Qualitative Research Methodology

Este artículo propone la utilización de una metodología cualitativa, la Teoría Fundamentada (Grounded Theory) como método de investigación válido en el campo de la creación de empresas, y por extensión en otros campos propios de la Economía de la Empresa dentro de investigaciones que conciernen a temas relacionados con la conducta humana en diferentes organizaciones, grupos y otras configuraciones sociales. La Teoría Fundamentada propone construir teorías, conceptos, hipótesis y proposiciones partiendo directamente de los datos obtenidos en el campo de estudio, y no de supuestos a priori, de otras investigaciones o de marcos teóricos existentes. La emergencia de significados desde los datos, pero no de los datos en sí mismos, hace de la Teoría Fundamentada una metodología adecuada para el conocimiento de un determinado fenómeno social. El artículo presenta un modelo que permite de una forma planificada y organizada aplicar los principios propios de esta teoría para garantizar una investigación cuidada y rigurosa.

The Student’s t-test, first introduced by William Sealy Gosset in 1908 under the pseudonym "Student," is a foundational statistical method used for comparing means between groups. It is widely employed in biomedical and clinical research for hypothesis testing, especially when dealing with small sample sizes and normally distributed data. The t-test evaluates whether the observed differences in sample means are statistically significant relative to the variability within and between the groups.
There are three principal types of the t-test: the one-sample t-test, which compares a sample mean to a known or hypothesized population mean; the independent two-sample t-test, which compares the means of two unrelated groups; and the paired t-test, used when observations are dependent or linked, such as in before-and-after studies. The test assumes normality of data, homogeneity of variance, and appropriate scale of measurement. Calculated test statistics yield a p-value, indicating the probability of obtaining results as extreme as those observed if the null hypothesis is true.
Clinicians and researchers must understand not only how to perform a t-test but also how to interpret its outcomes in the broader context of clinical and scientific significance. Misinterpretation of p-values, failure to verify underlying assumptions, and overlooking effect size and confidence intervals are common pitfalls. This article explores the theoretical basis, statistical underpinnings, clinical relevance, and practical limitations of the t-test, aiming to provide a comprehensive resource for physician-scientists engaged in evidence-based practice and medical research.

Qualitative research represents a paradigm shift from the positivist traditions of quantitative methodologies, emphasizing depth over breadth, meaning over measurement, and context over generalization. Rooted in interpretivism, qualitative research seeks to understand human behavior, beliefs, social structures, and cultural norms through immersive engagement with participants. It prioritizes the subjective experiences of individuals, embracing complexity, ambiguity, and the co-construction of knowledge. This methodology employs a variety of data collection techniques—such as in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, ethnography, and content analysis—and uses interpretative strategies for analysis. Qualitative research is particularly valuable in disciplines such as sociology, psychology, education, nursing, and anthropology, where the goal is to comprehend the how and why of human phenomena. This paper delves into the philosophical foundations, methodologies, rigor, and ethical considerations of qualitative research, highlighting its unique contributions to knowledge generation and policy formation in complex, real-world contexts.

Qualitative research has become an indispensable methodological approach in the health and social sciences, offering profound insights into human experiences, behaviors, and social processes that are otherwise difficult to quantify. This review critically examines key issues of concern in the conduct and evaluation of qualitative research, particularly within healthcare settings. Central to this discussion are the parallel constructs used to establish methodological trustworthiness—credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability—which serve as qualitative analogs to the quantitative standards of internal validity, external validity, reliability, and objectivity. The paper explores practical mechanisms such as triangulation, thick description, audit trails, and peer examination that enhance the rigor of qualitative inquiry while addressing potential biases including the Hawthorne effect, observer-expectancy, and artificial scenario distortion.
Furthermore, the clinical relevance of qualitative research is underscored, emphasizing its role in hypothesis generation, patient-centered care, and systems improvement. The integration of qualitative methods within interprofessional healthcare teams reveals their utility in decoding complex interpersonal and organizational dynamics. From exploring physician-patient relationships to improving team communication and workflow, qualitative approaches provide invaluable frameworks for enhancing health outcomes, refining policy, and promoting equity. The paper concludes by advocating for greater epistemological reflexivity, methodological transparency, and the institutional integration of qualitative practices in healthcare education, training, and quality improvement initiatives.

