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS). Negative verbal thinking style plays a causal role in maintaining intrusions, perhaps serving to trigger subsequent depressive and anxious symptoms and psychological distress. Positive verbal thinking style plays protective role against these symptoms. Objective: The objective of this study was the first to evaluate the short-term effects of the TRPPT method (Treatment by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts). Method: The total of (27) participants, 20 students from the University of Damascus and 7 MS patients from Damascus Hospital and Ibn Alnafees Hospital. Results: Experimental group who has benefited from RPPT have had less depression, less anxiety and less stress and there were significant differences between experimental and control groups. According to value of effect size (Cohen's d), NAT (1.595; 1.822), depression (1.446; 2.615), anxiety (1.492; 2.286), stress (1.395; 2.363) decrease after TRPPT; and PAT (1.643; 2.162) self-esteem (2.204; 1.676) and satisfaction in life (1.432; 1.781) improve among MS patients and students after TRPPT, respectively. The results showed a significant reduction in psychological disturbances throughout the experimental group (p<0.05) and a significant reduction in stress following the RPPT protocol (p<0.01), less anxiety (p<0.001) and also less depression (p<0.05). The short-term effect RPPT (repeating phrases positive thoughts) is significant. A low score of psychological disorders have emerged as one independent variable predictive of a good response to treatment by RPPT method. Conclusion: The positive cognitions improve the treatment of depression, anxiety and stress in clinical sample (MS patients) and non-clinical one (students) and it also enhance their selfesteem and their quality of life. Unlike medicinal treatments, there is no consumption limit or adverse side effects. TRPPT is new psychotherapeutic approach against psychological disorders. Contrary to NAT, increased PAT predicted decreased psychopathy. So, the optimal state of mind based on TRPPT is characterized by the optimal balance between cognitive and affective structure, corresponding to an adaptive and flexible balance in healthy persons in neutral situations. This theoretically optimal state of mind is positively balanced, but at the same time includes sufficient negative cognition to remain realistically cautious.

Zusammenfassung
Als Instrument zur ethischen Beurteilung – und damit zur eventuellen  Rechtfertigung –  von militärischer Gewalt gilt insbesondere in der angelsächsischen kriegsethischen Diskussion weithin der Kriterienkatalog der Bellum iustum-Doktrin, der Lehre vom „gerechten Krieg“.  Am Beispiel des zentralen Ius in bello-Kriteriums der Unterscheidung von Kombattanten und Nicht-Kombattanten wird gezeigt, dass der vielfach behauptete ethische Vorteil der Verwendung von Kampfdrohnen aufgrund ihrer Treffergenauigkeit nachweislich nicht gegeben  erscheint.  Bei eingehender Analyse des Genauigkeitskonzepts stellt sich zudem heraus, dass die  Drohnenkriegsführung bereits die Anwendbarkeit des Prinzips der Unterscheidung insofern bedroht, als es kaum noch zu lokalisierbaren Auseinandersetzungen kommt. Darüber hinaus unterminiert die Drohnenkriegsführung das als paradigmatischer Erlaubnisgrund für einen Rückgriff auf letale militärische Gewalt im Sinne des Ius ad bellum dienende Notwehr-Konstrukt aufgrund der absoluten Machtdisparität zwischen Drohnenkriegern und Zielpersonen, einer ebenso vollständigen Informationsdisparität und schutzloser Aussetzung gegenüber der nahezu perfekten Treffergenauigkeit.

Abstract
The catalogue of criteria of the Bellum iustum (BJ) doctrine, the doctrine of "just war", is widely used as an instrument for the ethical assessment - and thus for the possible justification - of military force, especially in the Anglo-Saxon discussion of war ethics.  Using the example of the central Ius in bello- criterion of distinguishing between combatants and non-combatants, it is shown that the frequently claimed ethical advantage of using combat drones due to their accuracy not does appear to be given.  A detailed analysis of the concept of accuracy also reveals that drone warfare no less threatens the applicability of the principle of distinction insofar as there are hardly any localizable military encounters. In addition, drone warfare undermines the self-defense construct, which serves as a paradigmatic justification for resorting to lethal military force in the sense of Ius ad bellum, due to the absolute disparity of power between drone warriors and targets, an equally complete disparity of information and defenseless exposure to almost perfect accuracy.
                                                                      Translation with the help of DeepL

Background: COVID-19 infection is associated with significant depressive and anxiety symptoms and stress. We examined the prevalences of depressive and anxiety symptoms and perceived stress among patients with COVID-19. Methods: Clinically stable patients with COVID-19 aged 18 to 60 years who were admitted between April 2021 and September 2021 to the MES Medical College in Kerala, India were prospectively recruited. They were assessed using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, and the Perceived Stress Scale. Results: Of 112 patients screened, 103 were included in the analysis. Depression scores were higher in patients of lower socioeconomic status (p = 0.04), of unemployed (p = 0.01), and with longer hospital stays (p < 0.001). Anxiety scores were higher in patients aged 31 to 40 years (p = 0.04), of lower socioeconomic status (p = 0.01), with a history of psychiatric illness (p = 0.006), and with a history of selfharm (p = 0.019). Perceived stress scores were higher in patients of lower socioeconomic status (p = 0.02), with a history of psychiatric illness (p = 0.001), and with a history of self-harm (p = 0.022). Conclusion: Socioeconomic status, employment status, a history of psychiatric illness, and duration of hospital stay are associated with depression, anxiety, and stress among patients with COVID-19.

In light of Gandhi's understanding of Satjagraha as "experiments with the truth," the question arises as to the most appropriate starting points for a scientific examination of Gandhi's teachings and practices. To begin, the structural analogy and distinction between "Satjagraha science" and conventional science can be elucidated in detail. Moreover, the question of the functional principles and framework conditions of "experiments with truth" opens up a rich field of basic scientific research. Finally, the efficacy of actions and campaigns inspired by Satjagraha can be examined and evaluated through applied scientific research.

According to the biomedical model of psychiatry, autism is often associated with a delay in the development of a theory of mind, and therefore is considered a deficit of social cognition. There are two issues with this conceptualization: it presupposes a neurotypical normative as the natural way social interactions happen (a way the autist fails to comply with) and a biological dysfunction that causes this failure (which has not been found). I propose that a reconceptualization of autism in terms of externalist psychiatry and the second person perspective can dissolve these issues and open new therapeutic perspectives for people with autism.