Polar Studies

The economic and political importance of the Arctic has grown
considerably in recent decades, and the region’s role and visibility in
tourism has also significantly increased. The idea of Arctic tourism
has been discussed in academia for a long time, but there is no
consensus on the definition of the concept. This review paper aims
to discuss different perspectives on tourism in the Arctic by utilizing
literature and selected examples. The outlined perspectives are
spatial, produced and experienced Arctic tourism. They are
interrelated and, thus, partly complementary, but they can also
challenge each other. The perspectives demonstrate different ways
to approach and understand various characteristics of Arctic tourism
and diversity in tourism in the Arctic. All perspectives of the Arctic in
tourism involve both benefits and limitations when thinking about
what Arctic tourism is and what it involves. The paper concludes that
there is a need to acknowledge the diversity of the Arctic as a
changing idea and a geographical region in and for tourism. By
acknowledging this, the Arctic would not be characterized mainly by
static or external views in tourism but also by internal needs,
knowledge, dynamics and concerns for sustainable tourism
development in the region.

Epic accounts of polar explorations have dominated the narratives of Antarctica’s past and contributed to a prevailing image of distant wilderness untouched by humans. Archaeological studies have been undertaken from different theoretical and practical perspectives that have helped to either question or reinforce the dominant narratives of Antarctic history. Archaeology began in the late 1970s, focusing on conserving the huts left behind by the expeditions of the Heroic Era of Antarctic Exploration. Since the 1980s archaeological research in the South Shetland Islands region has been focused on diverse topics, including sealing/whaling expeditions. This study presents a historical overview of archaeological work in Antarctica through a chronological approach that describes previous research conducted at the sites of polar expeditions. It also discusses how archaeological practices have contributed to the complex heritage-making process in Antarctica.

Since the onset of glaciation following the Oligocene (30-28 Ma), the prevalence of increasingly cold conditions has shaped the evolution of the Antarctic biota. Two hypotheses, postglacial recruitment from extra-regional locations and in situ persistence, have been proposed to explain the biogeography of the contemporary species-poor terrestrial Antarctic biota. Bryophytes, which form a major group of the Antarctic flora, exhibit a strong, inherent ability to survive cold conditions but also have high long-distance dispersal capacities, which are compatible with both hypotheses. Here, we test these hypotheses by means of population genetic and phylogeographic analyses of the cosmopolitan moss Bryum argenteum. We find evidence for at least three independent colonisation events of the species in Antarctica. Ancestral area reconstruction coupled with molecular dating suggest colonisation times of the different Antarctic clades ranging from four million years for the oldest lineage to half a million years for the youngest lineage. This suggests multiple colonisation events of Antarctica by this species during several glacial cycles within the Pleistocene, Pliocene and possibly late Miocene. This is the first study to demonstrate in situ persistence of bryophytes in Antarctica throughout previous glaciations.

Having just returned from a year spent documenting the language and culture of the remote Inughuit community of northwestern Greenland, Dr Stephen Leonard describes how he witnessed first-hand the manner in which globalisation and consumerism are conspiring to destroy centuries-old cultures and traditions.

This chapter considers opportunities for Arctic states to manage and conserve biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction in the High Arctic and reviews the positions of China and the EU in relation to such potential frameworks.

As the Arctic Ocean coastal states have adopted in 2014 significant steps towards the management of High Arctic marine living resources, the role of third states with regards to these development needs to be considered. Indeed, the international legal regime applicable to the High Seas provides very limited prerogatives for coastal states to restrain the rights of third states for the sake of marine conservation.

The chapter first introduces the global legal regime applicable to biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction as well as relevant ongoing processes meant to further define this regulatory framework. The initiatives undertaken by the Arctic states to protect the Arctic marine environment are then reviewed. The chapter concludes by considering the positions on this issue of two major non-Arctic actors having expressed strong interest in the region: China and the European Union.

This study highlights that China and EU are likely to have different positions on the conservation of marine biodiversity in the High Arctic. The Arctic states will thus need to accommodate the diverging perspectives of non-Arctic states if they decide to establish a regional arrangement to conserve high seas living resources in the Arctic.

