SALT TOLERANCE

Probiotics are microorganisms that live as commensals in the intestines of people and warmblooded creatures. These living beings have appeared various benefits that are utilized in the treatment of diseases, including intestinal disorders, strengthening the immune system, reducing drug side effects in cancer patients, and more. The point of this study is to explore the part of probiotics in human health and to address the different species of probiotic microorganisms. In this review study, reputable scientific databases such as Google Scholar, SID, and Scopus were utilized to search for relevant articles. By investigating 50 published articles in recognized journals from the years 2000 to 2025, add up to of 21 articles met the consideration criteria for the study and were chosen.

The effect of chloride and sulfate salts of Na + , K + and Mg 2+ on seed germination of a halophytic grass Phragmites karka was studied under different dark/light conditions and a range of temperature regimes. Seeds germinated better at 20/30ºC and their germination decreased with increases in salinity. This reduction in germination could be attributed to specific ion toxicity as well as variable osmotic stress due to the composition of salts. Among cations, K + was generally most toxic followed by Mg 2+ and Na + but such generalizations could not be made in case of anions. Potassium sulfate was inhibitory than Mg 2+ salts for seed germination. A better germination recovery from salt stress was found in 10/20ºC. More seeds recovered when transferred from NaCl to distilled water at all temperature regimes. Seeds treated with magnesium sulfate showed better recovery at 10/20 ºC, while recovery in Na 2 SO 4 and MgCl 2 treated seeds was better in moderate temperatures. The salts did not...

Exogenous supply of boron was evaluated on the seeds of Pisum sativum L. inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum and grown in aqua-culture. The liquid nutrition medium contained six boron concentrations (control, 1, 1.86, 2.86, 3.86, and 4.86 mg L -1 ). The results obtained from the present work showed that number of nodules, size of nodules and weight of nodules exhibit great improvement in 2.86 mg L -1 boron treatment. Toxic effect of high concentration of boron (4.86 mg L -1 ) was also recorded. There was significant reduction as compare to control in nodule weight, size and numbers. This fact becomes clear while observing the nodules growing in the boron free culture, which did not develop extensively. The comparison of the transverse sections of root-nodule area, from nutrient solutions with various boron concentrations showed that in the absence of boron, there was a considerable hypertrophy in cambial cells and a frequent disintegration of phloem and ground tissue along with xylem. The disintegration of the tissue seems to be linked with nodule bacteria. The nodular bacteria are considered to assume a parasitic habit in the absence of boron.

The present solution culture experiments were conducted in a bid to screen ten eucalyptus species for their growth response to salinity in the rooting environment. Three months old seedlings were grown with and without 150 mol m -3 NaCl salinity in a solution culture experiment for eight weeks. Species differed significantly for plant height, shoot and root dry weights at both salinity levels. Increased NaCl salinity significantly suppressed shoot and root biomass with varying degrees. Two species viz. E. camaldulensis (Salt sensitive) and E. occidentalis (Salt tolerant) were selected on the basis of their relative shoot dry weight. Both of these species were further grown in solution culture experiment to reconfirm growth response and ionic composition as affected by salinity stress. Absolute shoot and root biomass was significantly higher in E. camaldulensis as in the first experiment. Growth response of E. occidentalis to applied NaCl salinity was not consistent in this experiment as indicated by its relative shoot dry weight. The inconsistent behavior was attributed to higher temperature and relative humidity in second experiment which aggravated the hazardous effects of salinity in this species. Increased NaCl salinity in root environment significantly increased Na + and Cl -1 concentration in leaves of both species. However, salinity did not affected K + concentration significantly in E. occidentalis. E. camaldulensis although exhibited low relative production at high salinity yet performed better in terms of absolute growth at control as well as at 150 mol m -3 NaCl salinity. Hence may be recommended to be used for rehabilitation of saline lands.

The extrusion of toxins and substances at a cellular level is a vital life process in plants under abiotic stress. The multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) gene family plays a large role in the exportation of toxins and other substrates. We carried out a genome-wide analysis of MATE gene families in Gossypium raimondii and Gossypium arboreum and assessed their expression levels under salt, cadmium and drought stresses. We identified 70 and 68 MATE genes in G. raimondii and G. arboreum, respectively. The majority of the genes were predicted to be localized within the plasma membrane, with some distributed in other cell parts. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the genes were subdivided into three subfamilies, designated as M1, M2 and M3. Closely related members shared similar gene structures, and thus were highly conserved in nature and have mainly evolved through purifying selection. The genes were distributed in all chromosomes. Twenty-nine gene duplication events were detected, with segmental being the dominant type. GO annotation revealed a link to salt, drought and cadmium stresses. The genes exhibited differential expression, with GrMATE18, GrMATE34, GaMATE41 and GaMATE51 significantly upregulated under drought, salt and cadmium stress, and these could possibly be the candidate genes. Our results provide the first data on the genome-wide and functional characterization of MATE genes in diploid cotton, and are important for breeders of more stress-tolerant cotton genotypes.

