Remedies (Law)

Lo scritto critica l’ordinanza della Cassazione n. 27904/2024. In questo senso, viene affermata l’impossibilità di configurare come «abusiva» l’escussione non tempestiva della garanzia autonoma da parte della p.a. Ciò perché una tale escussione non comporterebbe un abuso del diritto,
bensì un’ipotesi di responsabilità. E, tuttavia, anche quest’ultima non è prospettabile, poiché difetta il presupposto: non esiste l’obbligo in capo sia al creditore comune sia al «creditore-pubblica amministrazione» di sollecitare il debitore all’adempimento per evitare le conseguenze
legate al ritardo nell’inadempimento.

L’ordinanza in commento offre l’occasione d’interrogarsi sulla consistenza del danno da risoluzione nella locazione in caso d'inadempimento del conduttore: se esso includa i canoni dovuti sino alla scadenza del rapporto o fino al reperimento di un nuovo conduttore, fatta salva la prova del danno evitabile (art. 1227, 2ºcomma, c.c.),oppure se,viceversa, il locatore
possa domandare soltanto il pregiudizio patrimoniale e non patrimoniale provocato dal contratto, considerato in termini
retrospettivi  come vicenda dannosa, oltre all’eventuale danno ulteriore legato alla mancata restituzione della cosa locata (artt. 1590 e1591c.c.).

This article critically examines the multifaceted role of compound interest in investment arbitration, challenging its traditional categorization within the substantive-procedural divide. It explores the practical challenges tribunals face when dealing with legal mechanisms like compound interest, which inherently span both procedural and substantive dimensions. To clarify this complexity, the article introduces the concept of "proceduralization," showing that the boundary between procedural and substantive norms is often more fluid than typically assumed. The article then delves into the legal foundations of compound interest, analyzing the classification of norms in public international law and the conceptual distinctions that separate procedural from substantive categories. This discussion is framed through the lenses of conflict of laws and constitutional law, demonstrating how norms like compound interest occupy a dual role that transcends traditional classifications. Key arbitral decisions, particularly Sempra v. Argentina and Autopista v. Venezuela, are highlighted, illustrating how tribunals have recognized compound interest as both a substantive right to ensure "full compensation" for economic losses and a procedural tool to mitigate delayed payments and prevent unjust enrichment by states. The article concludes by advocating for a more nuanced, context-sensitive approach to compound interest in investment arbitration. This approach is essential for ensuring equitable and commercially viable outcomes, allowing arbitrators to navigate investment disputes more effectively. It calls for a broader recognition of the flexible role of compound interest, ensuring that compensation accurately reflects economic losses while maintaining fairness and procedural efficiency.

Campaign Zero evaluated the policing practices of San Diego Police Department (SDPD) and San Diego Sheriff's Department (SDSD).Our results show both departments to be engaged in a pattern of discriminatory policing. Both departments stopped black people at a rate more than 2x higher than white people and were more likely to search, arrest, and use force against black people during a stop. Both departments not only use force more often but also use more severe forms of force against black people than other groups, even after controlling for arrest rates and alleged level of resistance.We also found evidence of anti-Latinx bias, anti-LGBT bias and bias against people with disabilities in both departments' search practices

In many jurisdictions, potential injurers are under a legal duty to incorporate possible mistakes of the potential victim. I distinguish three types of mistakes. First, victims might make mistakes because it is too costly to avoid them (e.g. little children in traffic). Second, the actual care level of an actor might sometimes be a bit above, and sometimes a bit below his average care level. Third, people might choose a lower care level than is optimal for them, even though they were able to take optimal care. This is the type of mistake I analyze in this paper. I argue on the basis of a game theoretical analysis that the duty to incorporate such mistakes might frustrate the preventive goal of tort law, because it decreases the care incentives provided to the victim, while simultaneously increasing the care incentives for the injurer. I provide examples of the legal duty to incorporate possible mistakes of the victim from different legal systems. I discuss the doctrine of the Last Clear Chance, as well as Donald Wittmans idea of Marginal Cost Liability. In cases where this idea is not feasible, I argue that the defense of comparative negligence might be a good alternative.