Landscape architecture is at a crossroads. The ability to draw upon interdisciplinary perspectives and generate insights from the combined vantage points of design, environmental studies, and the social sciences puts it in a prime position to address the most pressing issues of our time, such as climate change and social inequality. Its current reliance on digital and technological solutions, however, has increasingly caused landscape architects to lose sight of the ways in which humans actually use spaces. And while landscapes are designed all over the world, the discipline remains inordinately centered on the Global North. Landscape Fieldwork alters that long-standing paradigm through real-life examples that provide tools for practitioners to engage more deeply with multidimensional, diverse landscapes and the communities that create, live in, and use them.

Qualitative research is a process of storytelling, but whose story are we telling and from what perspective? We examine Kenneth Pike’s work on emic and etic approaches to qualitative inquiry and explore how, over time, etic has come to refer to settler-colonial research while emic is seen as relating to Othered life-worlds outside academia. Researchers from marginalized communities often struggle to occupy the etic space of the academy and the emic space of their research. Using concepts of edgewalking and edgework, we argue that another space is available at the edge between emic and etic where transformative research can occur.

Background: The birth of a premature baby and the long treatment process lead to conflict and inconsistency between the hope, values, and beliefs of mothers and the occurrence of spiritual distress. This study aims to explore the needs and potential spiritual capacities of mothers of premature babies admitted to the NICU.
Methods: This qualitative content analysis study included 15 mothers of premature infants hospitalized in four neonatal intensive care units in Mashhad, Iran, in 2021. The participants were selected using purposeful sampling and engaged in deep, semi-structured interviews with the FICA (faith, importance, community, address) questionnaire. The study included mothers of premature babies born between 28 and 32 weeks who were hospitalized for at least three days, did not have mental disorders, and were identified as Iranian or Muslim. The data were analyzed using the content analysis method developed by Granheim and Lundman.
Results: The data analysis revealed four main themes. The first theme referred to "potential spiritual capacities," with subthemes including belief in a divine source, belief in religious rituals, and empathetic support. The other three themes refer to spiritual needs, including “challenges of faith,” encompassing subthemes of doubts in beliefs and guilt, “need for compassionate care,” which includes subthemes related to the necessity of a deep connection between the nurse and the mother, the need for dignity in care, and finally, ‘need for value and positive expectations,’ featuring subthemes addressing the challenges of meaning of life and the need for hope, highlights the spiritual needs of mothers.
Conclusion: Many parents of premature babies share similar spiritual needs. This research provides a new perspective for understanding the spiritual needs of premature baby mothers. Nurses should assess these needs and design appropriate interventions according to their potential spiritual capacities.

Introduction: Pain is a manifestation difficult to describe objectively. Understanding and managing pain by the clinical staff is not just based on scientific concepts, but on representations affected by subjectivity. Objectives: To describe the social representations of pain in the discourse and behavior of the healthcare staff in a medical hospital in Bogotá. Materials and methods: A qualitative, descriptive, crosssectional trial was conducted using 2 data collection techniques: (i) semi-structured interviews (n = 45), including the natural semantics networks technique; (ii) a non-participant observation with a field diary. Results: In the natural semantic network, many descriptors mentioned by the participants (n = 88) were identified. The terms referring to the emotional experience were mentioned more often, followed by terms referring to medical care. The field observation identifies a broad diversity in the way pain is understood, marked by a trend to underestimate the subjective aspects of pain. Conclusions: The data, which may be representative of similar institutions in the Colombian and Latin American context, illustrate that there has been a growing interest in approaching pain as a priority in the comprehensive management of the patient. However, strategies are yet to be promoted that result in a more assertive communication, and an identification and legitimation of emotions and subjective suffering of the patient in pain. Resumen Introducción: El dolor es una manifestación difícil de objetivar. Su comprensión y manejo por parte del personal clínico no solo se basa en conceptos científicos, sino en representaciones afectadas por la subjetividad.