Plants have developed a number of survival strategies which are significant for enhancing their adaptation to various biotic and abiotic stress factors. At the transcriptome level, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of great significance, enabling the plants to detect a wide range of endogenous and exogenous signals which are employed by the plants in regulating various responses in development and adaptation. In this research work, we carried out genome-wide analysis of target of Myb1 (TOM1), a member of the GPCR gene family. The functional role of TOM1 in salt stress tolerance was studied using a transgenic Arabidopsis plants over-expressing the gene. By the use of the functional domain PF06454, we obtained 16 TOM genes members in Gossypium hirsutum, 9 in Gossypium arboreum, and 11 in Gossypium raimondii. The genes had varying physiochemical properties, and it is significant to note that all the grand average of hydropathy (GRAVY) values were less than one, indicating that all are hydrophobic in nature. In all the genes analysed here, both the exonic and intronic regions were found. The expression level of Gh_A07G0747 (GhTOM) was significantly high in the transgenic lines as compared to the wild type; a similar trend in expression was observed in all the salt-related genes tested in this study. The study in epidermal cells confirmed the localization of the protein coded by the gene TOM1 in the plasma membrane. Analysis of anti-oxidant enzymes showed higher concentrations of antioxidants in transgenic lines and relatively lower levels of oxidant substances such as H 2 O 2 . The low malondialdehyde (MDA) level in transgenic lines indicated that the transgenic lines had relatively low level of oxidative damage compared to the wild types. The results obtained indicate that Gh_A07G0747 (GhTOM) can be a putative target gene for enhancing salt stress tolerance in plants and could be exploited in the future for the development of salt stress-tolerant cotton cultivars.

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is the number one crop cultivated for fiber production and the cornerstone of the textile industry. Drought and salt stress are the major abiotic stresses, which can have a huge economic impact on cotton production; this has been aggravated with continued climate change, and compounded by pollution. Various survival strategies evolved by plants include the induction of various stress responsive genes, such as cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). In this study, we performed a whole-genome identification and analysis of the CDK gene family in cotton. We identified 31, 12, and 15 CDK genes in G. hirsutum, G. arboreum, and G. raimondii respectively, and they were classified into 6 groups. CDK genes were distributed in 15, 10, and 9 linkage groups of AD, D, and A genomes, respectively. Evolutionary analysis revealed that segmental types of gene duplication were the primary force underlying CDK genes expansion. RNA sequence and RT-qPCR validation revealed that Gh_D12G2...

Plants have developed a number of survival strategies which are significant for enhancing their adaptation to various biotic and abiotic stress factors. At the transcriptome level, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of great significance, enabling the plants to detect a wide range of endogenous and exogenous signals which are employed by the plants in regulating various responses in development and adaptation. In this research work, we carried out genome-wide analysis of target of Myb1 (), a member of the GPCR gene family. The functional role of TOM1 in salt stress tolerance was studied using a transgenic plants over-expressing the gene. By the use of the functional domain PF06454, we obtained 16 genes members in , 9 in , and 11 in . The genes had varying physiochemical properties, and it is significant to note that all the grand average of hydropathy (GRAVY) values were less than one, indicating that all are hydrophobic in nature. In all the genes analysed here, both the exoni...

The performance of a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) of terminal drought tolerance (DT) of pearl millet was assessed under salt stress. The test-cross hybrids of the QTL donor parent (drought tolerant, PRLT 2/89-33), QTL recipient parent (drought sensitive, H 77/833-2), and a set of six near isogenic lines introgressed with a terminal DT-QTL (QTL-NILs) were evaluated for germination and seedling emergence at 7 days after sowing (DAS) in Petri plates at four salinity levels, and at vegetative (24 DAS) and maturity stages at three salinity and alkalinity levels. Na ? and K ? accumulation, their compartmentation in different plant parts, and their effects on growth and yield parameters were evaluated. The DT-QTL donor parent and QTL-NILs accumulated less Na ? in shoot parts at seedling, vegetative and maturity stages, and also partitioned the accumulated Na ? more into nodes and internodes and less into leaves than the drought-sensitive recurrent parent. The pattern of reduced salt accumulation in the drought-tolerant parent and QTL-NILs was consistently associated with better growth and productivity in saline and alkaline treatments. It is concluded that the DT-QTL contributed by PRLT 2/89-33 exerted favourable effects on growth and productivity traits under salt stress by limiting Na ? accumulation in leaves.

Introduction Selenium (Se) is a group VI element with chemical properties very similar to those of sulfur, it has been demonstrated as an essential element for ruminants. Selenium is required to prevent deficiency diseases such as white muscle disease, maintain growth rates of young animals and promote reproductive performance. Camel sensitivity to trace element imbalances has been reported (Faye and Bengoumi, 1994). Selenium is generally considered a highly toxic element and selenium toxicity may occur in camels through incorrect diet formulation or prolonged oral exposure to elevated dietary selenium (Se) in forage. The objectives of the current study were to determine effects of graded levels of soldium selenite intake on camel performance and to provide preliminary data on camel selenosis (clinical symptoms and lesions).

