Programming Languages

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Programming languages are formal systems of communication that consist of a set of instructions and rules used to create software programs. They enable humans to write code that can be executed by computers, facilitating the development of applications, algorithms, and data processing.

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Key research themes

1. How do machine learning and programming techniques enhance environmental and remote sensing data analysis for sustainable land and forest management?

This research theme examines the integration of programming languages and machine learning (ML) algorithms within remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze environmental and land cover changes. It focuses on how advanced computational methods enable accurate mapping, classification, and temporal analysis of ecological phenomena—such as forest water balance, desertification, and salt pan dynamics—particularly in challenging environments like alpine and arid regions. The studies demonstrate the importance of programming tools, like Python and GRASS GIS, combined with ML classifiers (e.g., Random Forest, Support Vector Machines, Gradient Boosting), for automating image analysis and improving predictive modeling in environmental monitoring. Understanding this integration is critical for ecologists and geoinformaticians aiming to develop sustainable land management and conservation strategies under climate change pressures.

Python for environmental modelling of mixed coniferous forests dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.)

by Polina Lemenkova

2025, Poplar

Key finding: Using Python-based statistical modeling and data processing libraries (Matplotlib, Pandas, NumPy), this study experimentally demonstrated that forest age, canopy height, meteorological factors (fog, humidity), and epiphytic... Read more

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Reclassification Scheme for Image Analysis in GRASS GIS Using Gradient Boosting Algorithm: A Case of Djibouti, East Africa

by Polina Lemenkova

2025, Journal of Imaging

Key finding: The paper developed and validated a machine learning-based reclassification methodology using GRASS GIS integrated with gradient boosting ML classifiers applied to Landsat 8–9 multispectral time series. The method effectively... Read more

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LOVE LANGUAGE IN DIFFERENT TONGUES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROMANTIC EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN SONG LYRICS

by Rahma Aulia

2025, RAHMA AULIA

Key finding: Employing ML classifiers embedded in GRASS GIS—such as Support Vector Machines, Random Forest, and Gradient Boosting—the study achieved classification accuracies up to 76% in identifying land cover changes in West African... Read more

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Machine learning algorithms of remote sensing data processing for mapping changes in land cover types over Central Apennines, Italy

by Polina Lemenkova

2025, Presentation

Key finding: This research applied advanced ML algorithms, including Support Vector Machines and Multi-Layer Perceptron Classifiers, integrated within the open-source GRASS GIS framework to analyze decade-spanning Landsat satellite... Read more

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2. What roles do programming languages and formal methods play in compiler construction, language processing, and software system evaluation?

This theme encompasses the foundational and applied aspects of programming languages, focusing on compiler development, language processor evaluation, and the use of formal methods to ensure software quality. It addresses the teaching and methodology behind compiling programming languages, the design and assessment of native-language-based programming systems, and the application of software metrics and complexity measures to software products. Understanding these components is vital for computer scientists and software engineers working on language design, compiler construction, and software reliability.

Languages and Compilers

by Johan Jeuring

2016

Key finding: The text highlights that compiler construction courses uniquely integrate formal methods with practical program construction, leveraging grammars and parsing techniques as foundational to programming language education. It... Read more

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An Evaluation of a Language Processor for an African Native Language-based Programming Language

by Stephen Olabiyisi

2024, Annals of Science and Technology

Key finding: This study developed and evaluated a Yoruba-based programming language processor using software quality metrics prescribed by ISO standards. The evaluation measured cyclomatic complexity (14), asymptotic time complexity... Read more

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Fuzzy Distance-Based Approach for the Assessment and Selection of Programming Languages

by Supriya Raheja

2023, International Journal of Decision Support System Technology

Key finding: Introducing a novel multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework combining fuzzy set theory with distance-based approaches, this research methodologically tackles object-oriented programming language selection.... Read more

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3. How is DevOps reshaping programming practices and software development through orchestration of tools, automation, and cultural shifts?

This research theme investigates DevOps as a pivotal methodology integrating development and operations to deliver software faster, with higher quality, and greater reliability. It details the programming-centric toolchains encompassing version control, CI/CD pipelines, containerization, infrastructure-as-code, and monitoring systems, emphasizing how these coalesce within modern programming languages environments (notably Java). Understanding DevOps is critical for programmers, system engineers, and software teams to effectively orchestrate development workflows under rapid and scalable delivery demands in 2025 and beyond.

DevOps: The Backbone of Modern Software Development in 2025

by Amypo Technologies

2025, Devops

Key finding: This paper articulates DevOps as a synergistic framework intertwining development and operations via automation and continuous feedback. Emphasizing key programming tools like Jenkins, Docker, Kubernetes, and Terraform, it... Read more

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All papers in Programming Languages

RELACIÓN HOMBRE-CONOCIMIENTO-REALIDAD

by Mario Garcia

Teorías básicas de conocimiento 1.2 CIENCIA Definición y elementos del concepto ciencia Características de la ciencia ¿Cómo se construye la ciencia? Clasificación de las ciencias Distinción entre teoría, ley y modelo 1.3 MÉTODO CIENTÍFICO... more

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PENGARUH INTENSITAS CAHAYA MATAHARI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN KEDELAI (GLYCINE MAX

by papindra zakariah

Cahaya matahari mempunyai peranan besar dalam proses fisiologi tanaman seperti fotosintesis, respirasi, pertumbuhan dan menutup membukanya stomata, perkecambahan tanaman, sehingga ketersediaan cahaya matahari menentukan tingkat produksi... more

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PENGARUH KOMPOSISI MEDIA TANAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata, Nees

by sri rahmawati isnaini

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of media composition on the growth and yield of Andrographis paniculata, Nees. The research was arranged in a complete random design with 3 treatments; P0 (soil withouth compost), P1... more

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Python: a programming language for software integration and development

by Diego de Sousa Miranda

1999, J Mol Graph Model

Over the last decade we have witnessed the emergence of technologies such as libraries, Object Orientation, software architecture and visual programming. The common goal of these technologies is to achieve software reuse. Even though,... more

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Jurnal Pendidikan Dompet Dhuafa edisi I/ 2011 PENINGKATAN MOTIVASI DAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA KOMPETENSI SISTEM KOORDINASI MELALUI METODE PEMBELAJARAN TEACHING GAME TEAM TERHADAP SISWA KELAS XI IPA SMA SMART EKSELENSIA INDONESIA TAHUN AJARAN 2010-2011

by nurlia widya

ABSTRAK Pemilihan strategi atau model pembelajaran yang tepat akan meningkatkan kemampuan siswa dalam memahami pelajaran. Metode pembelajaran Teaching Game Team merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk meningkatkan proses pembelajaran siswa.... more

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ONLINE TAILORING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

by David Mutembei

ABSTRACT The project is aimed to automate the tailoring sector which is manually maintained. After the automation this will mean better services and good keeping of records, data integrity, data security, quick search and also... more

Figure 3.4: Diagram of a conceptual design of the system like, that will be understandable by the users in the manner intended.

