Rational Choice Theory

Garments section involves cutting, CAD, auto spreading, swing, and quality control, finishing and packing. Raw materials of any readymade garments industry are yarn and fiber. The process involved in thread production is dying, levelling, dispersing, buffering, spinning and washing, chemicals used in whole process are disperse dyes, levelling agent, dispersing agent, caustic, and sodium hydrosulphite, formic acid as buffer agent. Raw materials used in producing garments accessories are imported. Chemicals used in the process are polymer, lime, ferrous sulphate, urea, and hydrochloride acid. Waste water originates in dying; bleaching, mercerizing, and washing sections pollute natural water bodies when they are discharged without any treatment. With the ever increasing population there is continuous and endless demand for natural resources, which are provided by the environment. Comprehensive, trusted and timely environmental information and a careful planning according to this information are inevitable to meet the ultimate demand of human with limited resources. Textile and Clothing (T&C) Compliance (acting according to certain accepted rules and standards) indicates international formulated standards and guidelines for the said industries . International Compliance Association (ICA) stated that the term compliance describes the ability to act according to an order, set of rules or request. Compliance in the RMG industry ensures all labor rights and facilities according to the buyer code of conduct which also consider the labor and industry laws

This investigation assessed the significance of student activism in Bratislava during the late 1980s and early 1990s in precipitating the downfall of the communist regime and the eventual dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993. The analysis considered contemporary accounts, primary documents, and secondary historiographical perspectives to evaluate the political and social influence of youth movements on systemic change.

Characterizations of the choice functions that select the cores or the externally stable cores induced by an underlying revealed dominance digraph are provided. Relying on such characterizations, the basic order-theoretic structure of the corresponding sets of revealed cores is also analyzed.

This study explores the evolution of the Polish prison subculture before and after the political upheaval of 1989, marking the transition from communism to a more democratic and open society. It examines how these systemic changes influenced the informal hierarchies and social structures within prisons. Under the communist regime, prisons were spaces of severe repression and control, where the inmate population was strictly managed through a combination of intense surveillance and punitive measures. Inmate labor was exploited, and any form of dissent was brutally suppressed, fostering a distinct subculture among prisoners known as ‘grypsmen.‘ The fall of communism brought significant reforms to the penal system, aiming to improve conditions and reduce inmate exploitation. However, the remnants of old subcultures persisted, adapting to the new sociopolitical environment. This paper delves into the continuity and transformation of these subcultures, shedding light on the social dynamics that govern inmate interactions and the unofficial codes that continue to influence prison life in post-communist Poland. The research highlights the resilience and adaptability of subcultural norms amidst sweeping changes, offering insights into the complex interplay between structure and agency in closed institutions.

The article presents the fate of Konrad Weisselberg (1905-1937) and his wife Anna (Galia) Mykalo (1914-1989), shedding light on the intensification of violence in Kharkiv in the 1930s and on the mechanisms of the Great Terror. Weisselberg was a chemist, an Austrian communist of Jewish origin, an ideological immigrant to the USSR, and a little-known victim of Stalin's purges. Anna Mykalo was a peasant worker who moved to Kharkiv just before the Stalinist regime locked peasants in the countryside. The couple was associated with the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology (UPTI), where prominent physicists-Soviet and foreign-worked in the 1930s. Their story is linked to post-revolutionary Kharkiv, a city of industrial utopia and the site of the Great Famine and the Great Terror.

