Research in Technology

This study examined the various forms of continuing professional development (CPD) that Nigerian academic librarians have participated in during the last five years with a view to ascertain the various ways in which skills acquired from such programmes had enabled innovative and creative information service delivery. The survey method of investigation was adopted for the study. The findings revealed that the librarians participated in very few forms of CPD programmes and the few skills acquired during participation in the CPD programmes are minimally utilized in providing creative and innovative services in the library. The major inhibitors to being innovative and creative with the acquired skills were identified to be: epileptic Internet access due to low bandwidth, lack of computing facilities to put the skills into practice in the library, irregular power supply and, not working in the section where the skill can be put into use. The study therefore recommends that librarians should begin to explore other CPD programmes such as participation in webinars as well as making use of online training sites and YouTube tutorials. It also recommends that more skills in the areas of digitization, real-time referencing, teleconferencing, and networking management should be acquired by the librarians if they want to remain relevant while the university and library management should provide adequate number of computers and also upgrade the Internet bandwidth in the libraries to allow for its effective utilization in services creation and provision by the librarians.

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimum dari proses pemasakan dengan menvariasikan konsentrasi NaOH, temperatur dan waktu pemasakan pada pembuatan pulp dari sabut kelapa muda serta mengetahui veriabel mana yang paling berperan terhadap kualitas pulp yang dihasilkan. Serat sabut kelapa muda termasuk golongan serat kasar. Industri-industri yang menggunakan bahan baku serat ini tersebar luas di negara-negara penghasil kelapa. Pemanfaatan lain serabut kelapa saat ini yaitu sebagai bahan baku alternatif pada pembuatan pulp. Pulp merupakan bahan baku pembuatan kertas dan senyawa-senyawa kimia turunan selulosa. Pulp dapat dibuat dari berbagai jenis kayu, bambu, dan rumput-rumputan Pulp adalah hasil pemisahan serat dari bahan baku berserat (kayu maupun non kayu) melalui berbagai proses pembuatan baik secara mekanis, semikimia, dan kimia.

Fibers have been considered an effective material that was used to improve the concrete's weak properties, namely its tensile strength, ductility, and crack resistance. Thus, the current study highlights two major objective, the former is the fibers shapes and types on the mechanical properties of the fresh and hardened concrete while the latter explores the impact of the fiber contents on the concrete mechanical properties developments. To achieve these targets six types of fibers (five of them made of steel and the last was polyolefin fibers) with various shapes are utilized. The tests were carried out to investigate the fibers shape and material contribution in the concrete mix properties improvement. The samples were subjected to destructive and non-destructive tests such as workability, compression, bending, and splitting. The nondestructive tests include ultrasonic pulse velocities and the Schmidt Hammer test. Three kinds of fibers (two of steel and one of polyolefin fiber) are used with variable content ratios of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5% to study the fiber content effect. Generally, the workability of fresh concrete has a reverse relationship with fiber presence and fiber content ratios. The compressive capacity, splitting and flexural strength has a direct proportion with fibers contents. The hooked steel fibers appeared the best results in terms of shape comparison.

Enhancing research skills in prospective teachers is essential for fostering reflective practice and contributing to the academic community. This study examines effective strategies for enhancing the research proficiency of pre-service teachers by emphasizing the integration of research into teacher training programs, leveraging technology, and facilitating collaborative inquiry. This study aims to assess potential instructors' academic writing proficiency and research competency. Utilizing Google Forms, an online survey instrument, 397 prospective educators were administered a revised multiple-choice questionnaire. The survey responses were statistically analyzed using the capabilities of Google Forms, facilitating descriptive statistics. The survey results indicate that a significant proportion of prospective educators possess knowledge of research skills and academic writing.

This paper investigates whether the presence of ambitious entrepreneurs is a more important determinant of national economic growth than entrepreneurial activity in general. We use data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor to test the extent to which high growth ambitions of entrepreneurs affect GDP growth for a sample of 36 countries. Our results suggest that ambitious entrepreneurship contributes more strongly to macro-economic growth than entrepreneurial activity in general. We find a particularly strong effect of high-expectation entrepreneurship for transition countries. These results are interpreted in light of the ongoing debate about public policies designed to stimulate high growth start-ups.

The increased importance of knowledge as a source of competitiveness for modern economies suggests that the organization of industries most conducive to innovative activity and unrestrained competition will be linked to higher growth rates. Entrepreneurial activity is generally assumed to be an important aspect of this organization. In the present paper we investigate whether a new and promising concept, Total Entrepreneurial Activity, influences GDP growth for 36 countries in a recent period. We will also test whether this influence depends upon the level of economic development measured as GDP per capita. With this test we aim to investigate to what extent the role of entrepreneurship has changed in the last decades of the 20 th century. Although the limited number of observations does not allow for many competing explanatory variables, we will examine the role of the so-called Growth Competitiveness Index. This variable captures a range of alternative explanations for achieving sustained economic growth. In addition, we incorporate the initial level of economic development to correct for convergence. We find that entrepreneurial activity indeed affects economic growth, but that this effect depends upon the level of per capita income. This suggests that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different stages of economic development.