In the economic analysis of tort law, scant attention is paid to justifications and excuses. An injurer invoking a justification argues that he did not act wrongfully. Excuses imply that the injurer acted wrongfully, but that his act cannot be imputed to him. If torts are described in general terms, on an abstract level, the possible role of justifications and excuses is larger than if the tort is subjectively defined. After all, the specific circumstances of the case that could lead to the conclusion that the injurer should not be liable are already incorporated in a subjectively defined tort, so that there is no separate function for justifications and excuses anymore. In this paper I argue that the use of general, abstract norms is preferable to applying subjective concrete norms. This generalization saves on administrative costs, it might lead to a better allocation of resources and it can provide better care and activity incentives. In circumstances where the objective norm would lead to undesirable outcomes, due to the specific circumstances of the case, justifications can serve as a correction. I analyze force majeure, necessity, necessary self-defense, legal duty or legal authority, authorized legal order, permission of the victim, assumption of risk and acting in the general interest. I argue that most, but not all, justifications make economic sense. In situations where the general norm provides correct incentives but where the specific injurer at hand would not change his behaviour as result of specific circumstances, excuses might avoid liability and hence save on administrative costs. I analyze mental or physical disability or illness, excusable error regarding the law or the facts, self-defense with excessive force and unauthorized official order. I conclude that most of the analyzed excuses are problematic from an economic point of view.

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) plays a crucial role in facilitating international trade by providing a uniform legal framework for the sale of goods. However, its applicability to asset deals remains a subject of debate. This article examines this issue, focusing on the sphere of the CISG and its approach to defining “goods”, as well as the implications of Article 3(2) CISG, which addresses mixed contracts. The analysis considers the classification of aggregated assets, the significance of the preponderant part in such transactions and the importance of the parties’ intent. The article concludes that the CISG can, under certain conditions, apply to asset deals, particularly where the preponderant part of the assets involved falls within the CISG’s sphere.

Change is constant and laws should be enacted to suit the ever changing complexities of our ever changing realities. This paper examines the illegality of unsolicited marketing practices employed by loan companies in Nigeria, focusing on how these practices infringe on constitutional rights, statutory regulations, and consumer protection laws. This paper explores the nature of loans, the scope of data and data privacy as assured by the statutes, it also examines the obligations imposed on service providers under the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended), the Cybercrimes Act, the Nigerian Communications Act, the Nigerian Data Protection Regulation 2019, and the Nigerian Data Protection Act 2023.
This study explores how loan companies in conjunction with telecommunications companies exploit user data and bombard data subjects to endless unconsented marketing e-mails, calls, and text messages. Such practices are as repulsive as they are, they are a danger to a peaceful and nuisance free society. Such marketing tactics pose dangers to  the rights contained in the 1999 constitution especially section 37 which contains the right to private family life.
With the help of the courts which have been saddled with the responsibility of safeguarding our laws and keeping our laws updated to the ever changing complexities of human life and also existence. The courts have been vocal in stepping in to award damages whenever such breach occurs while other regulatory agencies like the NIDTA have the powers to impose fines and also sanctions to defaulting parties.
This paper recommends stricter enforcement of data protection standards, increased consumer awareness, the adoption of robust data-sharing policies by telecom providers, and legislative reforms to curb abusive marketing tactics. Ultimately, it argues that while digital innovation is essential for economic growth, it must operate within the bounds of the law to safeguard privacy, dignity, and the sanctity of consumer rights.

The concept of remedies and the practice of remedying are explored from philosophical, legal, and future heritage perspectives. These perspectives serve to assess the potential for transformative remedies and remedial transformation in the context of crises and their aftermaths, where establishing causality and proportionality is complex or hardly possible. Structured around eight key concerns—(1) Renaturation as a Remedy for the Near Future, (2) Deadly Cultural Heritage and Remedy Management, (3) Speculative Remedies in Deep Time, (4) “Atomic Priesthood” as Pharmakon-Remedy, (5) For Every Right a Remedy?, (6) Remedies to “Minimize the Inconvenience” and the Inconvenient Curiosity Drive, (7) Time Travel as Curative Remedy to Change History, and (8) Remedying Through More-Than-Human Entities—this contribution delves into the spectrum of ir/remediability, questioning conceptions of judicial remedies through considerations of a broader and multilayered conception of remedies, linked to non- and more-than-human approaches to time, witnessing, and reparation.

The clean hands doctrine does not belong in international law. It is a non-legal norm with the capability to mediate between international legal norms. Clean hands may be characterized as part of equity but such a characterization does not make the doctrine a part of public international law. The principle of equity exists at the gates of public international law and, so far, has not transferred the clean hands doctrine from international politics to international law.