Software developers, most of whom are young and male, play a
key role in the digital transformation of our societies. They translate
and transfer traditional analogue operations into their corresponding
digital counterparts. Despite the importance of this socially creative
process, it often goes unnoticed or remains hidden from the eyes
of the general public. Applying the analysis of lived experiences
method, the study analyses the digital transformation process
through the work experiences of software developers. Their life
stories shed light on key structural aspects of the digital society
and reflect the tensions inherent in this transformative process. At
the same time, they reveal the dual or Janus-faced nature of every
individual’s life experience during a period of profound socio-digital
transformation.

Over one tenth of students in postsecondary education have a documented disability as defined by the Americans with Disability Act. However, faculty and course designers often lack understanding of these students’ experiences, which leads to insufficient accommodations. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the experiences of students with physical disabilities (SWD) in online courses. The research was grounded in self-determination theory, which posits 3 basic needs for selfactualization: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. This theory in combination with universal design for learning provided a lens for exploring these experiences. Data collection included 8 interviews with postsecondary students with a physical disability. Data were coded using a combination of value codes and organized thematically. Major findings showed that SWD experience barriers in self-regulation, minimizing of their disabilities, pressure to overachieve, specific knowledge of available resources, isolation, and miscommunication. However, through proper online learning, SWD experience benefits in self-regulation, self-pacing, an increasing sense of confidence and pride, stamina, connection to peers, positive discussions, and advocacy for themselves and others. This research has implications for social change as an evidentiary tool for advocacy when exploring the benefits of taking online courses for SWD and as an awareness tool for teachers and other stakeholders in online education who wish to adapt to best practices.

This article explores the evolution of the definition and the process of medicalization of sexuality during the second half of the 20th century. After a review and discussion of the notion of medicalization, the application of this notion to a few examples is discussed, including the emergence of sexuality, the demedicalization of homosexuality, the treatment of “sexual disorders”, the prevention of HIV infection, and the gender-affirmation pathways for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people. The analysis of these situations—in the light of the notion of medicalization—allows us to better understand the multiple facets of this notion. In particular, we observe processes of medicalization and demedicalization, depathologization, and pharmacologization. The notion of medicalization of sexuality appears here as a useful concept for understanding the conceptualization and treatment of diversities in the field of sexuality and gender.

Research question: Why do even Africa's most stable democracies intentionally restrict public internet access during election periods? Outcome: The occurrence or non-occurrence of internet shutdowns during election periods. Cases: 33 presidential and parliamentary elections in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries from 2014 to 2016. Conditions: State ownership of the internet service providers (ISP); government is an autocracy (AUTOCRACY); occurrence of electoral violence (VIOLENCE).

This paper explores contemporary understandings and representations of the penis. It presents an overview of recent trends which re-frame long-standing penile anxieties within a new hybrid world of health and aesthetics. It explores these apparent changes through the lens of biomedicalisation. By focusing on constructions of masculinities in crisis, changes in the representability of the penis and the effects of Viagra, it suggests that contemporary penile pathologies and anxieties are being constructed and commodified. In the past medical discourse has focused primarily upon the 'traditional' functionality of the penis, more recently it has focussed upon pharmaceutical innovations such as Viagra. However, we suggest that now there appears to be the emergence of a new penile discourse, a penile aesthetic that focuses upon penile appearance as much as function. This shift has been facilitated by the Internet, the deregulation of pornography and changes in sexual mores.

Although qualitative research becomes more widely accepted, however, its role in management studies is still underrepresented. This is because qualitative research requires an understanding of philosophy, terminology and theories which often presents conflicting perspectives. However, it should be noted that various qualitative research approaches started with generic qualitative research, which was considered easier to implement. Therefore, this article is aimed to provide insight into generic qualitative research and explain how to do it.