This paper aims at explaining cross-country variation in nascent entrepreneurship. Regression analysis is applied using various explanatory variables derived from three different approaches. We make use of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor database, including nascent entrepreneurship rates for 36 countries in 2002 as well as variables from standardized national statistics. The first approach relates the level of entrepreneurship of a country to its level of economic development. We find evidenc e for a U-shaped relatio nship. The second approach deals with a regime switch where the innovative advantage moves from large, established enterprises to small and new firms, because new technologies have reduced the importance of scale economies in many sectors. The third approach assumes that nascent entrepreneurship depends upon aggregate conditions such as technology, demography, culture and institutions, influencing opportunities, resources, skills and preferences. Several indicators of these aggregate conditions are found to correlate with nascent entrepreneurship. A full model combining the three approaches includes a U-shaped relationship with per capita income as well as with Porter's innovative capacity index in addition to effects of social security expenditure (-) and the total business ownership rate (+). Finally, a (former) communist-country dummy plays an important role. * p< .05 ** p< .01

The increased importance of knowledge as a source of competitiveness for modern economies suggests that the organization of industries most conducive to innovative activity and unrestrained competition will be linked to higher growth rates. Entrepreneurial activity is generally assumed to be an important aspect of this organization. In the present paper we investigate whether a new and promising concept, Total Entrepreneurial Activity, influences GDP growth for 36 countries in a recent period. We will also test whether this influence depends upon the level of economic development measured as GDP per capita. With this test we aim to investigate to what extent the role of entrepreneurship has changed in the last decades of the 20 th century. Although the limited number of observations does not allow for many competing explanatory variables, we will examine the role of the so-called Growth Competitiveness Index. This variable captures a range of alternative explanations for achieving sustained economic growth. In addition, we incorporate the initial level of economic development to correct for convergence. We find that entrepreneurial activity indeed affects economic growth, but that this effect depends upon the level of per capita income. This suggests that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different stages of economic development.

The critical infrastructures of nations are based nowadays on information technology and this is the essential issue for both national authorities and terrorist groups. The magnitude of this problem resides in the vulnerabilities of the computer or telecommunication networks to a terrorist attack. Information systems play a vital role in administration and operating nuclear plants, dams, electric network, air-traffic-control system and financial institutions. Therefore, as we can see, information systems play a double role: means/new weapons for terrorist groups and support for public and private bodies to avoid the terrorist attacks. These are the two directions of our paper.

This Article is dedicated to deal with one of the main computer related crimes namely is unauthorized access. Unauthorized access is criminalized by almost all computer crime statues due to its uniqueness to computers. Such statutes usually start with criminalizing the mere accessing a ...

The primary objective of this study was to design the grabbing technique used to determine the vacuum suction gripper and its design parameters for the pocket welting operation in apparel manufacturing. It presents the application of vacuum suction in grabbing technology, a technique that has revolutionized the handling and manipulation to grasp the various fabric materials in a range of garment industries. Vacuum suction, being non-intrusive and non-invasive, offers several advantages compared to traditional grabbing methods. It is particularly useful in scenarios where soft woven fabric and air-impermeable fabric items need to be handled with utmost care. The paper delves into the working principles of vacuum suction, its various components, and the underlying physics involved. Furthermore, it explores the various applications of vacuum suction in the garment industry in the automation exploration. The paper also highlights the challenges and limitations of vacuum suction technology and suggests potential areas for further research and development.

The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) criminalizes the simple act of trespass upon a computer-intentional access without authorization. The law sweeps too broadly, but the courts and scholars seeking to fix it look in the wrong place. They uniformly focus on the term "without authorization" when instead they should focus on the statute's mens rea. On a conceptual level, courts and scholars understand that the CFAA is a criminal law, of course, but fail to interpret it comprehensively as one. This Article begins the first sustained treatment of the CFAA as a criminal law, with a full elaboration of the appropriate mens rea based upon congressional intent, cognate state criminal trespass statutes, and recent Supreme Court guidance on federal mens rea in general. A fully realized mens rea sweeps away many of the unjust potential applications of the CFAA on a far more principled basis than does a focus on, and rewriting of, "without authorization." My interpretative approach limits unjust applications of the provision, but many will remain. In a coda, I briefly show why we should likely abolish the trespass provision of the CFAA. The flaws of the CFAA, such as criminalizing ordinary and innocent behavior and arbitrary enforcement, flow from the same pathologies already inherent in criminal trespass law.

The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) criminalizes the simple act of trespass upon a computer-intentional access without authorization. The law sweeps too broadly, but the courts and scholars seeking to fix it look in the wrong place. They uniformly focus on the term "without authorization" when instead they should focus on the statute's mens rea. On a conceptual level, courts and scholars understand that the CFAA is a criminal law, of course, but fail to interpret it comprehensively as one. This Article begins the first sustained treatment of the CFAA as a criminal law, with a full elaboration of the appropriate mens rea based upon congressional intent, cognate state criminal trespass statutes, and recent Supreme Court guidance on federal mens rea in general. A fully realized mens rea sweeps away many of the unjust potential applications of the CFAA on a far more principled basis than does a focus on, and rewriting of, "without authorization." My interpretative approach limits unjust applications of the provision, but many will remain. In a coda, I briefly show why we should likely abolish the trespass provision of the CFAA. The flaws of the CFAA, such as criminalizing ordinary and innocent behavior and arbitrary enforcement, flow from the same pathologies already inherent in criminal trespass law.

