Rules of War

This survey paper interrogates four theoretical frameworks often invoked to analyze intersections between media and religion: mediatization, mediation of meaning, mediation of the beyond, and religious social shaping of technology. The paper surveys several research works informed by the aforementioned theories that study Pentecostals' engagement with different forms of media in Africa. This paper suggests that these theories need to be revised to provide a balanced assessment of Pentecostalism and media technologies. Advancements in technology, particularly sophisticated of algorithms, transformed media into an intelligent and dynamic space that enormously influences media consumers. The theory of mediatization gave power and agency to media logic. However, the other theories (mediation of meaning, mediation of the beyond, and religious social shaping of technology) focused on human agency and saw media as an inert space with many features that users can use as they see fit. To remedy this unbalanced relationship, the paper calls for a new theory that accounts for the agency of both the users and the media platforms.

Le 29 juillet, à l'initiative de la France et de l'Arabie saoudite, des responsables de nombreux pays ont mis au point "La déclaration de New York", feuille de route potentielle pour une solution à deux États.

La reconnaissance de la Palestine ne consiste pas simplement à reconnaître un Etat, mais aussi ses citoyens, leur droit à l’auto-détermination, à la vie et à la dignité. Les Etats « reconnaisseurs » se déclarent ainsi responsables pour les accompagner dans un avenir partagé, celui de la civilisation humaine. Sauront-ils à la hauteur de leurs engagements ?

The use of news visuals in the coverage of terrorism and extremism has increasingly drawn the attention of communication scholars, observers, and political analysts. Our ever-evolving visual media can combat terrorism and generate enlightenment, inspiration, and empowerment and – at the same time – glorify and/or fuel terrorism and violent extremism that may be difficult to navigate and manage. This chapter provides a unique perspective of news visuals of terrorism and extremism in traditional as well as digital media. The chapter begins with a succinct overview of the literature, discussing key concepts and explaining how photographs contribute to the formation of dominant visual narratives, citing seminal studies on the visual coverage of major terrorist attacks and terrorism media. It continues by focusing on visual framing (the process of selecting specific images over others) as well as visual representations in digital media (namely, social media). Finally, while acknowledging further work needs to be done on visual journalism and its role in terrorism and extremism, the chapter suggests areas for future academic enquiries.

Services. Points of views or opinions contained in this document are those of the authors and do not necessari-ly represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice or the members of PERF. The opinions expressed are generally those based on the consensus of executive session attendees. However, not every view or statement presented in this report can necessarily be attributed to each individual participant. Websites and sources listed provide useful information at the time of this writing, but the authors do not endorse

While few studies have examined the inclusion of sustainability and the visual aspects of peace journalism (PJ) in mainstream media coverage, this article aims to fill this gap. It explores the extent to which The Guardian applied visual PJ frames and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) in its coverage of the China-Taiwan conflict when tensions escalated in August 2022. The quantitative content analysis reveals that the majority of The Guardian's coverage was dominated by war journalism frames (WJ) (72%), whereas PJ frames accounted for only 28%. In contrast, the application of the examined SDG frames [SDG-8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG-13 (Climate Action), and SDG-16 (Peace and Justice)] appeared to a significant degree (more than 50%), especially after the departure of former Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi, from Taipei. The study concludes that while applying sustainability frames is feasible in media coverage, they are still influenced by the political context on the ground.

While few studies have examined the inclusion of sustainability and the visual aspects of peace journalism (PJ) in mainstream media coverage, this article aims to fill this gap. It explores the extent to which The Guardian applied visual PJ frames and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) in its coverage of the China-Taiwan conflict when tensions escalated in August 2022. The quantitative content analysis reveals that the majority of The Guardian's coverage was dominated by war journalism frames (WJ) (72%), whereas PJ frames accounted for only 28%. In contrast, the application of the examined SDG frames [SDG-8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG-13 (Climate Action), and SDG-16 (Peace and Justice)] appeared to a significant degree (more than 50%), especially after the departure of former Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi, from Taipei. The study concludes that while applying sustainability frames is feasible in media coverage, they are still influenced by the political context on the ground.