The article presents the fate of Konrad Weisselberg (1905-1937) and his wife Anna (Galia) Mykalo (1914-1989), shedding light on the intensification of violence in Kharkiv in the 1930s and on the mechanisms of the Great Terror. Weisselberg was a chemist, an Austrian communist of Jewish origin, an ideological immigrant to the USSR, and a little-known victim of Stalin's purges. Anna Mykalo was a peasant worker who moved to Kharkiv just before the Stalinist regime locked peasants in the countryside. The couple was associated with the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology (UPTI), where prominent physicists-Soviet and foreign-worked in the 1930s. Their story is linked to post-revolutionary Kharkiv, a city of industrial utopia and the site of the Great Famine and the Great Terror. This story begins with a movie-like scene. A young waitress spills a bowl of borsch on a guest and bursts into tears. That encounter ends in a marriage. Two years later, they have a son. When the boy is a few months old, the father is arrested by the NKVD. He never comes back. The cafeteria scene happened in 1933 1 in Kharkiv, the capital of Soviet Ukraine. A nineteen-year-old waitress, Anna Mykalo (known as Galia), fled from the Ukrainian countryside to the industrializing city shortly ORCID iDs

Characterizations of the choice functions that select the cores or the externally stable cores induced by an underlying revealed dominance digraph are provided. Relying on such characterizations, the basic order-theoretic structure of the corresponding sets of revealed cores is also analyzed.

A choice function is (weakly) width-maximizing if there exists a dissimilarity- i.e. an irreflexive symmetric binary relation- on the underlying object set such that the choice sets are (include, respectively) dissimilarity chains of locally maximum size. Width-maximizing and weakly width-maximizing choice functions on an arbitrary domain are characterized relying on the newly introduced notion of a revealed dissimilarity relation.

This paper develops a unified physical framework for free will within the Information–Cognitive Compression Field (ICCF) paradigm. By integrating thermodynamic principles, the action-based formulation of physical laws, and informational inertia, we argue that free will can be rigorously defined as an emergent yet physically grounded property. Our model demonstrates that the exercise of free will is constrained by entropy exchange limits and scaling laws, leading to identifiable critical thresholds in both biological and civilizational systems. Using comparative anthropological data, cosmological energy bounds, and illustrative numerical estimates, we show that free will horizons can be mathematically formalized in analogy with causal horizons in physics. The theory suggests that while free will is not illusory, it is bounded by universal scaling constraints that govern all self-organizing structures. We conclude by proposing a set of testable predictions and outlining how this framework reshapes the dialogue between physics, philosophy, and the social sciences.

This paper examines the mechanisms of persuasion used in the recruitment and retention of members in high-control groups (commonly referred to as "sects" or "cults") through the lens of game theory. The analysis integrates empirical literature on psychological manipulation processes-particularly the Submission As Preference Shifting model (Corvaglia, 2025)-with formal models of strategic interaction, highlighting how recruitment dynamics can be conceptualized as games of asymmetric information, strategic signaling, and social influence. The proposed theoretical framework provides new insights into individual vulnerability factors, recruiters' strategies, and possible preventive interventions.

From whence come morals and values into the world. I suggest that Rawl's methodology in a theory of justice asks too much of the rational choosers behind the veil of ignorance they cannot but fail to bring their culture with them. Looking at other possibilities in proposals from Ken Binmore and Bryan Skryms I suggest that reciprocity, direct and indirect, Nash, ESS and the replicator dynamic reveal a much more complex world than is dreamed of in their philosophy. A world with stable memes but also one of oscillation multiple competitive stable points hence a world of continuing competition.

Institute for Security Studies ■ ■ Gareth■ Newham is the Head of the Crime and Justice Programme at the Institute for Security Studies. He has worked closely with members of the SAPS and undertaken research on policing in South Africa since 1998. He obtained his Masters in Public and Development Management from the University of the Witwatersrand with a dissertation on managing police corruption at station level. He also trained station-based commanders on improving performance management and addressing police corruption as part of the Joint University Public Management Education Trust Police Management Training Programme. ■ ■ Andrew■Faull is a Senior Researcher in the Crime and Justice Programme at the Institute for Security Studies. In 2010 he published a book titled Behind the Badge: the untold stories of South Africa's Police Service members. He has also been an active police reservist member for a number of years in different police precincts in the Western Cape and Gauteng.

