Roman Law

en colaboración con Javier Ortega, Beatriz Rodriguez-Antolin y Nicolas Zambrana

Este libro está dirigido a todos los juristas de habla española sensibilizados con el actual proceso de globalización, que tan directamente afecta al Derecho. También interesará a aquellos estudiantes de las Facultades de Derecho españolas e iberoamericanas que quieran dar sus primeros pasos en el conocimiento del Derecho desde esta nueva perspectiva global

The most original and shocking interpretation of Lucretius in the last 40 years.

Thomas Nail argues convincingly and systematically that Lucretius was not an atomist, but a thinker of kinetic flux. In doing so, he completely overthrows the interpretive foundations of modern scientific materialism, whose philosophical origins lie in the atomic reading of Lucretius' immensely influential book De Rerum Natura.

This means that Lucretius was not the revolutionary harbinger of modern science as Greenblatt and others have argued; he was its greatest victim. Nail re-reads De Rerum Natura to offer us a new Lucretius--a Lucretius for today.

The Roman imperial army recorded the name and origin of each and every soldier in lists. The few surviving scraps of such lists as well as a significant number of inscriptions on stone and bronze (including military diplomas) provide a rich source for determining the ethnic composition of the Roman army. Yet, to which extent did military administrative procedures or individual feelings of ethnic identity determine the way in which soldiers' homes were registered, and how, therefore, can we make historical use of such indications? This contribution comments on recent interpretations of the relevant surviving data and explores its meaning in the wider context of the Roman Empire.

Throughout history, the Druids have always been seen as sorcerers who had a strong bond with nature. Ancestral knowledge holders within Celtic society, directed all religious activity as the highest authority linked to the gods, practiced human sacrifices and festivals organized as Imbolc, Beltaine, Lugnasad or Samain, etc.. all aspects of which are discussed in this article.

Romalılar, Antik Çağ'daki en geniş ve en etkileyici imparatorluklardan birini oluşturmuşlardı. En güçlü olduğu dönemde sınırları, kuzeybatıdaki İngiltere'den, Mezopotamya'daki Dicle nehrine kadar uzanmakta ve Kuzey Afrika'nın, Ön Asya'nın ve Avrupa'nın büyük bir bölümünü içinde barındırmaktaydı. En önemlisi de, İmparatorluk ikiye ayrılıp, Doğu'daki büyük İmparatorluğun (Bizans) ömrü sayılmazsa bile, 1000 yıldan fazla bir süre ayakta kalmasıdır. Tüm bu geniş topraklarda, siyasi hâkimiyetlerini sağlamalarının yanında, MÖ. 4. yüzyıldan itibaren Hristiyanlığın, imparatorluğun resmi dini olduğunun kabul edilmesi ile birlikte bu din, imparatorluğun en uzak topraklarına bile yayılmıştır. Ayrıca Romalılar, tüm bu topraklara, sonraki gelecek nesillerin de kullandıkları, kanunlarını ve yaşayış düzenlerini de aşılamışlardır. Konuştukları Latince ise, sonradan göçlerle gelen barbar kavimlerin ve sonraki modern Avrupa halklarının konuştukları Fransızca, İtalyanca ve İspanyolca gibi diller üzerinde çok geniş tesirler bırakmıştır. Romalılar, özellikle Devlet idaresi, yönetim, askeri organizasyon ve mühendislik alanlarında bilgili ve teşkilatlıydılar. Bu özelliklerine destek olarak eğitimli ve sıkı disipline sahip askeri birlikleri ve güçlü bürokrasileri ile bu kadar geniş topraklar üzerinde uzun bir süre hâkimiyet kurabilmişlerdir. Buna rağmen Romalıların, diğer entelektüel olgular konusunda bu kadar öncü ve etkili oldukları görülmez. Romalıların ortaya koydukları sanat eserleri, edebî yapıları, felsefi düşünceleri ve hatta dinleri, çoğunlukla Yunanlardan gelmektedir. Roma Panteonu'ndaki tanrılar düzeni ve mitlerinin çoğu