The development of drought tolerant genotypes for peanuts has now become a priority due to the growing number of drought-prone areas. The effects of drought stress on nitrogen metabolism was studied in leaves of two groundnut cultivars with differential sensitivity to drought stress,  K-134 (drought tolerant) and JL-24 (drought sensitive) subjected to different regimes of water stress conditions for a duration of 12 days. The total protein content in leaves of both cultivars declined with progressive accumulation of free amino acid levels. Concurrently, the protease activity in the tissues was also increased.  Ammonia content was increased in both cultivars and comparatively higher ammonia levels were recorded for cv. JL-24.  A gradual increase in the activities of key enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism such as  glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamate  dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH and NADPH-GDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT)  was observed in both cultivars subjected to water stress.  The increase in enzyme activities was more pronounced in the drought tolerant than in the drought sensitive cultivar. Contrarily, the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) were decreased in the stressed plants. The extent of decrease was more in cv. K134 than cv. JL-24. The results indicate that drought tolerance of cultivar K-134 may be attributed at least in part to the ability to shift the metabolic rate leading to a greater accumulation of amino acids coupled with lower levels of ammonia and largely by reassimilation as evidenced by relatively greater activities of GS and GOGAT in the tissue. The physiological importance of enzyme alterations under water stress was investigated in relation to plant metabolism

Sinorhizobium meliloti strain A5, isolated from root nodules of Medicago truncatula growing spontaneously in Tunisian dry lands, showed better growth performance under different sodium chloride concentrations than the standard reference strain RCR2011. Strain A5 has the ability to grow even at 684 mM NaCl. Two-dimensional (2D) electrophoretic analysis of the salt effect on proteome profiles revealed the greatest change on the 4th day of exposure. The halotolerant strain A5 showed more upregulated protein spots than the standard RCR2011 strain (23% of the analyzed protein spots vs only 10% in strain RCR2011) and fewer downregulated protein spots (28% vs 69%). Proteins over-expressed in salty medium as determined by Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for both strains were identified as an outer-membrane protein, an L-amino-acid binding periplasmic transporter protein, a 50S ribosomal protein (L25), a heat shock protein, and a putative oxidoreductase protein. Down-regulated proteins were identified as a putative iron-binding periplasmic transporter protein, a putative lipoprotein precursor, a putative spermidine/ putrescine-binding periplasmic transporter protein, and a putative amino-acid binding ABC transporter protein. The profile of strain A5 showed higher over-expression of an oxidoreductase and a heat-shock protein, and specifically an induction of a putative oligopeptide ABC transporter ATP-binding protein.

Amphidiploid species in the Brassicaceae family, such as Brassica napus, are more tolerant to environmental stress than their diploid ancestors.A relatively salt tolerant B. napus line, N119, identified in our previous study, was used. N119 maintained lower Na(+) content, and Na(+)/K(+) and Na(+)/Ca(2+) ratios in the leaves than a susceptible line. The transcriptome profiles of both the leaves and the roots 1 h and 12 h after stress were investigated. De novo assembly of individual transcriptome followed by sequence clustering yielded 161,537 nonredundant sequences. A total of 14,719 transcripts were differentially expressed in either organs at either time points. GO and KO enrichment analyses indicated that the same 49 GO terms and seven KO terms were, respectively, overrepresented in upregulated transcripts in both organs at 1 h after stress. Certain overrepresented GO term of genes upregulated at 1 h after stress in the leaves became overrepresented in genes downregulated at 12 h...

The transport of spermidine into a cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, was characterized by measuring the uptake of 14 C-spermidine. Spermidine transport was shown to be saturable with an apparent affinity constant (K m ) value of 67 µM and a maximal velocity (V max ) value of 0.45 nmol/min/mg protein. Spermidine uptake was pHdependent with the pH optimum being 8.0. The competition experiment showed strong inhibition of spermidine uptake by putrescine and spermine, whereas amino acids were hardly inhibitory. The inhibition kinetics of spermidine transport by putrescine and spermine was found to be noncompetitive with K i values of 292 and 432 µM, respectively. The inhibition of spermidine transport by various metabolic inhibitors and ionophores suggests that spermidine uptake is energy-dependent. The diminution of cell growth was observed in cells grown at a high concentration of NaCl. Addition of a low concentration of spermidine at 0.5 mM relieved growth inhibition by salt stress. Upshift of the external osmolality generated by either NaCl or sorbitol caused an increased spermidine transport with about 30-40% increase at 10 mosmol/kg upshift.

Abiotic stresses cause a significant decrease in productivity and growth in agricultural products, especially barley. Breeding has been considered to create resistance against abiotic stresses. Pyramiding genes for tolerance to abiotic stresses through selection based on molecular markers connected to Mega MQTLs of abiotic tolerance can be one of the ways to reach Golden Barley. In this study, 1162 original QTLs controlling 116 traits tolerant to abiotic stresses were gathered from previous research and mapped from various populations. A consensus genetic map was made, including AFLP, SSR, RFLP, RAPD, SAP, DArT, EST, CAPS, STS, RGA, IFLP, and SNP markers based on two genetic linkage maps and 26 individual linkage maps. Individual genetic maps were created by integrating individual QTL studies into the pre-consensus map. The consensus map covered a total length of 2124.43 cM with an average distance of 0.25 cM between markers. In this study, 585 QTLs and 191 effective genes related t...

In this article, using modern programs based on long-term data on groundwater in the Bukhara oasis, the hydrodynamic and hydrogeochemical state of groundwater and the state of soil reclamation are analyzed. At the same time, existing ideas about the replenishment, flow, consumption of aquifers, changes in the quality of groundwater, and the study of these territories’ hydrogeological and reclamation hydrogeological conditions were taken into account. The correspondence of groundwater at control points for this period (results of regular observations of the Bukhara hydrogeological station) and groundwater seepage into the collector-drainage network under natural conditions was noted. Data from retrospective monitoring of surface waters flowing into the Bukhara region were also collected, the state of the oasis’s first aquifer and the soil salinity level were analyzed, and the assessment results were presented.