Data Security Threats This is the danger of an attack on a computer system either by a computer program, an event or a person. This causes loss of data/information and attacks the data privacy. The following are the main threats to data security: Unauthorized access, Virus and Worm attacks, Computer errors and accidents. Unauthorized Access Physical and logical unauthorized access i) Physical unauthorized access This involves persons have illegal entry to the building/computer room or the persons having physical access to the storage media i.e. hard disks, compact disk etc. the motive could be either to steal the computers or information or maliciously damage, change or alter, delete data/information. ii) Logical unauthorized access involves gaining illegal access into a computer system. It could be deliberate or accidental. Illegal access could be with an intention to steal, delete, copy, and alter data/information.

This report is published under the SCALES-initiative (SCientific AnaLysis of Entrepreneurship and SMEs), as part of the SMEs and Entrepreneurship programme financed by the Netherlands' Ministry of Economic Affairs. Most recent EIM reports and much more on SMEs and Entrepreneurship can be found at: www.eim.nl/smes-and-entrepreneurship. The responsibility for the contents of this report lies with EIM. Quoting numbers or text in papers, essays and books is permitted only when the source is clearly mentioned. No part of this publication may be copied and/or published in any form or by any means, or stored in a retrieval system, without the prior written permission of EIM. EIM does not accept responsibility for printing errors and/or other imperfections.

With the emergence of new technologies and innovations the individuals, businesses and governments worldwide are also facing an alarming growth in cybercrime. Albania is no exception to the paradigm of cybercrime. In recent times there has been a rapid growth in various forms of Information Communication Technology (ICT), particularly internet users. What is the definition of cybercrime? "Cybercrime is any criminal activity which involves a computer or network as the source, tool, target or place of a crime" (Grabosky 2001, 38). In recent years there has been a considerate focus by all the government structures to improve the computer-related crime legislation and means of resources and mechanisms to combat it. On the basis of the "desk research", taking into consideration the main legal documents in this field and various authors' doctrinal positions in Albanian and European level, this paper will examine the phenomena of cybercrime in Albania and the current enacted relevant legislation to prevent and combat computer crimes. To have a full treatment as to the extent of this phenomenon in our country there have been conducted meetings and interviews with focus groups, such as experts of the State Police and the Prosecutor General. This paper based on the official data will try to find out the most common types of cybercrime activities in Albania, reasons and motives behind the development of these crimes, and regulatory measures taken by the Albanian authorities to curb these phenomena. In addition, this paper will focus on the characteristics and defense mechanisms that the computer crime laws have foreseen to protect

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimum dari proses pemasakan dengan menvariasikan konsentrasi NaOH, temperatur dan waktu pemasakan pada pembuatan pulp dari sabut kelapa muda serta mengetahui veriabel mana yang paling berperan terhadap kualitas pulp yang dihasilkan. Serat sabut kelapa muda termasuk golongan serat kasar. Industri-industri yang menggunakan bahan baku serat ini tersebar luas di negara-negara penghasil kelapa. Pemanfaatan lain serabut kelapa saat ini yaitu sebagai bahan baku alternatif pada pembuatan pulp. Pulp merupakan bahan baku pembuatan kertas dan senyawa-senyawa kimia turunan selulosa. Pulp dapat dibuat dari berbagai jenis kayu, bambu, dan rumput-rumputan Pulp adalah hasil pemisahan serat dari bahan baku berserat (kayu maupun non kayu) melalui berbagai proses pembuatan baik secara mekanis, semikimia, dan kimia. Penelitian menggunakan proses secara kimia menggunakan NaOH sebagai larutan pemasak.

The following debate examines a landmark electronic publishing case where the U.S. government indicted the publisher of an electronic newsletter on 10 felony counts of wire fraud and interstate transportation of stolen property. Before the trial was over, such awesome issues as freedom of the press, the right to privacy, public security, and the Constitution were called into question. At the center of it all was Craig Neidorf, then a 20-yearold college student. • Communications asked Dorothy E. Denning, an expert witness for Neidorf's defense, to explore the case and its far-reaching ramifications. She paints an insider's view of the event; recounting the indictments, the resulting trial, the rights of hackers, the role of government, and the responsibilities-and liabilitiesmof the computing community. • We then invited seven of Denning's colleagues to comment on her conclusions as well as provide their own assessments of the way the case was handled.

This study examines how reflective practices can be an effective strategy in enhancing in-service teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). The participants were two English teachers in high schools in Indonesia who designed and implemented technology-integrated lessons after participating in a professional development workshop. Data collected from their reflective journals and interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings from the interviews and teacher’s reflective journal revealed three reflective practices: reflection in, on, and for action. Reflective practices helped the teachers to describe and articulate their own experiences in teaching, learn from enacted experiences in the classroom, and apply learned practices in subsequent teaching. This virtuous cycle indicates that reflective practice is an essential mechanism for EFL teachers to become proficient in integrating technology in their teaching practices.