“Juristas Universales” es una obra fruto del esfuerzo de más de medio millar de especialistas procedentes de universidades de los cinco continentes. Partiendo de Roma, verdadera cuna del Derecho, recoge en cuatro volúmenes una historia biográfica de la ciencia jurídica desde mediados del siglo II a.C. hasta el final del segundo milenio. Se trata, sin lugar a dudas, de uno de los más ambiciosos proyectos editoriales jurídicos a nivel mundial y el más relevante jamás realizado en lengua española.
La obra comprende más de 1.000 biografías de juristas pertenecientes a la “familia romana” del Derecho en su sentido más amplio, dado que, además del Derecho continental europeo, incorpora los semblantes de prestigiosos juristas de Derecho angloamericano, escocés, canadiense, iberoamericano y de parte de los Derechos del este asiático, así como del Derecho sudafricano. El motivo impulsor de centrarse en los sistemas jurídicos que tienen como base común el Derecho romano se encuentra en que el gran reto de la ciencia del Derecho en Occidente es la integración de los dos sistemas jurídicos de mayor calado y protagonismo mundial, considerados tópicamente, pero con escaso fundamento histórico, irreconciliables: el Derecho continental europeo y el Derecho angloamericano.
“Juristas Universales” pretende contribuir a superar esta barrera artificial, pero real, entre dos sistemas jurídicos efectivamente distintos, pero no incompatibles, ofreciendo al lector una visión integrada a partir del Derecho romano y de la tradición del Derecho común medieval. En definitiva, de dos sistemas jurídicos que el mundo globalizado que nos ha tocado vivir pide que se armonicen. Coordinada por Rafael Domingo, catedrático de la Universidad de Navarra, “Juristas Universales” está dividida en cuatro volúmenes, con extensas introducciones a cada época con un total de más de 3.700 páginas y 500 ilustraciones. Cierran la obra unos cuidados índices (onomástico, de juristas biografiados y de autores) que facilitan el manejo de esta enciclopedia de juristas, llamada a ser la obra de referencia en el mundo de habla hispana.

La scienza giuridica è una disciplina che studia il diritto, inquadrandolo razionalmente ed elaborandolo in modo tale che l’interpretazione delle norme sia compiuta attraverso procedure logiche verificabili in ogni passaggio. Nella storia della cultura giuridica dell’umanità una vera e propria scienza del diritto si trova sviluppata per la prima volta nel mondo romano, mentre non se ne riscontrano tracce significative né nella cultura giuridica dei paesi del Vicino Oriente Antico, né nella Grecia antica.

Since approval of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in 2016, it has been widely and repeatedly claimed that a 'right to explanation' of decisions made by automated or artificially intelligent algorithmic systems will be legally mandated by the GDPR. This right to explanation is viewed as an ideal mechanism to enhance the accountability and transparency of automated decision-making. However, there are several reasons to doubt both the legal existence and the feasibility of such a right. In contrast to the right to explanation of specific automated decisions claimed elsewhere, the GDPR only mandates that data subjects receive limited information (Articles 13-15) about the logic involved, as well as the significance and the envisaged consequences of automated decision-making systems, what we term a 'right to be informed'. Further, the ambiguity and limited scope of the 'right not to be subject to automated decision-making' contained in Article 22 (from which the alleged 'right to explanation' stems) raises questions over the protection actually afforded to data subjects. These problems show that the GDPR lacks precise language as well as explicit and well-defined rights and safeguards against automated decision-making, and therefore runs the risk of being toothless. We propose a number of legislative steps that, if taken, may improve the transparency and accountability of automated decision-making when the GDPR comes into force in 2018.

A detailed analysis of CIL XIV 2112 = ILS 7212, an inscription detailing the status and life of an association (collegium) of worshipers of Diana and Antinous in Lanuvium. A new edition of the text with English translation is also provided.

For the edition of the text, enter "Bendlin" in the publication field in http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epigraphik_en.""