Listening, as a general psychological capacity, is a key aspect of perception, communication and experience. However, listening researchers frequently characterize it as a neglected, misunderstood and ill-defined phenomenon. This is a significant problem because questions of listening pervade social inequalities and injustices, as this paper demonstrates in the context of UK child protection practices. Exploring concepts of listening within and beyond psychology, the paper illustrates how a lack of overall theorization can contribute to inequality and injustice within applied listening practices. To address this, the paper theorizes listening in the spirit of Whiteheadian process ontology, drawing on the work of Nancy and Bonnet. Based on this, it develops the concept of 'Cultures of Listening' (CoL), which provides a tool for the critical analysis of troubled listening practices, indicating how they can be challenged and transformed. Within CoL, listening is not a mere aspect of auditory perception or communication, but each instant of listening is considered as shaped by and expressing political, social and experiential circumstances, that is, cultures. The paper demonstrates the theoretical, critical and applied value of CoL by offering a detailed analysis of the role of listening within troubled UK child protection practices.

In-depth interviews were conducted with 44 asymptomatic HIVpositive men infected through homosexual relations or medical treatment for haemophilia. The objective was to better understand interrelations between: the consequences of infection on everyday life; the meanings given to being HIV-pwsitive; and the reconstruction of identities. The consequences for everyday life are examined in relation to: the importance of keeping one's immune status secret; self-imposed restraints and the constraints ensuing from the immune status; and the resources interviewees tapped to cope with their new situation. The meanings given to infection arose as these men reinterpreted their individual and collective pasts. This biographical reconstruction reinforced components of identity that, prior to HIV-infection, had been built around haemophilia or homosexuality. This is what is called biographical reinforcement, a notion developed in relation to biographical disruption.

Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemlerine dayalı çalışmalar gittikçe artmaktadır. Farklı disiplin ve alanlarda yapılan nitel çalışmalarda en sık kullanılan veri toplama araçlardan biri mülakat, özellikle de yarıyapılandırılmış görüşmelerdir. Makalede öncelikle nitel araştırma ve görüşmeye yönelik temel felsefi ve teorik tartışmalara değinilmektedir. Görüşmenin veri toplamaya yönelik bir araç ancak aynı zamanda görüşmeci ve katılımcı arasında sosyal etkileşime dayalı bir anlam inşa etme süreci oluşu ele alınmaktadır. Türkçe görüşme/mülakat, görüşmeci ve katılımcı sözcüklerinin barındırdığı dilsel kısıt ve olanak tartışılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada nitel araştırmaya yönelik önde gelen akademik kaynaklar kapsamında yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşmelerde soruların içerik ve özelliklerine dair bir kılavuz sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırma ve görüşme sorusunun ayrıştırılması, sınırlı sayıda temel soru ardından sonda ve takip soruları yöneltilmesi, tek katmanlı ve odaklı sorular oluşturulması, soruların anlaşılır ve yanıtlanabilir kılınması, önceden belirlenmiş kategoriler içermeyen açık uçlu sorular hazırlanması ve analitik, çıkarımsal veya yargılayıcı sorulardan sakınılması detaylıca açıklanmıştır. Araştırmacıların görüşmede kullanıp uygulayabilecekleri çeşitli soru form ve türleri şemalarla gösterilmiştir. Yarı-yapılandırılmış bir görüşmede soruların sıralanmasına ilişkin mantıksal ve anlatısal bütünlük içeren, kolaydan zora giden ve başlangıç ve geçiş ifadeleriyle anlatıyı kolaylaştıracak bir düzenlemenin önemi vurgulanmıştır. Yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşmelerde "iyi" sorular yöneltebilmeye özgü tek bir altın kural olmamakla beraber makalede değinilen teorik tartışma ve pratiğe yönelik somut öneri ve örneklerin görüşme yapacak araştırmacılara katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of how multi-vocal visual ethnography is applied in the world and to examine its possibilities and problems as a research methodology. Twenty-three academic articles using multi-vocal visual ethnography were collected and analyzed. The analysis results revealed the following: (1) multi-vocal visual ethnography is used as a tool for understanding not only the “visible,” but also the “invisible.” (2) The technique is used not only in comparative cultural research, but also as a tool for capturing different perspectives within a single culture. (3) Photographs and websites are used as cues, in addition to videos. (4) Cues consist of a variety of content. Unlike conventional ethnography, multi-vocal visual ethnography is a research methodology that has the potential to promote dialogues between researchers and people in and outside the field

