Social Perception

This study examined whether perceived discrimination was related to antisocial behaviors (ASB) in a probability sample of Puerto Rican children living in the South Bronx, New York and the San Juan Metropolitan area of Puerto Rico (N= 1,271). After adjusting for a host of well-known factors associated with ASB, such as sociodemographic variables (i.e., age, gender, household composition), psychosocial stressors (i.e., stressful life events, exposure to violence), and various forms of violence and abuse (i.e., coercive parental discipline, verbal, psychological, physical and sexual abuse), perceived discrimination remained a robust correlate of ASB among both samples. Findings are discussed with reference to the detrimental associations of perceived discrimination. Keywords discrimination; antisocial behaviors; Puerto Rican; children Among all Latinos, Puerto Ricans are an especially compelling group in which to explore the associations of ASB because recent longitudinal research indicates that youth living in Puerto Rico have lower rates of disruptive behavior disorders, including conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), than Puerto Ricans living in the continental NIH Public Access

First impressions play a central role in human social interaction. In particular, the face is a rich source of information that perceivers use in making both initial and lasting character judgments. Despite the large and growing body of work demonstrating that these judgments affect outcomes in domains as crucial as elections and criminal sentencing, little remains known about the ontogenetic origins of this consequential aspect of human social cognition. The purpose of this dissertation is to provide a set of early investigations into the development of face-to-trait inferences. Paper 1 demonstrates that, like adults, even children as young as 3-4 years of age provide consistent trait judgments when asked to judge two-dimensional computer-generated face images, suggesting that this general ability is so fundamental as to emerge strongly at the earliest ages tested. Paper 2 shows that this propensity is so deeply ingrained at an early age that similar consensus across the lifespan emerges in response to static faces belonging to adults, children, and even rhesus macaques. Paper 3 investigates the potential consequences of these judgments, showing that face-based character assessments influence attributions of trait-relevant behaviors and even cause children to modulate their own behaviors towards others. The findings of this dissertation clearly illustrate that face-to-trait inference emerges early in development, and is therefore a fundamental element of human social cognition with important consequences throughout the lifespan.

First impressions play a central role in human social interaction. In particular, the face is a rich source of information that perceivers use in making both initial and lasting character judgments. Despite the large and growing body of work demonstrating that these judgments affect outcomes in domains as crucial as elections and criminal sentencing, little remains known about the ontogenetic origins of this consequential aspect of human social cognition. The purpose of this dissertation is to provide a set of early investigations into the development of face-to-trait inferences. Paper 1 demonstrates that, like adults, even children as young as 3-4 years of age provide consistent trait judgments when asked to judge two-dimensional computer-generated face images, suggesting that this general ability is so fundamental as to emerge strongly at the earliest ages tested. Paper 2 shows that this propensity is so deeply ingrained at an early age that similar consensus across the lifespan e...

Human adults attribute traits to faces readily and with high consensus. In two experiments investigating the development of face-trait inference, adults and children ages 3-12 attributed trustworthiness, dominance and competence to pairs of faces. In Experiment 1, children as young as 3-4 years made face-trait attributions converging with those of adults and 5-6 year olds were at adult levels of consistency. In Experiment 2, children aged 3 and above consistently attributed the basic "mean/nice" evaluation to faces varying not only in trustworthiness but in dominance and competence. This research suggests that the predisposition to judge others using scant facial information that appears in adult-like forms early in childhood does not require prolonged social experience.

Human adults attribute character traits to faces readily and with high consensus. In two experiments investigating the development of face-to-trait inference, adults and children ages 3 through 10 attributed trustworthiness, dominance, and competence to pairs of faces. In Experiment 1, the attributions of 3- to 4-year-olds converged with those of adults, and 5- to 6-year-olds’ attributions were at adult levels of consistency. Children ages 3 and above consistently attributed the basic mean/nice evaluation not only to faces varying in trustworthiness (Experiment 1) but also to faces varying in dominance and competence (Experiment 2). This research suggests that the predisposition to judge others using scant facial information appears in adultlike forms early in childhood and does not require prolonged social experience.

In the past few years social practice theories have been used, discussed and developed in the sociology of consumption, namely in the field of energy consumption. This paper exam-ines whether and how the renovation of dwellings, including energy renovations, can be understood within this perspective. It describes and compares energy-related renovation practices and their variability in four European countries that are quite different on geographical, cultural, and housing grounds but are regulated by the common EPBD (Energy Performance of Buildings Directive): one country in Southern Europe (Portu-gal), one in Western Europe (Belgium), one North-Eastern Eu-ropean country (Latvia) and one Scandinavian country (Den-mark) that was a frontrunner in issuing energy-performance certificates. The empirical material used in the paper is based on around 20in-depth interviews on renovation and energy-saving works in the residential sector in each of these four Eu-ropean countries. This compari...