Secondo la tradizione storiografica romana, Roma sarebbe stata dotata, dal 509/507 prima della nostra era, delle sue principali istituzioni repubblicane: due consoli annuali, eletti dai comizi centuriati secondo le prescrizioni che avrebbe lasciato il re Servio Tullio, e aventi un potere coercitivo contro il quale il cittadino ottenne, dai primi anni della Repubblica, il diritto d'appello (lex Valeria de provocatione); un Senato di trecento membri che controllava l'attività di questi magistrati; e un sistema di assemblee popolari definite dalle loro unità di voto che giustapponeva, dai primi decenni del V secolo, comizi curiati, centuriati e tributi. Altri elementi istituzionali avrebbero rapidamente completato la "costituzione" repubblicana: nel suo trattato su La Repubblica, Cicerone considerava che non ci fossero state piú innovazioni maggiori dopo il Decemvirato e la pubblicazione della legge delle xii Tavole, e un passaggio oscuro di Polibio può lasciar supporre che per lo storico greco, ugualmente, l'essenziale delle istituzioni repubblicane fosse in atto dalla metà del V secolo. 1 Questo insieme che si oppose alla monarchia e che viene chiamata "Repubblica" sarebbe dunque, agli occhi degli Antichi, e implicitamente ancor oggi agli occhi di numerosi Moderni, apparsa in uno stato già definitivo a partire dai primi anni del regime, come Minerva sarebbe uscita tutta armata dalla testa di Giove. Si tratta però di una visione storica erronea dovuta alla natura e allo stato delle nostre fonti sulla storia politica e istituzionale della Repubblica romana: la maggior parte delle nostre fonti storiografiche data in effetti alla fine della Repubblica o all'inizio dell'epoca imperiale, ed è ispirata ad autori piú antichi (tra i quali il primo "annalista" romano, Fabio Pittore), comunque non anteriori all'epoca della seconda guerra punica (218-201).

En estos Elementos el autor ha tratado de esencializar el contenido mínimo que todo jurista debe conocer sobre el Derecho romano, cuna de la jurisprudencia occidental y modelo perpetuo de resolución racional de conflictos jurídicos. Domingo presta especial atención a aquellos aspectos del Derecho romano que considera de más interés para un jurista del siglo XXI, sea por su vigencia actual, sea por su relevancia histórica.

"This book offers annotated translations of documents touching on Dutch admiral Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge and his voyage to Asia between 1605 and 1608. These translations are aimed at a contemporary English-speaking Asian readership interested in the early modern history of European trade, warfare and expansion in Southeast Asia with a focus on Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Researchers specialising in early European colonialism, international law, international relations, security studies, and diplomatic history will also find that the documents translated in this volume offer new and unfamiliar perspectives. Materlieff’s business acumen, military and diplomataic prowess as well as his vision of empire all have implications for examining not only European expansion into Southeast Asia, but also into other regions at large, including especially south Asia, Africa and the Americas.
Admiral Matelieff was a director of the Rotterdam Chamber of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) formed in 1602. He was appointed fleet commander on one of the company’s first voyages to Asia. Matelieff’s mission was both commercial and military: he launched a major sea-borne attack on the Portuguese colony of Melaka, arranged for the signing of treaties with the rulers of Johor, Aceh and Ternate, and founded the first Dutch fort on the island of Ternate. His endeavours, however, to open the Chinese market for the Dutch company proved unsuccessful.
Following his return to the Dutch Republic in September 1608, Matelieff penned a series of memorials and letters. In these he advanced recommendations for changing the way the company organized its fleets and conducted business. More importantly he offered  his Dutch contemporaries a vision of empire in Asia. The materials contained in this volume offer important observations of a perceptive analyst who was also determined to grasp the political and economic structures of Asia, and also of inter-state relations in across this vast region. At a time of Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Danish, French and English engagement in Southeast Asia, Matelieff sought to critically assess and strategize on the ways in which Europeans were increasingly engaging with Asian polities and their rulers.

This book will be released for sale in Australasia and Europe in June 2014 and available in the Americas after September 2014
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Comprehensive and accessible, this book offers a concise synthesis of the evolution of the law in Western Europe, from ancient Rome to the beginning of the twentieth century. It situates law in the wider framework of Europe’s political, economic, social and cultural developments.