The effects of salinity stress on the physiological processes and biochemical compounds of plants were reported. Salicylic acid (SA), as one of the main phytohormones, is a signal molecule that alleviates the negative influences of salinity. This study was conducted to investigate the protective role of SA in improving the salinity tolerance of two almond cultivars. Two almond cultivars ('Tuono' and 'Sahand') grafted on the GN (Garnem) rootstock were exposed to different levels of salinity stress (0, 2, 6 and 8 dS·m-1) and treated with SA (0, 1 and 2 mM). The results showed that salinity stress significantly reduced the plant height, Fv/Fm, protein and total phenolic content (TPC), whereas Na and Cl content in roots, proline content and antioxidant enzymes activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), significantly increased in response to salinity stress. Root...

In semi arid and arid countries, the increase in production needs sometimes using brackish/saline water for irrigation. In Kairouan and Mahdia (Centre of Tunisia), most of the irrigated areas are by pumping ground water from wells and in many cases, water has more than 4 g of salt per liter. To improve farmers' income through using efficiently brackish/saline and rare water, applied research programme was carried out. The methodology adopted was based on selection of six farmers' parcels. Behind water quality and quantity, soil salinity and crop response, the crop cost was studied: initial and final characterization and frequently controlled. Three different water regimes were observed induced three salinity regimes: an exclusively irrigated regime in summer based on using saline water producing continuous accumulation of salts, an irrigated-rained regime in autumn/spring based on alternated saline and fresh water inducing cyclic accumulation and leaching of salts and a rained regime in winter based on fresh water with continuous leaching of salts. At the short term, soil salinity increased under irrigation until equilibrium with the irrigation water quality and decreased by rain which produced an important salts leaching in a very short time. Many tons of salts were added to the initial stock in summer season and most of them are leached to the subsoil under irrigation and by rain in the winter. Salinization affected the deep layer and on the long term, salinization of the aquifer might occur. An important crop yield decrease for the summer crop was obtained but the socio-economic aspect appeared as an important factor conditioning the use of saline water.

Among various nano-scaled materials composed from a spectrum of chemical compounds, inorganic nanoparticles are very attractive due to their physico-chemical properties, as well as their availability, simplicity, possibility of modifications, stability and biocompatibility. They are, on the one hand, an useful tool in advanced analytical chemistry, in particular for studying of biologically-relevant processes, but also important as functional parts of the systems designed for controlled and targeted delivery of medicaments for treatment of a variety of diseases and for imaging. So far, thousands of compounds and systems have been developed for the above-mentioned purposes, but there are only a few reviews dealing with these topics. The aim of this review is, thus, to summarize recent applications of nano-structured inorganic materials in the field of drug delivery, bioimaging and bioanalytics, and to give a prospective from the standpoint of biology-related applications.

Abiotic stresses are often interrelated, either individually or in combination, they cause morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes that adversely affect plant growth, productivity and ultimately seed yield. Heat, drought, cold and salinity are the major abiotic stresses that induce severe cellular damage in plant species, including crop plants. High temperature especially terminal heat stress is the second most important stress next to drought. It has negative effect on plant growth due to the harmful effect on plant development. It is a critical factor for plant productivity also. Generally plants respond to heat stress through developmental, biochemical and physiological changes and the type of response depends on several factors such as stress intensity, stress duration and genotype. It poses serious threats to the sustainability of crop production. The increasing threat of climate change is already having a substantial impact on agricultural production wo...

Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) is a troublesome broadleaf weed that competes with crops for resources such as soil moisture. Water stress can affect the ability of weed species to grow and produce seeds. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of degree of water stress on the growth and fecundity of A. threophrasti using soil moisture sensors under greenhouse conditions. Abutilon threophrasti seeds collected from a corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] field were grown in silty clay loam soil, and plants were maintained at 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% soil field capacity (FC) corresponding to no, light, moderate, and high water-stress conditions, respectively. Water was added daily to pots based on soil moisture levels detected by a Meter Group 5TM sensor to maintain the desired water-stress level required by treatment. Plants maintained at 100% FC had the maximum number of leaves (28 leaves plant−1), followed by 21 and 15 leaves plant−1 at 75% and...

Although enormous effort has been put into conventional breeding programmes for both drought and salt tolerance, there has been little progress in producing varieties that are adopted by farmers in their fields. This is largely due to the lack of consideration given to the specific needs of farmers in droughted and salt-affected environments, in particular in terms of non-yield post-harvest traits. We discuss with examples the advantages and disadvantages of participatory variety selection (PVS) and participatory plant breeding (PPB) in their various forms, as well as the use of the term client-oriented breeding to describe the process of involving the end-users of the breeding programme. Methods for the analysis of participatory trials, and practical considerations for their management, are presented. We also show how both participatory and molecular approaches can be combined into an integrated, client-oriented breeding programme

This research was carried out in order to determine the effects of different salinity levels (control, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 dS m -1 ) on the growth, seedling development, and water use of peanut (Arachis hypogaea cv. NC-7). The study was conducted in 36 pots according to randomized block design in 6 replications. Saline water was prepared by adding NaCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2 into tap water. The tap water (ECi= 0.50 dS m -1 ) was also used as control treatment. Peanut was harvested at flowering stage. Saline water less than 4 dS m -1 had positive effects on plant growth and development parameter while saline water more than 4 dS m -1 negatively affected the same crop parameters. Plant height and fresh weight decreased as much as 21.6% and 21.4%, respectively, after 4 dS m -1 ; while root length decreased 30% after 8 dS m -1 , compared to control treatment. Increasing salinity caused an increase in Na concentration in leaves and roots.