In the absence of official definition of vulnerabilities, see the list established by the European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA) in Good Practice Guide on Vulnerability Disclosure. From challenges to recommendations (2015) 14-15 <https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/vulnerability-disclosure>, accessed 20 July 2017. 2 Nicknamed black hats, criminal hackers act alongside script kiddies who lack programming expertise and resort to others' scripts and tools to hack.

Menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya dan penuh kesadaran bahwa skripsi ini benar adalah hasil karya sendiri. Jika dikemudian hari terbukti bahwa in i merupakan duplikat, tiruan, plagiat, atau dibua toleh orang lain, sebagian atau seluruhnya, maka skripsi dangelar yang diperoleh karenanya batal demi hukum.

Empty oil-palm bunches (EOPB) contains more enough cellulose so that it can be made as an alternative pulp production.  One of the process of pulp production which friendly environment is by using acetate acid and formic acid called by formacell process.  The aims of the research is to got optimation models of formic acid concentration, HCl concentration and cooking duration for the EFB pulp production.  The optimum result of the EOPB pulp production were 75% of cellulose, 8% of hemiselulosa, 10% of  lignin, and 80% of yield with the optimum concentration 20% of formic acid, 0,5% of HCl, and 2 hour of cooking duration.   Keyword : pulp formacell, EFB, RSM.   ABSTRAK Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) mengandung kadar selulosa yang cukup tinggi sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan baku alternatif produksi pulp.  Salah satu proses produksi pulp ramah lingkungan yaitu dengan menggunakan campuran pelarut asam asetat dan asam formiat sebagai bahan pemasak yang disebut proses formacell. ...

This paper surveys the changing pattern of budgetary emphasis in university libraries in the era of electronic services. Drawing from the contingency theory, the findings indicate that there has been, in the last few years, a fast shift in the contents of university libraries holdings. The paper affirms that emphasis has greatly shifted from hard-wares in the form of books to electronic holdings and carry with it remarkable budgetary implications. The data collection methods combined primary and secondary sources. The primary source is made up of qualitative study of two universities in Ghana and Nigeria. The secondary source includes literature reviews from publications by other experts. The paper supports the view that the use of online platforms has yielded to less spending for greater service quality to the library users. The paper recommends more strategic investments in library holdings through wider linkage with online library service providers in a manner that ensures increasing service quality to all categories of library users. The universities and library managements should ensure that the accompanying IT hard-and soft-wares are adequately provided for in the budget. The paper will help universities and library managements understand and respond appropriately to the changing needs of the environment.

The potential number of banana stems in Samarinda reaches approximately 36.48 tons / year. Until now most people only use banana stems as animal feed, so processing is needed to increase the economic value of banana stems. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of microwave power in minimizing the concentration of CH3COOH cooking solution needed in the process so that it still produces pulp products that comply with SNI 0698: 2010. In this study, pulp can be obtained by hydrolyzing 10gr of banana stems dissolved in 200ml CH3COOH for 60 minutes with a reaction temperature of 130 ℃. The delignification and hydrolysis process is assisted by microwaves with variations in power (150,300,450) watts and variations in the concentration of the CH3COOH cooking solution (20,30,40,50,60,70)%. The results showed the higher the microwave power and the higher the concentration of the CH3COOH cooking solution used, the lower the pulp yield obtained. The highest pulp obtained reached 85.01% at 150 watts of power with a 20% CH3COOH cooking solution concentration, with a characteristic value of cellulose content of 42.58% and lignin content of 16.64%

The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act became law in 1984 as the legislative response to the then relatively new phenomenon of computer hacking. Subsequent amendments strengthened the law, and in 1996 the critical Section (g) was added to the law authorizing civil actions against violators. A recent criminal case, however, may expand the application of the law to misuse of the terms of use of public Web sites. This paper examines some of the applications of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act in both criminal as well as the civil actions. While the full impact of this statute in the future is not entirely clear, the statute will most definitely serve as a effective tool against virtually any computer misuse.

The study investigated the constraints to acquisition of competencies by librarians for effective library and information services delivery with specific reference to North Western Nigerian University Libraries. The population of the study comprises 173 librarians from three North Western Universities. Two research questions were formulated to guide the study and questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using simple percentages and tables. The study revealed that librarians take advantage of several development programmes in which they still need to develop some skills and competencies in order to be more effective. Financial difficulty, lack of sponsorship and inadequate infrastructure were highlighted as the major constraints that militate against acquisition of competencies by majority of the librarians been studied. It was recommended that their should be a positive attitude of the management in the disbursement of adequate funds towards the training of librarians to enhance maximum service delivery.

Pese al proceso evolutivo que ha experimentado la investigación educativa enfocada a las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC), aquella sigue sin ofrecer respuestas a los docentes para incorporarlas y con ello transformar la práctica educativa. Esta compleja situación exige el planteamiento de una pregunta: ¿qué hemos aprendido de las pasadas investigaciones para encontrar propuestas de utilización más exitosas a partir de los resultados alcanzados? A partir de las respuestas a este dilema, este artículo reflexiona sobre la necesidad de encauzar la investigación de las TIC hacia nuevas direcciones, con nuevas metodologías, nuevos diseños de investigación y orientaciones hacia nuevos problemas.