Offering a readily graspable and sound structure, chapters are organized according to the civil law systems and common law systems. Each chapter is built around the evolution of the four sources of the law: legal science, legislation, courts and customary law, set chronologically against the relevant historical context.

Throughout this in-depth presentation of the key determinants in European legal history, Bart Wauters and Marco de Benito allow readers to understand how the law arose and evolved in Europe as a shared language, of which its different national laws are but dialectal expressions – with the unique exception, perhaps, of English common law, whose peculiarity is likewise due to accidents of history which are themselves explored.

With its elegant comparative approach, this book will appeal to European Law students and scholars looking for a concise, yet academically sound, account of the history of law in Europe.

A lo largo de sus tres siglos de historia en la época imperial romana, la función principal de la Guardia Pretoriana fue la protección de la figura del emperador allí donde este se encontrara, ya fuera actuando permanentemente como su escolta y guardia personal  en el palacio imperial o como última línea de defensa en el ámbito militar. Pero como cuerpo de élite del ejército romano acantonado en la capital del Imperio también se les encomendó el mantenimiento y, en su caso, restablecimiento del orden allí donde fuera necesario. Así, la Guardia Pretoriana se conformaría como una de las piezas clave en la historia imperial romana como uno de los actores principales no solo a nivel militar sino también a nivel político, papel este último muy alejado de las funciones iniciales para las que fue creada pero que poco a poco fue cobrando especial relevancia tanto por su cercanía a la figura de los sucesivos emperadores como por su acantonamiento en la capital imperial. Consciente de su poder, no fueron pocas las ocasiones en que los pretorianos utilizaron su posición e influencias para dirigir y aprovechar los habituales cambios políticos en la cúspide del poder . Pero, aun siendo menos conocida, no sería menor la importancia bélica que en los campos de batalla protagonizarían los pretorianos en numerosas ocasiones como unidad militar y que a la postre les consagraría como uno de los pilares fundamentales del régimen imperial prácticamente desde su creación, en tiempos de Augusto , hasta su desmantelamiento llevado a cabo por el emperador Majencio.
Como cuerpo de élite del ejército, reconocidos como los mejor entrenados y preparados como demostraron en no pocas ocasiones, y en base a su especial misión recibían una paga superior al del resto de soldados; y su tiempo de servicio era varios años menor, por lo que resultaban ser la envidia del resto de unidades militares y en particular de aquellos que servían en el limes del imperio . Es por ello que trataremos aquí de realizar un estudio esquemático sobre su formación, estructura, actuaciones, etc. con el fin de ahondar en el conocimiento de esta institución muchas veces denostada por algunas de sus intervenciones.

This article demonstrates the overlooked contribution of the ancient Near East to the development of constitutional law. The legal corpus of Deuteronomy provides a utopian model for the organization of the state, one that enshrines separation of powers and their systematic subordination to a public legal text—the “Torah”—that delineates their jurisdiction while also ensuring their autonomy. This legislation establishes an independent judiciary while bringing even the monarch under the full authority of the law. Deuteronomy’s implicit model for a political constitution is unprecedented in legal history. Two of its cornerstones are fundamental to the modern idea of constitutional government: (1) the clear division of political powers into separate spheres of authority; and (2) the subordination of each branch to the authority of the law. This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented; instead, idealism rapidly yielded to political pragmatism. Nonetheless, Deuteronomy’s draft constitution provides an important corrective to standard accounts of constitutional legal history.

Keywords:
Constitutional theory; rule of law; separation of powers; Deut 16:18-18:22; Laws of public officials; Law of the king; independence of the judiciary; Deut 17:14-20; Ämtergesetze; Verfassungstheorie; Torah monarchy; Sophocles Antigone law; Herodotus Demaratus; Greek kingship; Mishnah King; mishnah Aboth 1:1; American constitution; Josephus πολιτεία [politeia]; origin of judicial system; Hammurabi; founding myth; independent judiciary.