Планируемое уменьшение ледового покрова в Арктике ведет к изменению геополитического статуса этого морского региона: он становится более открытым для осуществления различных видов морехозяйственной деятельности. Приход в Арктику всех заинтересованных игроков несет с собой существенный рост рисков и угроз, прежде всего невоенного характера. Особую важ-ность приобретает проблема обеспечения экологической безопасности – защиты и сохранения морской среды и ее биоразнообразия. Противодействие этим видам угроз требует как индивиду-альных усилий стран арктической пятерки, так и принятия коллективных мер. Ключевые слова: Арктика, Арктический совет, арктические проливы, Северный морской путь, Конвенция ООН по морскому праву, морская безопасность, " мягкая " безопасность, экологическая безопасность, морской терроризм, пиратство.

This paper recovers the climatological dimension to the controversy that surrounded John Barrow's early Quarterly Review articles on the Arctic and uses this intervention as an entry point for an exploration of the link between polar ice and climate change in Romantic Britain. 1818 attacks on Barrow's “poetic” views of polar ice – attacks that M. W. Shelley's Frankenstein has been read as anticipating – drew on a well-established association of polar ice with visions of climate improvement such as that articulated in Erasmus Darwin's The Botanic Garden. In 1816, Darwinian faith in the ability of Europeans to combat a spreading “empire of ice” was severely tested by the climate crisis of the “year without a summer.” Newly urgent anxieties over the efficacy and wisdom of climate modification surface, I argue, not only in Barrow's Quarterly articles, but also in Shelley's Frankenstein, where Victor's and Walton's rhetoric allies their scientific projects to “poetic” schemes for climate improvement. Such problematic scientific interventions may, Frankenstein suggests, represent the only productive response to global catastrophe, but such schemes will be undermined by Europeans' unwillingness to embrace the cosmopolitanism of ecological crisis.

The Geographic South Pole is a place of paradox. It is a point around which the Earth, quite literally, pivots; yet it has a habit of falling off the edge of our maps. An invisible spot on a high, featureless ice plateau, the Pole has no obvious material value, but is nonetheless a much sought-after location. The endpoint of exploration's most famous 'race' between teams led by Robert F. Scott and Roald Amundsen, the Pole has more recently become a favoured destination of 'extreme' tourists. Like the whole of Antarctica, '90 South' does not belong to any nation, but six national claims meet there, and for nearly sixty years the US has occupied the site with a series of scientific stations. The Pole is a deeply political place.

In South Pole Elizabeth Leane explores the important challenges that this strange place poses to humanity. What is its lure? How and why should people live there? How can creative artists respond to its apparent blankness? What can it teach us about our planet and ourselves? Along the way, she considers the absurdities and banalities of human engagement with the Pole.

Ranging from the ancient Greeks to the present, and featuring spectacular images of the South Pole, this book offers a fascinating history of the symbolic 'heart' of the Antarctic.

The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is considered as the universal legal regulator towards maritime spaces and resources. However, many states are directly and indirectly violating its basic Articles and political practice of. This situation gives background for the main question of this book: has the UNCLOS become a genuine «Constitution» of the Seas; would the regime, generated by it, remain unchanged in the new international conditions?

the Atlantic, as seen from the South and the top, in On a Marché sur la Lune, Hergé, with the young reporter Tintin, the great Professeur Tryphon Tournesol, and poor treacherous Wolf ouverture, the grand Mare Nostrum, then a Mare Clausum: Tordesilhas XVI Century Portuguese commercial routes (in blue) and "Spanish" ones (in white)

This story-based journey is an eclectic discussion on marine plastic pollution. It responds to the Environmental Humanities by bringing material history, personal experiences as well as ecotheories and natural sciences together. The conversational style, like shifting tides, speaks to anyone who wishes to develop a broader understanding on plastic pollution and its ecological consequences. While much of the scientific data has been drawn from specialist journals such as Marine Pollution Bulletin and UN-Oceans, it is the mostly shared experiences on the World Ocean that inform this study such as dialogues and stories spoken by blue activists, general audiences, local groups, fishermen, researchers, students, scientists, surfers, sailors, divers, day-trippers, ferry crews, port authorities and marine protection societies. These voices speak from a position of ecocosmopolitanism on wide-ranging issues such as indifference, world-systems, modernity, ecological literatures, a common geostory, biosemiotics, the Anthropocene as well as Planetary Boundaries. By acknowledging that the World Ocean and its qualities have come to symbolise a fluid globalising world economy, alternative themes surface such as permeability, flows, agencies, loss, renewed sense of place, cross-species entanglements, peace and sustainability. The debates edge along fairly freely yet engage with three original ideas, namely: (1) plastic pollution may impact the climate more severely than the actual circulating concepts on climate change; (2) critical levels in the environment have been reached and this should, therefore, be part of a Planetary Boundary within "Novel entities" as it adversely affects the Earth’s systems; and (3) the question of language and how new education curricula centred around ecolinguistics and a shared geostory would better inform our environmental relations and altruistic natures. As presented here, plastic pollution is at its heart a debate involving a moral reassessment and appreciation of Planet Ocean, which constitutes our greatest personal gift - the "common heritage of humankind."

