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FIGURE 5.4: The figure shows the speed profile of a DC motor over time when a pulse-width- modulated signal is applied to the motor.

Figure 5 4: The figure shows the speed profile of a DC motor over time when a pulse-width- modulated signal is applied to the motor.

Related Figures (93)

FIGURE 1.2: ATmegal16 port configuration registers: (a) port-associated registers and (b) port pin annhonrtanaAan
FIGURE 1.2: ATmegal16 port configuration registers: (a) port-associated registers and (b) port pin annhonrtanaAan
16 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
16 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
8 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
8 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
28 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING FIGURE 2.1: ASCII Code. The ASCII code is used to encode alphanumeric characters. The “Ox indicates hexadecimal notation in the C programming language.
28 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING FIGURE 2.1: ASCII Code. The ASCII code is used to encode alphanumeric characters. The “Ox indicates hexadecimal notation in the C programming language.
The basic activities of the USART system consist of initialization, transmission, and reception. These activities are summarized in Figure 2.4. Both the transmitter and receiver must be initialized with the same communication parameters for proper data transmission. The transmission and reception activities are similar except for the direction of data flow. In transmission, we monitor for the UDRE flag to set, indicating the data register is empty. We then load the data for transmission into the UDR register. For reception, we monitor for the RXC bit to set, indicating there are unread data in the UDR register. We then retrieve the data from the UDR register. reception activities are similar except for the direction of data flow. In transmission, we monitor for
The basic activities of the USART system consist of initialization, transmission, and reception. These activities are summarized in Figure 2.4. Both the transmitter and receiver must be initialized with the same communication parameters for proper data transmission. The transmission and reception activities are similar except for the direction of data flow. In transmission, we monitor for the UDRE flag to set, indicating the data register is empty. We then load the data for transmission into the UDR register. For reception, we monitor for the RXC bit to set, indicating there are unread data in the UDR register. We then retrieve the data from the UDR register. reception activities are similar except for the direction of data flow. In transmission, we monitor for
36 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
36 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
FIGURE 3.1: Altitude trajectory generated by a flying bird. — — A signal is a collection of values representing the state of a physical variable. The collection car be as small as only one value or can have as many values as you wish. In engineering, we usuall) arrange the values in order, for example, over time or over a spatial axis, to display the information The time and spatial variables are called independent variables, because they are not affected by the physical variables of interests. For example, we measure the temperature change over time. The temperature measured is dependent on the time, not the other way around. Figure 3.1 shows ar altitude trajectory of a bird flying over a short period. The signal shows how the altitude of the birc changes continuously.
FIGURE 3.1: Altitude trajectory generated by a flying bird. — — A signal is a collection of values representing the state of a physical variable. The collection car be as small as only one value or can have as many values as you wish. In engineering, we usuall) arrange the values in order, for example, over time or over a spatial axis, to display the information The time and spatial variables are called independent variables, because they are not affected by the physical variables of interests. For example, we measure the temperature change over time. The temperature measured is dependent on the time, not the other way around. Figure 3.1 shows ar altitude trajectory of a bird flying over a short period. The signal shows how the altitude of the birc changes continuously.
FIGURE 3.2: A photo of a walking robot.
FIGURE 3.2: A photo of a walking robot.
Finally, the encoding process involves converting a quantized signal into a digital binary number. Suppose again we are using 8 bits to quantize a sampled analog signal. The quantization levels are determined by the 8 bits, and each sampled signal is quantized as one of 256 quantization levels. Consider the two sampled signals shown in Figure 3.5. The first sample is mapped to quantization level 2 and the second one is mapped to quantization level 198. Note the amount
Finally, the encoding process involves converting a quantized signal into a digital binary number. Suppose again we are using 8 bits to quantize a sampled analog signal. The quantization levels are determined by the 8 bits, and each sampled signal is quantized as one of 256 quantization levels. Consider the two sampled signals shown in Figure 3.5. The first sample is mapped to quantization level 2 and the second one is mapped to quantization level 198. Note the amount
Resolution is a measure used to quantize an analog signal. In fact, resolution is nothing but th: ‘distance” between two adjacent quantization levels we discussed earlier. Suppose again we hav
Resolution is a measure used to quantize an analog signal. In fact, resolution is nothing but th: ‘distance” between two adjacent quantization levels we discussed earlier. Suppose again we hav
FIGURE 3.7: A block diagram of the signal conditioning for an ADC. The range of the sensor voltage output is mapped to the ADC input voltage range. The scalar multiplier maps the magnitudes of the two ranges, and the bias voltage is used to align two limits.