Effects of different salt sources (CaCl 2 , NaCl, and KCl) and concentrations (0, "control", 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 dS m -1 ) on seed germination and seedling growth of Ferro, Obez, RS 841 and Strong Tosa F1 pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) varieties used as rootstock were investigated in the laboratory located at Akdeniz University in 2008. The results revealed that germination rate, root length, shoot length, fresh root weight, dry root weight, fresh shoot weight and dry shoot weights tend to decrease when the EC of solution is higher than 5 dS m -1 , independent of salt sources and in all varieties. Three days after seeding, a germination ratio of 5% was obtained from RS 841 varieties in all salt source and concentrations, while a germination ratio over 50 % was obtained in Strong Tosa variety for the similar conditions except CaCl 2 salt source. Nevertheless, seeds germinated in medium having high concentrations of CaCl 2 had lower germination rate and poor seedling growth, compared to media having the similar concentrations of NaCl and KCl. Overall, all varieties were more sensitive to concentrations prepared using CaCl 2 than KCl and NaCl.

Tuzluluk, kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerde bitki büyümesi ve gelişimini etkileyen önemli problemlerden birisidir. İklimsel faktörler, ana kayaların ayrışması, okyanuslar ve sulama sularının kullanımı tuzlu toprakların oluşmasının nedenleridir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin tescilli aspir (Carthamus tinctorious L.) çeşitlerinin (Dinçer, Remizbey-05 ve Yenice) çimlenme ve erken fide evresi üzerine farklı tuz konsantrasyonlarının [O (kontrol), 75, 150, 225 ve 300 mM NaCI] etkileri incelenmiştir. Bu deneysel çalışma ile aspir çeşitlerinin erken fide evresinde farklı NaCl konsantrasyonlarından olumsuz etkilendiği ve çeşitler birbirleriyle karşılaştırıldıklarında tuz toleranslarında bazı farklılıklar olduğu da gösterilmiştir. Bu nedenle, aspir bitkisinin tuza karşı orta derece toleranslı olduğu ileri sürülebilir ve her iki evreden elde edilen sonuçların değerlendirilmesine göre aspir çeşitleri toleranslı (Yenice), orta derece toleranslı (Dinçer) ve duyarlı (Remzibey-05) olarak sınıflandırılabilir.

To investigate interaction effects of salinity and nitrogen on growth, mineral composition and salinity tolerance of lemon seedlings, a greenhouse experiment with four sodium chloride concentrations (0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg kg -1 soil) and four nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg -1 soil ammonium sulfate) was carried out. Experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Sodium and chloride ions in plant tissues were increased to toxic levels with increase in salinity which resulted in a significant reduction of plant dry weight. Nitrogen consumption up to 100 mg kg -1 soil increased plant dry weight. As the concentration of sodium chloride was increased, the improvement effect of nitrogen on plant growth was decreased. Although nitrogen had no considerable effect on sodium concentration in root and shoot, it made a decrease in chloride concentration in shoot and an increase in root concentration of this element. Salinity decreased essential nutrients concentration in plant shoot. Therefore, it can be concluded that adverse effect of salinity is to some extent due to reduction of required elements to suboptimal ranges in plant tissues. Nitrogen improved the adverse effects of salinity on plant nutrients by increasing their concentration in plant tissues. Therefore it can be inferred that part of the ameliorative effects of nitrogen on salinity adverse effects is related to the maintenance of essential nutrient concentrations in plant tissues. The results of the present study indicate that nitrogen can be applied in amounts higher than optimal level to reduce the harmful effects of salinity.

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. anacardi is a causal of Fusarium wilt of cashew in Tanzania. Considering high disease incidence and severity of Fusarium wilt of cashew, the present study was undertaken to develop a sustainable disease management approach which involves the soil amendment. In the experiment, four cover crops including soybean, mucuna, green gram and cowpea were used. The experiments were conducted on farmer’s fields in 2021/2022 and 2022/2023. Treated plots significantly reduced Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. anacardi load and disease severity compared to non-treated plots (P≤0.05). In the first cropping cycle (2021/2022), disease severity ranged from 9.0% to 39.42% compared to 57.12% in non-planted plots. In the second cropping cycle (2022/2023), disease reduction ranged from 7.0% to 33.50% compared to 62.50% in non-planted plots. Mucuna was the most effective crop with disease severity rates of 9.0% and 7.0%, followed by cowpea with 9.78% and 11.30% in 2021/2022 and 2022/2023, ...

Heat stress is likely to be a key factor in the negative impact of climate change on crop production. Heat stress significantly influences the functions of roots, which provide support, water, and nutrients to other plant organs. Likewise, roots play an important role in the establishment of symbiotic associations with different microorganisms. Despite the physiological relevance of roots, few studies have examined their response to heat stress. In this study, we performed genome-wide transcriptomic and proteomic analyses on isolated root hairs, which are a single, epidermal cell type, and compared their response to stripped roots. On average, we identified 1849 and 3091 genes differentially regulated in root hairs and stripped roots, respectively, in response to heat stress. Our gene regulatory module analysis identified 10 key modules that might control the majority of the transcriptional response to heat stress. We also conducted proteomic analysis on membrane fractions isolated from root hairs and compared these responses to stripped roots. These experiments identified a variety of proteins whose expression changed within 3 h of application of heat stress. Most of these proteins were predicted to play a significant role in thermo-tolerance, as well as in chromatin remodeling and post-transcriptional regulation. The data presented represent an in-depth analysis of the heat stress response of a single cell type in soybean.

Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) is a medicinal and aromatic plant species from Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) and has been extensively used to treat digestive and pulmonary diseases. This plant is relatively sensitive to salinity. To investigate the effect of salinity stress at levels of 0, 40, and 80 mM NaCl in combination with 0 and 5% v/v vermicompost mixed with soil on the growth as well as the physiological and biochemical traits of two fennel landraces planted in Urmia and Shiraz areas, a factorial experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design in three replications under greenhouse conditions. The plants were sampled in the flowering stage eleven weeks after cultivation. As the results showed, vermicompost treatment together with salinity stress could enhance the growth traits of the plants, such as the length and dry weight of shoots; leaf area and dry weight of roots; photosynthetic pigments, i.e., chlorophylls and carotenoids; membrane stability index; relative water ...

The research aimed at studying the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) on Salicornia perennans Willd. growth at different saline concentrations. The study investigated 1) germination and seedling growth and 2) plant growth and photosynthetic performance in hydroponics conditions. Results show that PHs, together with salinity, strongly affected the germination. In freshwater, final germination did not differ between control and PHs treated plants. Under saline conditions, PHs generally stimulated germination, especially at the highest concentration (6000 ppm). Germination did not occur at 50 and 70 NaCl g/l. PHs and salinity strongly affected radicle growth: at 0 up to 15 NaCl g/l germination was reduced by both PHs treatments, while at higher salinity, no statistically significant differences were observed. Plant growth was significantly affected at 0 g/l of salt and with 6000 ppm PHs addition. The photosynthetic performance, evaluated through the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), was slightly affected by the treatments, showing only a transient decrease in the plants treated with PHs in the absence of NaCl. On the contrary, plants grown in saline conditions maintained optimal values of Fv/Fm throughout the treatment period, highlighting a good tolerance of photosynthetic apparatus towards PHs.

Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) amount in domestic and industrial effluents is consistently increasing since SDS is available in almost all cleaning products. Therefore, it has become one of the potential destructive factors on habitats such as agricultural areas and aquatic environments. This study was carried out to evaluate the SDS-induced changes on barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Olgun) seedlings. Barley seedlings were hydroponically cultivated for nine days at optimal conditions and, then, exposed to five different doses of SDS. After 72 h from SDS addition, root and coleoptile lengths were seriously reduced as compared to control. Also, SDS decreased soluble protein, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents of the barley leaves. Furthermore, the SDS-induced reductive effects on protein profiles of barley leaves were also detected with electrophoresis. SDS caused serious decreases in activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase except for peroxidase. Moreover, the SDS led to the emergence of oxidative damage symptoms that were manifested by the increased superoxide anion formation, hydrogen peroxide content and lipid peroxidation level of barley seedlings. Eventually, the results of the present study revealed that SDS cause to a severe reduction in the growth of barley seedlings.

Rice is a staple cereal of India cultivated in about 43.5 Mha area but with relatively low average productivity. Abiotic factors like drought, flood and salinity affect rice production adversely in more than 50% of this area. Breeding rice varieties with inbuilt tolerance to these stresses offers an economically viable and sustainable option to improve rice productivity. Availability of high quality reference genome sequence of rice, knowledge of exact position of genes/QTLs governing tolerance to abiotic stresses and availability of DNA markers linked to these traits has opened up opportunities for breeders to transfer the favorable alleles into widely grown rice varieties through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB). A large multi-institutional project, "From QTL to variety: marker-assisted breeding of abiotic stress tolerant rice varieties with major QTLs for drought, submergence and salt tolerance" was initiated in 2010 with funding support from Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, in collaboration with International Rice Research Institute, Philippines. The main focus of this project is to improve rice productivity in the fragile ecosystems of eastern, northeastern and southern part of the country, which bear the brunt of one or the other abiotic stresses frequently. Seven consistent QTLs for grain yield under drought, namely, qDTY 1.1 , qDTY 2.1 , qDTY 2.2 , qDTY 3.1 , qDTY 3.2 , qDTY 9.1 and qDTY 12.1 are being transferred into submergence * Corresponding author.

In this study we describe the selection and characterization of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli L.) mutants (fows B) with vegetative salt tolerance as compared to a previously described mutant with salt tolerant germination (fows A3). Salt tolerance of both types of mutants was characterized in two distinctive stages of plant development, germination and vegetative growth. About 46% of fows A3 seeds germinated in 300 mM NaCl but none of the seeds of the wild type or fows B mutants were able to germinate in this salt concentration. However, fows B mutants showed significantly higher fresh weights compared to the wild type and the fows A3 mutant when grown in the presence of 200 mM NaCl for 25 days. This indicated that fows B mutants are more salt tolerant than fows A3 mutant as well the wild type. The vegetative salt tolerance of the fows B mutants depended mainly on maintaining more efficient photosynthetic machinery, by keeping significantly higher chlorophyll and Rubisco contents and accumulating soluble sugars particularly sucrose. In addition, fows B mutants had significantly lower malondialdehyde (MDA) contents than did fows A3 and the wild type. This was apparently the result of higher activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in fows B mutants compared to the wild type and fows A3, indicating that more efficient control of reactive oxygen species correlates with salt tolerance. However, proline accumulation and K ? /Na ? ratio did seem to be essential to vegetative salt tolerance. The vegetative salt tolerance mechanisms in fows B mutants were weakly expressed in the wild type and fows A3 mutant. The results provide evidence that salt tolerance during germination and vegetative growth could involve different mechanisms.

