Polar Studies

The volcanic Kerguelen Islands are formed on one of the world’s largest submarine plateaus. Located in the remote segment of the southern Indian Ocean close to Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau is notable for a complex tectonic origin and geologic formation related to the Cretaceous history of the continents. This is reflected in the varying age of the oceanic crust adjacent to the plateau and the highly heterogeneous bathymetry of the Kerguelen Plateau, with seafloor structure differing for the southern and northern segments. Remote sensing data derived from marine gravity and satellite radar altimetry surveys serve as an important source of information for mapping complex seafloor features. This study incorporates geospatial information from NOAA, EMAG2, WDMAM, ETOPO1, and EGM96 datasets to refine the extent and distribution of the extracted seafloor features. The cartographic joint analysis of topography, magnetic anomalies, tectonic and gravity grids is based on the integrated m...

The paper concerns GMT application for studies of the geophysical and geomorphological settings of the Weddell Sea. Its western part is occupied by the back-arc basin developed during geologic evolution of the Antarctic. The mapping presents geophysical settings reflecting tectonic formation of the region, glaciomarine sediment distribution and the bathymetry. The GlobSed grid highlighted the abnormally large thickness of sedimentary strata resulted from the long lasting sedimentation and great subsidence ratio. The sediment thickness indicated significant influx (>13,000m) in the southern segment. Values of 6,000-7,000 m along the peninsula indicate stability of the sediments influx. The northern end of the Filchner Trough shows increased sediment supply. The topography shows variability -7,160-4,763 m. The ridges in the northern segment and gravity anomalies (>75 mGal) show parallel lines stretching NW-SE (10°-45°W, 60°-67°S) which points at the effects of regional topography. The basin is dominated by the slightly negative gravity >-30 mGal. The geoid model shows a SW-NE trend with the lowest values <18 m in the south, the highest values >20m in the NE and along the Coats Land. The ripples in the north follow the geometry of the submarine ridges and channels proving correlation with topography and gravitational equipotential surface.

This article demonstrates how, 150 years ago, a new culture of polar science emerged—shifting from heroic exploration to systematic, internationally coordinated research stations—laying the groundwork for modern polar and environmental science.

This comprehensive analysis presents complete mathematical derivations demonstrating that the confirmed 24-hour polar sun phenomenon violates energy conservation by infinite factors. Through exhaustive calculations incorporating every known correction factor-maximum albedo (95%), Beer-Lambert atmospheric absorption, elevation effects at 2,835m, minimum sun angles, spectral dependencies, angular variations, cloud cover, wind effects, ocean circulation, and 47 additional examined mechanisms-we prove that even the most conservative calculations predict 0.59-27.54 meters of Antarctic ice melting annually versus essentially zero observed. Temperature predictions yield +64°C expected versus-57°C observed, a 121°C error. We provide complete step-by-step derivations for every calculation, examine and mathematically refute all proposed explanations, and demonstrate that no combination of physical mechanisms can resolve these infinite-factor violations of thermodynamic laws. The December 2024 Final Experiment's confirmation of 24-hour sun paradoxically strengthens these impossibilities.

Die Arktis ist eine sowohl kolonialisierte als auch heroisiert dargestellte Region, deren politische und ökologische Bedeutung wächst. In Kunst, Aktivismus und Wissenschaft wird häufig das Ästhetische des Erhabenen genutzt, um eine sinnliche Verbundenheit mit dieser entlegenen Landschaft zu evozieren. Diese Heroisierung hat jedoch soziale, ökologische und politische Krisen verschärft, weshalb ein Wandel in der visuellen Kultur dringend geboten ist. Die grönländisch-dänische Künstlerin Pia Arke gilt als Pionierin der künstlerischen Auseinandersetzung mit dem zirkumpolaren Norden. In ihren multimedialen Arbeiten thematisierte sie den skandinavischen Kolonialismus als eine Form fortwirkender Gewalt. Der Vortrag von Dr. Anne Hemkendreis untersucht künstlerische Visualisierungen der Arktis mit Blick auf die Vorstellung leerer Eiswüsten und ihre zweifelhafte Bedeutung für gegenwärtige Debatten.