Here, we explored the effect of exposure to threat versus neutral stimuli on time perception in anxious (n029) and non-anxious (n029) individuals using predictions from the attentional gate model (AGM) of time perception. Results indicate that relative to non-anxious individuals, anxious individuals subjectively experience time as moving more slowly when exposed to short (2-second) presentations of threat stimuli, and that group differences disappear with longer exposure durations (4 and 8 seconds). Coupled with classic reports of enhanced attentional bias toward threat and diminished attentional control under stress in anxious individuals this finding provides novel insights into low-level cognitive processes that could shape and maintain the subjective experience of anxiety. Findings are discussed in relation to predictions from the AGM and cognitive accounts of anxiety.

Here, we explored the effect of exposure to threat versus neutral stimuli on time perception in anxious (n029) and non-anxious (n029) individuals using predictions from the attentional gate model (AGM) of time perception. Results indicate that relative to non-anxious individuals, anxious individuals subjectively experience time as moving more slowly when exposed to short (2-second) presentations of threat stimuli, and that group differences disappear with longer exposure durations (4 and 8 seconds). Coupled with classic reports of enhanced attentional bias toward threat and diminished attentional control under stress in anxious individuals this finding provides novel insights into low-level cognitive processes that could shape and maintain the subjective experience of anxiety. Findings are discussed in relation to predictions from the AGM and cognitive accounts of anxiety.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether somatosensory amplification influenced the relationship between basic emotions and sensory modality and body image by the modality differential (MD) method and the body-image location (BIL) scale. Approximately 130 undergraduate students were administered the Japanese Version of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SSAS) and were asked to rate the relevance of 10 sensory modalities (warm, cold, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, pain, equilibrium, kinesthetic, visual, and auditory) and 7 body parts (forehead, throat, chest, stomach, lower abdomen, internal organs, and whole body) to 6 basic emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust). Participants also completed the Japanese version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Each emotion was compared between the two groups (high and low SSAS) using the MD method and BIL scale. The high SSAS's relevance of sadness, fear, anger, and surprise to the proximal sensory image was stronger than that of the low SSAS. Moreover, the high SSAS's relevance of happiness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust to body location image was stronger than that of the low SSAS. These results suggest that somatosensory amplification strongly influenced the combination of sensory modality and body image with emotion.

The relation between mother–infant coordinated interpersonal timing, an automated microanalytic measure of dyadic vocal coordination, and maternal sensitivity was explored. Thirty-five mothers and their developmentally normal 4-month-old infants were audio-recorded during a 20-min laboratory vocal interaction session, that was later analyzed for degree of vocal coordination. Maternal Sensitivity ratings (Ainsworth & Bell, 1969) were based on a video-taped 45-min unstructured

Background Most work testing links between emotional competencies and health has focused on self-reported and/or trait assessments. However, more objective assessments of skills and knowledge may also predict health relevant outcomes. Purpose The current study investigated whether performance-based tests of emotional knowledge and expressive skill predicted symptoms of depression and anxiety, selfreported physical symptoms, perceived health, and a range of immunoregulatory molecules. Methods Eighty females aged 18-35 completed self-report assessments before attending a testing session in which they provided blood samples and completed performance-based assessments of expressive skill and emotional knowledge. Results Greater expressive skill predicted better self-reported outcomes, but links to immunoregulatory molecules were mixed. Expressive skill for contempt and anger predicted higher, whereas skill for happiness predicted lower, concentrations of immunoregulatory molecules. Conclusions These data highlight the need to extend research beyond self-reported emotional competencies and suggest that performance-based skill and knowledge metrics may be associated with health relevant outcomes.

Percepciones sobre los fenómenos de variabilidad climática y cambio climático entre campesinos del centro de Santander, Colombia* * Este artículo hace parte de los resultados obtenidos en el marco del Plan de Manejo Ambiental del Proyecto Hidroeléctrico Sogamoso, durante el desarrollo de la línea base para el Convenio 46/3379, suscrito entre isagen esp y Fundación Natura. Este trabajo tuvo como objeto desarrollar el "Programa para atender la percepción de la comunidad acerca de posibles cambios microclimáticos ocasionados por el embalse". Los autores pertenecen al grupo de investigación Convenio Fundación Natura Colombia -isagen esp. ** Ecóloga, MSc Geografía. Afiliación institucional: Fundación Natura Colombia.