The present study aims to investigate the legal dimensions of legislative inertia towards the concept of terrorism over international legal rules. The study has revealed that the legislative inertia regarding the definition of terrorism has led to the right of legitimate defence to be stripped from its objective basis and restricting the powers of the State to practise manifestations of its sovereignty. The study has concluded that the absence of a specific definition for terrorism has made the right of self-determination lose its legal and executive power and has led to confusion between political terrorism and the right to self-determination.

Raccontare le pagine di storia dei servizi antincendi nelle colonie dell'Africa Orientale o nelle province della Libia è impresa molto ardua a causa della ridottissima documentazione giuntaci. In terra d'Africa erano poche le amministrazioni che s'erano

The judiciary in Mogadishu plays a critical role in upholding justice and promoting the rule of law, yet it faces widespread public scepticism that threatens its effectiveness and legitimacy. This study explores the root causes of the negative public perception of the courts in Mogadishu, investigates strategies to rebuild trust in the judiciary, and evaluates the broader implications of public distrust on judicial performance and legitimacy.

Our aim in this paper is to pеrcеivе thе pattеrn in which Intеrnational Humanitarian Law through the digital media has еvolvеd in thе rеcеnt dеvеlopmеnt in rеgard to nеw form of thrеat to humanity and human dignity. In pursuing such objеctivе wе analyzе thе corе concеpt of tеrrorism via digital media, in its valuе, sеnsе and digital media еffеcts on human bеing. We assеss thе pattеrn in which Intеrnational Humanitarian Law or Intеrnational Criminal Law via digital media dеploys its juridical arsеnal to control dеrеgulation of war against humanity. But also to prеvеnt any brеach of intеrnational norm concеrning acts of tеrrorism. In duе rеspеct, wе focus on intеrnational tеrrorism via degital media as nеw thrеat at thе hеart of concеrn of intеrnational arеna. Our main objеctivе hеrе is to show in which еxtеnt intеrnational criminal law via digital media copе activеly with tеrrorism dеspitе thе lack of a clеarly dеfinition of it, thеrеforе wе posit intеrnational humanitarian law as thе fundamеntal norm that govеrn any acts that thrеat thе corе principlе of rеspеct of humanity in whatеvеr situations. Еvеn though tеrrorism is an intеrnational phеnomеnon that is not quitе dеfinеd it doеs not еxcludе that its еffеct fall undеr thе scopе of intеrnational criminal law or intеrnational humanitarian law via degital media.

During the “Iron Swords” War, it was repeatedly reported that the IDF had tactically defeated Hamas military formations and territorial strongholds – only to soon find itself compelled to return and fight over them again. This raises a fundamental question: can terrorist armies be tactically defeated through ground maneuver, and if so, how? The IDF achieved impressive operational achievements during the war, defeated Hezbollah, and even reached the brink of strategic victory in the Iranian theater. However, a significant ground effort aimed at tactically defeating a terrorist army took place only in the Gaza Strip (in Lebanon, the ground maneuver remained a secondary effort). An analysis of this campaign suggests that defeating a terrorist army requires a combined approach which merges the principles of defeating industrialized armies – through a deceptive maneuver that destabilizes, unbalances, and rapidly collapses their systems – with a prolonged and systematic counterterrorism campaign, once the enemy has fragmented into small terror cells.

This paper critically examines the emergence and proliferation of false testimonies and religious manipulations within contemporary Christianity, particularly within Pentecostal and Charismatic traditions in Nigeria. While testimonies serve vital roles in affirming faith, motivating congregants, and promoting religious growth, they are increasingly exploited for economic gain, psychological control, and the consolidation of clerical authority. This study investigates how these deceptive practices are communicated and legitimized through mass media platforms. Anchored in Social Exchange Theory and Weber's concept of Charismatic Authority, the paper explores the intersection of religious communication and media, highlighting the ethical dilemmas posed by falsified testimonies and manipulative religious broadcasts. This paper contributes to a broader understanding of the intersection between religion, media, and social influence, offering insights into the challenges of navigating truth and deception in an increasingly complex information environment. It employs qualitative content analysis of televised religious programs and digital testimonies, offering insight into how mass communication perpetuates spiritual deception. Recommendations are made for ethical religious broadcasting and increased media literacy among religious audiences.