A new optimized semiquantitative yeast killer assay is reported for the first time. The killer activity of 36 yeast isolates belonging to three species, namely, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Wickerhamomyces anomala and Torulaspora delbrueckii, was tested with a view to potentially using these yeasts as biocontrol agents against the wine spoilage species Pichia guilliermondii and Pichia membranifaciens. The effectiveness of the classical streak-based (qualitative method) and the new semiquantitative techniques was compared. The percentage of yeasts showing killer activity was found to be higher by the semiquantitative technique (60%) than by the qualitative method (45%). In all cases, the addition of 1% NaCl into the medium allowed a better observation of the killer phenomenon. Important differences were observed in the killer capacity of different isolates belonging to a same killer species. The broadest spectrum of action was detected in isolates of W. anomala NPCC 1023 and 1025, and ...

Bacteria possessing ACC deaminase activity reduce the level of stress ethylene conferring resistance and stimulating growth of plants under various biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, this study was carried out at National Agriculture Research Centre Islamabad to screen rhizobacteria containing ACC deaminase for inducing salt tolerance and improving rice plant growth and enhancement in paddy production under salt-stressed conditions. (ECe=9.65 dS m-1) during June, 2015 to November, 2016. Rice variety Basmati-385 seeds were inoculated with rhizobacterial strains which were: SBCC (M9), RPR (32), RPR (33), WPS (8) PBS, SBCC (M8) and RPR (41). Salinity (9.65dS m-1) was artificially developed using salts. This study resulted that rice crop improved growth and yield under salt stressed conditions with the induction of salt tolerance through ACC deaminaze PGPR and this was accomplished with the reduction in ethylene production. Reduction in sodium uptake by the utilization of different...

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been cultivated as a major crop for over 10,000 years, and it sustains nearly one-half of the world population . Rice is the third most cultivated cereal after millet and sorghum in Niger. Three major types of rice cultivation occur in Niger, namely i) traditional rice growing under flooding in the Niger River edge and pond; ii) Small private rice growing; and iii) rice growing on irrigated perimeter with total control of water. Rice production in Niger is limited by factors such as low soil fertility, weeds, diseases, extreme temperatures and salinity . Salinity is a major problem limiting rice production in West Africa, particularly within the Sahel where rainfed rice production is not feasible . It is the most serious abiotic constraint of rice production in Niger. Up to 20% of irrigated fields are affected by salt problems . have estimated that rice yields decrease by 12 % for every unit (dSm -1 ) increase in EC above 3 dSm -1 . This accounts for drastic yield losses and hence loss of income for rice farmers . Improvement of salt stress tolerance in rice varieties would increase grain yield of rice under slight salt-stress condition, and may also extend rice growing to regions with moderate salt content in soils . The objective of this study was to do an overview of research on rice genetic improvement for salt tolerance.

Dehydration responsive element binding (DREB) are important regulatory molecules which have a crucial role in abiotic stress tolerance. The productivity of tomato, as a drought-sensitive crop, is highly restricted by drought stress. The current study aimed at introducing the OsDERB2A gene into two tomato genotypes via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. Cotyledonary explants were pre-cultured for two days with Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 harboring pCAMBIA1301 with OsDREB2A driven by the constitutive promoter CaMV35S for transformation. Shoots were directly regenerated on MS medium containing 1 mg l-1 zeatin and 1 mg l-1 BAP, and in presence of 30 mg l-1 hygromycin as selective agent. Only eight weeks were needed to regenerate transgenic tomato using this protocol. An OD600 of 0.4 resulted in 64.3-76.9% transformation efficiency. Stable integration and expression of the OsDREB2A gene were confirmed in transgenic tomato using PCR and RT-PCR analyses, and drought tolerance o...

OVATE ‫از‬ ‫ژن‬ ‫هاای‬ ‫می‬ ‫میوه‬ ‫طول‬ ‫کننده‬ ‫کنترل‬ ‫کلیدی‬ ‫منظور‬ ‫به‬ ‫باشند.‬ ‫نشریه‬ ‫باغباني‬ ‫علوم‬ ‫كشاورزي)‬ ‫صنایع‬ ‫و‬ ‫(علوم‬ ‫جلد‬ 35 ‫شماره‬ ، 2 ، ‫تابستان‬ 1400 ‫ص‬ ، . 182 -169 ‫شاپا:‬ 4730 -2008 ‫علوم‬ ‫نشریه‬ ‫باغباني‬ ‫جلد‬ ‫كشاورزي)،‬ ‫صنایع‬ ‫و‬ ‫(علوم‬ 35 ‫شماره‬ ، 2 ‫تابستان‬ ، 1400 associated with tomato fruit shape. These markers could accelerate tomato breeding programs aimed fruit shape improvement.

Cadmium is a highly toxic and widespread soil pollutant threatening human and animal. Plants effectively help to eliminate environmental pollution by up taking of heavy metals and tolerate cadmium stress through a variety of mechanisms, but biochemical pathways and genes involved in the response of plants to cadmium stress have not been fully and comprehensively identified.