El objetivo de este artículo es discutir los fundamentos epistemológicos de los estudios psicoanalíticos y su posibilidad de complementariedad con los estudios de migración basados en la sociología. La metodología utilizada fue la revisión de producción teórica sobre el tema de epistemología en psicoanálisis y la tradición de investigación en sociología, así como sobre estudios de migración enfocados en salud mental. Entre los resultados, se encontraron importantes coincidencias epistemológicas y metodológicas entre ambas disciplinas. A partir de eso, se presenta una breve propuesta que pone en evidencia la viabilidad de generar estudios complementarios sobre migración, específicamente en contextos fronterizos. Se sostiene que el valor de este artículo radica en la exploración de una posibilidad metodológica poco desarrollada en los estudios de migración, la cual profundiza en aspectos subjetivos e intersubjetivos en la experiencia de migrar. Se considera que dicha propuesta puede f...

This preliminary study investigated whether individual differences in performance on a difficult social perception task (determining the sex of shape normalized, line drawn dynamic faces) are related to sex of observer, scores on an empathy quotient and scores on a systemizing quotient. Performance in the face perception task (N = 60) was above chance, indicating that participants could judge the sex of the degraded facial stimuli from dynamic information alone. There was a trend for women to be more accurate in their judgments of target sex than men, but regression analyses indicated that EQ scores alone predicted performance on the task. This study suggests that empathy may mediate sex differences in face perception abilities, and potentially other tasks in social perception.

The level of comprehension on the information provided in the process of the informed consent can provide a free and voluntary decision. The comprehension and satisfaction of the participants affect their adherence to clinical trials. The objective of the study was to analyze the level of satisfaction of the subjects with the informed consent process as well as with their participation in clinical trials. A total of 3115 out of 3404 surveys received were included, from 362 protocols (with a similar number of investigators), conducted in different Argentinian provinces. Overall, 91% of the people classified the received information as rather good or excellent, and 95% replied that all of their doubts were cleared up. In the surveys, 97% expressed their willingness to participate in future studies, and 98% would recommend participating in clinical trials to others. The satisfaction score with participation in the study was associated, independently of age and socioeconomic level, with the desire to participate in a clinical trial again (OR 13.6: 95% CI: 4.7-39.1, p < 0.001) and with the recommendation to participate given to others (OR 16.7: 95% CI: 4.4-63.4, p < 0.001). In this sample from Argentina, there was a high degree of satisfaction both with the process of obtaining informed consent and with participation in clinical trials, regardless of age and socioeconomic status.

This article present results of a qualitative research project which aimed to analyze Polish social campaigns about disability issues in the context of inclusion of people with disabilities. The project used a coding and categorization technique to analyze the aspects of inclusion in the statements appearing in 66 spots of 40 Polish social campaigns. Here, the term "statements" refers to sentences, speeches, discussions, narration and voiceovers made by people participating in the spots. The main research question was: what aspects, categories of inclusion can be distinguished within 40 Polish social campaign on YouTube concerning the topics of disability? The analysis allowed me to identify five main categories connected with the inclusion of people with disabilities which are present in the social campaigns analyzed-awareness, inclusion presented explicitly, rights and advocacy, participation, and changes.

A randomized controlled trial tested an interactive normative feedback-based interventioncodenamed "FITSTART"-delivered to groups of 50-100 parents of matriculating college students. The 60-minute session motivated parents to alter their alcohol-related communication by correcting normative misperceptions (e.g., about how approving other parents are of student drinking) with live-generated data. Then, tips were provided on discussing drinking effectively. Incoming students (N = 331; 62.2% female) completed baseline measures prior to new-student orientation. Next, at parent orientation in June, these students' parents were assigned to either FITSTART or a control session. Finally, four months later, students completed a follow-up survey. Results revealed that students whose parents received FITSTART during the summer consumed less alcohol and were less likely to engage in heavy episodic drinking (HED) during the first month of college. These effects were mediated by FITSTART students' lower perceptions of their parents' approval of alcohol consumption. Further, FITSTART students who weren't drinkers in high school were less likely to initiate drinking and to start experiencing negative consequences during the first month of college, while FITSTART students who had been drinkers in high school experienced fewer consequences overall and were significantly more likely to report that they did not experience any consequences whatsoever during the first month of college. Importantly, FITSTART is the first PBI to impact HED, one of the most well-studied indicators of risky drinking. Thus, interactive group normative feedback with parents is a promising approach for reducing college alcohol risk.

In 1947, at the second conference of the Unesco, it was decided that a large research project under the label "Tensions" should fund studies in a number of countries. The aim was to understand the sociological and psychological underpinnings of the recent breakdown of European democracy. On the scientific board was Max Horkheimer, who at the same time led the famous Studies in prejudice project at the University of California, Berkeley. This essay will discuss a Swedish study made within this framework, The Authoritarian Ideology of Upbringing (1951) by Joachim Israel (at the time a Reichian psychologist, later in his career professor of sociology in Stockholm and Lund) and Eskil Björklund (undergraduate in sociology, later a major school reformer). Israel had contacts with Else Frenkel-Brunswik, and many themes in the study reminded of the famous The Authoritarian Personality (1950), which Frenkel-Brunswik co-authored with among others Horkheimer's colleague T W Adorno. The Swedish study especially emphasised the long-term, intergenerational effects of authoritarian upbringing. Using the perspectives of both parents and children and with a mixed methods approach, the study displays both interesting results and dilemmas of research ethics that will be discussed within a broad comparison with modern literature.