Der Vortrag thematisiert den nordischen Kolonialismus als Teil europäischer Geschichte und beleuchtet die Verbindungen zwischen Botanik, Rassenideologie und sinnlicher Wahrnehmung. Ausgangspunkt ist die Arbeit Mirabilis L. (2023) der Künstlerin Hannimari Jokinen, die unsichtbare koloniale Strukturen und deren fortwährende Wirkung sichtbar macht. In ihren Installationen verbindet Jokinen wissenschaftliche und ästhetische Wahrnehmungen und fordert die Betrachter:innen auf, sich auch mit ihrer eigenen Positionierung innerhalb kolonialer Machtverhältnisse auseinanderzusetzen.

Images shape the way we perceive the world and its individual regions. The Arctic has traditionally been pictured through the perspective of human heroism. Its medialisation started in the 16th century and had its first peak during the colonial and scientific polar expeditions around 1900. Currently, we find ourselves in a new boom of arctic medialisation, which is, however, less hero- than crisis-oriented. In a time of ecological and social catastrophes – such as climate change – the Arctic is becoming an icon in the critical reflection of the nature-human relationship since colonialism. In particular, indigenous artists of the Circumpolar North, i.e. the Arctic and the sub-Arctic, critically engage with the pictorial tradition of the North; they direct our attention to what has been blanked out in the historiography of polar exploration and national expansionism. In doing so, the link to heroic aesthetics and sublime romanticism highlights the often invisible and persistent violence inherent in the notion of the Arctic as an empty wilderness that expands boundlessly for the gaze of the heroic subject. This article examines the critical debate, but also the persistence of heroic imaginaries in contemporary arctic art. At the core of my argumentation lies an indigenous perspective on the Arctic as a colonised zone, which contrasts with the heroic fantasy of the region as untouched and uninhabited.

Dieser Artikel untersucht die Videoinstallation
„True North“ (2004), in der Julien die Leerstellen
polarer Heldenmythen – die Partizipation von
People of Colour,1 Frauen und Inuit an Expeditionen
– thematisiert und auf ihre koloniale Prägung
befragt. Im Zentrum der Analyse steht die
Arbeit des Künstlers mit Eis, das als eine feste
Bühne für heroische Taten und als ein sich verflüssigendes
Element mit deheroisierender Wirkung
auftritt. In der Videoinstallation dient das
Eis dazu, heroische Gesten zu bewahren, zu
verweigern und zugleich aufzulösen. Dieser Artikel
interpretiert das Eis in Juliens Videoinstallation
als eine Geste des künstlerischen Materials,
also als Äußerung eines nicht-menschlichen und
lebendigen Gegenübers, die zum Nachdenken
über die Gründe und Zusammenhänge gegenwärtiger
Krisen auffordert.

The film Aeronauts by Tom Harper (director) and Jack Thorne (writer) is a biopic of the British meteorologist James Glashier (1809–1903). He is considered a pioneer of meteorology and aerology. His scientific merit lies in the investigation of the stratosphere—which was largely unknown at the time—and in bringing the planet’s biosphere to people’s attention. The film is about Glashier’s spectacular flight with the giant gas balloon Mammoth on 5 September 1862 from Wolverhampton (UK). On that day, Glashier and the aeronaut Henry T. Coxwell (1819–1900)—replaced in the film by the fictional character Amelia Wren—ascended over 11,000 m (36,000 ft), which was a world record at that time. The balloon flight went down in history less for its scientific results than for its spectacular character, which almost caused the death of the scientist and his aeronaut. The icy air frosted the balloon’s valve through which gas could be regulated, leading to an uncontrolled ascent that could only be averted by Coxwell’s daring action. While Glashier lost consciousness, the aeronaut climbed into the upper ring of the balloon and pulled the rope of the valve with his teeth, as his hands were frozen. In contrast to history, the film shows an even more dramatic rescue, in which the female protagonist saves her and Glashier’s lives by climbing up the outside wall of the frozen balloon and forcing the valve open. In doing so, the film turns history into an emotional and dramatic spectacle in icy atmospheres. It further discusses the history of meteorology and its protagonists, the practices of knowledge-making with ice and their mediations.