Rupert J. M. Medd, words and photographs, www.instagram.com/eyesotherwise
Hélène Guyot, illustrations, www.firstrainofsummer.com

This paper explores the relationship between tourism and the challenges of governance in the Arctic region. Recently, both political and academic interest in the Arctic has been on the rise as a result of the increasing geopolitical importance of the region. Changes of the climatic conditions and melting of the Arctic ice caps have resulted in increased access to the “world´s last wilderness”. The increased access and interest are contributing to a growing number of tourists visiting the North. As yearly arrivals continue to rise, a number of problematic issues need to be addressed. This paper reviews the main instruments relevant to the discussion of tourism currently employed in the governance of the Arctic, and critically evaluates the insufficiencies of the current legal framework for Arctic governance and regulation of tourism in the Arctic. It concludes that although tourism in the Arctic has a number of advantages, particularly for the indigenous populations, the current legal and regulatory framework in the region lacks the scope and authority to minimize the potential (and increasing) environmental, economic, and social risks associated with increased tourism and other human activity in the region.

Ein weißer Raum der Stille, der magische Eisschimmer, die Finsternis der Polarnacht, die gemächlichen Eisbrecher-Karawanen inmitten der grenzenlosen Eisfelder. Die Arktis schien zu allen Epochen ihrer Erschließung finster und gleichgültig gegenüber den Menschen, aber der Mensch strebte immer danach, diese Naturgewalt zu ergründen und für sich zu nutzen. Es ist deshalb kein Wunder, dass sich der Raum hinter dem Polarkreis der erhöhten Aufmerksamkeit vieler Staaten und Nationen erfreut und zum Auslöser zahlloser historischer, politischer und ökologischer Diskussionen und Auseinandersetzungen wird.

to be one of the major causes of dry spell/break episodes in ISM. Additionally, the presence of cold air over Central India reduces the north–south thermal contrast over the monsoon region thereby modifying the local Hadley circulation over the region.