Access to programs and data is the key to cybercrimes. It is mainly done through various means, but the Malaysian law is broad enough to cover any means adopted by the criminals. This article discusses relevant provisions from the Malaysian Computer Crimes Act governing this illegal activity, and cites relevant cases on the matter. To ensure that readers understand the real scenario, the author has conducted library research and fieldworks for sufficient deliberation on the matter, since cases in the lower courts were unreported. The need for enhancing the mechanisms is highlighted to be pondered by the relevant enforcement authority.

The paper discusses innovative and creative skills that are required by librarians in the 21st Century in order for them to perform optimally in academic library. The paper highlights creativity and innovations in Library and Information Science, skills needed by creative and innovative librarians in academic libraries for service delivery, and benefit of creative and innovative services in academic libraries. The paper finally discussed challenges associated with creative skills and innovative services in the academic library as well as proffered solutions to the challenges discussed.Keywords: Innovation, Creative Skills; 21st Century Librarian; Academic Libraries

Pada penelitian ini mempelajari proses pembuatan kertas komposit dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dibuat dengan cara memvariasikan konsentrasi NaOH dan waktu pemasakan. Adapun variasi konsentrasi NaOH yang digunakan 5%, 10%, dan 15%. Serta waktu pemasakan yang bervariasi yaitu 80, 100, dan 120 menit dengan metode pemasakan menggunakan autoclave. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh NaOH terhadap kualitas kertas komposit dan mengetahui pengaruh waktu pemasakan terhadap kualitas kertas komposit yang dihasilkan. Analisa gramatur, kadar selulosa, kadar air, dan uji tarik. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh data secara keseluruhan kertas komposit yang baik diperoleh pada konsentrasi NaOH 15% dan waktu pemasakan 120 menit memperoleh nilai gramatur sebesar 6,76%, kadar selulosa sebesar 99,40%, kadar air mempunyai data yang baik diperoleh pada konsentrasi NaOH 5% dengan waktu pemasakan 120 menit sebesar 3,21% dan kuat tarik mempunyai nilai sebesar 0,6476 MPa. Semua hasil uji telah memenuhi Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI).

Pada penelitian ini mempelajari proses pembuatan kertas komposit dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dibuat dengan cara memvariasikan konsentrasi NaOH dan waktu pemasakan. Adapun variasi konsentrasi NaOH yang digunakan 5%, 10%, dan 15%. Serta waktu pemasakan yang bervariasi yaitu 80, 100, dan 120 menit dengan metode pemasakan menggunakan autoclave. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh NaOH terhadap kualitas kertas komposit dan mengetahui pengaruh waktu pemasakan terhadap kualitas kertas komposit yang dihasilkan. Analisa gramatur, kadar selulosa, kadar air, dan uji tarik. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh data secara keseluruhan kertas komposit yang baik diperoleh pada konsentrasi NaOH 15% dan waktu pemasakan 120 menit memperoleh nilai gramatur sebesar 6,76%, kadar selulosa sebesar 99,40%, kadar air mempunyai data yang baik diperoleh pada konsentrasi NaOH 5% dengan waktu pemasakan 120 menit sebesar 3,21% dan kuat tarik mempunyai nilai sebesar 0,6476 MPa....

Computer hacking is characterized as a computer crime, as well as a white-collar crime. See generally L. SIEGAL, CRIMINOLOGY 369-71 (2d. ed. 1986). Siegal defines whitecollar crime as "the illegal activities of people and institutions whose acknowledged purpose is profit and gain through legitimate business transactions." Id. at 367. This definition would encompass thefts of money by computerized transfers, computer time (i.e., Lexis and Westlaw), and computer data. See Note, Who is Calling Your Computer Next? Hacker!, 8 CRIM. JUST. J. 89, 92 (1985) (authored by Diana Smith). White-collar crime has also been defined as "any illegal act characterized by deceit and concealment and not dependent on the direct application of physical force." A. BE-QUAI, COMPUTER CRIME 1 (1976). [hereinafter COMPUTER CRIME]. This definition would encompass the unauthorized access component of hacking because the hacker does not physically confront his victims; he gains illegal access via telephone lines. See also D.

The demand for new types of services from the users, change in technology application in university libraries, and inadequate budgetary provision faced by libraries has made innovation a necessity rather than a mere consideration by librarians in Nigerian universities. Innovation has become a veritable means of survival in the face of challenges facing library and librarians across the globe. The quest to channel information to library patrons spurred the creation of several innovative services that has facilitated the link between traditional library information services and emerging technological application. Therefore this paper investigated the innovation by librarians in federal universities in Nigeria.The respondents' age was 40.58 ± 2.30 years and 59.1% were males. Respondents' qualification were Master's degree (62.7%), Bachelor's degree (18.1%), Ph.D's degree (13.5%), and M.Phil degree (5.6%). 654 librarians from the 40 federal universities in Nigeria formed the population of study and were enumerated. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. 79.2% respondents filled and returned the questionnaire. The result shows that the level of innovation by the librarians in the federal universities is high (=86.60).Different innovation strategies were employed by the librarians to market library products and services of their work place.Significant difference exists in the innovation of the librarians based on the universities. Therefore, library administrators should create conducive atmosphere where innovative ideas can be promoted and rewarded among the librarians.