Listening, as a general psychological capacity, is a key aspect of perception, communication and experience. However, listening researchers frequently characterize it as a neglected, misunderstood and ill-defined phenomenon. This is a significant problem because questions of listening pervade social inequalities and injustices, as this paper demonstrates in the context of UK child protection practices. Exploring concepts of listening within and beyond psychology, the paper illustrates how a lack of overall theorization can contribute to inequality and injustice within applied listening practices. To address this, the paper theorizes listening in the spirit of Whiteheadian process ontology, drawing on the work of Nancy and Bonnet. Based on this, it develops the concept of 'Cultures of Listening' (CoL), which provides a tool for the critical analysis of troubled listening practices, indicating how they can be challenged and transformed. Within CoL, listening is not a mere aspect of auditory perception or communication, but each instant of listening is considered as shaped by and expressing political, social and experiential circumstances, that is, cultures. The paper demonstrates the theoretical, critical and applied value of CoL by offering a detailed analysis of the role of listening within troubled UK child protection practices.

The present study explores the outcomes of teaching empathy and critical thinking to solve environmental problems. This investigation was done throughout the duration of an environmental education course within a primary school located in central Chile. A community-based research methodology was used to understand the formation of empathy and critical thinking. The findings reveal a significant benefit in using empathy strategies to engage students regarding the thinking processes involved with solving environmental problems. Using these elements as teaching techniques for environmental education courses can be very helpful in reaching the aims of creating a sustainable citizenry.

Background and Objectives: Little attention to sustainability in business, particularly in the healthcare sector, together with the absence of a model within acceptable limits for this purpose, were among the main objectives to design a business sustainability model for healthcare facilities (viz., hospitals and medical centers) in the present study.
Material and Methods: The qualitative meta-synthesis approach was implemented in this study, and the most significant factors shaping sustainability in business were identified. The statistical population included the articles, books, and research reports published and retrieved from the reliable journals and databases, between 2002 and 2021. Moreover, the experts, i.e., the university professors and specialists involved in healthcare at Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran, were consulted. At this stage, snowball sampling was done based on the model proposed by Sandelowski and Barroso, until theoretical saturation was reached. In total, 26 articles were selected and finalized for the meta-synthesis. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) was correspondingly utilized to assess the quality of the study samples, and Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) was employed to measure the validity of the extracted codes.
Results: The study findings demonstrated that the business sustainability model for the healthcare sector comprised of 3 categories (viz. environmental, social, and economic), 12 concepts, and 65 codes, with a very goodness of fit.
Conclusion: In sum, business sustainability in healthcare facilities could be achieved if all environmental, social, and economic components developed in the give model as well as the effective indicators within each category were taken into account.

Ethical entrepreneurship has become a global concern. Its promotion presents meaningful implications for entrepreneurs in both developed and underdeveloped countries. This article explores the supportive approach to ethical entrepreneurship in the Third World with a case study of one of the older NGOs in Zimbabwe that implements support programs for enhancing ethics-driven entrepreneurship. We give attention to the influence of context in the understanding of ethical entrepreneurship and provide guidance in its interpretation via the notion of embeddedness, which helps to clarify how the meaning and the measures to promote ethical entrepreneurship are shaped by the culture and values people share in contexts characterized by extreme poverty. Based on narrative interviews, informal conversations, direct observation, and secondary sources, findings show that the general success of support programs depends on the integration of the measures into local people's expectations of what ethical means in the context of entrepreneurship.