" __ Pur et sans vices, soupire Oufiri. Un vrai Robespierre. Si tu avais été un peu plus vieux au bon moment, tu pourrais gouverner le pays à cette heure. __ Ou pendre dans la cave. Oufiri s'esclaffe." J.-P. Manchette, L'Affaire N'Gustro, p.97 Résumé : Dans les années soixante-dix, le roman policier a connu un renouveau en France avec la naissance d'un sous-genre ancré dans le terrain politique et social français : le néo-polar. Sous l'impulsion d'auteurs comme Jean-Patrick Manchette, ce type de roman policier devient un outil d'intervention sociale et une arme politique pour tirer de l'oubli des crimes enfouis dans le passé. En quoi at on avec le néo-polar, des romans visant à élucider, par-delà les meurtres d'individus, des crimes d'État et plus particulièrement des crimes postcoloniaux. C'est ce dont on va traiter dans cet article via l'analyse de L'Affaire N'Gustro, de Jean-Patrick Manchette, de Meurtres pour mémoire, de Didier Daeninckx et de Tiuraï, de Patrick Pécherot. Mots-clés : Roman policier, néo-polar, crime d'État, crime postcolonial, Jean-Patrick Manchette, Didier Daeninckx, Patrick Pécherot. Le roman policier est-il mort ? Qui a tué Hercule Poirot ? Comment ? Depuis ses débuts et la fixation des lois qui allaient longtemps gouverner son esthétique, le genre a connu de multiples métamorphoses, et enfanté de nombreux sous-genres, dans les pays où il a eu un puissant impact tant du côté des auteurs que du côté des lecteurs-on songe ici aux Etats-Unis, à l'Angleterre et à la France-. À l'origine du renouvellement du roman policier français et de la naissance du néo-polar dans les années soixante-dix est une génération d'écrivains issue des milieux gauchistes des mouvances activistes de 1968, pour qui le policier est devenu, selon l'expression de Laurent Flieder "un outil d'intervention et de critique sociale" 1. En renouvelant les invariants du roman policier, la nature du crime, la figure de l'enquêteur, le déroulement de l'enquête et les motivations du ou des criminels, des auteurs comme Jean-Patrick Manchette, Didier Daeninckx et Patrick Pécherot ont opéré un décentrement des enjeux traditionnels du roman policier comme c'est le cas dans L'Affaire N'Gustro, Meurtres pour mémoire et Tiuraï. 2 Dans ces trois romans, si le schéma du roman policier figure bien en toile de fond, sous ou derrière les apparences, les faux-semblants et les décalages, le Dans les années soixante-dix, le roman policier a connu un renouveau en France avec la naissance d’un sous-genre ancré dans le terrain politique et social français : le néo-polar. Sous l’impulsion d’auteurs comme Jean-Patrick Manchette, ce type de roman policier devient un outil d’intervention sociale et une arme politique pour tirer de l’oubli des crimes enfouis dans le passé. En quoi a-t-on avec le néo-polar, des romans visant à élucider, par-delà les meurtres d’individus, des crimes d’État et plus particulièrement des crimes postcoloniaux. C’est ce dont on va traiter dans cet article via l’analyse de L’Affaire N’Gustro, de Jean-Patrick Manchette, de Meurtres pour mémoire, de Didier Daeninckx et de Tiuraï, de Patrick Pécherot.

Polar regions are attracting more public, political, economic and scientific attention than ever before, with the role of tourism becoming increasingly recognised.. Tourism activities are still relatively new in polar settings with the role of tourism primarily seen as highly beneficial with a capacity to contribute to socio-economic development, especially in the Arctic. However, the growth in tourism is also regarded by some commentators as potentially damaging to the polar environments, especially when combined with the effects of climate change. Yet in order to understand future change it is important that past and present tourism numbers can be benchmarked. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the definitions and dimensions of tourism in polar regions and how the term polar tourism can be understood. The paper aims to define polar tourism in manner that is consistent with that of international tourism statistics in order to identify gaps in our knowledge base. Based on the existing statistics and overview of current levels of tourism in polar regions it is indicated that the number of visitors to high latitudes is already substantial, especially in the Arctic, and is continuing to grow.

Keywords: polar tourism, polar regions, Arctic, Antarctic, geopolitics

This is the submitted draft of the paper with tables but without the map figures. For the authoritative version of the paper please check the journal website: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/15022250.html

In the early decades of the Soviet Union filmmakers sought to create a cinematic map of the new state by portraying its land and peoples on screen. These films – at the time referred to as kulturfilms – served as experimental grounds for developing the cinematic formulae of a multiethnic Soviet identity and developed multiple scenic, cultural and ethnographic modalities for showing the Soviet periphery. Screening Soviet Nationalities examines the non-fictional representations of Soviet borderlands from the Far North to the Northern Caucasus and Central Asia between 1925-1940. Beginning with Dziga Vertov and his vision of the Soviet space as a unified, multinational mosaic, Oksana Sarkisova rediscovers films by Vladimir Erofeev, Alexander Litvinov, Vladimir Shneiderov, Mikhail Slutskii, Amo Bek-Nazarov, Mikhail Kalatozov, Roman Karmen and other filmmakers who helped construct an image of Soviet ethnic diversity and left behind a lasting visual legacy.

The book contributes to our understanding of changing ethnographic conventions of representation, looks at representations of diversity despite the homogenizing ambitions of Soviet-driven modernity, and reexamines methods of blending reality and fiction as part of both ideological and educational agendas. Using a wealth of unexplored archival evidence, Sarkisova analyses constructions of exoticism, backwardness and a multinational Soviet space through these remarkable and underexplored historical travelogues.