In 2017 and 2018 I received funding from the Mellon Foundation to take a year and a half of undergraduate economics courses. I was interested in writing an intellectual history of methodological individualism (MI): the presumption that social phenomena (the macro) can be explained by attending to the intentional states that motivate individual actors (the micro). MI is increasingly the dominant orthodoxy of a range of social science fields, but as the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes, “the discipline that most clearly satisfies the strictures of methodological individualism is microeconomics”.

GORAN TRAJKOVSKI, GEORGI STOJANOV, SAMUEL COLLINS , VLADIMIR EIDELMAN, CHRIS. HARMAN AND GIOVANNI VINCENTI 1 Computer and Information Sciences Department, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD 21252, USA, E-mail: {gtrajkovski, gvince1}@towson.edu, Phone 1-410704-6310, Fax 1-410-704-3868 2 Department of Computer Science, Mathematics and Science, American University in Paris, 147, Rue de Grenelle, Paris 75007, France, E-mail: gstojanov@aup.fr 3 Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminal Justice, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD 21252, USA, E-mail: scollins@towson.edu 4 Computer Science Department, Columbia University, 2960 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA, E-mail: vae2101@columbia.edu 5 Computer Science Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Ave, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA, E-mail: charman1@swarthmore.edu

The set of works reviewed here suggest that the problems inherent in post-Cold War democracy promotion cannot be explained solely by policy failures. Attempts to push for democracy have been met with resistance, whether in response to the imposition of democracy or to 'softer' approaches. Collectively, the research in these volumes suggests that if democratization efforts are to succeed, those who hope to promote them must be more reflective about their own role in the process and cognizant of the fact that democracy promotion efforts are subject to political forces at the domestic, global and intermestic levels.

/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

Over the past seven decades, democratic powers, led by the United States, have attempted to bring about democracy through external military imposition. While research to date has generally pointed toward the conclusion that such efforts are often not successful in effecting full-fledged democracy, studies almost exclusively have focused on how interventions have affected institutional measures of democracy in target countries (as opposed to political rights or political competitiveness). In addition, such studies have not recognized that there is more than one way to denote a democratizing intervention. I find that, regardless of what measure of democracy one uses, attempts to force democracy are generally not successful. However, "success" also depends to a degree upon how one chooses to define attempts at forced democratization. This research reinforces existing research, indicating that democratizing interventions are rarely found to result in healthy consolidated democracies over the long term.

Pada tanggal 8 Desember 2024, terjadi perubahan yang mendasar akibat jatuhnya rezim Bashar al Assad di Suriah yang menandakan rekonfigurasi geopolitik yang terjadi di Timur Tengah. Rezim ini jatuh akibat terjadinya pemberontakan yang dilakukan oleh rakyatnya sendiri yang sudah jenuh dengan pemerintahan diktator Assad yang berkuasa sejak tahun 2000. Hancurnya kekuasaan ini memberikan dampak atas pergeseran kekuasaan yang dinamis secara regional maupun internasional. Dalam arti lain terjadi pergeseran keseimbangan kekuatan di wilayah negeri Syam

This article addresses the call made by the ISA Sapphire panel to focus on “the opportunities and the challenges of theory-building in interdisciplinary scholarship.” The article focuses on the multiple anxieties that exist in the discipline of IR, its departmental subalternity, its fragmentation of content, its methodological diversity, and its hybrid constitution of practical and observational knowledge. However, rather than arguing for any restriction, the article pleads for these anxieties to be embraced and for IR to be treated as a privileged space in which to integrate that knowledge. It invites scholars to link three distinct yet important domains of IR theorizing: the philosophical, the explanatory, and the practical. It invites the discipline to see the three domains as equally fundamental for its identity. Using Morgenthau's theory of power as a foil, the article shows the need to think about these three domains of theorizing concomitantly, despite the difficulties involved in providing a coherent link between them, something Morgenthau did not achieve.