Figure 4.0: Shows the home user interface.

Ordering User Interface T esting Shows the bottom dress ordering user interface.

Admin update interface testing Shows the admin update interface. user from database.

Interface to view finished dress Figure 4.4: Shows interface for customer to view his/her dress.

topdress Table 3.3: Description of top dresses measurements Table 3.2: Description of customers’ information

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Design and implementation of a web based human resource management system

by Nafisat Sanni

2018, Design and implementation of a web based human resouce management system

Human resource management system was developed to automate the management of employees. Development work included construction of the core system framework, creation and management of employee accounts, design of employee profiles and an... more

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Coping Strategy pada Mahasiswa Salah Jurusan

by Putri Anggraini

Due to conflict variations that occur to misplaced college students, this study was keen to disseminate conflict variations that occur to misplaced college students and their coping strategies to handle it. The misplaced college student... more

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Engineering problem solving with matlab

by francisco revuelta

Figure 6.6: Scotch yoke mechanism Figure 6.5: The signals e/#*, Re [e/#¢], and Im [e/#*]

Figure 1.1: Initial velocity (v) divided into horizonal (vy) and vertical (v,) components. The key step in developing a mathematical model is to divide the trajectory into its horizontal and vertical components. The initial velocity can be divided in this way, as shown in Figure 1.1. From basic trigonometry, we know that

Figure 1.2: MATLAB generated plot of flight trajectory

Figure 1.3: High-level language program development

Figure 4.1: Estimating Building Height Problem: Consider the problem of estimating the height of a building, as illustrated in Fig. 4.1 If the observer is a distance D from the building, the angle from the observer to the top of the building is 6, and the height of the observer is h, what is the building height? Solution: Draw a simple diagram as shown in Fig. 4.1. The building height B is

Figure 4.2: Distance and angle measurements near a lake In Figure 4.2, measurements of distances and angles around a lake have been indicated. The problem is to use these measurements to calculate the distance DE across the lake.

Included angles: a + 6+ = 7 radians = 180°

Figure 4.3: The complex number z in the complex plane This form of representation for complex numbers is called the rectangular or cartesian form since z can be represented in rectangular coordinates by the point (x,y) in a plane having a horizontal axis being the “real axis” and the vertical axis being the “imaginary axis,” as shown in Figure 4.3. This plane is called the “complex plane.” In MATLAB, i and j are variable names that default to the imaginary number. You have to be careful with their use, however, as they can be overridden and used as general variables. You can insure that j is the imaginary number by explicitly computing it as the square root of —1:

Figure 4.4: Complex number z = e/° in the complex plane For this case, z lies on on a circle of radius 1 centered on the origin of the complex plane, at angle 9, as shown in Figure 4.4.

Figure 4.5: Addition and subtraction of complex numbers As shown in Figure 4.5, the geometric interpretation of complex addition is the “parallelogram rule,” where z; + zg lies on the node of a parallelogram formed from z, and z2. For complex subtraction, —z2 is represented in the complex plane by reversing its direction and then adding to z, using the parallelogram rule, as shown in Figure 4.5. If z is given in polar or complex exponential form, it must be converted to rectangular form to perform the addition. In MATLAB, complex addition is performed in the same way as it is performed for real numbers:

Figure 4.6: Rotation of complex numbers As shown in Figure 4.6, 2122 is just a rotation of z, through the angle 62 . A particular case o rotation results from the multiplication by 7. Recalling that e’"/2 = 7, the product jz, become

Figure 4.7: Complex conjugate Plotting z* in the complex plane, by replacing y with —y , as shown in Figure 4.7, we see that the angle or phase of z* is —0. Thus,

Figure 4.8: Simple plot of a complex number

Figure 4.9: Complex number plot The plot that results is shown in Figure 4.9.

Figure 4.10: Compass plot of complex number addition

Figure 5.1: Height-time graph of vertical motion under gravity Another way to generate multiple curves on one plot is to use a single matrix with multiple columns as the second argument of the plot command. Thus, the command plot (x,F), where x is a vector and F is a matrix, will produce a graph in which each column of F is a curve plotted against x.

Figure 5.2: Plot with two polynomial curves

Figure 5.3: Plot with two polynomial curves, separate y axes

Figure 5.4: Plot with four polynomial subplots The resulting plot is shown in Figure 5.4.

Figure 6.1: Sinusoidal signal A cos(wt + 8) with —7/2<6< 0. When 7 is positive, it is a “time delay,” that describes the time (greater than zero) when the first peak is reached. When 7 is negative, it is a “time advance” that describes the time (less than zero) when the last peak was achieved. This sinusoidal signal is shown in Figure 6.1. Consider computing and plotting the following cosine signal

The phasor representation of the sinusoid x(t) = A cos(wt+¢) is shown in the complex plane in Fig- ure 6.3. At t = 0, the complex representation produces the phasor Ae/?, where ¢ is approximately —/10. If time t increases to time t,, then the complex representation produces meaning that the signal «(t) may be reconstructed from Ae’? by multiplying by e/”¢ and taking the real part.