Empty oil-palm bunches (EOPB) contains more enough cellulose so that it can be made as an alternative pulp production.  One of the process of pulp production which friendly environment is by using acetate acid and formic acid called by formacell process.  The aims of the research is to got optimation models of formic acid concentration, HCl concentration and cooking duration for the EFB pulp production.  The optimum result of the EOPB pulp production were 75% of cellulose, 8% of hemiselulosa, 10% of  lignin, and 80% of yield with the optimum concentration 20% of formic acid, 0,5% of HCl, and 2 hour of cooking duration.   Keyword : pulp formacell, EFB, RSM.   ABSTRAK Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) mengandung kadar selulosa yang cukup tinggi sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan baku alternatif produksi pulp.  Salah satu proses produksi pulp ramah lingkungan yaitu dengan menggunakan campuran pelarut asam asetat dan asam formiat sebagai bahan pemasak yang disebut proses formacell. ...

Pada penelitian ini mempelajari proses pembuatan kertas komposit dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dibuat dengan cara memvariasikan konsentrasi NaOH dan waktu pemasakan. Adapun variasi konsentrasi NaOH yang digunakan 5%, 10%, dan 15%. Serta waktu pemasakan yang bervariasi yaitu 80, 100, dan 120 menit dengan metode pemasakan menggunakan autoclave. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh NaOH terhadap kualitas kertas komposit dan mengetahui pengaruh waktu pemasakan terhadap kualitas kertas komposit yang dihasilkan. Analisa gramatur, kadar selulosa, kadar air, dan uji tarik. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh data secara keseluruhan kertas komposit yang baik diperoleh pada konsentrasi NaOH 15% dan waktu pemasakan 120 menit memperoleh nilai gramatur sebesar 6,76%, kadar selulosa sebesar 99,40%, kadar air mempunyai data yang baik diperoleh pada konsentrasi NaOH 5% dengan waktu pemasakan 120 menit sebesar 3,21% dan kuat tarik mempunyai nilai sebesar 0,6476 MPa....

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Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) merupakan limbah padat dari industri sawit yang mengandung linoselulosa berupa lignin, selulosa dan hemiselulosa. Pemanfaatan lignin sebagai bahan pengikat, perekat, pengisi, surfaktan, produk polimer, dispersan dan sumber bahan. Metode pengisolasian lignin dapat dilakukan dengan metode organosolv. Dalam proses organosolv, suhu merupakan faktor yang akan mempengaruhi kecepatan reaksi pelarutan lignin. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui karakteristik fisik lignin tandan kosong kelapa sawit PT. Tunggal Perkasa Plantations, Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu Provinsi Riau. Pada penelitian melakukan kajian pengaruh suhu pemasakan pada proses isolasi TKKS dengan metode organosolv menggunakan pelarut asam asetat dengan katalis HCl 0,1 %. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (Completely Randomized Design) yang terdiri 4 perlakuan suhu pemasakan (60°C, 85°C, 100°C dan 121°C). Nilai L menunjukan kecerahan lignin, semakin tinggi nilai L berarti warna lignin semakin cerah. Nilai L lignin pada suhu 100 C sebesar 35.14 sedangkan nilai L lignin pada suhu 121C yaitu sebesar 32.245. Nilai 'a' menunjukan kemerahan lignin dan nilai 'b' menunjukan kekuningan. Rendemen lignin TKKS terbesar didapat dengan menggunakan suhu 85°C yaitu sebesar 15,87 %.

Tandan Kosong merupakan limbah padat banyak dari pengolahan kelapa sawit yang jumlahnya sangat banyak, namun masih terbatas dalam pemanfaatannya. Salah satu pemanfaatan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) adalah sebagai pupuk organik. Verifikasi metode karbon organic dilakukan pada pupuk organik dari limbah TKKS menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis dengan Panjang gelombang 651 nm. Preparasi sampel menggunakan destruksi basah dengan pelarut asam sulfat p.a 98%. Penelitian bertujuan melakukan verifikasi metode pengujian karbon organic pada pupuk TKKS. Penentuan kandungan karbon pada pupuk TKKS ini mengacu pada Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC) dengan metode Walkley Black. Hasil pengujian karbon organik pada pupuk TKKS menunjukkan nilai correlation coefficient (r) yang diperoleh sebesar 100% dan untuk nilai % relative standard deviation (RSD) sebesar 0,40% berarti nilainya dibawah dari 2/3 CV Horwitz sebesar 4,72.Nilai akurasi dengan nilai 106,99%. Diperoleh limit of detection (LOD) sebesar 2,45 dan limit of quantitation (LOQ) sebesar 8,17. Nilai limit instrumen diperoleh nilai limit of detection (LOD) sebesar 2,49 dan limit of quantitation (LOQ) sebesar 8,32, hasil pengujian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa telah sesuai syarat dengan kebetrimaan. Hasil pengujian penentuan karbon organik pada pupuk TKKS menggunakan metode Walkley Black menunjukkan hasil yang valid sehingga metode dapat digunakan untuk pengujian kadar carbon organik pada pupuk TKKS.