Članak istražuje Klauzevicevo shvatanje trenja u vojnoj teoriji kroz prizmu savremenih asimetričnih i hibridnih sukoba, demonstrirajući kako se ovaj koncept transformisao od primarno fizičkog i taktičkog fenomena u višedimenzionalni konstrukt koji obuhvata informacijske, kognitivne, organizacijske i strategijske aspekte. Metodologija istraživanja kombinuje istorijsku analizu Klauzevicevog originalnog koncepta sa empirijskim nalazima iz savremenih sukoba i multidisciplinarnim pristupom koji integriše vojne, sociološke, psihološke i tehnološke perspektive. Cilj članka je razvoj nove teorijske paradigme koja može adekvatno obuhvatiti kompleksnost trenja u digitalnom dobu kroz identifikaciju, kategorizaciju i analizu novih izvora i manifestacija trenja karakterističnih za savremeni operativni prostor. Nalazi pružaju značajan doprinos vojnoj teoriji i praksi kroz redefinisanje klasičnog koncepta trenja na način koji može informisati efektivniju doktrinu, obuku i organizaciju vojnih snaga za navigaciju kroz kompleksnost savremenih sukoba.

This article explores Clausewitz›s understanding of friction in military theory through the lens of contemporary asymmetric and hybrid con flicts, demonstrating how this concept has transformed from primarily a physical and tactical phenomenon into a multidimensional construct encompassing informational, cognitive, organizational, and strategic aspects. The research methodology combines historical analysis of Clausewitz›s original concept with empirical findings from contemporary conflicts and a multidisciplinary approach that integrates military, sociological, psychological, and technological perspec tives. The article›s objective is to develop a new theoretical paradigm that can adequately encompass the complexity of friction in the digital age through identification, categorization, and analysis of new sources and manifestations of friction characteristic of the contemporary operational space. The findings provide a significant contribution to military theory and practice through rede fining the classical concept of friction in a way that can inform more effective doctrine, training, and organization of military forces for navigating through the complexity of contemporary conflicts.

Among the strong criticisms made to the Catholic Church is the ideological and religious imposition over centuries on the native peoples, which, as a consequence, undermines their culture, worldview and religiosity. During the second half of the 20th century, some Catholic sectors changed their perspective and began to understand indigenous peoples' religious diversity and defend these values and cultural traits. Despite the opposition among the most conservative sectors of the Church, this movement is still in force; it is called Indigenous Christian Theology (ICT). It is essential to discuss and analyze the origin and current relevance of ICT so we understand this topic. Consequently, based on a recent literature review which is complemented by one example of religiosity of indigenous Chuj people in Chiapas, Mexico, this paper explores the emergence of ICT, demonstrates ICT as a pastoral care movement that recognizes indigenous identity through dialogue, respect for religious diversity, and the assertion of the right to non-discrimination. As a result, we try to present a broader perspective of current ICT as a movement that empowers ethnic identity and indigenous religious expression, that allows indigenous religiosity and Christianity to coexist in parallel and, therefore, promotes interreligious and intercultural dialogue.

Pre-colonial and colonial wars of the 19th century are compared with wars in Europe. The basic line of her argument is that racism is not sufficient as an explanation for the discrepancy between the warfare of European states in Europe and beyond. The warfare used by Africans and Europeans in Africa points to the kind of warfare that became “normal” in Europe: Violence against the civilian population.

This legal paper summarizes key points from the lecture titled "International Humanitarian Law and Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Objects: The Case of Iraq," presented at the Heritage International Institute conference in Rome. It details the evolution of international humanitarian law (IHL) from focusing solely on individual protection during conflict to recognizing the importance of cultural property for human dignity and identity. The legal paper emphasizes that attacks on cultural sites and artifacts are not mere property crimes; they inflict significant harm on collective memory and identity, causing both material and moral suffering. The ongoing crime of illicit trafficking in cultural property, particularly in conflict contexts, is framed as a persistent source of "unnecessary suffering," as outlined in IHL.