Melting, freezing, and transforming polar landscapes have historically posed a challenge to geographical and geopolitical endeavors to “map” such shifting environments. In this chapter, we discuss how these hard-to-access polar landscapes have been imagined as frontier spaces, and how these imaginaries have been reconfigured by remote sensing since the 1970s. The questions of this chapter touch on built environments and access in various ways, particularly through the ostensible absence of human infrastructures in those regions. How has the view delivered by various satellite programs transformed the perception of these remote places as a kind of frontier space; reinforced or altered images of the edges of livable or uninhabitable worlds? And, how does satellite imagery of polar landscapes implicitly negotiate natural and political borders at their intersection, boundaries of the visible and visualizable? We address these questions through satellite imagery of the Arctic and Antarctic, which began to proliferate after the launch of the Earth Resources Technology satellite (later known at Landsat) in 1972. The edges of ice became sites of particular interest, as these border zones allowed users to read and map the spaces in between. Satellite imagery quickly proved to be a malleable form, productive of different kinds of images with different imaginaries of the “outside” within the planet.

URL : https://journals.usj.edu.lb/regards/article/view/1408.
Consacré au Crime à l’écran dans le monde arabe, ce numéro de Regards prolonge la réflexion sur les représentations du crime dans les œuvres fictionnelles arabes, dont les jalons ont été posés avec l’ouvrage collectif Le récit criminel arabe/Arabic Crime Fiction.[...]Le présent volume poursuit cette démarche investigatrice en considérant les films et séries arabes dont l’intrigue se fonde sur des crimes ainsi que sur des personnages de criminels et/ou d’enquêteurs.

The international conference Epistemic Frontiers: Geoscientific Knowledge, Authority, and Politics of Participation in Arctic and African Exploration (University of Oslo, 22–24 April 2025) explored the comparative history of geoscientific knowledge production in the Arctic and Africa from the nineteenth to early twentieth centuries. Both regions, long imagined in Europe as “blank spaces,” were staged as epistemic frontiers where scientific authority, colonial ambitions, and geopolitical interests converged.

The conference examined how authority was constructed through research practices, publications, and institutional frameworks, and highlighted the roles of Indigenous actors and intermediaries alongside European explorers. By analyzing narratives, maps, expeditions, and infrastructures, participants investigated how these regions were framed simultaneously as sites of global scientific knowledge and as arenas of imperial projects.

Organized by the Department of Archaeology, Conservation & History (IAKH), University of Oslo, in cooperation with international partners, the conference represents a major outcome of the MSCA project Poles and People. It aims to show how the making of “epistemic frontiers” shaped both scientific concepts and political orders, with legacies that persist today.

Arktik bölgesi, iklim değişikliğinin en somut etkilerinin görüldüğü alanlardan biridir. Son 40 yılda yaz aylarında deniz buzunun %40 oranında küçülmesi (Overland & Wang, 2019, s. 12), yalnızca ekosistemleri değil, aynı zamanda küresel ekonomi ve uluslararası hukuku da derinden etkilemektedir. Buzulların erimesi, Asya ile Avrupa arasındaki taşımacılığı Süveyş Kanalı üzerinden 21.000 km yerine Kuzey Deniz Rotası (NSR) üzerinden yaklaşık 12.800 km’ye düşürmektedir (Lasserre & Têtu, 2020, s. 9). Bu rota, navlun süresini 45 günden 30 güne kadar kısaltarak Çin’in ihracat ekonomisine yıllık milyarlarca dolar tasarruf sağlayabilecek potansiyele sahiptir. Çin’in 2018’de yayımladığı Arctic Policy White Paper belgesinde duyurduğu Kutup İpek Yolu vizyonu, işte bu jeoekonomik dönüşümün merkezinde yer almaktadır.

I will describe an advance in remote sensing of vegetation in the time domain that combines simultaneous measurements of the normalized difference vegetation index, soil moisture, and chlorophyll fluorescence, all from different satellite sensors but acquired for the same areas at the same time step. The different sensor data are MODIS NDVI data from both Terra and Aqua platforms, soil moisture data from SMOS & SM_P (aka SMAP but with only the passive radiometer), and chlorophyll fluorescence data from GOME-2. The complementary combination of these data provide important crop yield information for agricultural production estimates at critical phenological times in the growing season, provide a scientific basis to map land degradation, and enable quantitative determination of the end of the growing season in temperate zones.

e rst contact of man with Antarctica occurred through reconnaissance expeditions and/or shing activities, with increasing investments over time from various countries and motivated by scienti c, economic and strategic interests. While the rst buildings constructed in Antarctica were usually used for short periods of permanence and had reduced comfort, the increased interest in the continent associated to new technologies has resulted in major improvements in the quality of housings. is advancement raised questions related to the new constructions: the concern with the environment and the consequences of the presence of man in the region. e aim of this research was to describe the architectural production in di erent periods and classify these buildings according to their speci c characteristics. Because the present work is a research typically based on literature, the methodology used sought to investigate documents, books, articles and journals and, additionally, to obtain information from the various reference Antarctic Programs. Importantly, the analysis of what is built in Antarctica represents also an assessment of the socio-political context of Nations that occupy the continent. As a result, buildings were classi ed according to the construction period and were inserted in the context of the division into historical, environmental and technological times.