In recent years there have been numerous reports of attacks against computer systems around the world by viruses created by 'computer hackers'. It is asserted in the media that the time and energy required to assess and repair the damage caused by this malicious software, sometimes known as 'malware', is proving increasingly costly to corporations. The seriousness of the threat posed by rogue computer programmers to the economic system seems to be borne out by actions such as that undertaken by Microsoft in November 2003, when it offered a bounty of $250,000 for information leading to the capture of the authors of the Sobig virus and MSBlast.A worm. In our networked world, nothing, it seems, could be more disruptive than the break up of the global flows of data resulting from this electronic sabotage. 'Hackers' are commonly divided into law-abiding and lawbreaking programmers. This article aims to question whether the distinction is justified, in the context of globalized capitalism. However, for clarity's sake, the terms 'virus writers' or 'computer intruders' will be used when referring to lawbreaking individuals and groups, and 'legitimate hackers' when referring to law-abiding individuals and groups. Yet since all of these individuals and groups share a commitment to autonomy, for example the freedom to access information without restrictions, the term 'hacker' will be used when referring indiscriminately to those people who engage in 'hacking', the unauthorized or uncontrolled use of computers.

Aneka ragam jenis flora di Indonesia banyak yang memberikan keuntungan apabila dimanfaatkan. Tapi ada juga yang menimbulkan masalah bagi lingkungan. Salah satu contoh adalah eceng gondok. Karena perkembangannya sangat cepat dan penyebarannya semakin luas, tumbuhan ini berubah menjadi masalah di daerah perairan tawar. Salah satu upaya yang cukup prospektif untuk menanggulangi gulma eceng gondok di kawasan perairan adalah dengan memanfaatkan tanaman eceng gondok untuk kerajinan. Eceng gondok juga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku kertas karena mengandung serat/selulosa. Proses yang digunakan adalah proses organosolv pulping, yaitu proses pemisahan serat dengan menggunakan bahan kimia organik seperti misalnya Methanol, Etanol, Aseton, Asam Asetat, dan lain-lain. Adapun variabel yang diteliti adalah konsentrasi larutan etanol, temperatur pemasakan, dan waktu pemasakan yang optimum. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase rendemen pulp terbaik adalah sebesar 56,39%, pada konsentrasi Etanol 5%, temperatur pemasakan 70 o C, dan waktu pemasakan 1 jam, dengan kandungan selulosa dan lignin berturutturut adalah sebesar 54,67% dan 5,12%.

The study investigated the constraints to acquisition of competencies by librarians for effective library and information services delivery with specific reference to North Western Nigerian University Libraries. The population of the study comprises 173 librarians from three North Western Universities. Two research questions were formulated to guide the study and questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using simple percentages and tables. The study revealed that librarians take advantage of several development programmes in which they still need to develop some skills and competencies in order to be more effective. Financial difficulty, lack of sponsorship and inadequate infrastructure were highlighted as the major constraints that militate against acquisition of competencies by majority of the librarians been studied. It was recommended that their should be a positive attitude of the management in the disbursement of adequate funds towards the training of librarians to enhance maximum service delivery.

Limbah kulit dan tonkol jagung banyak dijumpai setelah paska panen dan hanya dibuang oleh masyarakat, akan menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan jika tidak ditangani. Limbah kulit dan tongkol jagung merupakan tanaman yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan kertas seni, yang memiliki kandungan selulosa tinggi. Kertas seni dalam penelitian ini dibuat dari kulit jagung dan tongkol jagung. Penelitian ini dilakukan Laboratorium Proses Kimia Institut Sains & Teknologi Akprind Yogyakarta. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan variable konsentrasi NaOH dan waktu pemasakan. Proses pembuatan kertas seni diawali dengan pencucian, pemotongan, serta pengeringan kulit dan tongkol jagung. Pencucian berfungsi membersihkan kotoran yang menempel pada kulit dan tongkol jagung. Pemotongan berfungsi mempermudah proses pemasakan. Pengeringan berfungsi agar kandungan air dalam kulit dan tongkol jagung semakin rendah. Pemasakan dilakukan dengan menggunkan larutan NaOH konsentrasi yang ditentukan. ...