Background: Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by difficulties in communication and social interaction, alongside unusually repetitive behaviours and narrow interests. Asperger Syndrome (AS) is one subgroup of ASC and differs from classic autism in that in AS there is no language or general cognitive delay. Genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors are implicated in ASC and genes involved in neural connectivity and neurodevelopment are good candidates for studying the susceptibility to ASC. The aryl-hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) gene encodes a transcription factor involved in neurodevelopmental processes, neuronal connectivity and cellular responses to hypoxia. A mutation in this gene has been identified in individuals with ASC and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been nominally associated with AS and autistic traits in previous studies. Methods: In this study, we tested 34 SNPs in ARNT2 for association with AS in 118 cases and 412 controls of Caucasian origin. P values were adjusted for multiple comparisons, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) among the SNPs analysed was calculated in our sample. Finally, SNP annotation allowed functional and structural analyses of the genetic variants in ARNT2. We tested the replicability of our result using the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) database of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC). Results: We report statistically significant association of rs17225178 with AS. This SNP modifies transcription factor binding sites and regions that regulate the chromatin state in neural cell lines. It is also included in a LD block in our sample, alongside other genetic variants that alter chromatin regulatory regions in neural cells. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that rs17225178 in the ARNT2 gene is associated with AS and support previous studies that pointed out an involvement of this gene in the predisposition to ASC.

Prior work suggests that young children do not generalize others' preferences to new individuals. We hypothesized (following Vaish et al., 2008, Psychol. Bull., 134, 383-403) that this may only hold for positive emotions, which inform the child about the person's attitude towards the object but not about the positivity of the object itself. It may not hold for negative emotions, which additionally inform the child about the negativity of the object itself. Two-year-old children saw one individual (the emoter) emoting positively or negatively towards one and neutrally towards a second novel object. When a second individual then requested an object, children generalized the emoter's negative but not her positive emotion to the second individual. Children thus draw different inferences from others' positive versus negative emotions: Whereas they view others' positive emotions as person centred, they may view others' negative emotions as object centred and thus generalizable across people. The results are discussed with relation to the functions and implications of the negativity bias.

Although children can use social categories to intelligently select informants, children's preference for in-group informants has not been consistently demonstrated across age and context. This research clarifies the extent to which children use social categories to guide learning by presenting participants with a live or video-recorded action demonstration by a linguistic in-group and/or out-group model. Participants' (N = 104) propensity to imitate these actions was assessed. Nineteen-month-olds did not selectively imitate the actions of the in-group model in live contexts, though in-group preferences were found after watching the demonstration on video. Three-yearolds selectively imitated the actions demonstrated by the in-group member regardless of context. These results indicate that in-group preferences have a more nuanced effect on social learning than previous research has indicated. Much of children's learning is dependent on social partners. However, informants are not uniform in their ability to provide correct or relevant information, and intelligent social learners must be able to selectively consume accurate knowledge. Even young children appear to be intelligent social consumers, endorsing information tendered by those who appear accurate (e.g.,

Authors review the early Hungarian descriptions of eating disorders. Among medieval fasting saints the ascetic eating disorder of Princess Margaret of Hungary is presented from the 13 th century as well as the anorectic features of the Austro-Hungarian Empress Elisabeth from the 19 th century. The phenomena of anorexia and bulimia are mentioned in publications at the turn of the century. Among early data mental causes of the emaciation are generally discussed, supposing mostly hysterical state. The first case report of an anorectic woman was published by internists in 1955 without mentioning the role of mental factors. In the '50s and '60s somatic treatment and electroconvulsive therapy were used in anorexia. The first epidemiological studies on eating disorders were performed in 1988, while the first articles about bulimia nervosa as a new disease entity were published only in 1989.

Several studies support the efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in the treatment of eating disorders. Treatment outcomes are likely to be augmented through a greater understanding, and hence treatment targeting, of the mechanisms whereby IPT induces therapeutic gains. To this end, the present paper seeks to develop a theoretical model of IPT in the context of eating disorders (IPT-ED). After providing a brief description of IPT, the IPT-ED model is presented and research supporting its theorized mechanisms is summarized. This model proposes that negative social evaluation plays a pivotal role as both a cause (via its detrimental impact on self evaluation and associated affect) and consequence of eating disorder symptoms. In the final section, key eating disorder constructs (namely, the developmental period of adolescence, clinical perfectionism, cognitive dysfunction, and affect regulation) are re-interpreted from the standpoint of negative social evaluation thereby further explicating IPT's efficacy as an intervention for individuals with an eating disorder.