This chapter explores the enduring legal maxim ubi jus ibi remedium—“where there is a right, there must be a remedy”—through the lens of wartime rape and sexual violence, highlighting the persistent gap between the recognition of survivors’ rights under international law and the provision of effective remedies. Although the right to restitution, rehabilitation, and compensation is firmly anchored in both customary and conventional law—from the Treaty of Versailles and the jurisprudence of the Permanent Court of International Justice to post-1945 instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights—implementation has remained weak, inconsistent, and deeply politicized.
The chapter identifies the inadequacies of judicial and quasi-judicial mechanisms in addressing the needs of wartime rape survivors. UN treaty-based bodies, including the Human Rights Committee, CERD, the CAT Committee, and the CEDAW Committee, as well as non-treaty mechanisms like the Human Rights Council and the Commission on the Status of Women, have provided pathways for recognition and complaint. However, their authority is limited, their decisions often non-binding, and state compliance uneven. As a result, survivors receive acknowledgment without meaningful redress, perpetuating a cycle of impunity.
International humanitarian law, codified in the Hague and Geneva Conventions, explicitly obligates states to provide reparations for grave breaches, including sexual violence. Yet, in practice, such provisions have rarely been operationalized. The ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda established sexual violence as a gross violation but largely deferred reparations to domestic courts, where implementation was limited. The International Criminal Court introduced important innovations—particularly the Trust Fund for Victims and the authority to order reparations directly—but progress has been slow, narrow in scope, and dependent on political will and state cooperation.
The chapter also considers universal jurisdiction as an alternative avenue for remedies. U.S. statutes such as the Alien Tort Claims Act and the Torture Victim Protection Act provided survivors with limited opportunities for redress, as seen in landmark cases like Filàrtiga v. Peña-Irala and Mehinović v. Vucković. These cases demonstrate the potential of national courts to fill gaps left by international institutions, yet jurisdictional hurdles, sovereign immunity, and political resistance have curtailed their broader impact.
The analysis concludes that the right to a remedy for wartime rape victims remains more aspirational than actual. To bridge this gap, the international community must strengthen treaty body enforcement, operationalize reparations under humanitarian law, harmonize universal jurisdiction statutes, and adopt survivor-centred approaches that integrate restitution, rehabilitation, and guarantees of non-repetition. Without these reforms, the promise of ubi jus ibi remedium will remain unfulfilled, leaving survivors recognized in law but abandoned in practice.

Negocio jurídico, y contrato teoría de la autonomía privada ENRICO GABRIELLI El presente volumen reúne una serie de estudios, ocasionados a lo largo de los últimos años y se trata prevalentemente de lecciones doctorales o magistrales y de ponencias en conferencias internacionales, que proceden en distintas direcciones, todas ellas, sin embargo, vinculadas por una vía de investigación sustancial y unitaria: la de la autonomía privada y su despliegue en la relación con la teoría general del contrato.

In a world marked by financial instability, limited growth, rising inequality, deteriorating environment, growing corporate consolidation, and political turmoil, calls are made to shift the dominant competition law paradigm towards new directions. These may bring competition law beyond its usual comfort zone of assessing business, or government, practices from the point of view of their effect on prices, output and, more broadly, on consumer welfare. Competition law is seen as a tool to be used in various circumstances in order to 'correct' market as well as non-market (e.g. government) failures, that result from restrictions of competition, to the extent that these affect social welfare. These failures may relate to the protection of personal data and privacy, the protection of the environment, the promotion of social mobility, the harnessing of disruptive innovation, or the mitigation of technology risks. Some go even further and argue that competition law may well be employed in order to preserve a number of other 'values' of social justice, thought to be intrinsic in democratic capitalism and the liberal order, and to which competition law should be sensitive. By putting forward the model of 'polycentric competition law' and by explaining how this compares with the mainstream 'monocentric' vision that has prevailed so far, the study aims to unveil and portray the rites of passage in this transition, and to explore the liminal condition of modern competition law.

The law of restitution has developed out of the law of quasi-contract and the law of constructive trust. Inadequate attention to the logic and coherence of doctrines in the law of restitution, however, renders this new law as opaque and confused as its predecessor. This is largely due to the remedial mentality of the common law. The remedy to the remedial mentality is to concentrate future efforts in stating doctrine on defining rights, not remedies. The precedent for this type of change in method is the transformation that occurred in contract and tort over the past 100 years, inspired, in part, by civilian theories of private law. The right that generates the remedy restitution is the cause of action in unjust enrichment. It arises where there has been a non-consensual receipt and retention of value, that is, a receipt and retention of value that occurs without "juristic reason." "Nonconsensual" means by mistake, by theft or by finding. There are a number of pr...

The tort of unlawful interference with economic relations is anomalous since it allows a plaintiff to sue a defendant for a loss that is occasioned by an unlawful act committed by that defendant against a third party. This parasitic liability is seemingly in violation of the basic tort law principle that in order to make out a claim what the plaintiff must show is a violation of her own rights, not merely a wrong to someone else. Thus, it appears that the tort is an instance of damnum absque injuria. This paper examines whether this is in fact the case by examining if there are any rights-based theories that can explain the tort in a way that is consistent with basic private law principle. In other words, is it possible to find an independent right of the defendant that has somehow been violated, one which explains why the defendant is able to sue in their own right? Upon examination, it appears that the ‘right to trade’, ‘remoteness’ and ‘abuse of right’ theories are largely incapa...