Throughout the human history, the religion has remained a fundamental feature of social construct and human behaviour. Religious orientation plays important role in shaping human perceptions about economic and non-economic activities. With few exceptions, religion has remained an un-explored area in economics. For most economists, narrative and metaphor have no place in a rational choice theory, which is a wrong belief. In fact, any approach that considers behavioural laws satisfying the criteria of objectivity, reproducibility, and refutability is scientific and falls in purview of rational choice framework. A few studies, however, do exist on economics of religion under rational choice concerning to households, groups, and entire “religious markets”. [Becker (1976); Iannaccone (1988, 1990, 1992, 1993); Mack and Leigland (1992)]. Rosenberg (1985) presents discussion of the limitations of neoclassical economic theory due to its reliance on exogenous differences in taste and preferen...

Options to contribute to national energy security and this is where you get to interconnections within a dilemma cede sovereignty and free trade of electricity (Tratado Marco del Mercado Eléctrico de América Central) are sought. It has been identified that the closest to the integration of the electricity sector in Central theory is neofunctionalism supports this view the theory of economic integration. These two benchmarks are at work to describe a theoretical perspective political economy behind the whole process. A political phenomenon that can refine methodology from a immersed in the theory of rational choice, and a method based on the expected utility model. All work is the result of a literature survey, direct observation and interviews with stakeholders.

This article examines the ideological convergence between Rational Choice Theory (RCT) and "paleolibertarian" thinking in the prejudicial defence of high-demand religious groups. It is argued that Theory of Religious Economy (TRE) incorporates "libertarian' assumptions that presuppose rational choice by adherents and obscure the dynamics of manipulation and coercion in controversial religious settings. The critical analysis presented here draws on contributions from cognitive psychology, political theory and the sociology of religion to show how RCT and TRE contribute to an ecosystem of "cult apologetics' that resists regulation under the banner of religious freedom and leads to a genuine exercise of soft power. Particular attention will then be paid to the network of transnational contacts and collaborations linking academic defenders of cults, libertarian think tanks, NGOs committed to the defence of religious freedom, anarcho-capitalist foundations and non-governmental platforms such as the International Religious Freedom Roundtable (IRF). They are thought to be working together to delegitimise criticism of highdemand religious groups and somehow redefine the hierarchy of rights. The analysis suggests that this alliance is not merely motivated by philosophical or ideological affinity, but represents a deliberate political strategy to shield authoritarian religious groups from scrutiny. It thus raises urgent questions about the limits of religious freedom and the instrumentalisation of human rights discourse for the purposes of deregulation.

This article reviews David Enrich's book, Servants of the Damned: Giant Law Firms, Donald Trump, and the Corruption of Justice. It identifies some of the key insights offered about the law firm of Jones Day specifically and Big Law generally.  It evaluates Enrich's claims about the causes of the moral transformation of large law firms and explains the particular significant of American Lawyer magazine in intensifying the economic competition among large law firms.

Yunanistan kurulduğu andan itibaren milli güç unsurlarını aşan şekilde yayılmacı bir politika izlemiş, bu genişleme çabaları tarihte iki kez durdurulmuştur, bunlardan birincisi Kurtuluş Savaşı, ikincisi ise Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı'dır. Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı'nın 20-22 Temmuz 1974 tarihlerinde icra edilen ilk safhası, Yunanistan'da siyasi krize neden olmuş ve bu kriz neticesinde 24 Temmuz 1974 tarihinde yönetim askerlerden Konstantinos Karamanlis'in başbakanlığında oluşturulan sivil idareye devredilmiştir. Bu süreç sonrasında Yunanistan Meclisi tarafından kurulan soruşturma komisyonu, Yunanistan'ın Kıbrıs'taki hataları ve bir Türk harekâtının niçin öngörülemediği/engellenemediği sorularına cevap aramak için yoğun çalışmalar yürütmüş, 2018 yılında bu çalışmaların kamuoyuyla paylaşılmasına karar verilmiştir. Çalışmada ağırlıklı olarak Yunan Parlamentosu'nun "Φακελος Κυπρου-Fakelos Kiprou" "Kıbrıs Dosyası" ismiyle yayımladığı bu çalışmalardan ve Yunanca konuya ilişkin literatürden faydalanılarak Yunanistan'ın, Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı'ndaki askeri hatalarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