FIGURE 3.7: A block diagram of the signal conditioning for an ADC. The range of the sensor voltage output is mapped to the ADC input voltage range. The scalar multiplier maps the magnitudes of the two ranges, and the bias voltage is used to align two limits.
FIGURE 3.8: Four different technologies used to convert analog signals to digital signals: (a) successive approximation converter, (b) integration-based converter, (c) counter-based converter, and (d) parallel ADC.
FIGURE 3.8: Four different technologies used to convert analog signals to digital signals: (a) successive approximation converter, (b) integration-based converter, (c) counter-based converter, and (d) parallel ADC.
FIGURE 3.9: Atmel AVR ATmega16 ADC block diagram. Figure used with permission of Atmel
FIGURE 3.9: Atmel AVR ATmega16 ADC block diagram. Figure used with permission of Atmel
FIGURE 3.10: ADC registers. 3.4.2.1 ADC Multiplexer Selection Register. As previously discussed, the ADMUX registe contains the ADLAR bit to select left or right justification and the MUX[4:0] bits to determin which analog input will be provided to the ADC for conversion. To select a specific input fo conversion is accomplished when a binary equivalent value is loaded into the MUX[4:0] bits. Fo example, to convert channel ADC7, “00111” is loaded into the ADMUX register. This may b accomplished using the following C instruction:
FIGURE 3.10: ADC registers. 3.4.2.1 ADC Multiplexer Selection Register. As previously discussed, the ADMUX registe contains the ADLAR bit to select left or right justification and the MUX[4:0] bits to determin which analog input will be provided to the ADC for conversion. To select a specific input fo conversion is accomplished when a binary equivalent value is loaded into the MUX[4:0] bits. Fo example, to convert channel ADC7, “00111” is loaded into the ADMUX register. This may b accomplished using the following C instruction:
conversion is complete. After conversion, the ADIF bit is reset by writing a logic 1 to it. The second function “ReadADC (unsigned char)” is used to read the analog voltage from the specified ADC channel. The desired channel for conversion is passed in as an unsigned character variable. The result is returned as a left-justified, 10-bit binary result. The ADC prescalar must be set to 8 to slow down the ADC clock at higher external clock frequencies (10 MHz) to obtain accurate results. After the ADC is complete, the results in the 8-bit ADCL and ADCH result registers are concatenated into a 16-bit unsigned integer variable and returned to the function call. In the final chapter of the book, we show how to convert an unsigned integer into a floating point voltage that may be displayed on a LCD.
conversion is complete. After conversion, the ADIF bit is reset by writing a logic 1 to it. The second function “ReadADC (unsigned char)” is used to read the analog voltage from the specified ADC channel. The desired channel for conversion is passed in as an unsigned character variable. The result is returned as a left-justified, 10-bit binary result. The ADC prescalar must be set to 8 to slow down the ADC clock at higher external clock frequencies (10 MHz) to obtain accurate results. After the ADC is complete, the results in the 8-bit ADCL and ADCH result registers are concatenated into a 16-bit unsigned integer variable and returned to the function call. In the final chapter of the book, we show how to convert an unsigned integer into a floating point voltage that may be displayed on a LCD.
66 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING FIGURE 4.1: Microcontroller interrupt response.
66 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING FIGURE 4.1: Microcontroller interrupt response.
FIGURE 4.3: Interrupt INTO, INT1, and INT2 registers.
FIGURE 4.3: Interrupt INTO, INT1, and INT2 registers.
FIGURE 5.1: Two signals with the same period but different duty cycles: (a) periodic signal with a 50% duty cycle and (b) periodic signal with a 25% duty cycle.
FIGURE 5.1: Two signals with the same period but different duty cycles: (a) periodic signal with a 50% duty cycle and (b) periodic signal with a 25% duty cycle.
78 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING FIGURE 5.2: A diagram of a timer output system.
78 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING FIGURE 5.2: A diagram of a timer output system.