parts to get a sense of the layers and dynamics involved. Against this background, we can begin to see how access to and input to these systems can be problematic, particularly for developing societies. After sketching some of the ongoing initiatives to do this, we return to our main question: the outlook for the impact of e-Research on scientific and scholarly communication, particularly in the developing world. Emergent Patterns in Scientific and Scholarly Communication Currently, there is something akin to a paradigm shift taking place in scientific and scholarly communication. The intensity and impact of this shift differs across the heterogeneous fields of research that constitute the sciences, social sciences and arts and humanities. In areas such as biomedical research, genomics, computer science and particle physics, for example, the processing, storage and dissemination of 'data' is gaining importance, though practices with regard to 'openness' varies across disciplines. Networked databases, such as the RCSB (Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics) Protein Data Bank, have already become a core component of the information infrastructure in bioinformatics. Simulated, synthetic and in-silico data are playing an increasing central role in a number of other disciplines. For example, the British Atmospheric Data Center now have an archiving policy for simulated data (deterministic predictions (or hindcasts) based on algorithmic models as well as statistical analyses or composites of either or both of simulations and real data 1). Born digital data and the algorithms associated with them are increasingly becoming recognized as valid scientific outputs by the institutions that govern academic research. At the same time, however, traditional gatekeepers play a differential role across disciplinary communities. Some disciplines rely on the traditional system of publishing and peer review more than others-depending on factors such as the nature of scholarly recognition, intellectual pluralism, and certainty in research techniques and outcomes. In those fields where informal communication has historically played a critical role in establishing priority over ideas, the notion of 'open science' and the sharing of data may have more valence than in areas where formal communication plays a more central role in the dissemination of ideas. Disciplines that rely more on formal communication tend to be characterized by less-densely populated research niches, are more intellectually pluralistic and tend to use monograph style modes of communication to convey ideas (Becher and Trowler, 2001). Studies of patterns of computer-mediated communication within disciplines have shown that those disciplines that rely more on rapid informal communication, such as particle physics, are more likely to incorporate the internet into their knowledge dissemination practices. Consequently, we can observe the emergence of a fragmented communication system in relation to e-Research.

Tandan Kosong merupakan limbah padat banyak dari pengolahan kelapa sawit yang jumlahnya sangat banyak, namun masih terbatas dalam pemanfaatannya. Salah satu pemanfaatan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) adalah sebagai pupuk organik. Verifikasi metode karbon organic dilakukan pada pupuk organik dari limbah TKKS menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis dengan Panjang gelombang 651 nm. Preparasi sampel menggunakan destruksi basah dengan pelarut asam sulfat p.a 98%. Penelitian bertujuan melakukan verifikasi metode pengujian karbon organic pada pupuk TKKS. Penentuan kandungan karbon pada pupuk TKKS ini mengacu pada Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC) dengan metode Walkley Black. Hasil pengujian karbon organik pada pupuk TKKS menunjukkan nilai correlation coefficient (r) yang diperoleh sebesar 100% dan untuk nilai % relative standard deviation (RSD) sebesar 0,40% berarti nilainya dibawah dari 2/3 CV Horwitz sebesar 4,72.Nilai akurasi dengan nilai 106,99%. Diperoleh limit of detection (LOD) sebesar 2,45 dan limit of quantitation (LOQ) sebesar 8,17. Nilai limit instrumen diperoleh nilai limit of detection (LOD) sebesar 2,49 dan limit of quantitation (LOQ) sebesar 8,32, hasil pengujian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa telah sesuai syarat dengan kebetrimaan. Hasil pengujian penentuan karbon organik pada pupuk TKKS menggunakan metode Walkley Black menunjukkan hasil yang valid sehingga metode dapat digunakan untuk pengujian kadar carbon organik pada pupuk TKKS.

The study explores the assessment of mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforcement in concrete production. Aimed at replacing the high cost conventional reinforcement in building constructions. The identical steel fibers are utilized at varied volume fractions of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% by the weight of cement. Compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength are among the strengths taken into account in this investigation. Eight beams and four cylindrical samples were prepared for the tests. Results obtained indicated that adding steel fiber to concrete with different volume fractions and the same aspect ratio significantly improved the results for compressive strength and flexure strength. The experimental results showed that the fibers alter the failure character from splitting of the concrete by significantly increasing the cracking resistance, and thereby noticeably increase the load bearing capacity of the elements. Therefore, fiber reinforcement can...

The study explores the assessment of mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforcement in concrete production. Aimed at replacing the high cost conventional reinforcement in building constructions. The identical steel fibers are utilized at varied volume fractions of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% by the weight of cement. Compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength are among the strengths taken into account in this investigation. Eight beams and four cylindrical samples were prepared for the tests. Results obtained indicated that adding steel fiber to concrete with different volume fractions and the same aspect ratio significantly improved the results for compressive strength and flexure strength. The experimental results showed that the fibers alter the failure character from splitting of the concrete by significantly increasing the cracking resistance, and thereby noticeably increase the load bearing capacity of the elements. Therefore, fiber reinforcement can...

Kebutuhan pulp dan kertas di dunia semakin meningkat. Menurut Asosiasi Pulp dan Kertas Indonesia (APKI) permintaan global maupun domestik masih terus meningkat setiap tahunnya sebesar 2 %. Hal ini mengakibatkan ketersediaan bahan baku industri  kertas menipis. Maka dari itu bahan baku lain yang dapat dijadikan suatu alternatif dari dampak tersebut yaitu tandan kosong kelapa sawit dan pelepah pisang. Digester merupakan suatu bejana pemasak yang digunakan sebagai suatu tempat  proses delignifikasi bahan baku pada pembuatan pulp. Pada perancangan alat digester ini mempunyai dimensi meliputi : diameter tangki : 15 cm, tinggi tangki : 30 cm, tebal plate : 0,3 mm, tinggi impeler : 33 cm, kecepatan pengaduk : 95 rpm dan kapasitas 5,5 liter. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode rancang bangun dan eksperimen. Metode rancang bangun dilakukan untuk perancangan dan pembuatan digester Metode eksperimen dilakukan dengan tujuan yaitu mengetahui kinerja digester agar mendapatkan kondisi optimum alat d...