While human rights-based climate litigation has globally increased exponentially in the past few years, no cases related to the climate crisis have been filed before the regional African human rights bodies. The aim of this article is to systematically review the requirements for successful litigation before one of the African human rights bodies, namely, the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. The article considers the potential for successful climate change litigation before the African Children's Committee based on the possible substantive rights arguments, the procedural challenges that may have to be overcome, and the potential remedies that may be granted by the African Children's Committee. It concludes that the Children's Committee is an important potential forum for child rights-based climate litigation, given that it provides strong substantive rights protection, including for the rights of future generations, broad and adaptabl...

Held: Universal injunctions likely exceed the equitable authority that Congress has given to federal courts.  The Court grants the Government’s applications for a partial stay of the injunctions entered below, but only to the extent that the injunctions are broader than necessary to provide complete relief to each plaintiff with standing to sue.

La implementación de medidas no pecuniarias en la responsa-
bilidad civil, como posibles respuestas ante el daño, implica la introducción de una práctica que excede la finalidad y el sentido que la doctrina y la jurisprudencia le han asignado a la reparación como paradigma explicativo de esta rama del derecho. En esa medida, en el presente trabajo se plantea que la práctica de estas medidas conlleva ciertos retos al paradigma tradicional que permiten plantear una alternativa a la explicación dominante, esta vez, bajo la idea del reconocimiento interpersonal y la reivindicación de los derechos.

El 22 de marzo de 2025, Carlos Heredia Fiallo (“accionante”) presentó una acción pública de inconstitucionalidad en contra del primer inciso del artículo 313 del Código Orgánico Monetario y Financiero (“COMF”), publicado en el Segundo Suplemento del Registro Oficial 332 de 12 de septiembre de 2014.

En razón de lo expuesto, este Tribunal de la Sala de Admisión de la Corte
Constitucional resuelve ADMITIR la demanda de acción pública de
inconstitucionalidad 26-25-IN.

verything could be different – and yet there is almost nothing I can change.” This is, as Niklas Luhmann observed, the paradoxical blend that modern democracies impose on citizens, inviting either utopianism or fatalism. Disillusionment with the transformative potential of democracy is indeed widespread in the face of the “rapidly closing window of opportunity to secure a liveable and sustainable future for all” on the one hand, and the ofteninadequate action taken to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions on the other. Fatalism, however, was not something the more than 2,000Swiss women with an average age of 73 joining together in the Association (German: Verein) “KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz”, suc- cumbed to. Rather, as part of a strategic litigation effort initiatedby “Greenpeace Switzerland”, an NGO, KlimaSeniorinnen made the
case that the Swiss federal executive branch of government’s fail- ure to initiate a revision of the existing climate legislation amounted to a violation of the country’s positive obligations stemming from the right to life and the right to respect for private and family life enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Senior female citizens, they maintained, would be ad- versely affected by heat waves occurring both more frequently andseverely on account of omissions by federal authorities to reduce Switzerland’s GHG emissions (see para. 22). Neither the Swiss Federal Administration nor the Federal Ad- ministrative Court nor, as critically appraised , the Federal Supreme Court (paras. 43–63) considered the motion of KlimaSeniorinnen and four of their members on its merits.

Class actions cases illuminate the theoretical underpinnings of private law in a way that traditional two-party litigation does not. Many class actions deal with plaintiffs who have not suffered a large loss (or a quantifiable monetary loss at all), or the defendant has made profits that are disproportionately greater than the plaintiffs' compensable loss (if any). Applying orthodox principles of private law and negligence to these cases results in barring plaintiffs from recovery despite their rights being violated and defendants not disgorging profits made from wrongdoing. The solution resolving these dilemmas should not be to create separate law only applicable to class actions. Rather, the traditional interpretations of damage and disgorgement must be reconsidered generally. By refocusing on a view of negligence as serving to vindicate litigants' rights and reconsidering orthodox principles, class actions dilemmas can be resolved in a way that is consistent with, and clarifies, the private law.

This article deals with the new case of extraordinary revision due to the contrast with the ECHR as introduced by the recent reform of civil procedure (of Article 391 quater of the Code of Civil Procedure). The article analyses both the reasons for the reform and the application prerequisites for the extraordinary revision. In particular, it is highlighted that the most critical issues are those arising from the interpretation of art. 391 quater in relation to the identification of the prerequisite of the violation of a “state right of the person”.In the final analysis, a part from the difficulty in interpreting the expression ‘rights of status of the person’ contained in the rule, the scope of application of the provision at issue seems to be confined to the resolution of disputes concerning filiation, as epitomised  also by the subject matter of the Supreme Court's judgment dealing for the first time with the new hypothesis of extraordinary revocation.