Nei mesi che intercorsero fra la presa di Alessandria, nell’agosto del 30 a.C., e la redazione dell’iscrizione di Philae, nell’aprile dell’anno successivo, Ottaviano elaborò ed istituì lontano da Roma una carica che ebbe un’importanza epocale per lo sviluppo delle istituzioni romane: la praefectura Aegypti. Per la prima volta si assegnò in modo perenne l’amministrazione di una provincia ad un membro dell’ordine equestre, abbattendo di fatto le barriere che sino allora avevano visto le magistrature tradizionali, di esclusiva competenza senatoriale, come unica forma possibile per il governo provinciale. Partendo da questo evento, il volume si propone di analizzare la genesi e lo sviluppo degli istituti presidiali equestri nel primo Principato, dalle esperienze distrettuali minori, quali la nota e discussa Iudaea di Ponzio Pilato, sino alla piena affermazione delle province «procuratorie» ad opera dell’imperatore Claudio. Attraverso un’analisi delle fonti letterarie e documentarie, epigrafiche su tutte, l’opera ricostruisce la natura, i poteri, gli ambiti di impiego, spesso tra loro assai dissimili, in cui queste figure furono chiamate ad operare. In questa prospettiva, praefectus, procurator, praeses, al di là dall’essere semplicemente titoli, risultano lo specchio di diversi momenti dell’autocrazia imperiale. Un’appendice prosopografica dedicata ai governatori delle massime province procuratorie sino a tutta l’epoca severiana chiude e completa il volume.

While the terminology has long been noted, the republican principle of the summum imperium auspiciumque, the high command and the prevailing auspices, has never been subject to comprehensive scrutiny. This enquiry for the first time identifies this principle as a coherent concept in Roman constitutional and administrative practice, being the senatorial oligarchy's foremost instrument to reconcile collegiate rule with the necessity of a unified high command. After defining the relevant terms and the scope of the high command both in Rome and in the field, a number of case studies yield striking new insights into the constitutional ramifications for the allocation of public triumphs, the position of the consuls in the provinces, and the official hierarchy in combined commands, highlighting the fascinating interplay between these largely customary rules of engagement and the nobility's own code of honour. This study also casts a provocative new light on how the high command was gradually monopolized by dynasts in the tumultuous period between Sulla's dictatorship and the emergence of the Augustan monarchy. Finally, a postscript addresses the vexed question of the lex curiata de imperio.

Opera accolta nella collana su proposta dei professori Luigi Labruna e Tullio Spagnuolo Vigorita e pubblicata col contributo del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche TRESVIRI CAPITALES Questo libro nasce da un'idea di Luigi Labruna, che -con l'entusiasmo che gli è proprio -il 26 giugno 1990 mi propose il tema della ricerca. Da allora mi ha sempre seguito con benevolenza, mi ha aiutato a crescere, come un padre. Tullio Spagnuolo Vigorita da anni mi dispensa almeno parte d'un affetto nato prima di me, sempre pronto alla discussione ed al confronto, come a smussare certe mie asperità di carattere. Da lui ho molto imparato. Luigi Capogrossi Colognesi, Francesco Grelle e Bernardo Santalucia hanno letto con rigore non comune il manoscritto: a loro va la mia gratitudine. Non posso -oggi -dimenticare il mio primo, acuto critico, Luigi Amirante. Felice Mercogliano, Fara Nasti, Natale Rampazzo e Franco Salerno mi hanno fornito numerosi, utilissimi consigli. L'acume del filologo Giovanni Polara mi ha soccorso nell'interpretazione di più d'un testo. Molto ho profittato della pazienza e della sapienza di Giuseppe Camodeca. Il ringraziamento ad Okko Behrends va oltre la puntigliosa ed intelligente lettura che ha fatto del testo: la mia formazione porta il segno dei reiterati soggiorni presso l'Institut für römisches und gemeines Recht dell'Università di Gottinga. Carla Masi in questi anni mi è stata vicina, bathéo\ s. Senza il suo costante incitamento ed il suo prezioso aiuto, questo libro non sarebbe venuto alla luce. Dedico parentibus optimis.