Qualitative research methods have traditionally been criticised for lacking rigor, and impressionistic and biased results. Subsequently, as qualitative methods have been increasingly used in social work inquiry, efforts to address these criticisms have also increased. Applied thematic analysis provides structure and integrates reflexivity in qualitative research using textual data. In this article, we describe how applied thematic analysis was operationalised in a document analysis of the official records of parliamentary debates in the Australian State of Victoria relating to the introduction of Permanent Care Orders, an alternative to adoption for children residing out-of-home and unable to be safely reunified with their parents. We present this example to extend the knowledge

Insgesamt 20 Jahre gab es das Erganzungsstudium Psychotherapie Wissenschaft, die letzten 10 Jahre hiess es Universitatslehrgang Psychotherapeutische Psychologie UPP. Der 4. Durchgang des UPP fand Ende 2014 seinen Abschluss. Er wird nicht mehr weiter angeboten. Er war konzipiert worden, um jenen Personen, welche von anderen sozialwissenschaftlichen Grundberufen als der Psychologie her in eine psychotherapeutische Weiterbildung eintreten wollten, die Moglichkeit zu geben, das dafur notwendige psychotherapierelevante Grundlagenwissen zu erwerben. An Schweizer Hochschulen war das so nicht moglich, weswegen eine Kooperation mit einer auslandischen Universitat gesucht und gefunden wurde. Viele Kantone mit einer Aquivalenzregelung zum Psychologiestudium in ihren kantonalen Gesetzen anerkannten diesen Werdegang. Seit Inkraftsetzung des PsyG konnen aber nur noch Hauptfach-PsychologInnen in eine Weiterbildung in Psychotherapie einsteigen, so dass es den Quereinstieg aus anderen sozialwissensc...

Reflexion und Haltung in der professionellen Entwicklung Wie können Therapeuten ihre reflexive Kompetenz fördern und eine professionelle Haltung entwickeln? Methoden zur Förderung der reflexiven Kompetenz Entwicklung von reflexiver Kompetenz: Forschungsstand.... Wie können Therapeuten die Entwicklung von Haltung und ethischer Entscheidungsfindung fördern? 2.6 Förderung der Kompetenz zur Emotionsregulation Winfried Rief 2.6.1 Ziel der Psychotherapieaus-und Weiterbildung im Bereich Emotionsregulation. 2.6.2 Übliche Wege zur Vermittlung von Emotionsregulationskompetenz für Psychotherapeuten 2.6.3 Wie sollte die Kompetenz zur Emotionsregulation von Psychotherapeuten gefördertwerden?. .. ., 2.6.4 Einbringen der eigenen Emotion in den psychotherapeutischen Prozess 2.6.5 Längerfristige Aspekte der Emotionsregulation. .

Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse der Arbeitsgruppe "Zukünftige Zusammenarbeit von Universitäten und Weiterbildungseinrichtungen" des Symposiums "Strukturen und Methoden einer zeitgemäßen psychodynamischen Ausbildung und Forschung" der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Psychodynamischer Professorinnen und Professoren (AGPPP) im Oktober 2019 in Berlin zusammengefasst. Durch die Rahmenbedingungen des neuen Psychotherapeutengesetzes (PsychThG) sowie der Approbations-und Weiterbildungsordnungen kommen große Veränderungen auf die Ausbildungsinstitute zu. Diese Veränderungen bergen Risiken und Herausforderungen, aber auch Chancen und Potenziale. Nach einer knappen Skizzierung der zu erwartenden Veränderungen werden verschiedene "Aufgaben" beschrieben, die zukünftige psychodynamische Weiterbildungsinstitute (WI) unseres Erachtens zu bewältigen haben, damit eine fruchtbare Zusammenarbeit mit Universitäten gedeihen kann.

Technology Education at both elementary and secondary schools levels has become an important means to develop technological literacy for all. In Taiwan, Living Technology (LT) is offered at both elementary and secondary school levels in order to improve technological literacy of ...

This review aimed to answer the question of how many interviews are enough for one qualitative research? The question ‘how many interviews are enough for one qualitative research is persistently controversial among qualitative researchers in social science. For this frequently occurring question especially among novice practitioners, the majority of scholars are opted to say no universally guiding rule to decide on a required number of sample for qualitative research rather ‘it depends’. But, this also raises another insight among researchers urging them to look for different things, i.e., on what circumstance would be making a decision about the required number of respondents depend? Though we lack one guideline dictating researchers how to decide on the number of sample size, the majority of researchers agree on one reasonable answer this is ‘it depends’. Indeed, in our work, we endeavor to identify, on what it depends? We also attempted to figure out or indicate the commonly refe...