This paper critically examines the Sindh Control of Narcotic Substances Act, 2024, highlighting its legal architecture, enforcement mechanisms, and shortcomings. It compares the Act with the federal Control of Narcotic Substances Act, 1997, and the practices of other provinces, underscoring discrepancies in judicial powers, particularly regarding bail. It also analyzes constitutional and human rights implications and offers practical recommendations.

Resumen: El artículo aborda la obligación del vendedor de transferir la propiedad, una obligación que va más allá de la simple entrega de la cosa vendida. Este concepto aparece en varios códigos modernos, como los de Francia, Argentina, Brasil, y Chile, comparándolo con el Derecho Romano, donde la transmisión de la propiedad requería no solo un contrato, sino también la traditio (entrega efectiva). La investigación analiza cómo esta obligación se establece en algunos códigos, a menudo coexistiendo con la garantía por evicción, que protege al comprador frente a reclamaciones de terceros que puedan afectar su posesión o disfrute pacífico de la cosa comprada. En particular, se examina el contraste entre la regulación de la compraventa como una obligación de resultado (transmitir la propiedad) y el enfoque de algunos ordenamientos jurídicos donde la compraventa solo obliga a la entrega de la cosa y a garantizar la posesión pacífica, sin necesariamente implicar la transferencia inmediata de la propiedad. También se discuten las raíces históricas de estas obligaciones en los sistemas jurídicos europeos y latinoamericanos, así como la influencia del Derecho Romano y la tradición romanística en la formación de estos sistemas. El artículo también explora la complejidad de la obligación del vendedor en diferentes sistemas, destacando la influencia de codificaciones como la napoleónica, el Código Civil argentino, brasileño, italiano y alemán, y cómo estos códigos lidian con las obligaciones del vendedor, la entrega, y la transmisión de la propiedad. Finalmente, reflexiona sobre las tensiones entre el incumplimiento de esta obligación y las garantías tradicionales, como la evicción y los vicios ocultos.

The ability to recover damages for the costs of caring for, feeding, clothing and maintaining a ‘wrongful birth’ child has been debated worldwide by courts. Recent Australian cases have provided the opportunity to consider how damages for wrongful birth should be calculated in this jurisdiction.They have raised, but not clearly resolved, a number of issues relevant to the assessment of damages which might be usefully determined in future claims. This article begins by outlining the basic principles regulating damages assessment in wrongful conception and wrongful birth actions. It then examines the specific issues which fall for consideration when awarding compensation for the costs of child maintenance and care. This analysis considers Australian jurisprudence but also adopts a comparative approach which explores the treatment of such issues in the United Kingdom, with a view to informing their resolution in future Australian cases.

This dissertation exposits on the Illegality defence in the Law of Obligations.  It first outlines what Illegality is by drawing references to legal pronouncements in modern English Law, with foci on three significant judgments.  It then elaborates on the issue of consistency in the Illegality defence.  It argues that whilst courts endeavoured to maintain a consistency between Civil and Criminal Laws, Illegality, in fact, ironically subsisted an inconsistency.  This difficulty is understood as the emphasis on judicial pragmatism is dubitante prioritised.  It concludes to supply a potential solution to the inflexibility of the Illegality doctrine by resorting to the Law of Equity, engendering a new rationale under the ‘clean hands’ maxim: ‘“quasi-soiled” hands’.

This work is aimed at presenting the historical origin and the legal nature of the actions to protect the buyer in case of inherent vice of the goods matter of the purchase-sale contract, from Roman law to the international instruments that make up the modern contract law, wherein the unsatisfactory delivery of goods is recognized as a breach, so a unified remedies at law system is applied. This historical analysis is aimed at providing

El presente artículo aborda el estudio de los requisitos que debe presentar el vicio redhibitorio en el contrato de compraventa: graves, ocultos y anteriores al contrato, como supuesto de la acción redhibitoria y de la acción de rebaja de precio, según su regulación en el Código Civil de Chile y Colombia. A partir del estudio de las normas, la doctrina y la jurisprudencia de ambos países, con elementos de derecho comparado, se identifican los problemas recurrentes que se han presentado en casos decididos por los tribunales chilenos y colombianos, así como los aspectos objeto de debate doctrinal surgidos a propósito de cada uno de tales requisitos y las soluciones propuestas.