We thank Greg Adams and Dena Levy for their assistance in running the experiments and Jeff Ollie for programming assistance. We also thank Robert Forsythe, Roger Myerson, Thomas Rietz, and Robert Weber for access to their data and the helpful comments and advice of Phil Schrodt and other attendees at the 1994 Annual Political Methodology Summer Meetings in Madison, Wisconsin. We have benefited from the comments of Bill Clark, Matt Golder, Shigeo Hirano, and Daniel Ho. We especially acknowledge the time-consuming help and assistance of Elisabeth Gerber on earlier versions of this paper. However, we take credit for all remaining errors.

We thank Greg Adams and Dena Levy for their assistance in running the experiments and Jeff Ollie for programming assistance. We also thank Robert Forsythe, Roger Myerson, Thomas Rietz, and Robert Weber for access to their data and the helpful comments and advice of Phil Schrodt and other attendees at the 1994 Annual Political Methodology Summer Meetings in Madison, Wisconsin. We have benefited from the comments of Bill Clark, Matt Golder, Shigeo Hirano, and Daniel Ho. We especially acknowledge the time-consuming help and assistance of Elisabeth Gerber on earlier versions of this paper. However, we take credit for all remaining errors.

Focal Point Theory of Expressive Law 1651 the sanctions it threatens to impose, that law works by what it says in addition to what it does. 2 Even this literature, however, mostly accepts the dominant view of the problem that law solves-that of cooperation. Without criticizing that approach, in this Article I pursue a different path. To explain one means by which law works expressively, I focus on a different problem of strategic interaction: not cooperation but coordination. Specifically, I claim that law provides a focal point around which individuals can coordinate their behavior. When individuals have a common interest in coordinating, as frequently occurs, a legal rule may guide behavior merely by influencing expectations about how others will behave

Focal Point Theory of Expressive Law 1651 the sanctions it threatens to impose, that law works by what it says in addition to what it does. 2 Even this literature, however, mostly accepts the dominant view of the problem that law solves-that of cooperation. Without criticizing that approach, in this Article I pursue a different path. To explain one means by which law works expressively, I focus on a different problem of strategic interaction: not cooperation but coordination. Specifically, I claim that law provides a focal point around which individuals can coordinate their behavior. When individuals have a common interest in coordinating, as frequently occurs, a legal rule may guide behavior merely by influencing expectations about how others will behave

Justice has this in common with grace, and this alone, that it wants to be total and to rule absolutely. Politics is not religion, or if it is, then it is nothing but the Inquisition. Our "new world": we have to realize to what degree we are the creators of our value feelings-and thus capable of projecting "meaning" into history. This faith in truth attains its ultimate conclusion in us-you know what it is: that if there is anything that is to be worshipped it is appearance that must be worshipped, that the lie, and not the truth-is divine! Value words are banners raised where a new bliss has been found-a new feeling. Feelings are a mere accompaniment to the metaphysical and metapsychical fact of the relation, which is fulfilled not in the soul but between I and

In R. v. Labaye, the Supreme Court of Canada finally retired the community standards of tolerance test of obscenity. The test had been the subject of much academic critique, a matter that reached its zenith in the period following Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v. Canada (Minister of Justice), in which a gay and lesbian bookshop contested the procedures and legislative regime of customs officials in detaining its imports. The engagement in the literature on the efficacy of the community standards test that followed was often heated, always interesting, and ultimately unresolved. To date, we have not seen any clarifying applications of the newly proposed harm test by the Supreme Court, nor have we seen a profound articulation in any lower courts. Subsequently, the academic discussion has slowed to a crawl. In this article, the author reviews four accounts of the community standards test that were prominent following Little Sisters, and asks if the newly proposed Labaye standard meets their concerns. The Labaye case provides much fodder for the previous critics and supporters of a community standards of tolerance approach to analyze. After a critical analysis of the new Labaye test, the author concludes that the concerns have not been muted by the retirement of the community standards test, even if the voices have been. The engaged voices heard in the aftermath of Little Sisters should not hold back and they should not abandon the work to be done in obscenity law and freedom of expression discourse generally.