L'avventura del wireless nella spedizione del dirigibile "Italia" di Umberto Nobile

Le nuove prospettive storiografiche e l’attualità della spedizione al Polo Nord del dirigibile Italia di Umberto Nobile

Umberto Nobile e Francesco Tomaselli: il fatale abbraccio della radio con la Stampa

In the middle decades of the 19th century, explorers and scientists fell in love with the theory of the "open polar sea" which claimed that open water existed at the top of the world. Historians have not been kind to proponents of this theory, viewing them as wishful thinkers at best and unscrupulous schemers at worst. These views do not capture the strength of the theory’s arguments or its range of influence. The open polar sea theory’s appeal was multifaceted, sustained not only by wild-eyed optimists and polar enthusiasts but also by serious scholars who felt that it offered the key to a hydrographic
system of the world.

Основной вопрос, на который отвечает автор статьи: возможно ли существование постмодернистского детектива в ситуации жанрового и стилевого плюрализма? Какие основные различия постмодернистского детектива от классических образцов жанра, возникших в эпистемологическом поле модернистской культуры? На примере функции "переписывания" (réécriture) показаны пути жанровой трансформации от классического детектива к постмодернистскому в разных национальных литературах.

Beginning in the 1970s, as the federal government began to negotiate comprehensive land claims based on extant Aboriginal title, historical understandings of Indigenous land use and occupancy gained new significance as a means of demonstrating title. As Indigenous groups – such as the Kaska Dena – tried to demonstrate their Aboriginal title, they grappled with the legacy of colonial perspectives of their land use and occupancy. These colonial perspectives had the complex and sometimes contradictory effects of supporting their claims, while simultaneously circumscribing them within a Eurocentric framework. Historical renderings of Kaska Dena land use occurred within specific historical and environmental contexts. Moreover, outsider representations of Kaska Dena land use were shaped by the particular interests of the outsider or colonial observer – be it the interests of pursuing fur trade or bringing Indigenous peoples under state administration. This dissertation examines the historical unfolding of colonial knowledge relating to Kaska Dena land use and occupancy, beginning with contact and extending to the 1970s, when the federal government agreed to negotiate outstanding Indigenous land claims. The dissertation then focuses on how these past understandings of Kaska Dena land use influenced their abilities to advance their territorial rights within the context of comprehensive land claim negotiations and the emerging regime of environmental impact assessments. This analysis also considers how the Kaska Dena mobilized community-based knowledge to sometimes support and sometimes counter colonial representations of Kaska Dena land use.

TR:
Kutuplar pek çok farklı fiziksel sürecin incelenebildiği, gezegenimizin doğal ve küresel süreçleri hakkında bilgi sahibi olacağımız önemli bölgelerindendir. Bu sebeple bu bölgelerde araştırmalarını yürüten bilim insanlarının bilgilerini eğitimcilerle paylaşmasının ve eğitimcilerin de öğrencilerine aktarmasının bilginin hızlı yayılmasına ve kutup bölgelerine olan ilginin artmasına yardımcı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı özel yetenekli öğrencilerin bazı kutup fenomenlerine ilişkin görüşlerini belirlemek ve bilgi edinme sürecinde yararlandıkları bilgi kaynaklarının kökenini araştırmaktır.
EN:
The polar regions have a crucial role in which many different physical processes can be studied and where we can learn about the natural and global processes of our planet. For this reason, it is thought that sharing the knowledge of scientists conducting their research in these regions with educators and transferring them to their students will help the rapid spread of knowledge and increase the interest in polar regions. The aim of this research is to determine the views of gifted students on some polar phenomena and to investigate the origin of the sources of information they use in the process of obtaining information.

Christiane Ritter’s classic book ‘A Woman in the Polar Night’ has arguably influenced the images of Svalbard that come to mind in the German-language context. Famed for its vivid descriptions of both the beauty and the risks involved with overwintering in Svalbard, the book deviates from traditional hero narratives connected with hunters and explorers in the North. It foregrounds the influence of the darkness and the unforgiving country on its visitors, whereas other narratives often focus on ‘man’s’ struggle against (and supposed victory over) nature.
This paper will look at museum representations of Ritter’s winter in the Arctic, for example at the Polarmuseet in Tromsø and the virtual tour of the hut available at Spitsbergen-svalbard.com. Through a multimodal close reading of these representations, the paper will ask how exhibitions (both on- and offline) can do justice to Ritter’s unique perspective, and if they can avoid the trap of attributing essentialist gendered stereotypes to her multifaceted narrative. Ritter’s account, with its focus on aesthetics, the ‘otherness’ of the Arctic life and landscape (particularly for central European travelers), and the mentality changes caused by experiencing it, can today be re-evaluated in the light of popular culture’s current fascination with the High North.