Qualitative research is crucial in exploring the complexities of human experiences, behaviors, perceptions, and social phenomena. It is particularly effective in generating hypotheses, exploring new research topics, and capturing the subjective aspects of human interaction and experience. It emphasizes social, economic, and political context, cultural nuances, and participants' voices for comprehensive and holistic understanding. Determining an appropriate sampling method and adequacy of sample size remains a challenging aspect of qualitative research methodology. This paper highlights the key issues related to sampling approaches, sample size, and trustworthiness in qualitative research.

Childrens Workforce Development Council (CWDC)'s Practitioner-Led Research projects are small scale research projects carried out by practitioners who deliver and receive services in the children's workforce. These reports are based in a range of settings across the workforce and can be used to support local workforce development. The reports were completed between September 2009 and February 2010 and apply a wide range of research methodologies. They are not intended to be longitudinal research reports but they provide a snapshot of the views and opinions of the groups consulted as part of the studies. As these projects were time limited, the evidence base can be used to inform planning but should not be generalised across the wider population. These reports reflect the views of the practitioners that undertook the research. The views and opinions of the authors should not be taken as representative of CWDC.

Childrens Workforce Development Council (CWDC)'s Practitioner-Led Research projects are small scale research projects carried out by practitioners who deliver and receive services in the children's workforce. These reports are based in a range of settings across the workforce and can be used to support local workforce development. The reports were completed between September 2009 and February 2010 and apply a wide range of research methodologies. They are not intended to be longitudinal research reports but they provide a snapshot of the views and opinions of the groups consulted as part of the studies. As these projects were time limited, the evidence base can be used to inform planning but should not be generalised across the wider population. These reports reflect the views of the practitioners that undertook the research. The views and opinions of the authors should not be taken as representative of CWDC.

The use of Information and Communication Technology-ICT in primary education can be beneficial not only for students but also for educational system as a whole. The purpose of this research study is to explore the particular areas where digital divide exists and to specify potential inequalities when primary school students use ICT, in the island of Lesvos. The qualitative research applied uses two methodological techniques; namely, participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Seventeen semi-structured interviews were conducted with primary school teachers and participant observation method was carried out in thirteen primary schools, all taken place in Lesvos. The aim was to examine the acceptance of ICT by the school environment as well as the digital divide between pupils.

Qualitative research is a process of storytelling, but whose story are we telling and from what perspective? We examine Kenneth Pike’s work on emic and etic approaches to qualitative inquiry and explore how, over time, etic has come to refer to settler-colonial research while emic is seen as relating to Othered life-worlds outside academia. Researchers from marginalized communities often struggle to occupy the etic space of the academy and the emic space of their research. Using concepts of edgewalking and edgework, we argue that another space is available at the edge between emic and etic where transformative research can occur.

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF QuALITATIVE METHODS Qualitative methods arise from and are utilized by multiple theoretical, philosophical, and disciplinary foundations and comprise many typologies, methods, and aims. Nonetheless, at their core they share a commitment to nonnumerical data and focus on such elements as experience, language, memory, meaning, and purpose. They are also uniquely suited to explore iterative processes. Although quantitative methods excel at testing a priori hypotheses,