Figure 6.4: Reading a real signal from a complex, rotating phasor

Figure 6.7: Adding phasors Beating Between Tones If you have heard two slightly mistuned musical instruments playing pure tones whose frequencies were close but not equal, you have sensed a beating phenomenon in which you perceive a single pure tone whose amplitude slowly varies periodically. The single perceived tone can be shown to have a frequency that is the average of the two mismatched frequencies, amplitude modulated by a tone whose “beat” frequency is half the difference between the two mismatched frequencies. This effect is shown in Figure 6.8.

The following is the script to simulate beating tones in which wo = 27 x 1400 rad/s and w, = 27 x 100 rad/s, resulting in the plot shown in Figure 6.8.

Polynomial Operations By characterizing polynomial A(s) by coefficients a, stored in vector a and polynomial B(s) by coefficients by, stored in vector b, algebraic operations can be performed on the two polynomials.

Figure 6.10: Function of two variables plotted in three dimensions grid of xy values. To evaluate a function of two variables f(x,y), first define a two-dimensional grid in the ry plane, then evaluate the function at the grid points to determine points on the three-dimensional surface. This is shown in Figure 6.10, where the surface values z = f(x,y) are plotted above the ornid of 77) values. \ two-dimensional grid in the ry plane is defined in MATLAB by two vectors, one containing the r-coordinates at all the points in the grid, and the other containing the y-coordinates. For example, o define a grid in x varying from —2 to 2 in increments of 1 and a grid in y varying from —1 to 2 n increments of 1, using colon notation:

After the underlying grid matrices have been defined, the corresponding function values can be computed. For example, for the following function the function values would be computed as

Figure 6.11: Mesh and surface plots of a function of two variables Note that the xy grid has been made finer by incrementing both x and y by 0.1. Also note that the arguments X and Y could have been replaced by x and y in both the mesh and surf commands. The resulting plots are shown in Figure 6.11. Note that you need to know something about the

Figure 6.12: Contour plot of a function of two variables The commands to produce the mesh/contour plot shown in Figure 6.13 from the function f (2,1 considered in the examples above:

Figure 6.13: Mesh/contour plot of a function of two variables

Figure 6.14: Plot of the function y = 0.025a2° — 0.062524 — 0.33323 4+ x The result. corresponds to the “valley” shown in the plot, but which is not the minimum point on this interval, which is at the boundary « = 1. The fminbnd function first looks for a minimum point corresponding to a zero slope; if it finds one, it stops. If it does not find one, it looks at the function values at the boundaries of the specified interval for x. In this example, a zero-slope minimum was found, so the true minimum at the boundary was missed.

cost if the cylindrical portion costs $300/m? of surface area and the hemispherical portion costs $400/m?. Figure 7.2: Tank configuration

Figure 7.3: Tank design problem: cost versus radius Note that the radius corresponding to minimum cost (Rmin = 4.9240 is close to the approximate value, Rest = 4.5708 that we computed to assist in the selection of a range of R to investigate. The plot of cost C' versus radius R is shown in Figure 7.3.

Figure 7.4: Absolute frequency histograms

Figure 7.5: Relative frequency histograms Measures of central tendency

Figure 7.6: Histogram of 50 Coin Flips Gaussian Random Numbers

Figure 7.7: Normalized Gaussian distribution

Figure 8.1: Plot of a discontinuous signal The plot that is generated is shown in Figure 8.1. Relational and Logical Functions MATLAB provides several useful relational and local functions that operate on scalars, vectors, and matrices. The following is a partial list of these functions.

The resulting graph is shown in Figure 8.2. Note that the initial slope of the temperature is steer and that temperature of the soda changes rapidly. As the difference between the soda temperature and the refrigerator temperature becomes smaller, that change in soda temperature slows. Exact Solution This cooling problem has an exact mathematical solution, which is determined by expressing the update relationship as a differential equation and then solving the resulting differential equation. The result is

Figure 8.3: 3-point moving average signal filtering If more input signal samples were averaged, the noise would be further reduced. However, this would also lead to distortion of the original signal. Thus, filtering functions must be designed tc compromise between noise reduction and signal distortion.

The number of zero crossings is the number of times that x(k) and x(k + 1) differ in sign, or tl number of times that x(k) -2(k+1) <0. The statistical measurements should include the mean, variance, average magnitude, average power and number of zero crossings. If the data sequence is z(n), n = 1,...,.N, these measurements are defined as follows:

The resulting plots are shown in Figure 8.4. Figure 8.4: Data sequence and histogram for the spoken word ‘zero’

Vectors with the same number of elements can be added and subtracted in a very natural way Vector Addition

Figure 9.1: A vector in R® Geometrically, R” is n-dimensional space, and the notation x € R” means that x is a point in that space, specified by the n coordinates 71, 22,...%n. Figure 9.1 shows a vector in R°, drawn as an arrow from the origin to the point x.

Scalar element a;; is located in row 2 and column 7. A square matrix has the same number of row and columns (m = n). The main diagonal of a matrix consists of the elements aj; (the two subscripts are equal). The main diagonal runs diagonally down and away from the top left corner of the matrix, but it does not end in the lower right corner unless the matrix is square. A matrix is denoted by a boldfaced capital letter having elements in the corresponding lower-case letter having double subscripts for the row and column. An m x n (read m by n) matrix, having m rows and n columns

To generate an identity matrix in MATLAB: An identity matrix is a matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. The following is an identity matrix with four rows and four columns

To better understand this operation, represent a matrix as a collection of vectors. For example, each row of A can be represented as being a vector Alternatively, each column of B can be represented as a vector

Matrix-matrix multiplication can now be defined in terms of inner products of these vectors. An n-element column vector x is an n x 1 matrix, whose transpose x isalxn matrix, or n-element row vector

For example, consider the following matrices Applying this result to equation (9.1) and using representation of matrices A and B as the collec- tions of vectors defined in equations (9.3) and (9.4) Observe that this is the inner product of x and y where m Xn =2 xX 3 and nx p=3 x 3. Computing elements of C:

In MATLAB matrix multiplication is denoted by an asterisk. The two inner numbers are not the same, so BA does not exist. Note that this implies that matrix multiplication does not commute

In the outer product, the inner products that define its elements are between the one-dimensional row vectors of x and the one-dimensional column vectors of y”. Another matrix multiplication involving two vectors is the outer product, which is the produc of a row vector and a column vector. If x and y are n-element column vectors, then the produc xy! isan x 1 matrix multiplying an 1 x n matrix, yielding an n x n result If Lis an n x n identity matrix and A is an n x n matrix, then