Significance We report on cultivation and characterization of an association between Candidatus Nanohalobium constans and its host, the chitinotrophic haloarchaeon Halomicrobium LC1Hm, obtained from a crystallizer pond of marine solar salterns. High-quality nanohaloarchael genome sequence in conjunction with electron- and fluorescence microscopy, growth analysis, and proteomic and metabolomic data revealed mutually beneficial interactions between two archaea, and allowed dissection of the mechanisms for these interactions. Owing to their ubiquity in hypersaline environments, Nanohaloarchaeota may play a role in carbon turnover and ecosystem functioning, yet insights into the nature of this have been lacking. Here, we provide evidence that nanohaloarchaea can expand the range of available substrates for the haloarchaeon, suggesting that the ectosymbiont increases the metabolic capacity of the host.

This study investigated the effects of a microbial mixture containing anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (APB) on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Col-0 under salt stress. To induce salt stress, 150 mM NaCl was applied to A. thaliana. Four treatments were employed to assess the impact of APB: 1) control plants, 2) plants inoculated with a mixture of enriched photosynthetic bacteria, 3) plants inoculated with a mixture of enriched photosynthetic bacteria and irrigated with 150 mM NaCl solution, and 4) plants irrigated with 150 mM NaCl solution. The analysis revealed that the inoculated plants exhibited increased leaf formation and leaf size. Furthermore, an increase in chlorophyll content was observed in all treatments except treatment 4. Quantitative analysis of genes related to early salt stress responses in A. thaliana, including genes for ROS scavenging (APX2), ABA signaling (RD29A and RD29B), and jasmonate synthesis (LOX2), was conducted by RT-qPCR. The metabolic activity of soil bacteria was determined by measuring the formation of 1,3,5-triphenyl formazan. Metagenomic analysis was performed on the soils of the plants in treatments 2 and 3 after 10 days and bacterial diversity was determined. The dominant genera were found to be Pseudomonas, Variovorax, Azospirillum, Methylophilus, Flavobacterium, Acidovorax, Hydrogenophaga, Mucilaginibacter, and Rhodanobacter. Among all genera, the proportion of APB genera, including purple nonsulfur bacteria, was 15.3% and 18.8% in treatments 2 and 3, respectively.

In this study, three samples of olive oil wastes: Olive Rinse Water (OR), Olive Mill Wastewater (OM) and Olive Pomace (OP), which were collected from an olive oil mill located at Fez-Morocco, were analyzed for their microbiota. A total of 81 isolates were obtained and constituted a microbial bank formed of 35 bacteria, 41 yeasts and 5 fungi. The microbial communities have been compared in term of metabolic potential by testing hydrolytic enzymes activities of lipase, protease, amylase, cellulase, pectinase and tannase on agar plate media. The results reveal that among the examined microorganisms, 68 isolates were able to produce at least one of the screened enzymes. The pectinase activity was the predominant one (39.51%), followed by cellulase activity (34.57%) and by lipase activity (27.16%). However, the amylase activity was observed only for 11.11% of the studied isolates, followed by protease activity (9.88%) and by tannase activity 6.17%. Thereby, considering the isolates ability to produce enzymes, they can be considered as potential candidates for industrial and biotechnological applications. Lipases are versatile enzymes that are used widely, it's why the mostly aim of this work was to isolate new bacterial strains producing high level of lipases with interesting biochemical criteria. Thus, two isolates OR34 and OM2 showed the maximum lipase production under the standard conditions, about 9 U/ml and 11 U/ml, respectively, using pH-stat technique. They were identified as Proteus vulgaris and Serratia marcescens, respectively, via partial 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis.

Substantial amounts of authigenic clay minerals can accumulate in terrestrial mudstones where the following conditions are met: surface or pore waters are alkaline, aqueous silica activity is high, at least some dissolved magnesium (Mg) is present, and detrital input is relatively low. Availability of Al-or Fe-rich detrital clays likely leads to Mg-rich smectite formation, whereas sepiolite or kerolite is favored in environments with no detrital substrates. Surface waters of the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania, provide a good example of alteration of incoming detrital clay minerals into authigenic sediments with strong partitioning of Mg into silicate rather than carbonate phases. Quaternary deposits of Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) and the Olorgesailie Basin (Kenya) provide end members for comparing processes in highly saline and alkaline settings (Olduvai) versus those in diatomaceous fresher water environments (Olorgesailie). Authigenic clays from around the world suggest that illitization and octahedral alterations are decoupled, and therefore indicative of different processes, emphasizing the need to supplement basal layer X-ray diffraction analyses with analyses of hkl refl ections and geochemistry of purifi ed phases. In general, authigenic clay minerals are more common in underfi lled lake basins, usually associated with evaporitic basins with siliceous input from volcaniclastics or hydrothermal discharge.

Growth and development of two sea oats (Uniola paniculata L.) genotypes with differing acclimatization capacities when transferred from in vitro to ex vitro greenhouse conditions were compared as a function of the duration of shoot multiplication and rooting stages. Anatomical and morphological development differed between genotypes in vitro. After 4, 8, and 12 weeks of Stage II culture, leaf length and shoot number were significantly greater for the easy-to-acclimatize genotype (EK 16-3) than the difficult-to-acclimatize genotype (EK 11-1). Shoot dry weights in both genotypes were greatest after 4 weeks culture. Browning and dying of tissue steadily increased with time. Shoot number per plantlet increased from Week 4 to 8 in both genotypes but decreased after 12 weeks. Once transferred to Stage III culture for 6 weeks, significant differences in root architecture and morphology were observed between the two genotypes. EK 16-3 plantlets developed short but numerous roots and “grass-...