This paper looks at how different strands of political theory have examined the problem of the nature of political rationality. Starting from the historical context of the debate over the "death" of political philosophy in mid-20th Century, two methodological paradigms are considered: the economic theory of politics and the theory of value pluralism in Brian Barry's Political Argument. It is held that these two paradigms start from different premises as to what is the dominant element of political rationality - utility and principles - but end up on similar conclusions in the framework of decision theory.

In the present paper we analyse the emergence of the first federations in history, taking as an example the Achaean one. We analyse its structure decision making, institutions and finances. Then, we compare it to the present European Union and point out similarities and differences. Lastly, we attempt a valuation of the two federations according to two criteria: democratization and community of interest. Our conclusion is that the present European Union lags far behind the Achaean federation according to both criteria and has a long way to go in order to develop into a true federation.

This paper reviews some models of consequentialist justice, social contracts, and the social coordination of behaviors through social norms. A challenge with actualizing justice in many contemporary societies is the broad and often conflicting individual beliefs on rights and responsibilities that each member of a society maintains about the opportunities and compensations they attribute to themselves and others. This obscurity is compounded through a lack of academic or political alignment on the definition and tenets of justice. The lack of commonality of the definition and tenets of justice often result in myopic decisions by individuals and discontinuity within a society that reduces the available rights, obligations, opportunities, and/or compensations that could be available through an efficient and commonly maintained model for just social contracts. This paper begins by assessing the challenge of establishing mutual trust in order to achieve cooperation. I then examine utility enhancement strategies available through cooperation. Next, I turn to game theories and evolutionary models that inform beneficial social contracts. Models of bargaining and models of cultural evolution such as dual inheritance theory examine social norms, and ways in which they can selectively reinforce certain cooperative behaviors and reduce others. The models take individuals to be motivated by their own welfare. Through selective processes to improve the overall fitness of society, fair social contracts and distribution provides an enhancement potential for the average utility, rights, opportunities, and compensations available to the members of a society. A possible common set of social coordination strategies can be formed through this examination of models intended to maximize the average welfare of a society. Leaning on a naturalistic perspective, an integrated story of social coordination, social contracts, and consequentialist justice may illustrate an integrated perspective of social norm selection to support efficient and fair social contracts. Through additional examination, a more comprehensive model to describe how societies could identify and foster just human coordination could be pursued. 1. Binmore's Fair Equilibrium…………………………………………………………………….21 2. Just Social Contracts……………………………………………………………………….....45 Can there be a more significant concept to establish, agree upon, and act in accordance with than that of Justice? The study of Justice was a part of the examination of core virtues by ancient Greek philosophers. The rights and obligations of justice have been an integral part of the study of ethical, legal, and political philosophy as an examination of what each person is properly entitled to. For this paper, I propose to examine justice as a part of a cooperative contract to enable human coordinated efforts. David Hume, in his Treatise of Human Nature, contended that contemporary societies manage justice as a man-made contractarian construct 7 . This paper both emphasizes the man-made social constructs necessary to maintain just contracts and also expands fair social coordination to include natural sources that can act to inform and optimize social contracts to improve the welfare of the individuals who follow just cooperative actions in a society. Using this lens through which to see Justice, Hume's contractarian construct is to be constantly assessed, refined, communicated and reinforced through various mechanisms in the pursuit of improving contracts to achieve just results. Justice was described by John Rawls in his book "A Theory of Justice" as the mutually agreed upon social constructs of rights and duties to guide mutually beneficial agreements, where equity on either side of a circumstance is determined from a hypothetical fair starting point, Rawls' 'original position'. Rawls' theory of justice recognized the dynamic tension in society between the benefits of cooperation and each person's pursuit to maximize their share of available utility. Through just social constructs, an association between individuals with disparate purposes is feasible. Justice, Rawls concluded, is a prerequisite for a viable human community 14 . Rawls's definition emphasizes the social construction of justice. By what actions should we measure the justice of a society and through what tools can we shape the behaviors of individuals in a society to act following Contractarian Justice? By answering the first question and achieving the second, the quality of life for the average individual in a society can be markedly improved through reducing conflict and enhancing beneficial cooperation. Cooperation, participation, and synergy can improve the total productivity of a society through supporting beneficial coordination. Rawls specifically saw just social contracts to reduce the least lucky circumstances of individuals the least advantaged in his 'Difference Principle'