Debates about the meaning of 'evolutionary interpretation' reveal the existence of two conflicting views. Some see evolutionary interpretation as an inevitable step in the ordinary process of applying fixed written language to changing reality. Others see it as a means for interpreters-and, crucially, adjudicators-to update the agreement being applied, infusing into the text the interpreter's view of what would be a desirable development of the relevant provisions. Benefitting from the views expounded and decisions collected by the authors of Evolutionary Interpretation and International Law, edited by Georges Abi-Saab, Kenneth Keith, Gabrielle Marceau, and Clément Marquet (Hart 2020), this piece investigates two core questions that run through debates regarding evolutionary interpretation. First is the question of what is meant by evolutionary interpretation, whether an unavoidable step in the norm application process or a decision to develop obligations beyond their original scope. Second is the question of the distinctive role of adjudicators, i.e. of whether evolutionary interpretation is a tool used by adjudicators to exercise authority over the legal framework being applied, bypassing the constraints of the consent-based international rule-making system.

Many times contract transactions are entered into by parties, the transactions may commence on clear terms and on a good note, however, midway in the contract or at the end thereof parties may have cause to disagree, or may encounter challenges, or face certain breach in certain clauses in the agreement. The breach that occurs in such contract transaction may either bring the parties before an arbitration panel or a court of competent jurisdiction to determine the breach and damages payable thereto. But often times, it is realized that the party that comes to court seeking redress may have had the opportunity to remedy the damage occasioned by the breach in the contract, but they will prefer and or allow the damage to materialize and thereafter they will come to seek compensation from the court. It is trite that where a party who comes to court seeking remedy in a breached contract fails to take reasonable step to remedy the breach, the court has the duty not to grant his full claim. The courts are not just to award cost or damages in such circumstance to a party that is swift to come before it. The court is bound to look at the matter to ascertain whether there were measures taken by the party seeking redress to mitigate the loss that was envisaged coming.

The chapter discusses the (first-ever) request of Poland to intervene in the Wimbledon case, adjudicated by the Permanent Court of International Justice (pcij) in 1923. The author explores the origins and context of this request while concurrently addressing a general dilemma regarding the proper legal basis of such an intervention, i.e. Article 62 and/ or 63 of the Statute of the pcij. It is asserted that the Polish intervention in the Wimbledon case did not establish any firm precedent nor significantly contributed to a better understanding of what an 'interest of a legal nature' , as referred to in Article 62 of the Statute, entails. However, the request to intervene in that case, followed by the post-1945 examples of such interventions, paved the way for a more frequent invocation of Articles 62 or 63 of the Statute by intervening states. Almost exactly a century after Wimbledon, in 2022, the International Court of Justice allowed an intervention of no fewer than thirty-two states in the Allegations of Genocide case (Ukraine v. Russia). The chapter focuses also on these developments to make the argument that the concept of third-party intervention has come a long way from a relatively modest participation of Poland in the Wimbledon case to a substantial presence of numerous states intervening in the broader interest of the international community (as in the Allegations of Genocide case).

RESUMO: desde a declaração de não recepção da Lei de Imprensa (Lei n. 5.250/67), operada pela ADPF 130/DF, a responsabilização civil dos órgãos de imprensa regese pelo Código Civil. Este panorama, porém, deixou aos tribunais diminuta base normativa para a consagração de precedentes orientadores da matéria, os acórdãos sempre primando mais pela resolução do caso concreto do que pelo balizamento de um regime especial de responsabilidade civil, de inconteste necessidade frente às constantes flutuações da jurisprudência. Sucede que o julgamento da ADI 6.792/DF desafia esse estado de coisas, conferindo-se interpretação conforme aos artigos 186 e 927 do Código Civil para submeter a configuração de ato ilícito no exercício do jornalismo a dolo ou culpa grave. O julgamento é emblemático, pois a responsabilidade civil, especialmente pelo avanço da jurisprudência internacional de direitos humanos, é mais e mais colocada como protagonista da sanção de atos ilícitos dos órgãos de imprensa. Seu mau funcionamento no desempenho deste papel relaciona-se principalmente à ausência de uniformização jurisprudencial, das quais resultam distorções perniciosas à própria liberdade de imprensa, como a excessividade indenizatória. Para a solução deste quadro, concebemos modelo de responsabilidade civil extracontratual e subjetiva de órgãos de imprensa qualificada pelo dolo no exercício do jornalismo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Responsabilidade civil; liberdade de imprensa; direitos da personalidade; órgãos de imprensa; malícia real.