Il volume ripercorre la questione coloniale italiana attraverso lo sguardo principale e innovativo della documentazione militare, trascurata fino ad ora, opportunamente integrata da fonti
diplomatiche italiane ed estere, fornendo un inedito studio sull’argomento.
Ben presto lo scontro internazionale per le posizioni strategiche delle ex colonie italiane divenne un tema caldo della #guerrafredda, che portò l'#italia ad essere coinvolta nel grande gioco dei due blocchi.
Si è così ricostruita la vicenda diplomatica e di politica interna che ha portato all'affidamento dell'Amministrazione Fiduciaria della #Somalia all’Italia, tenendo in considerazione sullo sfondo della narrazione le reali preoccupazioni dei vertici militari italiani, i quali erano orientati a predisporre la difesa dei confini metropolitani e a evitare la probabile insurrezione da parte delle
frange rivoluzionarie del PCI, invece che supportare un reale coinvolgimento in Africa.
Il lavoro integra opportunamente i metodi di ricostruzione di eventi storici codificati in ambito accademico e militare, offrendo così un quadro unico che connette le questioni strategiche,
politiche, economiche e sociali con quelle prettamente tattiche delle strutture militari, volte a preparare e condurre una operazione. In tale contesto, è analizzato per la prima volta il piano Caesar di trapasso dei poteri tra le autorità britanniche e italiane.
Il volume, così, si presenta come uno sguardo d'insieme sui principali elementi di storia militare, utili per avviare un processo di ammaestramenti, e di geopolitica i cui riflessi sono ancora tangibili nello scontro internazionale contemporaneo nei territori delle ex colonie italiane.

Quelle réponse apporter à la destruction systématique des bibliothèques en cours à Gaza depuis le 7 octobre 2023?
Focus sur la réponse de la Bibliothèque nationale de France après le conseil d’administration de la Bibliothèque qui s’est tenu le 25 juin 2025.

I develop a latent form of Foucauldian analysis called 'legopolitics.' Like biopolitics, legopolitics is a novel archaism combining the Greek lego, 'I say,' and politeia, 'civic life.' It names the study of 'legopower,' a form of security power that centers on the circulation of public statements-the 'idle talk' of trends, fads, and other viral processes that do not rise to the level of the logos. Where biopolitics is 'governance of a population through regulation of life,' legopolitics is 'governance of a population through regulation of speech.' After introducing the concept, I discuss its scope, development, and contemporary relevance.

Following the recent U.S. bombing of Iranian nuclear facilities President Trump claimed the facilities were "obliterated". Almost immediately after, doubts emerged about the extent of the damage, and if the attacks had significantly hampered Iran's nuclear program. With few exceptions, Democrats, liberals, progressives, and the political left denounced the president's action. Republicans and conservatives hailed it as a military success unequaled in history. This paper represents an innovative,  unconventional, and unbiased analysis which is based on contemporary history.

Если первоначальное знакомство с теориями современной войны дает нам карту новых полей сражений, то их углубленное изучение позволяет понять лежащие в основе тектонические сдвиги в самой природе конфликта. Современная войнаэто не просто набор новых тактик, а целостная философия, направленная на достижение политических целей в мире, где прямое военное столкновение великих держав стало слишком рискованным.

Max Robert Herde (1885-1952) was a marine mechanic who served for more than three years as an artilleryman with the German forces in German East Africa (Tanzania) during the First World War. In 1932 he published a memoir of his experiences under the pseudonym, Maximilian Decher. Unlike the authors of all the other German memoirs and histories of the East African campaign, Herde/Decher was an enlisted man, not an officer or senior civil servant. His politics were markedly left-of-centre, and he showed an unusual degree of empathy for the sufferings of the African population under the German colonial regime. As he graphically described in his book, those sufferings were greatly exacerbated during the war, and he deliberately set out to record the brutal treatment of the hundreds of thousands of Africans who served as porters for the German military. His description of the East African campaign "from below" is unique in the literature on the campaign published in Germany after the war. This selective English translation makes this valuable and neglected historical source more widely accessible.