The system of equations can also be expressed using row vectors for B and x. For example, the set of equations above can be written as This system of equations can be rewritten in matrix form as

Figure 9.4: The graphs of two equations intersect at the solution For example the two equations

Figure 9.5: Parallel graphs indicate that no solution exists Note that slopes of the two lines are both equal to 3/4, so the lines are parallel, as shown in Figure 9.5. Since they do not intersect, no solution exists. The matrix A is the same as that in the one-line singular case above, where this matrix was found to be singular. An ill-conditioned set of equations is a set that is close to being singular (for example, two equa- tions whose graphs are close to being parallel). The solution to an ill-conditioned set of equations depends on the accuracy with which the calculations are made. No computer can represent a number with infinitely many significant figures, and so a given set of equations can appear to be singular if the accuracy required to solve them is greater than the number of significant figures used by the software. An ill-conditioned set of equations is a set that is close to being singular (for example, two equa-

Illustrated in Figure 9.6 is a robot arm having two “links” connected by two “joints”: a shoulder, or base, joint, and an elbow joint. There is a motor at each joint and the joint angles are 6, and 62. The (#1, #2) coordinates of the hand at the end of the arm are given by The problem is to determine how to control the joint angles by the motors to move the hand from one position to another. The arm is to start from rest at a known position and move to a desired position. It must start and stop with zero velocity and acceleration. The following polynomial expressions are to be used for controlling the motion by generating commands to be sent to the

Figure 9.7: Calculated path of robot hand

A measure of the quality of the fit of the linear estimate to the data is the mean squared error (MSE) or the root mean squared error (RMSE) Observing the plot of these data points shown in Figure 10.1, it can be seen that a good estimate of a line passing through the points is 7 = 20x. The script used to generate this plot: where N is the number of measured data values (xz, y,), with estimated values %, = 20x;,. Note that the units of MSE are the square of the units of the measured quantity y,. The units of RMSE are the same as those of the measured quantity.

Ignoring the constant factors 2/N and writing the two equations above in matrix form with the The MSE is minimum when its partial derivatives with respect to each of the coefficients are zero.

This is a pair of linear equations in two unknowns that can be solved using the methods discussed in the previous section of these notes. The values of a; and ag determined in this way represent the straight line with the minimum mean squared error. terms in the unknown coefficients a, and a2 on the left hand side The MATLAB command to compute the best linear fit to a set of data is polyfit(x,y,1), which returns a coefficient vector of the straight line fitting the data. For the data above:

Figure 10.2: Linear regression curve fit

Figure 10.3: Polynomial Curve Fitting coefficients and the alternating signs on the coefficients. This example clearly demonstrates th: difficulties with higher-degree polynomials.

Figure 10.4: Flow rate and volume for a coffee pot In linear interpolation, the estimate is based on a straight line connecting neighboring pairs of data points. In cubic-spline interpolation, the estimate is based on joining neighboring data points with a cubic (third-degree) polynomial.

Figure 10.6: Comparison of linear and cubic spline interpolation

Figure 10.7: Plot of Threshold of Human Hearing

Figure 10.8: Plot of threshold of human hearing near minimum

Figure 11.1: Integral of f(z) from a to b integral, and the method is known as the trapezoidal rule. If the function is estimated with piecewise quadratic functions, the technique is called Simpson’s rule. Trapezoidal Rule

Figure 11.3: Trapezoidal integration of humps(x) To illustrate integration, consider the function humps(x), a demonstration function provided by MATLAB that has strong peaks near « = 0.3 and x = 0.9, shown in Figure 11.3. Using computed samples of the humps function, the function trapz approximates the area using the trapezoidal approximation. For n = 18 subintervals, the integral approximation is given by:

Figure 11.2: Approximation of f(x) from x; to x41

The integral of this function over limits 0 < « <a, -—7 <y <7 is given by

Figure 11.6: Derivative of f(a) at x =a. The derivative f’(x) can be interpreted geometrically as the slope of the function at (x, f(x)), where the slope of f(x) is the slope of the tangent line to the function at x, as shown in Figure 11.6. Formally, the derivative of f at x is

Figure 11.7: Techniques for approximating f/(;). Note that the forward difference at xz is the same as the backward difference at r,41. The quality of both of these derivative approximations depends heavily on two factors: the spacing of the samples and the scatter in the data due to measurement error. The greater the spacing, the more difficult it is to estimate the derivative. The approximation improves as the spacing between the two points decreases.

Figure 11.8: Measurements of a sine signal containing Gaussian distributed random errors

Figure 11.9: Comparison of backward difference and central difference methods Determine the linear acceleration of an object whose speed is defined by s(t) = t? — 2t? + 2 m/s where ¢ is in seconds, over the interval 0 to 5. Determine the specific acceleration at t = 2.5s.

Figure 11.10: Curve fitting and derivative approximation dashed lines in the bottom subplot, it is overwhelmingly apparent that approximating the derivative by finite differences can lead to poor results. Note that the derivative of the second order curve fit shown in the solid curve in the bottom subplot does not show the large fluctuations of the approximation.

Grand total is 20 elements using 650 bytes Symbolic variables and constants are represented by the data type symbolic object. For example, as displayed by the function whos for the symbolic variables and constants declared in the commands above:

The resulting plot is shown in Figure 13.3. Note that the expression plotted is automatically placed at the top of the plot and that the axis label for the independent variable is automatically placed. A ylabel command was used to label the dependent variable. Figure 13.1: Plot of a polynomial function using ezplot 4 Solving Algebraic and Transcendental Equations

Systems of linear equations can also be solved symbolically. Consider the following example that was previously solved numerically: The results are the same as those obtained numerically. For this problem, there is little advantage to finding the result symbolically. However, solving a system of equations with respect to a parameter, the symbolic approach provides an advantage. Consider the following set of equations

The axis command provides control over the scaling and appearance of both the horizontal and vertical axes of a plot. This command has many features, so only the most useful will be discussed here. For more complete information, refer to on-line help. The primary features are given in the following table

There are several commands to control the appearance of the plot. These include: Printing Figures and Saving Figure Files

In this case, the next value to be generated would be 10, but this is not included in the output since it would be greater than 9, the value of end.