The Singapore and Melaka Straits are a place where regional and long-distance maritime trading networks converge, linking Europe, the Mediterranean, eastern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent with key centres of trade in Thailand, Indochina, insular Southeast Asia, China, Korea and Japan. The first half of the seventeenth century brought heightened political, commercial and diplomatic activity to this region. It has long been clear to both the Portuguese and the Dutch that whoever controlled the waters off modern Singapore gained a firm grip on regional as well as long-distance intra-Asian trade. By the early 1600s Portuguese power and prestige were waning and the arrival of the Dutch East India Company constituted a major threat. Moreover, the rapid expansion and growing power of the Acehnese Empire, and rivalry between Johor and Aceh, was creating a new context for European trade in Asia.

Drawing on maps, rare printed works, and unpublished manuscripts written in Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and Latin, Peter Borschberg provides new information on the diplomatic activities of Asian powers, and shows how the Portuguese and Spanish attempted to restore their political fortunes by containing the rapid rise of Dutch Power in the region. Key documents, transcribed and translated into English for the first time, make up a series of appendices.

The product of more than two decades of research in European libraries, archives, The Singapore and Melaka Straits will be of great interest to readers in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia, where little is known about this pivotal pre-colonial period. It is also an invaluable resource for historians and other students of early modern Europe and of the European presence in Asia.
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""Book abstract: Despite the crucial role played by both law and architecture in Roman culture, the Romans never developed a type of building that was specifically and exclusively reserved for the administration of justice: courthouses did not exist in Roman antiquity. The present volume addresses this paradox by investigating the spatial settings of Roman judicial practices from a variety of perspectives. Scholars of law, topography, architecture, political history, and literature concur in putting Roman judicature back into its concrete physical context, exploring how the exercise of law interacted with the environment in which it took place, and how the spaces that arose from this interaction were perceived by the ancients themselves. The result is a fresh view on a key aspect of Roman culture.

My chapter discusses the location(s) and functions of the Praetor's tribunal from the 4th c. BCE down to the Augustan era, and how each location affected or influenced the 'identity' of teh urban praetor.""

L’étude de l’évolution historique du droit des obligations a pour principal objet d’éclairer et d’approfondir les origines et le développement de notre droit civil, dans le domaine des contrats et celui de la responsabilité, qui dominent l’ensemble des rapports juridiques entre les hommes. La théorie des obligations est à l’origine non seulement du droit civil, mais du droit tout entier : le droit commercial, le droit administratif, le droit international, privé ou public, sont à base de rapports obligatoires, et il n’est nullement exagéré de dire que le concept obligationnel constitue l’armature et le substratum du droit et même, d’une façon plus générale, de l’ensemble des sciences sociales.

The story of Roman citizenship is often told as an emancipatory one, in which the gradual extension of the franchise to non-citizens slowly erased the juridical distinction between conqueror and conquered.  To tell the story in this way elides two important aspects of the history of Roman citizenship.  First, early in its imperial project, Rome imposed citizenship on conquered populations wholesale, without any consideration of assent.  In that period, citizenship cannot have functioned to differentiate conqueror and conquered, nor was it understood as a reward, nor was contract an appropriate metaphor for political belonging.  Later, when grants became more selective, Rome used citizenship as a reward for local elites who de facto governed on Rome's behalf.  But Rome also encouraged communities to select their leaders by democratic means.  The result was that the power to grant Roman citizenship was effectively delivered into electorates composed nearly wholly of aliens, who potentially made their selection based on highly particularized, local forms of social differentiation.  The paper closes with some reflection on denaturalization in Roman law.