The difficulties in the effective integration of ICT in the classroom make the subject a constant challenge for modern educational systems. The "New School", an innovative new curriculum applied experimentally in Greek schools, introduces the full and effective use of ICT in all aspects of school reality. Prominent in this effort is the role of ICT teachers. Given the vague framework which describes the integration of ICT in primary schools with reformed curriculum, it is important to investigate the views of ICT teachers in relation to the aims of the Ministry of Education and the obstacles they encounter in their teaching process. The research results reveal that on one hand, there is a considerable confusion among teachers with regard to their role and on the other hand, there are several external and internal barriers to effective teaching.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the multi-faceted contexts, which influence the motives, decisions and actions that underpin the mundane and lively entrepreneurial practice of migrant youth entrepreneurs (MYEs) within a developing economy context. Moreover, the paper explores the under-researched linkages between migration and informal entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachInductive, qualitative field data from a migrant destination, the Ashanti Region in Ghana are analysed, comprising 15 interviews with MYEs who hail from 12 communities in the three Northern Regions of Ghana. The authors introduce a narrative-based approach, which has previously been under-employed within empirical studies of informal entrepreneurship.FindingsThe findings showcase the complex array of opportunities and challenges, which influence individual decisions to engage in informal entrepreneurship. The findings highlight the importance of not only economic rationales but also non-econom...

This study is an attempt to describe the teaching of IT in Greek primary education. The detailed training programs for kindergarten and elementary school as they have been designed by the Ministry of Education of Greece was analyzed. The objectives, axes content, analysis axes and interdisciplinary approaches to the kindergarten and the knowledge content axes and general objectives (knowledge, skills, attitudes and values) for primary school per class were presented. Finally, the current situation and proposed improvements for better operation was assessed.

The point of departure was the interest in partnering with students inviting them to be actively part of health promotion efforts in school to examine what possible benefits partnerships with students can offer and ways of implementation. The aim was to examine how students in the arctic region of the world experienced creating, leading and participating in student-driven health promoting activities in cooperation with their teacher. Inspired by the PAAR method (participatory appreciative action research) 19 Swedish students, ages 10-11 participated in health promotion work in school. The questions posed to the students were-What makes you feel good in school?-If you got to decide what health promoting activities to do what would be your choice? Then they participated through creating, leading, participating in and evaluating their own and their peers' health promoting activities. The student's health promoting activities included tools such as music, massage, physical activity and the outdoors. The comprehensive understanding of how students in the arctic region of the world experienced creating, leading and participating in student-driven health promoting activities in cooperation with their teacher, revealed three key points; i) When students were asked to choose health promoting activities, they were not only in line with existing research but were able to reflect on how to develop praxis, ii) Students are competent to lead health promoting activities with the support of their teacher and participating in health promoting activities lead by their peers, iii) The group assignment in this study offer one example of implementing health promoting activities in school to increase health literacy. This study can serve as an example of viewing students as partners and giving them voice and space in health promotion and the concept of the "Arctic gate" for health promotion is suggested.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe and gain more knowledge about the phenomenon of the inner child in relation to health and well-being reflected in events during childhood experienced by adults. Method: In this hermeneutical phenomenological study, 20 adults, 10 men and 10 women aged 22-68, were interviewed. Results: The analysis of the data illuminated the phenomenon of the inner child in one theme: Gaining useful life lessons through childhood experiences, made up by four sub-themes: Sharing relationships, playing to heal, being strong or frail and supporting the next generation. Conclusion: The participants' experiences of events during childhood were illuminating the phenomenon of the inner child as promoting or hindering health and well-being and impact human adaptation throughout life. Our findings indicate that the participants learned useful life lessons suggesting that experiences during childhood can help us to adapt across the life span and over generations, and this is the essence of the inner child. Our findings also contribute to the health literacy discussion and detail how knowledge and action competency is developed in mental, social and existential dimensions of health and well-being.

When researchers are interested in the experiences of couples, the mode of interview is typically considered a binary choice between separate individual interviews with each partner, or a joint interview with both partners together. That is, if interview mode is explicitly considered at all. In this article, we illustrate a reflective process undertaken to explore the role of interview mode in the production of knowledge. Our focus is the adoption of multi-level semi-structured interviews wherein couples were interviewed both jointly and individually in one visit. The paper is set out in two parts. In part one, the study context and how the mode of interview was conceptualized is considered, before describing the chosen multi-level interview design. In part two, how the mode of interview worked in practice is discussed. The triangulation of individual and dyadic level perspectives collected rich data. Despite the novelty of mode, the challenges encountered reflected familiar concern...