У статті досліджуються проблеми корупційних ризиків, які можуть виникати при набутті та реалізації права власності на земельну ділянку учасниками бойових дій та особами, прирівняними до них. Було досліджено основні нормативно-правові акти, які встановлюють можливість набуття права власності на земельну ділянку зазначеними пільговими категоріями. Метою статті стало виокремлення основних корупційних ризиків під час реалізації учасниками бойових дій та особами, прирівняними до них, права на першочергове відведення земельних ділянок, а також розроблення пропозицій з протидії та запобіганню таким ризикам. Було проаналізовано декілька найбільш розповсюджених корупційних способів набуття та подальшої реалізації земельних ділянок, які отримуються пільговими категоріями осіб. Зокрема, це може бути:-створення сприятливих умов для неправомірної вигоди посадовими особами від першочергового відведення земельної ділянки пільговим категоріям осіб, незважаючи на місце у черзі претендентів;-входження учасника бойових дій чи особи, прирівняної до такого, у змову з посадовою особою та, шляхом зловживання посадовою особою своїми повноваженнями, якнайшвидшу реалізацію права на першочергове відведення земельної ділянки та її подальшу реалізацію з метою розподілення доходу від продажу між учасниками корупційного правопорушення та інші. Було запропоновано боротися з такими корупційними схемами за допомогою отримання інформації із державних реєстрів та інформаційних систем, у яких фіксуються данні щодо ветеранів війни, учасників бойових дій та осіб, прирівняних до них, які мають право на позачергове відведення земельної ділянки та які бажають його реалізувати. Надання таким реєстрам та системам публічного характеру для прозорого контролю, наприклад, за рухом черги або перевірки статусу пільгових категорій, або правомірності надання чи кількості земельних ділянок. Таку роль може виконувати функціонал застосунку «Дія», який є більш доступним для широкого загалу користувачів, або Державний реєстр речових прав на нерухоме майно, доступ до якого є більш обмеженим чинним законодавством. Ключові слова: корупційні ризики, земельна ділянка, право власності, державна реєстрація, державні реєстри, ветерани війни, учасники бойових дій, воєнний стан, набуття та реалізація права власності на земельну ділянку.

The article examines corruption risks that may arise in the acquisition and exercise of property rights to land plots by combatants and individuals with equivalent status. The primary regulatory acts governing the acquisition of property rights to land plots by these privileged categories were analyzed. The purpose of the article is to identify key corruption risks during the exercise of the priority right to land allocation by combatants and individuals with equivalent status and to develop proposals to counteract and prevent such risks. Several common corrupt practices related to the acquisition and further use of land plots allocated to privileged categories were analyzed. These include:-Creating favorable conditions for illicit benefits to officials during the priority allocation of land plots to privileged individuals, irrespective of their position in the queue of applicants.-Collusion between a combatant or an equivalent individual and an official, leading to the abuse of the official's authority for expedited allocation of land plots and their subsequent resale, with the proceeds shared among the participants of the corruption scheme. To combat such corrupt practices, the use of information from state registries and information systems that record data on war veterans, combatants, and individuals with equivalent status was proposed. These systems should include those eligible for priority land allocation and those intending to exercise this right. It is recommended to make such registries and systems publicly accessible for transparent monitoring, such as tracking the queue or verifying the status of privileged categories or the legality of allocations and the number of land plots provided. This role could be performed by functionalities within the "Diia" application, which is more accessible to the general public, or the State Register of Property Rights to Real Estate, access to which is more restricted under current legislation.

Many landslides occurring in housing areas in Malaysia have intrigued and shocked the Malaysian public. These disasters have caused massive damage to property and losses of life. It is a trite fact that, in Malaysia, soil problems have negatively impacted the residents' lives and property. The most significant soil problem disaster in Malaysia was the collapse of Highland Towers in 1993. This disaster caused pecuniary and non-pecuniary losses to the residents of the buildings. The question is, what can be learned so far from these land-related catastrophes? The main objective of this writing is to analyse the legal provisions in the planning law that have bearings on soil problems and soil erosions in housing areas. This writing aims to explore the weaknesses in the planning law and its implementation to provide preventive and curative legal measures against soil problems, soil erosions, and their consequences in housing development areas. This writing proposes a new perspective on planning legal ideas governing soil fitness in housing development areas. Qualitative social and legal research methodologies were used to study the facts and issues. The subjects of this research involve many housing development areas that face soil problems in Malaysia. It follows that the outcomes of this writing and the proposed legal reforms relating to planning law in housing areas can be improved to face the soil problems and protect the rights of the house residents.