When two arrays have the same dimensions, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division ap- ply on an element-by-element basis. The notation for some operations is somewhat unconventional. Element-by-Element Array-Array Mathematics

Suppose that root r; of A(s) is repeated p times and the other n—p roots (denoted rp41, %p42,---3Tn are distinct. Then H(s) has the partial fraction expansion Again consider the rational function

The rand function in MATLAB generates uniform random numbers distributed over the interval [0,1]. A state vector is used to generate a random sequence of values. A given state vector always generates the same random sequence. Thus, the sequences are known more formally as pseudorandom sequences. This generator can generate all the floating point numbers in the closed interval [2~—°%, 1 — 2-53]. Theoretically, it can generate over 2!49? values before repeating itself. The following commands generate and display two sets of ten random numbers uniformly distributed between 0 and 1; the difference between the two sets is caused by the different states.

The histogram plot is shown in Figure 7.6. Note that in this trial, there were 26 tails and 24 heads, close to the expected result. Since this is a random process, repeated trials will give different results. The output displayed by the script:

To generate a row vector x of 500 Gaussian random variables with mean m and standard deviation 8:

Relational operators can be used to compare two arrays of the same size or to compare an array to a scalar. In the second case, the scalar is compared with all elements of the array and the result has the same size as the array. For more information: help ops. Relational Operators

The precedence from highest to lowest is relational operators, followed by logical operators ~, &, and |. Parentheses can be used to change the precedence and should be used liberally to clarify the operations. Definitions of the logical operators, with 0 representing False and 1 representing True:

Two scalars are called inverses when their product is 1, such as 5 and 0.2. Two square matrices are inverses of one another if their product is the identity matrix

To illustrate linear regression, consider the following set of temperature measurements: Linear Regression

A script to estimate the velocity: An accelerometer measures acceleration and the resulting measurements can be used to estimate velocity and displacement. The acceleration is integrated to estimate velocity and the velocity in turn is integrated to estimate displacement. Suppose a vehicle starts from rest at time t = 0 and that its measured acceleration is given by the following table:

The function datenum is used to compute a date number. It has three forms:

A calendar can be generated for a desired month, for display in the Command window or to be placed in a 6-by-7 array. The functions tic and toc are used to time a sequence of commands. tic starts the timer; toc stops the timer and displays the elapsed time in seconds.

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LOGICA DE ALGORITMOS Introducción a los FUNDAMENTOS DE PROGRAMACION en Lenguaje C

by ESTEVAN GOMEZ

El objetivo principal es que el presente libro exprese de manera clara los conceptos, el análisis requerido para desarrollar un algoritmo y mostrar a través de ejemplos de Algoritmos, su fundamentación, conceptualización y creación de... more

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by Antonio Sérgio Nogueira

A linguagem Python, como programar do básico à WEB.

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CS2251 -Design and Analysis of Algorithms Question Bank CS2251 Design and Analysis of Algorithms -Question Bank Part -A

by sumathi kanna

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by Bryan Tircio

Introducción a la Programación con Python · 20 Evalúa el polinomio x 4 + x 3 + 2x 2 − x en x = 1.1. Utiliza variables para evitar teclear varias veces el valor de x. (El resultado es 4.1151.)

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SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN SELEKSI PENERIMAAN ASISTEN PRAKTIKUM MENGGUNAKAN METODE PROFILE MATCHING (Studi Kasus Prodi Teknik Informatika Universitas Brawijaya

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Lab assistants at Informatics Engineering Department, University of Brawijaya are students who are selected as lecturer assistants of the student lab activities through the recruitment. Assesment process and decision making in the... more

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Python for Science

by Luis Guzman

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KONSEP DASAR BAHASA PASCAL

by Muhammad Zulkaromi

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E-BOOK TRIK DASAR BELAJAR VISUAL BASIC 6.0

by Denny Poetra

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belajar java untuk pemula dan konsep oop di java

by Supiyan Sauri

Menulis adalah kegiatan paling saya suka di sela-sela kesibukan sehari-hari. Menulis, terutama pengetahuan, akan memberikan efek berantai kepada seluruh pembacanya. Menulis juga membuka gerbang peradaban yang bernama Sejarah. Tidak ada... more

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Antología de Programación Básica: ISO C++

by Edgar Hernández García

Compendio de notas sobre fundamentos de programación, basado en el paradigma modular, usando como lenguaje al estándar ISO C++.

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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES

by Francis MK

differ. Polymorphism is extensively used in implementing inheritance. Fig. below illustrates that a single function name can be used to handle different number and different ypes of argument. This is something similar to a particular word having several different meanings Jepending upon the context. Using a single function name to perform different type of task is known is function overloading. Polymorphism plays an important role in allowing objects having different nternal structures to share the same extemal interface. This means that a general class of operations may be accessed in the same manner even though specific action associated with each operation may POC . Wl... eg wg ew

Imagine a class hierarchy as follows: The other advantage is more generic and loosely coupled code.

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GUÍA DEL CURSO ARDUINO KIT RENÉ DOMÍNGUEZ ESCALONA 1

by wilder Carrasco

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SISTEM KOMPUTER X-

by Muhammad Rizki

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ANALISIS KEPUASAN BERDASARKAN PERSEPSI DAN HARAPAN PASIEN DI PUSKESMAS MEDOKAN AYU SURABAYA QUALITY ANALYSIS BASED ON PERCEPTION AND EXPECTATION OF PATIENTS IN MEDOKAN AYU COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER SURABAYA

by Muhammad Fadlillah

Medokan Ayu Community Health Center had a mission to achieve 100% patients satisfaction. Unfortunately 13.38% of patients dissatisfied. This study analyzed gap between patients perception and expectations. The satisfaction level was... more

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Belajar Bahasa Pemrograman R (Dilengkapi Cara Membuat Aplikasi Olah Data Sederhana dengan R Shiny

by prana ugianagio

Tulisan ini berisi dasar-dasar pemrograman R, serta dipaparkan bagaimana membuat aplikasi sederhana dengan package R Shiny