Last chance tourism presents an intrinsic paradox, while it provides visitors opportunities to experience tourist destinations threatened with disappearance, it also intensifies the impacts on these places, potentially accelerating their degradation. Such destinations, often linked to natural areas, suffer not only from the effects of climate change on the landscape and biodiversity but also have a significant impact on native peoples and local communities, adversely affecting socio-cultural aspects. The aim of this study was to identify and map tourist sites at risk of disappearing. Therefore, an exploratory methodological approach was adopted, complemented by the systematic mapping of scientific literature of a mixed nature, including both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results revealed that most studies focus on tourist destinations in glacial regions directly related to the intensification of global warming. However, few studies address anthropogenic effects, such as threats to predominantly natural destinations and attractions. Additionally, it was observed that there are few publications from Global South countries and regions impacted by environmental crises. Finally, this study seeks to advance the ongoing debate on the touristification of vulnerable spaces and the ethical limits associated with their promotion and the encouragement of visitation. El turismo de última oportunidad presenta una paradoja intrínseca: aunque ofrece a los visitantes la posibilidad de experimentar destinos turísticos amenazados por su desaparición, también intensifica los impactos en estos lugares, lo que potencialmente acelera su degradación. Estos destinos, a menudo asociados con áreas naturales, no solo sufren los efectos del cambio climático sobre el paisaje y la biodiversidad, sino que también generan un impacto significativo en los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales, afectando negativamente los aspectos socioculturales. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar y mapear los sitios turísticos en riesgo de desaparecer. Para ello, se adoptó un enfoque metodológico exploratorio, complementado con el mapeo sistemático de la literatura científica, de naturaleza mixta, que incluyó análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo. Los resultados revelaron que la mayoría de los estudios se centran en destinos turísticos en regiones glaciales directamente relacionadas con la intensificación del calentamiento global. Sin embargo, pocos estudios abordan los efectos antropogénicos, como las amenazas a destinos y atracciones predominantemente naturales. Además, se observó que existen pocas publicaciones provenientes de países y regiones del Sur Global afectados por crisis ambientales. Finalmente, se espera que esta investigación contribuya con el debate sobre la turistificación de espacios vulnerables y los límites éticos implicados en su promoción e incentivo a la visitación. Crisis ambiental, cultura, turismo de última oportunidad Culture, environmental crisis, last chance tourism

Last chance tourism presents an intrinsic paradox, while it provides visitors opportunities to experience tourist destinations threatened with disappearance, it also intensifies the impacts on these places, potentially accelerating their degradation. Such destinations, often linked to natural areas, suffer not only from the effects of climate change on the landscape and biodiversity but also have a significant impact on native peoples and local communities, adversely affecting socio-cultural aspects. The aim of this study was to identify and map tourist sites at risk of disappearing. Therefore, an exploratory methodological approach was adopted, complemented by the systematic mapping of scientific literature of a mixed nature, including both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results revealed that most studies focus on tourist destinations in glacial regions directly related to the intensification of global warming. However, few studies address anthropogenic effects, such as threats to predominantly natural destinations and attractions. Additionally, it was observed that there are few publications from Global South countries and regions impacted by environmental crises. Finally, this study seeks to advance the ongoing debate on the touristification of vulnerable spaces and the ethical limits associated with their promotion and the encouragement of visitation. El turismo de última oportunidad presenta una paradoja intrínseca: aunque ofrece a los visitantes la posibilidad de experimentar destinos turísticos amenazados por su desaparición, también intensifica los impactos en estos lugares, lo que potencialmente acelera su degradación. Estos destinos, a menudo asociados con áreas naturales, no solo sufren los efectos del cambio climático sobre el paisaje y la biodiversidad, sino que también generan un impacto significativo en los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales, afectando negativamente los aspectos socioculturales. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar y mapear los sitios turísticos en riesgo de desaparecer. Para ello, se adoptó un enfoque metodológico exploratorio, complementado con el mapeo sistemático de la literatura científica, de naturaleza mixta, que incluyó análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo. Los resultados revelaron que la mayoría de los estudios se centran en destinos turísticos en regiones glaciales directamente relacionadas con la intensificación del calentamiento global. Sin embargo, pocos estudios abordan los efectos antropogénicos, como las amenazas a destinos y atracciones predominantemente naturales. Además, se observó que existen pocas publicaciones provenientes de países y regiones del Sur Global afectados por crisis ambientales. Finalmente, se espera que esta investigación contribuya con el debate sobre la turistificación de espacios vulnerables y los límites éticos implicados en su promoción e incentivo a la visitación. Crisis ambiental, cultura, turismo de última oportunidad.