First responders, including police officers, firefighters, and emergency and paramedic teams (Ryan et al. 2022; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA, 2018]), work in some of the most demanding and stressful occupations (Bryant, 2022; Kern et al., 2021). Every day, they face emotionally challenging, unpredictable (Gryshchuk et al., 2022), and exhausting (SAMHSA, 2018) environments and situations that can take a toll on their mental and physical health (SAMHSA, 2018), including exposure to death, loss, injury, personal safety risks, and extended working hours that disrupt sleep and family life (Marmar et al., 2006). Under Portuguese law (Decree-Law 243/2015; Decree-Law 247/2007), first responders are required to be permanently available, leading to frequent interruptions in their personal and family time whenever an incident occurs. In addition, many firefighters fulfill these duties on a voluntary basis, balancing them with other jobs, which may add to the strain on their mental health (SAMHSA, 2018). Despite these challenges, first responders often avoid seeking help, often due to male-dominated work environments where vulnerability is stigmatized (Jones et al.,

This article describes an in-class exercise that has worked to elevate student awareness of the importance ofplanning verbal and nonverbal behavior as key to successful career communication. Small groups ofstudents answer questions about dating and then apply their understanding from what it takes to make and sustain a positive impression in dating situations to career communication, including networking, co-op, andjob interviews.

This article describes an in-class exercise that has worked to elevate student awareness of the importance ofplanning verbal and nonverbal behavior as key to successful career communication. Small groups ofstudents answer questions about dating and then apply their understanding from what it takes to make and sustain a positive impression in dating situations to career communication, including networking, co-op, andjob interviews.

This paper examines the encounter between so-called ‘locals’ and ‘migrants’ or individuals with a migration background through the two intellectual senses of perception: seeing and hearing. It argues that this encounter is predominantly structured by a regime of seeing, which is not neutral but deeply embedded in socio-historical power dynamics. This visual regime is characterized by objectification, fixation, and distancing – modes of perception that distort social interaction and reduce the ‘migrant’ to a visible marker of otherness. As a result, the migration background moves from a contextual detail to a defining feature of identity, a process called ‘migrantification’. In other words, the migration background becomes a foreground. To critically investigate this process, the paper employs a critical phenomenological approach, beginning with lived experience and moving beyond the classical Sartrean emphasis on the gaze. Instead, it reveals how the ‘migrant’ condition is shaped not only by being seen but by being seen in a particular way. Given the limitations of liberal discourses that aim merely to include ‘migrant’ voices, I propose an alternative orientation – one that centers the primacy of listening, or more precisely, hearkening. This auditory openness introduces a relational ethic, emphasizing receptivity, mutuality, and conceptual transformation in intercultural encounters.

Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa,with substantial annual population growth.The current government seeks new policies for family limitation as a way to facilitate more sustainable development. METHODS: Data from the 2005 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey were used for a two-step analysis; binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with desiring to stop childbearing and having unmet need. RESULTS: Eighty-seven percent of women aged 15-49 approve of family planning,but only 64% believe that their partner approves of it.There is a high level of unmet need for family limitation; 58% of women who want to stop childbearing do not use modern contraceptives.Demand was lower among women who did not approve of family planning, those who did not know their partner's attitude toward family planning and those who had discussed family planning with their partner fewer than three times.Unmet need was higher among women who did not approve of family planning,those who believed their partner did not approve of family planning or who did not know his attitude, and those who had never discussed family planning with their partner or had done so only once or twice. Negative attitudes toward family planning and failing structures of provision are the dominant constraints on the use of modern contraceptives in Rwanda.Community-based family planning services could greatly expand access,especially in underserved provinces.

Este capítulo analiza el papel de la vivienda durante la pandemia por COVID-19 como un sistema complejo y autopoiético, en el que los habitantes activaron procesos de reorganización interna para enfrentar el confinamiento. A partir de un estudio cualitativo con casos voluntarios en diversas regiones de México, se exploran las dinámicas espaciales, emocionales y sociales que emergieron ante la crisis sanitaria. La propuesta teórica articula la noción de resiliencia desde la teoría de sistemas complejos y la autopoiesis, considerando la vivienda no solo como infraestructura, sino como un sistema vivo, adaptativo y generador de estrategias. El capítulo contribuye al debate sobre la habitabilidad en contextos de emergencia, subrayando la necesidad de integrar perspectivas interdisciplinares para comprender los vínculos entre espacio, salud y agencia cotidiana.