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Contoh Laporan Praktikum Algoritma & Dasar Pemrograman C++

by Aan Junior

Pengetahuuan dasar pemrograman

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Atmel_AVR_Microcontroller_Primer_Programming_and_Interfacing

by Ali Zabih Allah poor

This textbook provides practicing scientists and engineers a primer on the Atmel AVR microcontroller. Our approach is to provide the fundamental skills to quickly get up and operating with this internationally popular microcontroller. The... more

FIGURE 1.2: ATmegal16 port configuration registers: (a) port-associated registers and (b) port pin annhonrtanaAan

The basic activities of the USART system consist of initialization, transmission, and reception. These activities are summarized in Figure 2.4. Both the transmitter and receiver must be initialized with the same communication parameters for proper data transmission. The transmission and reception activities are similar except for the direction of data flow. In transmission, we monitor for the UDRE flag to set, indicating the data register is empty. We then load the data for transmission into the UDR register. For reception, we monitor for the RXC bit to set, indicating there are unread data in the UDR register. We then retrieve the data from the UDR register. reception activities are similar except for the direction of data flow. In transmission, we monitor for

36 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING

FIGURE 3.1: Altitude trajectory generated by a flying bird. — — A signal is a collection of values representing the state of a physical variable. The collection car be as small as only one value or can have as many values as you wish. In engineering, we usuall) arrange the values in order, for example, over time or over a spatial axis, to display the information The time and spatial variables are called independent variables, because they are not affected by the physical variables of interests. For example, we measure the temperature change over time. The temperature measured is dependent on the time, not the other way around. Figure 3.1 shows ar altitude trajectory of a bird flying over a short period. The signal shows how the altitude of the birc changes continuously.

FIGURE 3.7: A block diagram of the signal conditioning for an ADC. The range of the sensor voltage output is mapped to the ADC input voltage range. The scalar multiplier maps the magnitudes of the two ranges, and the bias voltage is used to align two limits.

Finally, the encoding process involves converting a quantized signal into a digital binary number. Suppose again we are using 8 bits to quantize a sampled analog signal. The quantization levels are determined by the 8 bits, and each sampled signal is quantized as one of 256 quantization levels. Consider the two sampled signals shown in Figure 3.5. The first sample is mapped to quantization level 2 and the second one is mapped to quantization level 198. Note the amount

Resolution is a measure used to quantize an analog signal. In fact, resolution is nothing but th: ‘distance” between two adjacent quantization levels we discussed earlier. Suppose again we hav

FIGURE 3.8: Four different technologies used to convert analog signals to digital signals: (a) successive approximation converter, (b) integration-based converter, (c) counter-based converter, and (d) parallel ADC.

FIGURE 3.9: Atmel AVR ATmega16 ADC block diagram. Figure used with permission of Atmel

FIGURE 3.10: ADC registers. 3.4.2.1 ADC Multiplexer Selection Register. As previously discussed, the ADMUX registe contains the ADLAR bit to select left or right justification and the MUX[4:0] bits to determin which analog input will be provided to the ADC for conversion. To select a specific input fo conversion is accomplished when a binary equivalent value is loaded into the MUX[4:0] bits. Fo example, to convert channel ADC7, “00111” is loaded into the ADMUX register. This may b accomplished using the following C instruction:

66 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING FIGURE 4.1: Microcontroller interrupt response.

FIGURE 4.3: Interrupt INTO, INT1, and INT2 registers.

FIGURE 5.1: Two signals with the same period but different duty cycles: (a) periodic signal with a 50% duty cycle and (b) periodic signal with a 25% duty cycle.

78 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING FIGURE 5.2: A diagram of a timer output system.

80 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING FIGURE 5.3: Use of the timer I/O systems of a microcontroller. The signal on top is fed into a timer input port. The captured signal is subsequently used to compute the input signal frequency. The signal on the bottom is generated using the timer output system. The signal is used to control an external device.

FIGURE 5.7: Timer 0 modes of operation. Each of the timer channels may be set for a specific mode of operation: normal, CTC, fast PWM, and Phase Correct PWM. The system designer chooses the correct mode for the application at

FIGURE 5.10: Timer 1 block diagram. Figure used with permission of Atmel.

92 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING

FIGURE 5.13: Timer 2 block diagram. Figure used with permission of Atmel.

FIGURE 6.1: Electrical voltage and current parameters: (a) voltage and current electrical parameters, (b) HC CMOS voltage and current parameters, and (c) CMOS loading curves.

FIGURE 6.2: Switch interface: (a) switch varieties, (b) switch interface, and (c) switch interface equipped with debouncing circuitry.

FIGURE 6.4: Optical encoder: (a) incremental tachometer encoder and (b) incremental quadrature encoder. if you were using an optical encoder in a security gate control system, an absolute encoder would be

ATMEL AVR OPERATING PARAMETERS AND INTERFACING 115 FIGURE 6.5: Flex sensor: (a) flex sensor’s physical dimensions, (b) flex action, and (c) equivalent circuit.

116 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING FIGURE 6.6: LED display devices: (a) interface to an LED, (b) seven-segment display interface, and (c) quad seven-segment display interface.

FIGURE 6.8: Dot matrix display: (a) dot matrix display and (b) dot matrix interface details.

FIGURE 6.9: LCD display. 6.3.5 Liquid Crystal Display

FIGURE 6.12: Motor types: (a) DC, (b) servo, and (c) stepper.

ATMEL AVR OPERATING PARAMETERS AND INTERFACING | 12’

16 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING

8 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING

28 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING FIGURE 2.1: ASCII Code. The ASCII code is used to encode alphanumeric characters. The “Ox indicates hexadecimal notation in the C programming language.

conversion is complete. After conversion, the ADIF bit is reset by writing a logic 1 to it. The second function “ReadADC (unsigned char)” is used to read the analog voltage from the specified ADC channel. The desired channel for conversion is passed in as an unsigned character variable. The result is returned as a left-justified, 10-bit binary result. The ADC prescalar must be set to 8 to slow down the ADC clock at higher external clock frequencies (10 MHz) to obtain accurate results. After the ADC is complete, the results in the 8-bit ADCL and ADCH result registers are concatenated into a 16-bit unsigned integer variable and returned to the function call. In the final chapter of the book, we show how to convert an unsigned integer into a floating point voltage that may be displayed on a LCD.