This paper is focused on the estimation of carbon footprint from fuels (gasoline and diesel) of Abia State polytechnic, Aba (ASPA) for the period of March to November in 2016 which is about 189 days. This work was aimed to determine the carbon emissions from tailpipes of engines using fuels on the campus in, set a standards or conditions and to improve the attenuation of climate change which may pose a threat to the polytechnic in the future measurement. The polytechnic total carbon emissions for March-November 2016 was estimated to be 773.9 tones of CO2. The carbon emissions were estimated to be mostly from diesel engines than gasoline engines. Emission from generators, vehicles and other automobile engines commuting within institution depicts that the institution is approaching the high emission rate of carbon which may cause the health problems to the individuals. Owing to the analysis of the result, mitigation factor such as investing on renewable energy project and probably introducing a green campus initiatives as in ideas which involves planting of trees is suggested.

This report presents the results of the research project Investigations of climate change and degradation of archaeological cultural environments in Svalbard (CLIMARCH, Part 1: Osteological analysis - Likneset). The project has received a grant from the Svalbard Environmental Protection Fund to carry out new osteological investigations on skeletons from the first whaling industry in Svalbard (1600-1700 AD), which were excavated at the Likneset burial site (id 93705) in Smeerenburgfjorden during the period 1985-1990. The aim of the project was 1) to compare the condition and preservation of the skeletons with recently excavated skeletons from the same site (2016/2019), in order to assess whether there have been changes as a result of climate change. In addition, 2) to collect a wealth of osteological data that will provide new insights into the health and living conditions of seafarers and whalers from the European population at this time, which are rarely preserved in other European contexts.
1) Almost all of the graves in the erosion area had suffered significant damage as a result of erosion activity in the form of soil seepage
(solifluction), coastal erosion and cracking of the subsoil. Most of the graves had been moved downwards by erosional forces, deforming the
burial mounds. The coffins had also collapsed, pushing the coffin lid and side boards out of position. As a result, skeletal parts and textile material were exposed to the intrusion of sediment, water and oxygen. 64% of the skeletons from the erosion area show post-mortem damage from such exposure, including fragmented/crushed skulls (collapsed coffin lid), abrasion of the bone surface, traces of water infiltration and green growth (moss), damage to joint ends, and flaking and cracking of the bone surface. An assessment of the condition of the skeletons, apart from the damage described above, shows that most are relatively well preserved compared to other contexts, with preserved remains of head/body hair and nails, as well as degraded remains of skin, brain matter, soft tissue and internal organs. We found no visible differences in the condition of
the skeletons excavated in the 1980s and in 2016/2019. However, for the textile material, ongoing analyses of preservation conditions show that the finds from 2016/2019 appear to be significantly degraded compared to those from the 1980s. To understand what might be affecting preservation conditions, we have drawn parallels with other studies in the Arctic, which show that increasing precipitation, higher temperatures and sea levels are affecting archaeological sites and landscapes through thawing permafrost, increased coastal erosion and landslides, and increased fungal growth and bacterial decomposition of organic archaeological finds. Our results suggest that similar effects have influenced the degradation of archaeological material at Likneset in recent decades. This is particularly evident in the erosion area, partly as a result of erosion-
related damage, but also because the active layer of permafrost thaws deeper and for longer in the summer. This leads to increased erosion, soil seepage and surface cracking, which in turn increases the ingress of sediment, water and oxygen. The effect is compounded by the fact that less sea ice leads to increased wave erosion and leaching of sediments.
2) The osteological analysis has demonstrated the knowledge potential of post-medieval skeletal material that is rarely preserved in other
European contexts. The analyses show that the skeletons represent a group of men in the Young/Middle adult age category (20-34 years), with the majority being young men aged 20-25. The average stature is 173.3 cm, which is considerably higher than the skeletons previously examined at Ytre Norskøya and Jensenvatnet. This may indicate that Likneset was used by groups with higher socio-economic status than the other burial sites. However, traces of enamel hypoplasia were found in the teeth of 63% of the individuals, suggesting periodic illness and/or malnutrition during childhood. Up to 95% of the skeletons examined also show clear signs of advanced scurvy. Rickets was found in one skeleton, and one individual also had evidence of kidney stones. Most of the skeletons show visible changes in the bones as a result of wear and tear and/or high levels of stress and trauma caused by extensive and repetitive movements. Such findings are relatively normal in older adults,
associated with age-related wear and tear (osteoarthrosis), but not so frequent in the most common age group in Likneset. This suggests that these individuals have lived with considerable hard work and strain from a young age. 26% of the individuals also have specific bone changes in the upper arm, clavicle, shoulder and breastbone, consistent with extensive and repetitive upper body movements. These bone changes have previously been associated with the use of kayaks or canoes to hunt seals and whales, including among the Inuit. This shows the potential for identifying activity related wear and tear injuries in whalers that involve extensive use of the upper body, such as rowing, paddling, harpooning, etc. One individual also has abnormal bone changes in the ear canal associated with irritation from prolonged exposure to cold wind and water.
Overall, the results show that the lives of the whalers buried at Likneset were characterised by poverty, periods of malnutrition and very hard
work from an early age. Ongoing analyses of the burial sites Jensenvatnet and Ytre Norskøya show variations in the skeletal and textile material, which may indicate that the burial sites in the Smeerenburgfjorden were used by different groups. This may be due to different periods of use, but also to the social status/profession/role of the individuals, or the national affiliation of the employer (fleet/ship). However, it should be noted that aDNA and isotope analyses of a selection of skeletons from Smeerenburgfjorden indicate national diversity among the participating whalers. It may therefore be inappropriate to treat the burials according to national affiliation, even if the whalers represented different nations through their employers. Instead, we suggest that the material should be seen as a common European cultural heritage that transcends nationalities.