Section 97 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) in India provides an additional avenue for seeking relief from wrongful confinement beyond the traditional remedy of habeas corpus. Under this section, District Magistrates, Sub-Divisional Magistrates, and other Executive Magistrates are empowered to take action upon receiving information about someone being unlawfully restrained or detained. They can issue orders for the search and release of the individual in question. This provision serves as a vital alternative, offering a practical means for addressing cases of illegal detention promptly. It complements the habeas corpus remedy by providing an additional layer of legal recourse to ensure the protection of individual liberty and prevent arbitrary confinement. CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION "Habeas corpus" is a Latin term that translates to "you shall have the body." In legal terms, it refers to a fundamental legal principle and a legal writ, or court order, that protects against unlawful detention or imprisonment. The writ of habeas corpus is a legal remedy through which a person can challenge the legality of their detention or imprisonment by bringing the matter before a court.

This article investigates the role of courts and legislatures in the design and enforcement of labour laws in the context of public sector employment. It does so by focusing on government employers’ legislative ability to temporarily override public sector labour rights, or to displace outcomes achieved under their processes. This issue is analysed through a case study of Canada, a country which offers constitutional protections for freedom of association, but which is also constructing a highly deferential approach to the constitutional review of override statutes. As a result of this deference, governments have been afforded significant leeway in the use and design of override legislation, which serves to undermine the legitimacy of the underlying public sector labour law regime. The result is to shake the confidence of public sector employees in the promise of workplace power redistribution and workplace voice and to undermine the legitimacy of public sector labour law. Because o...

Celem artykułu jest rozstrzygnięcie, czy zawarty w art. 438 Kodeksu postępowania karnego katalog względnych przyczyn odwoławczych jest zupełny, czy też istnieją jakiekolwiek inne, niewymienione w tym przepisie okoliczności, których zaistnienie również prowadzi do konieczności zmiany lub uchylenia orzeczenia organu I instancji. W pracy tej analizie poddano w szczególności następujące okoliczności: (1) ujawnienie po wydaniu zaskarżonego orzeczenia nowych faktów lub dowodów, mogących mieć wpływ na przebieg postępowania, (2) niesporządzenie lub niekompletne sporządzenie przez sąd I instancji wyroku lub uzasadnienia wyroku oraz (3) mającą miejsce po wydaniu zaskarżonego orzeczenia zmianę stanu prawnego, mogącą mieć wpływ na przebieg postępowania.

 Digital solutions -11 examples  Health and social care -4 examples  Children and young people -19 examples  Community and wellbeing -8 examples  Culture and leisure -4 examples  Personal Protective Equipment -3 examples  Finance and economy -7 examples  Housing and homelessness -2 examples  Other -14 examples It is not clear what criteria were used to establish that the selected examples are 'good practice' nor what evaluation has been undertaken to assess them. Nevertheless, this resource indicates that local authorities and their community planning partners responded rapidly and, in some cases imaginatively, to the crisis. Many households in Scotland already faced a challenging financial situation before the first lockdown in March 2020. Before COVID struck, over 1 million people in Scotland were estimated to be in poverty. This comprised an estimated 230,000 children, 640,000 working-age adults and 150,000 pensioners (Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2020: 1-2). Almost one in four children in Scotland was living in relative poverty (after housing costs) before the outbreak (Poverty & Inequality Commission, 2020a: 6) 3 . The pandemic therefore worsened conditions for many households which were already struggling financially. Reflecting this, the Independent Food Aid Network reported a 246% increase in food parcels distributed 3 A child is regarded as experiencing relative poverty if living in a household where total income is less than 60% of the UK median income in the most recent year. See

At the beginning of 2014, the European Parliament and the Council adopted the new directive on public procurement. Inter alia, the new Directive introduces a new procedure called the innovation partnership. The availability of the new provisions maybe valuable particularly from the perspective of complex contracts, which are characterised as mixed contracts.This is because the innovation partnership has a potential to enable a contracting authority to procure complex contracts with more than one type of subject matter regarding development of innovation and its delivery.

On the one hand, the innovation partnership has a potential to overcome the primary challenge and uncertainty regarding the usage of a two-stage procedure divided into pre-commercial and commercial procurement, relating to the unfair competition and the conflict of interest that may occur based on cooperation within the pre-commercial phase. On the other hand, the establishment of an innovation partnership may be seen not only as an answer to existing challenges, but also as a new way of realising the objective of a smart, sustainable and inclusive growth that characterises the Europe 2020 strategy. However, at the same time the application of the innovation partnership provisions may pose certain challenges. The aim of this article is to identify and discuss these challenges.

To achieve this aim firstly, the scene for the discussion will be set by a presentation of background information. Secondly, three methods of procuring innovation will be discussed: first, the pre-commercial procurement; secondly, delivery of innovation throughout the competitive dialogue procedure; and, finally, the newly introduced innovation partnership. Thirdly, particular attention will be given to the innovation partnership provision in the Directive. Focus will be given to the proposed procedure and structure of the partnership. Fourthly, the article will consider what new solutions the new procedure introduces. Finally, the last section will conclude the discussion.