This book serves as an insightful ethnographic introduction to the language and oral traditions of the Inugguit, a sub-group of the Inuit who live in north-west Greenland. A unique work, it encompasses an overview of the grammar of Polar Eskimo – a language spoken by about 770 people – as well as a description of their oral traditions (drum-dancing and story-telling) and the most extensive glossary of the language compiled to date. The book presents the Polar Eskimo language in the orthography established by the author in conjunction with the local community in Greenland, an extremely difficult task for a language made up of such an aberrant phonology and with no written tradition. By exploring their ways of speaking and ways of belonging, Leonard provides an original ethnographic interpretation of the nature of Inugguit social organization and their world-view. Some Ethnolinguistic Notes on Polar Eskimo will serve as an invaluable resource for linguists who specialise in the Eskimo-Aleut group and will be of much interest to anthropologists working in the Arctic region

Acceleration of the global climate change caused a fastened process of polar ice cap melting. This made the Arctic Sea or the Arctic Ocean as a new potential geopolitical hot-spot for great power competition. Despite being geopolitically hot-spot, Arctic is still a cold-spot for conducting naval operations even the rise of temperatures. This requires a new military task-force in-between a Blue Water Navy and Green Water Navy but with entirely different features and capabilities. This article will briefly introduce the concept of the White Water Navy and what motivates great powers to achieve one of them. It will also underline the current developments in creating a White Water Navy and on its problematic features.

İklim değişikliği sürecinin hızlanmasıyla buzullarda ki erimede yaşanan artışın da hızlanmasına yol açtı. Bu durum Arktik Denizi veya Arktik Okyanusunun süper güç yarışı için bir potansiyel sıcak nokta olma ihtimalini ortaya çıkardı. Jeopolitik olarak 'sıcak nokta' olmasına ve hava sıcaklıklarının yükselmesine rağmen Arktik bölgesi donanma operasyonları için hala bir soğuk nokta olmayı sürdürüyor. Bu durum Mavi Deniz Donanması ve Yeşil Deniz Donanmasının ortasında yer alan, ancak tamamen farklı özelliklere ve yeteneklere sahip, yeni bir deniz görev gücünün kurulmasını zorunlu kılıyor. Bu makale, Beyaz Deniz Donanması kavramını açıklarken, neden süper güçlerin buna sahip olmak istediğini de açıklamak istiyor. Makale aynı zamanda bir Beyaz Deniz Donanması kurma yolunda atılan adımları ve buna engel olabilecek nedenleri de aydınlatmak istiyor.

The Coldest Crucible takes up the story of Arctic exploration in the United States from 1850 to 1910. During this time, “Arctic fever” swept the nation as dozens of American adventurers sailed north to the Arctic to find a sea route to Asia, and ultimately, to stand at the North Pole. Few missions were successful and many men lost their lives en route. Yet failure did little to dampen the enthusiasm of the new explorers or the crowds that cheered them on. How explorers came to see exploration as meaningful work – so meaningful that they risked, and sometimes lost, their lives – is the question at the heart of Coldest Crucible. Arctic exploration, I argue, was an activity that unfolded in America as much as it did in the wintry hinterland.

While travelers have generally sought to avoid peril, some modern ones-namely, explorers, scientists, and adventurers-have come to embrace risk as an essential ingredient of their expeditions. The evolution of risk as an object of, rather than an obstacle to, travel has been long in the making. Yet this evolution is tricky to chart, since the desire for risk-oriented travel has grown up alongside demands for safer travel. In fact, the processes are linked. The tangled threads of travel, as a process that sometimes avoids and sometimes leans into danger, make the story of expeditionary disasters more complicated. Yet they also make these stories worth telling. Travel disasters are not merely the stuff of National Geographic and the Discovery Channel; they are tools that give us new ways to think about modern mobility-scientific exploration, tourism, extreme adventurism, and the travel of exile-practices usually treated independently but that here are connected and compared.