84 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING

ATMEL AVR OPERATING PARAMETERS AND INTERFACING | 137

150 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING

ATMEL AVR OPERATING PARAMETERS AND INTERFACING 153

156 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING

170 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING

172 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING

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RANCANG BANGUN DAN IMPLEMENTASI KEAMANAN JARINGAN KOMPUTER MENGGUNAKAN METODE INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM (IDS) PADA SMP ISLAM TERPADU PAPB Sukirmanto Fakultas Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Universitas Semarang

by soekee djoegis

(IDS) PADA SMP ISLAM TERPADU PAPB Sukirmanto Fakultas Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Universitas Semarang Abstrak Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dewasa ini sangatlah pesat terutama dalam dunia internet, hal ini terbukti dengan... more

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Code: AC11 Subject: OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING PART -I, VOL – I TYPICAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS Each Question carries 2 marks. Choose correct or the best alternative in the following

by asif hameed

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The Analysis Of Health Level Of Koperasi Simpan Pinjam District Gubug in 2011

by Ellya AK

Koperasi Simpan Pinjam Cendrawasih Gubug was rising the members and their SHU from year to year untill 2010. It needs an evaluation to detect how actually the level of that cooperation. This research method used descriptive analysis. The... more

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Microprocessors Lab MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS LAB

by Guru Prasath R. JCET

COMMUNICATION WITH A HOST COMPUTER SYSTEM ESA 86/88-2 operating in the serial mode can be connected to either CRT terminal or

A diagrammatic representation of mode 1 and mode 2. 3. Serial communication implementation

In this way, the receiver is synchronized with the transmitter. As we shall see, the 8051 seri port in mode 0 is an example of synchronous serial communication. Synchronous serial communication requires an extra line for the clock signal. For seria. communication, the 8-bit parallel data byte must be shifted down the serial line (in transmission). Therefore, one bit is followed by another. Some kind of system must be used to determine how long each bit is on the line. For example, the serial system designer may decide each bit will be on the line for lus and, as explained above, transmission of the full eight bits would take 8us. With synchronous communication, the clock signal is transmitted on a separate line, as shown ir the diagram below

modes that allow variable baud rates, this baud rate is set by timer 1. he 8051 serial port is full duplex. In other words, it can transmit and receive data at the same ime. The block diagram above shows how this is achieved. If you look at the memory map you vill notice at location 99H the serial buffer special function register (SBUF). Unlike any othe egister in the 8051, SBUF is in fact two distinct registers — the write-only register and the read- ynly register. Transmitted data is sent out from the write-only register while received data is stored in the read-only register. There are two separate data lines, one for transmission (TX D) ind one for reception (RX D). Therefore, the serial port can be transmitting data down the TX D ine while it is at the same time receiving data on the RXD line.

Transmitting and Receiving Data connect the receive line of the display to pin 11 of the 8051. This is detailed in the diagram nd to change received serial data into parallel data for use within the microcontroller.

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Java, Java, Java Object-Oriented Problem Solving

by Paolo scientifico

We have designed this third edition of Java, Java, Java to be suitable for a typical Introduction to Computer Science (CS1) course or for a slightly more advanced Java as a Second Language course. This edition retains the “objects first”... more

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Fundamentals of C Programming CS 102 -Introduction to Programming

by Eme Oigo

After a program is developed using a programming language, it should be executed by the computer. Programmers write programmes in human readable languages called high-level languages. However, the computer understands only 1’s and 0’s (referred as the machine language’ or machine code). Therefore we need to convert the human readable programs into a machine language before executing. This is conversion is achieved by a special set of programs called compilers (or interpreters). These programs convert the high-level language program, into machine language programs. Compilers translate a source program (human-readable) into an executable (machine-readable) program (Figure 1.2). Executable machine code produced by a compiler can be saved in a file (referred as the executable file) and used whenever necessary. Since the source program is already compiled, no compilation is needed again unless the source program is modified. The saving on the compilation time is an advantage that is gain from compiling and therefore these programs run much faster. Programs written in programming languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++ and Pascal must be compiled before executing.

As in Figure 1.2 when the executable file is available it can be executed by providing necessary input data so that it produces the desired outputs.

The compilation of a C program is infact a three stages process; preprocessing, compiling and linking.

The C language uses several symbols such as semicolons (;), colons (:), commas (,), apostrophes (‘), quotation marks (“”), braces ([]), brackets ({}), and parentheses (()) to group block of code as a single unit. The printf is the most important function used to display text on the screen. It has two parentheses which contains the string to be displayed, enclosed in quotation marks. Consider Program-2.4 given below. It displays two successive statements using the printf function. Operators are used with operands to build expressions. For example “4+5” is an expression containing two operands (4 and 5) and one operator (+ symbol). C supports large number of mathematical and logical operators such as +, -,*,/,%,%~, & && ,|, ||, etc. Operators will be discussed in chapter 3.

In this case multiple conditions are to be checked. Marks obtained by a student can only be in one the ranges. Therefore if-else-if ladder can be used to implement following program.

Example 4.6 — Write a program to display the following menu on the screen and let the user select a menu item. Based on the user’s selection display the category of software that the user selected program belongs to. Program-4.9 implements a solution to the above problem:

Exercise 4.5 — Develop a simple calculator to accept two floating point numbers from the keyboard. Then display a menu to the user and let him/her select a mathematical operation to be performed or those two numbers. Then display the answer. A sample run of you program should be similar to the following: In certain cases you may need to execute the same statement(s) for several cases of a switch block. In such cases several cases can be grouped together as follows:

Table 2.1 — The C language keywords Language specific tokens used by a programming language are called keywords. Keywords are also called as reserved words. They are defined as a part of the programming language therefore cannot be used for anything else. Any user defined literals or identifiers should not conflict with keywords or compiler directives. Table 2.1 lists keywords supported by the C language.