This study estimates the impact of incumbency on re-election prospects of parties and candidates in India, between 1977 and 2014, for Lok Sabha elections. We make use of regression discontinuity design to estimate the causal effect of incumbency by comparing outcomes in closely fought elections. Results indicate that on an average, incumbent parties are significantly disadvantaged in comparison to non-incumbent parties. Similarly, the causal impact of incumbency on candidates highlights significant disadvantage to the incumbents. Moreover, on comparing the results, we conclude that it is a candidate who is more disadvantaged than a party. This is indicative of stronger ties amongst voters and parties rather than with candidates.

The move of demonetization adopted on 8th November 2016 by Government of India in curbing black money showed its effects too. The impacts were much more evident in the structures and functioning of different systems – economic, political and social. This was though welcomed by most of the citizens yet the anguish of its impact was also heard. The impact was greatly felt on Indian economy but besides this the social lives were also not left uninterrupted. Both power of purchasing and power of transactions had knocked down. The anarchy aroused was experienced by every strata of the Indian society; however major victims were the people in an unorganised sector of our economy. Indian economy constitutes majorly on unorganised sectors where transactions are made on cash bases. Thus, the paper examines the implications of demonetization broadly on unorganised sector and in particular, youth labours of this sector.

WYBORU BAZUJĄCEGO NA TEORII GIER Wprowadzenie * Cytowane metody i prace dotyczą problemów dyskretnych, najczęściej skończonych, związanych z tzw. wieloatrybutowym podejmowaniem decyzji -Multiple Attribute Decision Making. Prezentowane w artykule rozważania skupiają się wyłącznie na takich zagadnieniach.

Many scholars argue that political institutions affect economic and social inequality, while others claim that inequality affects institutions. Following most historical literature, we suggest that exogenous changes in technology, trade, or demography alter the value of factor endowments and ...

In the present article I attempt to apply advances in the study of instrumental and epistemic rationality to field archaeology in order to gain insights into the ways archaeologists reason. The cognitive processes, particularly processes of decision making, that enable archaeologists to conduct the excavation in the trench have not been adequately studied so far. I take my cues from two different bodies of theory. I first inquire into the potential that rational choice theory (RCT) may have in modeling archaeological behaviour, and I define subjective expected utility, which archaeologists attempt to maximize, in terms of knowledge acquisition and social gain. Following Elster's criticism of RCT, I conclude that RCT's standards for rational action do not correspond with those ostensibly used in field archaeology, but that instrumental rationality has a prominent role in the "archaeological experiment". I further explore if models proposed as reaction to RCT may account for archaeological decision making. I focus on fast and frugal heuristics, and search for archaeological illustrations for some of the cognitive biases that are better documented in psychological literature. I document confirmation and congruence biases, the endowment effect, observer-expectancy bias, illusory correlation, clustering illusion, sunk cost bias, and anchoring, among others and I propose that some of these biases are used as cognitive tools by archaeologists at work and retain epistemic value. However, I find formal logic to be secondary in the development of archaeological reasoning, with default logic and defeasible logic being used instead. I emphasize scientific knowledge as an actively negotiated social product of human inquiry, and conclude that to describe rationality in field archaeology a bounded rationality model is the most promising avenue of investigation.