Arabic fiction has thematized crime ever since the classical period. However, the existence of detective stories or, more generally, of crime fiction as a genre within Arab culture has yet to be fully acknowledged. This book therefore offers both a theoretical reflection on this genre in its context and a set of studies on instances of crime fiction in the Arab world. Covering a vast historical and geographical range, it tackles famous writers as well as authors of young adult fiction, deals with the current practitioners of noir as well as with classical detective stories, and also focuses on the adjacent fields of film and television production.
Arabic Crime Fiction / Le récit criminel arabe thus fills a theoretical and historical gap in current scholarship. Bringing together specialists of Arab literature and cinema and/or crime fiction, it provides an overview of a rich and varied genre, at the crossroads between the narrative, philosophical, and legal traditions of the Arab world, the realities of contemporary society, and the international forms of crime fiction. It thus demonstrates that Arabic crime fiction does, indeed, exist, even though it is not yet fully recognized by the publishing market and academic institutions.

Les fictions du monde arabe font la part belle aux faits criminels, depuis la période classique jusqu’à nos jours. Pourtant, l’idée que le roman policier ou, plus généralement, le récit criminel existe comme genre au sein de la culture arabe n’est pas encore pleinement admise. Cet ouvrage propose donc à la fois une réflexion théorique sur la reconnaissance de ce genre dans son contexte et un ensemble d’études sur des exemples de fiction criminelle, qui couvre un vaste champ historique, géographique et médiatique, incluant des écrivains célèbres aussi bien que des auteurs de fiction pour la jeunesse, et qui s’intéresse aussi bien aux principaux praticiens actuels du roman noir qu’à ceux du roman à énigme, ainsi qu’à certaines productions cinématographiques et télévisuelles contemporaines.
Le récit criminel arabe / Arabic Crime Fiction comble ainsi une lacune théorique et historique. Regroupant plusieurs spécialistes de la littérature et du cinéma arabes et/ou du roman policier, ses différents chapitres dessinent une première vision d’ensemble d’un genre riche et varié, situé au carrefour entre les traditions narratives, philosophiques et juridiques du monde arabe, les réalités de la société contemporaine et les formes internationales du récit criminel. L’ouvrage Le récit criminel arabe / Arabic Crime Fiction démontre ainsi que le récit criminel arabe existe, même s’il n’est pas encore identifié comme tel par le marché de l’édition et n’a pas encore pleinement accédé à la reconnaissance de l’institution universitaire.

Microplastics are increasingly recognized as being globally widespread, but relatively little is known about the presence and abundance of microplastics in samples collected in Polar Regions. Here we review the current knowledge about microplastic occurrence and distribution in polar environments, with a particular focus on the relevance of the data and comparability between Arctic and Antarctic investigations. In the Arctic, microplastics have been found in seawater, marine sediments, ice, and snow and in the gut content of several species at different trophic levels. Antarctica is still, by far, the least affected region by human activity than anywhere else in the world, and the few studies carried out in this region find microplastics at very low concentrations. Studies focusing on microplastic threats to key species of Arctic and Antarctic marine food webs are urgently needed as are coordinated long-term studies on microplastic pollution, which are mandatory to follow the temporal trend of human impact in these remote regions.

In 2010, Leonard set off on a journey to document the language and spoken traditions of a small group of Inuit living in a remote corner of north-west Greenland. As a teenager, Leonard had read about the Inugguit through the accounts of the explorer, Sir Wally Herbert who lived in the region in the early 1970s. Travelling with hunters out on the Arctic sea ice, he followed in Herbert’s footsteps and discovered another world entirely, a way of life more or less unchanged for a thousand years. Living such a simple life in a pre-industrial society at the top of the world, Leonard came to understand the Inugguit’s privileged take on the busy, overpopulated world that lies beneath them. This is the account of Leonard’s year living with this remote group in the High Arctic.

Vanishing Ice introduces the rich artistic legacy of the planet's frozen frontiers now threatened by a changing climate. Tracing the impact of glaciers, icebergs, and fields of ice on artists' imaginations, this interdisciplinary survey explores the connections between generations of artists who adopt different styles, media, and approaches to interpret alpine and polar landscapes.

Beginning in the eighteenth century, collaborations between the arts and sciences contributed to a deeper understanding of snowcapped mountains, the Arctic, and Antarctica. A resurgence of interest in these environments as dramatic indicators of climate change galvanizes contemporary expeditions to the glaciers and the poles. Today, artists, writers, and scientists awaken the world to both the beauty and increasing vulnerability of ice.