This thematic issue of Critical Romani Studies Journal on Roma and Environmental Justice in Europe focuses on authoritarian politics, biases in residential planning, extractivism, institutional corruption, and structural
inequities that produce and maintain uneven exposure to negative environmental and climate impacts as experienced by Roma. Across Europe, numerous Romani communities live in environmentally hazardous areas with restricted access to water, sanitation, and waste removal. Their air, land, and water has been contaminated by waste dumps, railways and motorways, industrial farms, mines or abandoned industrial areas, compounded
by unavailable public infrastructure or access to green zones. The uneven distribution of environmental harms and benefits significantly contribute to the inequities Romani people encounter in their health outcomes and livelihoods. They suffer from higher rates of long-term illness and their life expectancy is between 10 and 25 years less than the general population. This gap will further expand as vulnerable communities miss out on resources to effectively adapt or become resilient to the impacts of climate change.

India had made immense resurrections and great achievements during the vast mediaeval and ancient periods, and the growth-spurted era pointed out it was a developed country. India had been conquered and ruled by renowned administrators. One of the most significant rulers was Ashoka the Great, who led India to a road of massive success. Because of Ashoka, India regained its true heritage and tradition. Ashoka the Great, also known as Emperor Ashoka, whose history had been prolonged. Ashoka was the renowned ruler of the Maurya kingdom.

l 24 de febrero de 1813, el descontento que existía en Hamburgo contra el dominio francés estalló en forma de rebelión abierta. La oficina de aduanas de la puerta de Altona fue asaltada, y muchos funcionarios y civiles perdieron sus vidas. Cuando un destacamento de la guardia de la prefectura formado por hijos de los ciudadanos de Hamburgo, que inicialmente solo debía desplegarse en el departement del Elba, iba a ser embarcado en el puerto hacia Bremen para unirse al contingente principal del ejército, la población hizo uso de la fuerza para evitarlo. Emblemas nacionales franceses y águilas imperiales fueron derriba-das… Para prevenir futuros disturbios por parte de la muchedumbre, especialmente saqueos, la «vieja guardia ciudadana fue reunida. Mauke y yo nos unimos e hicimos guardia por la noche». 1 Este es el comienzo de las memorias de Wilhelm Perthes sobre las "Guerras Alemanas de Liberación" contra la ocupación francesa entre 1813 y 1815, quien escribió este manuscrito para su familia en 1844 a partir de su diario de guerra. 2 Perthes (1793-1853) era el hijo de Justus Perthes, librero originario de Gotha. Tras completar sus estudios en el Gymnasium de su propia ciudad comenzó como aprendiz, y posteriormente trabajó como asistente en la tienda regentada por su primo, el también reputado librero, publicista y patriota Friedrich Perthes (1770-1843). En marzo de 1813, Wilhelm Perthes se unió a la "Legión Hanseática" (una de de las diversas formaciones de voluntarios creadas ese mismo mes en el norte de Alemania y Prusia) y como teniente tomó parte en sus campañas en Mecklemburgo y Holstein. Al final de la guerra, inicialmente regresó con su unidad a Hamburgo, donde se desposó con Agnes Perthes (1798-1868), la hija mayor de Friedrich y Karoline Perthes (1774-1821). Las memorias sobre los años

Utilitarianism approaches ethics as a maximizing of overall well-being. While many issues are encompassed in realizing this ideal but abstract goal, all assume that an act or practice can be judged on recognizable considerations of utility. This conventional model fails to consider and address the changing relation of utilities and preferences to actual problems, and the necessity of transformation for resolution. Ultimate utility is a product contingent upon resolution of inevitable problematic conflicts. This requires adjustment (or convergence) of diverging and opposing individual preferences. Analysis of this process in law demonstrates how a non-ideal naturalized utilitarianism works. Early stages of preference conflicts depend mainly on consequentialist tests, but later stages are open to generalization of response through ethical judgment and emergent rule-making. Any rule resolving a dispute is rooted in a practice; but the practice in effect replaces an earlier unsettled calculus of opposing reasons, and this only happens upon successful preference adjustment. In a fully naturalized utilitarianism, resolving problem-based conflicts has precedence over any immediate welfare-maximizing balance.