80 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING FIGURE 5.3: Use of the timer I/O systems of a microcontroller. The signal on top is fed into a timer input port. The captured signal is subsequently used to compute the input signal frequency. The signal on the bottom is generated using the timer output system. The signal is used to control an external device.
80 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING FIGURE 5.3: Use of the timer I/O systems of a microcontroller. The signal on top is fed into a timer input port. The captured signal is subsequently used to compute the input signal frequency. The signal on the bottom is generated using the timer output system. The signal is used to control an external device.
84 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
84 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
FIGURE 5.7: Timer 0 modes of operation. Each of the timer channels may be set for a specific mode of operation: normal, CTC, fast PWM, and Phase Correct PWM. The system designer chooses the correct mode for the application at
FIGURE 5.7: Timer 0 modes of operation. Each of the timer channels may be set for a specific mode of operation: normal, CTC, fast PWM, and Phase Correct PWM. The system designer chooses the correct mode for the application at
FIGURE 5.8: Timer 0 registers.
FIGURE 5.8: Timer 0 registers.
FIGURE 5.10: Timer 1 block diagram. Figure used with permission of Atmel.
FIGURE 5.10: Timer 1 block diagram. Figure used with permission of Atmel.
92 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
92 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
FIGURE 5.13: Timer 2 block diagram. Figure used with permission of Atmel.
FIGURE 5.13: Timer 2 block diagram. Figure used with permission of Atmel.
FIGURE 6.1: Electrical voltage and current parameters: (a) voltage and current electrical parameters, (b) HC CMOS voltage and current parameters, and (c) CMOS loading curves.
FIGURE 6.1: Electrical voltage and current parameters: (a) voltage and current electrical parameters, (b) HC CMOS voltage and current parameters, and (c) CMOS loading curves.
FIGURE 6.2: Switch interface: (a) switch varieties, (b) switch interface, and (c) switch interface equipped with debouncing circuitry.
FIGURE 6.2: Switch interface: (a) switch varieties, (b) switch interface, and (c) switch interface equipped with debouncing circuitry.
FIGURE 6.4: Optical encoder: (a) incremental tachometer encoder and (b) incremental quadrature encoder. if you were using an optical encoder in a security gate control system, an absolute encoder would be
FIGURE 6.4: Optical encoder: (a) incremental tachometer encoder and (b) incremental quadrature encoder. if you were using an optical encoder in a security gate control system, an absolute encoder would be
ATMEL AVR OPERATING PARAMETERS AND INTERFACING 115 FIGURE 6.5: Flex sensor: (a) flex sensor’s physical dimensions, (b) flex action, and (c) equivalent circuit.
ATMEL AVR OPERATING PARAMETERS AND INTERFACING 115 FIGURE 6.5: Flex sensor: (a) flex sensor’s physical dimensions, (b) flex action, and (c) equivalent circuit.
116 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING FIGURE 6.6: LED display devices: (a) interface to an LED, (b) seven-segment display interface, and (c) quad seven-segment display interface.
116 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING FIGURE 6.6: LED display devices: (a) interface to an LED, (b) seven-segment display interface, and (c) quad seven-segment display interface.
FIGURE 6.7: Tristate LED display.
FIGURE 6.7: Tristate LED display.
FIGURE 6.8: Dot matrix display: (a) dot matrix display and (b) dot matrix interface details.
FIGURE 6.8: Dot matrix display: (a) dot matrix display and (b) dot matrix interface details.
FIGURE 6.9: LCD display. 6.3.5 Liquid Crystal Display
FIGURE 6.9: LCD display. 6.3.5 Liquid Crystal Display
FIGURE 6.12: Motor types: (a) DC, (b) servo, and (c) stepper.
FIGURE 6.12: Motor types: (a) DC, (b) servo, and (c) stepper.
ATMEL AVR OPERATING PARAMETERS AND INTERFACING | 12’
ATMEL AVR OPERATING PARAMETERS AND INTERFACING | 12’
ATMEL AVR OPERATING PARAMETERS AND INTERFACING | 137
ATMEL AVR OPERATING PARAMETERS AND INTERFACING | 137
150 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
150 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
ATMEL AVR OPERATING PARAMETERS AND INTERFACING 153
ATMEL AVR OPERATING PARAMETERS AND INTERFACING 153
156 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
156 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
170 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
170 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
172 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
172 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
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