Over the last decades we have seen an impressive progress of rational action theory (RAT) in the social sciences, which produced models with high explanatory and predictive power for different instances of human behaviour. RAT, however, presents serious limitations when integrating the influence of social structure in its models, as it sees human behaviour solely as the outcome of utility-maximization equations rationally calculated by individuals. Rooted in Bourdieu's habitus as a force that orients practice, this article introduces a neo-Bourdieusian gravity equation that complements RAT.

This introduction contextualises the topical collection on the legacy of the valuefree ideal of science, categorises and summarises its contributions, and proposes directions for and applications of future research, especially those defending a certain form of value-freeness.

Human beings, while tending to the utmost rationality, understood as coherence with the objectives that they set themselves, both emotional-sentimental and cognitive-logical, have completely random emotional and behavioral deviations, which, consistently with the whole cosmic nature, make partially unpredictable: their emotions, thoughts, and behavior.
These elements of randomness, completely innate with cosmic nature, have determined the need for control over individuals. This control has ended up being delegated to regulations that are foreign to the natural, or rational, morality inherent in every individual. Control that was entrusted to artificial mechanisms, crystallized in structural universes, completely foreign to the nature of living beings of any species, and definable as archetypes, having a logic completely foreign to the living beings that use them, being, in fact, bodies foreign to nature and, therefore, to the species of animals that have evolved to a minimal sociality and a very limited individualization and deviated towards an interest directed exclusively to the individual, or to the basic procreative nucleus.
Sufficiently advanced human beings may be able to self-control, making it possible to practice the rationality inherent in natural morality. This will allow the creation of a model of organization of human society consistent with such rational morality.

Since Giving Tuesday was introduced in 2012, it has inspired more than $1 billion in donations. Last year, estimated giving topped $300 million. These numbers sound big -and they are. But they obscure the fact that relatively few individuals and families make charitable contributions: For example, in a typical year 45 percent of Americans give not even a single dollar, and 75 percent spend no time volunteering. And this is a shame, because giving is an important way to help others, contribute to the public good and build the trust that glues a society together. One important step to encouraging more people to give is increasing our understanding of what motivates giving. When we better understand why people donate, we can be inspired to be more generous. Charitable giving involves a complex array of motivations. I recently reviewed 14 projects funded by the University of Notre Dame's Science of Generosity initiative that studied the manifestations, causes and consequences of giving. Researchers found that even twins, despite their similar genetic makeup, behaved differently based on their ability to take on the perspective of another person. Some people give because of tax incentives (which may explain why charitable giving was down a bit last year: Changes in the tax code made giving less advantageous for some families). A second motive also has to do with economics: Many people feel they simply can't afford to give. Their willingness to give also depends on whether they view charitable organizations as honest and efficient. People can also give simply because they want to make the world a better place. In my research, I've discovered that the most compelling reasons for people to give are social and relational benefits beyond the self. My colleague Heather E. Price and I found that people exist in a web of giving affiliations. People are more likely to give to charitable and religious causes when they have parents who were givers and partners who are supportive of giving, and when religious affiliations regularly expose them to religious-based calls to give. Living within generous social contexts matters. So, too, do friend groups. My colleague Song Yang and I found that people are more likely to donate when they have friends who donate and who ask them to donate. As individuals it is important to see that there is no magical time in life when one suddenly becomes prepared to give, by having more money left to spend or more time on one's hands. Many people assume that as students they are too busy to volunteer, or as a young parents they are too financially squeezed to donate. But in my research, I learned that there are constraints on time and money at every stage in life. We can motivate ourselves to give throughout our lives, in whatever ways one can, by surrounding ourselves in giving-supportive contexts. We also need to be that giving-supportive context for others.