Both psychological theory and empirical research have consistently indicated that human beings use media images to form cognitive schemas, and that these schemas can then have an effect on perceptions of ability and performance. Gender and ethnic biases are well documented in common media, such as television and picture books. This study examined images of human beings in two popular

In this paper, a pedagogical application of NooJ to the teaching and learning of Spanish as a foreign language is presented, which is directed to a specific addressee: learners whose mother tongue is Italian. The category ‘adjective’ has been chosen on account of its lower frequency of occurrence in texts written in Spanish, and particularly in the Argentine Rioplatense variety, and with the aim of developing strategies to increase its use. In addition, the features that the adjective shares with other grammatical categories render it extremely productive and provide elements that enrich the learners’ proficiency. The reference corpus contains the front pages of the Argentinian newspaper Clarín related to an emblematic historical moment, whose starting point is 24 March 1976, when a military coup began, and covers a thirty year period until 24 March 2006. It can be seen how the term desaparecido emerges with all its cultural and social charge, providing a context which allows an app...

Introduction: Non-physical bullying, often subtle and insidious, poses a
significant threat to adolescents' self-concept during a critical developmental
period. This study investigates the prevalence and impact of non-physical
bullying on adolescents' self-concept within the unique cultural context of
Sausapor, Tambrauw Regency, West Papua, Indonesia. Methods: A cross
sectional observational study was conducted among adolescents aged 12-17
years in Sausapor. Data were collected using validated questionnaires
assessing non-physical bullying experiences and self-concept dimensions
(self-esteem, self-efficacy, and body image). Descriptive statistics, chi-square
tests, and regression analyses were employed to examine the relationship
between non-physical bullying and self-concept. Results: The study revealed
a significant prevalence of non-physical bullying in the Sausapor adolescent
community, with verbal abuse and social exclusion being the most common
forms. Non-physical bullying was significantly associated with lower self
esteem, reduced self-efficacy, and negative body image among adolescents.
Regression analyses confirmed the detrimental impact of non-physical
bullying on self-concept, even after controlling for sociodemographic factors.
Conclusion: Non-physical bullying is a pervasive issue in Sausapor, with
profound negative consequences for adolescents’ self-concept. Culturally
sensitive interventions are urgently needed to prevent and address non
physical bullying, promote positive self-concept development, and foster a
supportive environment for adolescents in this community.

En este texto se analizan las formas en que el público interpreta y valora los contenidos mediáticos mexicanos, en el presente caso, la publicidad que se encuentra permeada por representaciones coloristas y clasistas. En este estudio, basado en entrevistas cualitativas, participaron cinco mujeres y tres hombres entre 22 y 34 años de edad, que se adscriben a diferentes estratos socioeconómicos y son estudiantes de una universidad pública y una privada en la Ciudad de México, la estrategia de investigación se sustenta en su exposición a varios comerciales mexicanos que, de forma implícita o explícita, están basados en discurso colorista, con el fin de aproximarse y analizar los momentos clave en su percepción de dichas representaciones, su decodificación, valoración e interpretación para poder explorar una posible reflexión crítica, o ausencia de ella, en relación con el subyacente racismo y clasismo colorista en la publicidad mexicana.

Findings from aggregate-level and ethnographic research suggest that poverty and delinquency are related. The inability of individual-level quantitative research to demonstrate consistent evidence of this relationship, however, has been used to call into question whether poverty is indeed related to an increased propensity for delinquent involvement. This may be due to the difficulty individual-level analyses have in identifying the group most important in uncovering the relationship of poverty to delinquency-those individuals that experience persistent childhood poverty. This paper provides an assessment of the effects of both the level of exposure to poverty and its timing on delinquent involvement using fourteen years of longitudinal data for a national sample of younger adolescents. Findings indicate that exposure to poverty and the timing of such exposure are indeed related to an increased likelihood of involvement in delinquency.

Indonesian coal production nowadays has reached 63% of total production, which means this high demand will also produce a lot of data. This high demand needs to be innovated as a new alternative energy based on coal production, Underground Coal Gasification (UCG). The coal in this alternative energy source is used to turn the solid coal into gas. Coal mining data has a lot of variables that might be difficult to process manually. Our automatic system will help the users, especially the geologists, identify which coal seams have the potential to be developed as the UCG. We developed the system using a python-based coding system and required data standardization to ease the built-in code reading and process all the required steps to identify the UCG. We implemented the calculation and characterization regarding the calorific value (ADB), proximate, and ultimate analysis from the provided data to find the needed variables for the UCG analytics system. The automatic system will allow the user to choose the interesting borehole that they want to identify. Our system then shows the initial UCG recommendation layer for the next analysis. From our experiment, our system finally found that at the depth of 260 meters, Borehole MJ02 has the potential as the initial guest of the recommendation layer of the UCG development.