Table 2.2 — Escape codes 2.5 Data Types Escape codes are special characters that cannot be expressed otherwise in the source code such as new line, tab and single quotes. All of these characters or symbols are preceded by an inverted (back) slash (\ ). List of such escape codes are given in Table 2.2. Note that each of these escape codes represents one character, although they consists of two characters. A data type in a programming language is a set of data with values having predefined characteristics such as integers and characters. The language usually specifies the range of values for a given data

Table 2.5 — The printf conversion specifiers The conversion specifiers are also referred as format characters or format specifiers. Table 2.5 summarises conversion specifies supported by the printf function. Consider the example given below: When displaying numbers special care must be given to the data type. Each data type has to be used with printf function in a specific format. In order to display the correct values using the printf function conversion specifiers should be used. They are used to instruct the compiler about the type of numbers appearing in the program, which in turn determines the suitable memory storage locations.

Table 3.2 — Precedence of arithmetic operators In the same expression, if two operators of the same precedence are found, they are evaluated from left to right, except for increment and decrement operators which are evaluated from right to left. Parentheses can also be used to change the order of evaluation and it has the highest precedence. It is recommended to use parentheses to simplify expressions without depending on the precedence. Precedence defines the priority of an operator while associativity indicates which variable(s) an operator is associated with or applied to. Table 3.2 illustrates the precedence of arithmetic operators and their associativity.

3.3.1 Precedence of Relational and Logical Operators Table 3.3 — Relational and logical operators As arithmetic operators, relational and logical operators also have precedence. Table 3.4 summarise: the relative precedence of the relational and logical operators. These operators are lower in precedence than arithmetic operators. The relational operators are used to compare values forming relational expressions. The logical operators are used to connect relational expressions together using the rules of formal logic. Both types of expressions produce TRUE or FALSE results. In C, FALSE is the zero while any nonzero number is TRUE. However, the logical and relational expressions produce the value “1” for TRUE and the value “0” for FALSE. Table 3.3 shows relational and logical operators used in C.

Table 3.4 — Precedence of relational and logical operators For an example consider the following expression:

Table 3.5 — Bitwise operators Using C you can access and manipulate bits in variables, allowing you to perform low level operations. C supports six bitwise operators and they are listed in Table 3.5. Their precedence is lower than arithmetic, relational and logical operators (see Table 3.6).

Table 3.6 — Precedence of bitwise operators The bitwise AND operation will be performed at the bit level as follows:

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The Dictatorship of Value. Teaching and Research in the Planetary University

by Gino Zaccaria

In what sense do we speak of the planetary university? This essay belongs to a more comprehensive, still unpublished reflection that the authors have been developing over the past years while teaching and doing... more

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Peluang Kewirausahaan Sekolah Melalui Kreativitas dan Inovasi

by Hendra Manurung

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STUDI OPTIMASI SISTEM PENCAHAYAAN RUANG KULIAH DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN CAHAYA ALAM

by Nia Juliantie

A good lighting system has to meet three criteria; quality and quantity of light and efficient power consumption. A good lighting room will help effective activities inside the room. To achieve an optimum lighting, natural light has to be... more

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Next Generation Cloud Computing: New Trends and Research Directions

by Blesson Varghese

The landscape of cloud computing has significantly changed over the last decade. Not only have more providers and service offerings crowded the space, but also cloud infrastructure that was traditionally limited to single provider data... more

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Apprenez à programmer en C++

by El Mehdi El Moutaouakkil

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ANALISA SISTEM INFORMASI ENTRI KRS ONLINE PADA UNIVERSITAS BINA DARMA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE END-USER COMPUTING (EUC) SATISFACTION

by Jenny Huang

The study was conducted to calculate the level of student satisfaction in the use of online information systems KRS entry in UBD. The sample in this study amounted to 99 respondents. The sampling technique used in this study is the Random... more

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Java Tutorial by howpk.com

by Tanvir Zafar

This Learning guide is published by
http://howpk.com/configure-java-development-environment-path/

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APLIKASI PONSEL BERBASIS ANDROID UNTUK PENJUALAN PADA KIOS ECERAN Q-MONO FLOWER Naskah Publikasi diajukan oleh

by choiruddin udin

We already know that the development of mobile technology more rapidly today. With a variety of features and applications are available on the operating system of a mobile phone, mobile phones have now become more than just a... more

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The Scratch Programming Language and Environment

by Evelyn Eastmond

2010, ACM Transactions on …

Scratch is a visual programming environment that allows users (primarily ages 8 to 16) to learn computer programming while working on personally meaningful projects such as animated stories and games. A key design goal of Scratch is to... more

Fig. 1. Screenshots from Scratch projects created by users, including a news show, an interactive story, a drawing tutorial, and a game.

Fig. 3. Blocks can be tested simply by clicking on them. A white border indicates that a block o1 stack is running. Function blocks show their output in a talk bubble. Fig. 4. Feedback for an error is red (left). When single-stepping is enabled, the currently execut- ing block glows a bright yellow (right).

Fig. 7. Visual feedback while dragging a function block. On the left, the white highlight shows that a boolean block can be inserted into the boolean slot. On the right, absence of the highlight shows that a number block cannot be inserted.

Fig. 8. A broadcast command and two scripts it triggers.

Fig.9. Three concurrent scripts for the ball in a paddle game.

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ANALISIS DAN PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI SIMPAN PINJAM PADA KOPERASI PEGAWAI REPUBLIK INDONESIA KPRI "SIDA MEGAR" KABUPATEN CILACAP

by Riamar Lumoetz

KPRI "Sida Megar" is a savings and loans cooperative with the largest number of transactions in Cilacap regency. In the process of data processing and transactions are computerized, however, utilization is still not optimal. Process... more

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PROGRAMMATION II INF-112-99 NOTES DE COURS

by Martin Lesage

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Could Historical Pathogen Prevalence Predicts Human Language Diversity? Why are there so many different languages in the world? An evolutionary view of language diversity.

by Paulo Finuras, Ph.D

2017

In this paper, I will argue that the evolutionary puzzle of language diversity, or Why do people speak so many different languages in the world? could be better evolutionary understood if associated with group's immunity hypothesis.... more