BARBARA C. MATILSKY is curator of art at the Whatcom Museum, Bellingham, Washington. She is the author of numerous books, including Fragile Ecologies: Contemporary Artists' Interpretations and Solutions.

In this timely new book, international scholars and military professionals come together to explore the strategic consequences of the thawing of the Arctic. Their analyses of efforts by governments and defense, security, and coast guard organizations to address these challenges make timely and urgent reading. Rather than a single national perspective, The Fast-Changing Arctic brings together circumpolar viewpoints from North America, Europe and Asia for an integrated discussion of strategic military, diplomatic, and security challenges in the high North. Thoughtful analyses are included of different regions, climate issues, institutions, and foreign and security policies. This is an important book for students of international studies, political science, and northern studies.

The Arctic is affected by global environmental change and also by diverse interests from many economic sectors and industries. Over the last decade, various actors have attempted to explore the options for setting up integrated and comprehensive trans-boundary systems for monitoring and observing these impacts. These Arctic Observation Systems (AOS) contribute to the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of environmental change and responsible social and economic development in the Arctic. The aim of this article is to identify the two-way relationship between AOS and tourism. On the one hand, tourism activities account for diverse changes across a broad spectrum of impact fields. On the other hand, due to its multiple and diverse agents and far-reaching activities, tourism is also well-positioned to collect observational data and participate as an actor in monitoring activities. To accomplish our goals, we provide an inventory of tourism-embedded issues and concerns of interest to AOS from a range of destinations in the circumpolar Arctic region, including Alaska, Arctic Canada, Iceland, Svalbard, the mainland European Arctic and Russia. The article also draws comparisons with the situation in Antarctica. On the basis of a collective analysis provided by members of the International Polar Tourism Research Network from across the polar regions, we conclude that the potential role for tourism in the development and implementation of AOS is significant and has been overlooked.

Any third-party material in this book is published under the book's Creative Commons license unless indicated otherwise in the credit line to the material. If you would like to re-use any third-party material not covered by the book's Creative Commons license, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. ISBN: 978-1-78735-663-4 (Hbk.) ISBN: 978-1-78735-662-7 (Pbk.) ISBN: 978-1-78735-661-0 (PDF) ISBN: 978-1-78735-664-1 (epub) ISBN: 978-1-78735-665-8 (mobi)

Cold regions, including high-latitude and high-altitude landscapes, are experiencing profound environmental changes driven by global warming. With the advance of earth observation technology, remote sensing has become increasingly important for detecting, monitoring, and understanding environmental changes over vast and remote regions. This paper provides an overview of recent achievements, challenges, and opportunities for land remote sensing of cold regions by (a) summarizing the physical principles and methods in remote sensing of selected key variables related to ice, snow, permafrost, water bodies, and vegetation; (b) highlighting recent environmental nonstationarity occurring in the Arctic, Tibetan Plateau, and Antarctica as detected from satellite observations; (c) discussing the limits of available remote sensing data and approaches for regional monitoring; and (d) exploring new opportunities from next-generation satellite missions and emerging methods for accurate, timely, and multi-scale mapping of cold regions.

As a consequence of the current climate change, the polar areas, which are particularly vulnerable, are going through new environmental challenges. Indeed, the ice melting reveals new commercial opportunities for the exploitation of different natural resources but it also brings to light an issue for current international law, such as the need to adapt the law to properly protect the polar environment and ecosystems. According to a very different legal situation, the gap is wide between Arctic and Antarctic in terms of environmental protection, and the willingness of the States to satisfy its interests is difficult to reconcile with an efficient and global environmental protection. Thereby, some propositions have been made to improve the legal systems, but even if the protection of polar areas is considered as an emergency, the way might still be long to find the most sustainable legal system of protection.

This poem by Rupert Medd includes some thoughts written on a postcard  from Caroline Alexander, author of "The Endurance - Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition".

The Pierced Veneer " In memories we were rich. We had pierced the veneer of outside things. We had 'suffered, starved and triumphed, grovelled down yet grasped at glory, grown bigger in the bigness of the whole.' We had seen God in His splendours, heard the text that Nature renders. We had reached the naked soul of man."

                                              Sir Ernest Shackleton, entry in his book, 'South'.