In South Africa, the minibus taxi drivers are largely becoming another high-risk category in the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Although previous studies have shown that knowledge of HIV and AIDS is relatively high among the taxi drivers it is still not clear how this sub-population perceive the support rendered to them with regard to HIV and AIDS prevention strategies. This study aimed to focus on this atypical workplace and explore the KwaZulu-Natal, minibus taxi drivers' perceptions on HIV and AIDS. In this study, qualitative methods were utilized to determine the minibus taxi drivers' understanding of HIV and AIDS infection, HIV prevention strategies, existing support strategies and effects of HIV and AIDS on the taxi industry. Focus-group discussions were conducted, to collect data. The results showed that even though the taxi drivers had some understanding on HIV and AIDS there was still a dire need for interventions that were geared towards addressing HIV-related needs of the drivers in this industry.

Cognitive empathy is supported by the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), anterior mid-cingulate cortex (aMCC), insula (INS), supplementary motor area (SMA), right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), and precuneus (PREC). In healthy controls, cortical thickness in these regions has been linked to cognitive empathy. As cognitive empathy is impaired in schizophrenia, we examined whether reduced cortical thickness in these regions was associated with poorer cognitive empathy in this population. 41 clinically-stable community-dwelling individuals with schizophrenia and 46 healthy controls group-matched on demographic variables completed self-report empathy questionnaires, a cognitive empathy task, and structural magnetic resonance imaging. We examined between-group differences in study variables using t-tests and analyses of variance. Next, we used Pearson correlations to evaluate the relationship between cognitive empathy and cortical thickness in the mPFC, IFG,...

Empathic deficits have been linked to poor functioning in schizophrenia, but this work is mostly limited to self-report data. This study examined whether performance-based empathy measures account for incremental variance in social competence and social attainment above and beyond self-reported empathy, neurocognition, and clinical symptoms. Given the importance of working memory in theoretical models of empathy and in the prediction of functioning in schizophrenia, we also examined whether empathy mediates the relationship between working memory and functioning. Sixty outpatients and 45 healthy controls were compared on performance-based measures of 3 key components of empathic responding, including facial affect perception, emotional empathy (affective responsiveness), and cognitive empathy (emotional perspectivetaking). Participants also completed measures of self-reported empathy, neurocognition, clinical symptoms, and social competence and attainment. Patients demonstrated lower accuracy than controls across the 3 performance-based empathy measures. Among patients, these measures showed minimal relations to self-reported empathy but significantly correlated with working memory and other neurocognitive functions as well as symptom levels. Furthermore, cognitive empathy explained significant incremental variance in social competence (∆R 2 = .07, P < .05) and was found to mediate the relation between working memory and social competence. Performance-based measures of empathy were sensitive to functionally relevant disturbances in schizophrenia. Working memory deficits appear to have an important effect on these disruptions in empathy. Empathy is emerging as a promising new area for social cognitive research and for novel recovery-oriented treatment development.

The process of detecting terrorist crimes is
a highly complex and multidimensional mechanism requiring a harmonious combination
of advanced technologies, traditional operational methods, and an interdisciplinary
analytical approach. Each stage of this process, from the identification of the crime, through the securing of evidence, to the identification of the perpetrators, requires the implementation of precisely planned and coordinated procedural activities.
Key activities such as the inspection of the scene of the crime, searches, analysis of evidence, and interrogations must be carried out with the utmost care.
The investigation of terrorist crimes is a complex and multidimensional mechanism that requires the harmonious combination of advanced technologies, traditional operational methods, and an interdisciplinary analytical approach. Of key importance here are activities such as inspection of
the scene of the incident, searches, analysis of evidence, and interrogations, which must
be carried out with the utmost care, taking into account the unique challenges
associated with the nature of terrorist crimes.
The phenomenon of terrorism, characterized by deep conspiracy, dynamic adaptation, and
the support of complex international organizational structures,
requires the use of innovative tools and approaches. Criminal analysis, which enables
the mapping of networks of connections between perpetrators, their sources of financing, and their logistical support,
is the foundation of investigative activities. At the same time, operational reconnaissance
based on the infiltration of suspicious environments and the monitoring of radicalization processes
often determines the effectiveness of subsequent investigative activities. Modern methods of detecting terrorism are based on the synergistic use of
analytical technologies, such as telecommunications data mining, image analysis,
and advanced 3D scanning techniques at crime scenes, which increase
the reliability and precision of evidence. This process also requires close cooperation between
law enforcement agencies at the national and international levels, which is essential
in the context of neutralizing cross-border threats.
In the face of constantly evolving strategies and tactics of terrorist groups, the
plays a role not only as a tool for responding to crimes, but also as a
pillar of preventive strategies. Its multidimensionality and adaptability
to changing conditions are a key element of the public security system,
enabling effective counteraction to the threats of the 21st century.