The soul of every democracy is justice, which in this case manifests itself as the very embodiment of equality and fairness. Yet in India, for many marginalized citizens, it is only a dream that is left unfulfilled. Although constitutionally promised under Article 39A and the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, in practice, the same falls drastically short. Prominent cases like "Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar" cemented legal aid as a basic right, yet only a few percent of those who qualify can be accorded that service, often in late delivery or inadequate measures. These gaps speak to broader institutional inefficiencies, poorly financed structures of legal aid, and community skepticism about a system seen as not working. It is an innovation-based and community-led solutions. Technology, such as e-courts and online mechanisms of dispute resolution, is also presented through which access to justice can be democratized and the limitations that occur in rural regions because of the digital divide can be mitigated. Grassroots-based legal literacy programs have also been suggested as tools for allowing rights access by marginalized communities through programs implemented and delivered along the lines of cultural and linguistic contexts. This means equal justice is not achieved merely through funding but requires sweeping reforms, systemic efficiency, and collective responsibility. It presents an image of a system of justice that bridges the gap between constitutional ideals and the lived realities where fairness is not a privilege but a universal right.

Sacred spaces, or worship places, play a central role in the religious experiences of believers, serving as the loci of divine-human interaction, communal identity, and spiritual formation. In Nigeria, where Christianity, Islam, and Traditional African Religion represent the three major religious traditions, worship places reflect not only theological meanings but also cultural and socio-political realities. This article examines the nature, function, and significance of worship places in these three religious traditions. Using historical, theological, and ethnographic perspectives, the paper highlights the architectural expressions, ritual functions, and social roles of churches, mosques, and shrines. The findings underscore the dynamic interplay between faith and culture in the construction and use of sacred spaces, and the importance of these spaces in interfaith dialogue and national cohesion. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for mutual respect and understanding in Nigeria's religiously plural context.

The proliferation of sanctions on one hand and the growing gap on the other between how "the West" and "the Global South" view the Laws of War present a challenge to internationally trading companies. This article aims to provide a primer on some of the fundamental concepts of the Laws of War, particularly as they relate to neutrality. Public international law appears frustratingly vague and at times contradictory, yet it is an established and respected body of law with a long history. Among other things, it governs the relationship between belligerents and neutrals. This relationship provides the framework for trade in goods-military and otheras well as services. International law provides sometimes clear, sometimes fuzzy answers, but always has to contend with political reality.

In April 2011, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia signed a memorandum of understanding for security cooperation, marking a pivotal moment in bilateral relations. Framed as a joint initiative to combat terrorism, drug trafficking, and transnational crime, the agreement also reflected deeper ideological undercurrents shaping the region. Despite doctrinal differences between Malaysia’s traditional Shafi’i Islam and Saudi Arabia’s Wahhabi-Salafi orientation, their relationship evolved into a complex network of political, economic, and religious entanglements. This article examines how Saudi Arabia has leveraged economic and security agreements to expand its religious influence in Malaysia, the rise of Wahhabi-inspired currents, and the growing backlash from local Islamic authorities and civil society against this foreign ideological presence.

In order to answer the research questions of this thesis and thus explain to what extent, how, and why KBR and their subcontractors operating under USG contracts in Iraq continue to be involved in human trafficking and forced labor with impunity, it is crucial to highlight the rise and the dynamics of the private military industry in general, as well as the special and unprecedented role PMCs played in US-occupied Iraq. Therefore, this chapter will firstly elaborate on major factors contributing to the development and rise of the private military industry during the last decades. Secondly, the different business sectors of the industry will be briefly described, followed by a depiction of the implications and challenges resulting from the increased use of PMCs in military operations. Lastly, this section will elucidate the role of PMCs in US-occupied Iraq.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

8 Article 19.1 of Basic Law provides that "Insofar as, under this Basic Law, a basic right may be restricted by or pursuant to a law, such law must apply generally and not merely to a single case. In addition, the law must specify the basic right affected and the Article in which it appears." 9 Article 19.2 of Basic Law. Article 19.4 of Basic Law 12 Subject to the Basic Law, the exercise of state powers and the discharge of state functions is a matter for the Länder. However, the Federal law takes precedence over Land law. Article 30 & 31 of Basic Law. 13 Articles 54 & 55 of Basic Law. 14 Article 62 of Basic Law. Federal Ministers are appointed and also dismissed by the Federal President upon the proposal of the Federal Chancellor, under Article 64 of Basic Law. Article 65 of Basic Law.