Problématique de recherche et principaux résultats : Îlot urbain, voirie, habitat, boutique, incendie Lieu de dépôt temporaire du matériel archéologique : École Sainte Marie Lyon, 4 Montée St-Barthélémy 69005 Lyon Mots Clés Chronologie : Protohistoire récente (La Tène finale), Antiquité romaine, Haut-Empire Sujets et thèmes : Habitat colonial, domus, techniques de construction, urbanisme colonial, niveau d'incendie, vaisselle métallique, céramique, bois de construction 1 2 Clos de la Solitude -Campagne2013

This paper takes an entirely new approach to the long-standing problem of quantifying the spread of citizenship before Caracalla. It argues that we already know enough to be confident that less than a third of the free population of the provinces were Roman citizens on the eve of Caracalla's grant. In the process, it suggests a new method of managing uncertainty in quantitative analysis for periods from which little data survives, based on probabilistic approaches to uncertainty that are widely used in the natural and social sciences.

The results are still preliminary and will be refined. Any comments or suggestions would be welcome (mpl2@st-andrews.ac.uk).

Las sucesivas victorias del hijo de Filipo pronto preocuparon a Darío III, quien escapó de su perseguidor solo para caer a manos de su aliado Beso, el sátrapa de Bactria. Su subordinado no vio mejor oportunidad para usurpar el trono y Alejandro se vio obligado a ocupar Bactria para acabar con cualquiera que amenazara su control del Imperio persa. Las tropas de Beso no supusieron un problema para los experimentados soldados macedonios, que una vez allí, se encaminaron en dirección a Sogdiana tras atravesar el rio Oxo y el Yaxartes. Inicialmente, la región no pareció organizarse activamente para impedir la llegada de aquellos extranjeros. Beso se retiró acompañado de unos pocos nobles de Sogdiana y planeó una guerra de guerrillas en las provincias del norte con la ayuda de los sacas, por lo que Alejandro no tuvo problemas para ocupar Bactria, probablemente de manera mucho más sencilla de lo esperado. Sin embargo, un contingente macedonio fue sorprendido cerca del Yaxartes mientras se encontraban forrajeando, pero las fuentes no sitúan la responsabilidad en un grupo de tropas enemigas organizado, sino más bien en salteadores que intentaron obtener botín mediante un ataque sorpresa.

Legal and other texts insist that slaves (servi) are not permitted to join the Roman army. The evidence suggests, however, that slaves might serve if they were owned by the army itself. After demonstrating the presence of public slaves (servitia castris) in Rome’s armed forces (I-II) this paper examines the nature of the duties of calones and lixae (III). Next, it is considered whether soldiers belonging to collegia were  public slaves with special attention being paid to capsarii “medical orderlies” (IV). Then the status of the augusti vernae in Legion III Augusta is analyzed (V). Next, the one-namedness of legionary soldiers in inscriptions is employed to identify public slaves (VI). Finally, findings are summarized and questions raised for future research.

BotteGa epiGrafica o atelier pittorico? la scrittura neGli affreschi romani colgo l'occasione di queste giornate di studio dedicate alla memoria del maestro Giancarlo susini, a dieci anni dalla sua scomparsa, per presentare alcune riflessioni su un settore solo apparentemente marginale dell'epigrafia, vale a dire l'epigrafia dipinta. più nello specifico lo studio è rivolto alle modalità di realizzazione, ovvero ai pictores e all'«officina epigrafica» di loro pertinenza, di tutte quelle testimonianze scritte, che, come nel commento che segue propongo di definire «intradecorative», le quali appaiono all'interno di scene figurate, in genere affreschi che ornavano dimore ed edifici delle città romane, e che non sono pertanto iscrizioni isolate a se stanti bensì parte integrante di più complesse narrazioni iconografiche.

II pia at the time of similar grants (Cisimbrium according to CIL, II 2 /5, 291-291 and Igabrum, according to CIL, II 2 /5, 308). The sequence of the process might have run as follows: Latium was granted to certain communities and received by the peregrinae, who became ciues Latini with the above-mentioned benefits of iura, and, between them, as a consequence of the municipal recognition of privileged communities, all those who could and wanted to perform any form of magistracy became ciues Romani. The subsequent coexistence of munera to be performed, and ciues to actually perform those munera, granted new municipal status to those communities based on that same coexistence (Gell., 16, 13 and Fes., 177 L and 262 L).