Climatic variability is a fact of life in the ancient cocoa loop of the Gontougo and Indenié
Djuablin regions.  In this part of Côte d'Ivoire, climatic variability is reflected in its impact
on agricultural seasons. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the evidence of climatic
variability in this part of the country. The methods used are based on statistical tests and
information gathered from target populations. A study of rainfall data for Agnibilékro,
Abengourou and Adzopé (1951-2020) shows marked variations, with significant declines
followed by recoveries. In Agnibilékro, rainfall dropped by 11.72% between 1969 and
2008, then rose by 14.72% from 2009 to 2020, while Abengourou shows a similar trend,
with a slight overall drop of 2% over the period. The quantitative approach, based on a
questionnaire administered to 121 active farmers, revealed that 90% of the farmers
surveyed unanimously perceived a lengthening of the long dry season. In addition, local
observation is expressed by empirical knowledge compared to recent climate trends,
characterized by the appearance of more frequent dry years. Farmers also report that
between 1984 and 2020, rainy seasons in Tanda, Koun-Fao and Transua have shortened
considerably, leading to a drop in annual rainfall and disrupting agricultural cycles.

Neurophysiological evidence is described showing that some neurons in the macaque inferior temporal visual cortex have responses that are invariant with respect to the position, size and view of faces and objects, and that these neurons show rapid processing and rapid learning. Which face or object is present is encoded using a distributed representation in which each neuron conveys independent information in its firing rate, with little information evident in the relative time of firing of different neurons. This ensemble encoding has the advantages of maximising the information in the representation useful for discrimination between stimuli using a simple weighted sum of the neuronal firing by the receiving neurons, generalisation and graceful degradation. These invariant representations are ideally suited to provide the inputs to brain regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala that learn the reinforcement associations of an individual's face, for then the learning, and the appropriate social and emotional responses, generalise to other views of the same face. A theory is described of how such invariant representations may be produced in a hierarchically organised set of visual cortical areas with convergent connectivity. The theory proposes that neurons in these visual areas use a modified Hebb synaptic modification rule with a short-term memory trace to capture whatever can be captured at each stage that is invariant about objects as the objects change in retinal view, position, size and rotation. Another population of neurons in the cortex in the superior temporal sulcus encodes other aspects of faces such as face expression, eye gaze, face view and whether the head is moving. These neurons thus provide important additional inputs to parts of the brain such as the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala that are involved in social communication and emotional behaviour. Outputs of these systems reach the amygdala, in which face-selective neurons are found, and also the orbitofrontal cortex, in which some neurons are tuned to face identity and others to face expression. In humans, activation of the orbitofrontal cortex is found when a change of face expression acts as a social signal that behaviour should change; and damage to the orbitofrontal cortex can impair face and voice expression identification, and also the reversal of emotional behaviour that normally occurs when reinforcers are reversed.

Background/Objectives: Emotional competence is a crucial skill in nursing education, yet it remains underdeveloped in academic curricula. This study aims to (1) propose and preliminarily apply the TRI-COM model as a conceptual and educational framework to operationalize the definition of emotions within nursing contexts, and (2) explore the multidimensional structure of emotional competence among nursing students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 233 nursing students (M_age = 23.79, SD = 5.19) from various Italian universities, with 82.8% identifying as female. The participants completed an online questionnaire including the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Profession Student (JSE-HPS) version. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation analyses were performed. Results: The overall mean TAS-20 score was 60.36 (SD = 11.22), which is close to the clinical threshold (cut-off = 61). The EOT subscale showed the highest mean (M = 26.48, SD = 3.16), suggesting a tendency toward externally oriented thinking. The mean JSE-HPS total score was 87.05 (SD = 7.88), with higher scores for Perspective Taking (M = 60.95, SD = 7.42) than Compassionate Care (M = 18.92, SD = 6.40). A significant gender difference was found in Perspective Taking (female: M = 61.54, male: M = 58.10; p = 0.007). The ANOVA results showed no significant differences in empathy across academic years, but the DIF subscale of TAS-20 showed a trend near significance (p = 0.053). Significant negative correlations were observed between age and TAS-20 scores (e.g., age-TAS-20 total: r =-0.23, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings suggest a general tendency toward rationalization and emotional detachment among students, possibly as a coping strategy in emotionally demanding contexts. The TRI-COM model-an original pedagogical framework inspired by tripartite theories of emotion-was used as a conceptual lens, providing a preliminary framework to interpret emotional competence in nursing education. Further research is needed to validate its educational relevance and explore practical applications within curricula.