Dei patrioti non fece mai nomi veri o di battaglia, ad eccezione di Giuseppe Porcheddu e della sua famiglia, presso cui i due ufficiali britannici, che dopo l'8 settembre 1943 erano riusciti a fuggire dal loro campo di prigionia di Fontanellato in provincia di Parma, trovarono ospitalità clandestina per circa un anno, eccezione fatta per alcuni brevi periodi di più prudente collocazione in altri luoghi; di Renato Brunati, martire della Resistenza, e Lina Meiffret (tornata salva dalla deportazione in Germania, ma minata nel corpo e nello spirito per le tante sevizie cui venne sottoposta in carcere ad Imperia e a Genova, per tanti altri patimenti subiti, per i due falliti tentativi di lasciare la Germania e soprattutto per la perdita dell'amato Brunati), i quali per primi sul finire del 1943 diedero rifugio ai due ufficiali in Baiardo; di Vito (Vitò, Ivano, Giuseppe Vittorio Guglielmo, comandante della II^ Divisione d'Assalto Garibaldi "Felice Cascione"); di Achille, cioé Achille "Andrea" Lamberti del Gruppo Sbarchi Vallecrosia, quest'ultimo tra gli organizzatori della loro esfiltrazione definitiva verso gli alleati con arrivo in barca a remi (a marzo 1945) a Montecarlo. Del libro di Michael Ross può essere interessante citare alcuni fatti immediatamente antecedenti la fuga finale di Bell e di Ross, fatti successivi al definitivo e necessario abbandono della casa di Porcheddu. Una volta arrivati di nuovo sulle alture della guerriglia, i due rischiarono di essere passati per le armi a causa della profonda, bellicosa diffidenza di un capetto partigiano, ricordato con il nome di Bruno: per loro fortuna tale iniziativa non poteva essere fatta senza l'assenso di Vito (Vitò), il quale, ricorso ad un breve interrogatorio condotto da piloti statunitensi, ebbe modo di appurare definitivamente che si trattava di ex prigionieri dell'Italia fascista e di apprestare loro le misure necessarie al loro viaggio verso la Costa Azzurra. Per tre volte, a seguito delle comunicazioni via radio fatte dal telegrafista dell'ufficiale di collegamento alleato, il capitano del SOE britannico Robert Bentley, un sommergibile inglese si avvicinò alla costa vicino a Taggia, forse alla Curva del Don di Riva Ligure, già altre volte pensata per simili missioni. Per due volte la scorta dei partigiani ed il gruppetto degli alleati-tra cui Erickson e Klemme, sui quali esiste una discreta letteratura, piloti alleati caduti con i loro apparecchi in Piemonte ed arrivati in Riviera dopo diverse peripezie-che dovevano imbarcarsi dovettero fuggire perché trovarono i tedeschi che li mitragliarono con l'ausilio di bengala. All'ultimo appuntamento i nazisti attesero invano, perché nel frattempo i garibaldini avevano individuato la spia che aveva messo in allarme il nemico, una giovane donna, di probabile origine iugoslava, prontamente giustiziata, per giunta con la pistola di un pilota alleato. Risultarono dispersi, poco prima della loro partenza, due partigiani e due americani, indicati come Ricky e Reg. Alla fine si compose la squadra che, formata da Ross, Bell e due piloti alleati, sfuggiti alla cattura da parte nazifascista, marciò attraverso l'entroterra di Sanremo, Negi di Perinaldo, Vallebona verso Vallecrosia, punto clandestino di imbarco per la Francia.