This paper takes both historical and future-oriented perspectives to explore the Commission on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) as an integral part of the Antarctic Treaty system (ATS), its accomplishments, current challenges and possible future pathways, with a focus on area-based marine management approaches including marine protected areas (MPAs).

The objective of this study is to estimate the average availability of bio-mass in India in year 2010 and prediction in year 2025 with the help of high-resolution imagery through Google Earth Engine and GIS, also estimating release of CO2 into atmosphere, if the same bio-mass is not utilized. The range of average above ground bio-mass(agb) in 2010 varies from 0.5338-93.644, below ground bio-mass (bgb)1.015-22.474, and Total bio mass (TBM) 1.5488-116.118 kg*C/m^2 as computed from MODIS. Corresponding Total Biomass quantity in year 2010 is 4.39179 billion Ton and CO2 release in atmosphere is 11.539218400000001 billion Ton. However, the Gross Primary Production is 4.79646005 billion Ton. However, prediction was made with NASA imagery in conjunction with

During the austral summer 1996–97 an extensive field program with geophysical and geodetic observations was carried out in the vicinity of the grounding line of Ekstromisen, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. The main emphasis of the joint program was placed on continuous observations of the horizontal as well as the vertical component of the ice displacement across the grounding zone. Data-processing methods for the in parts discontinuous time series and the vertical displacements in the area of the grounding zone are described, and first results presented, with the focus on the influence of the ocean tides on grounded ice. Tidal-induced deflections with amplitudes of up to 0.15 m were recorded at a station on grounded ice 1 km from the grounding line.

The Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (abbreviated NBSAE or NBSX) was an expedition set for the Norwegian claimed sector, Dronning Maud Land, in Antarctica in the years 1949 to 1952. The expedition was planned for three years, with several delays, and was not ready until 1949. In November 1949 the vessel Norsel and its crew left Norway and headed south to the Antarctic. On February 11 th 1950, the "Maudheim" wintering base was established on the Quar ice shelf at 71º 02,6' S. -10º 55,5' W. Because of this, the expedition is also referred to as the Maudheim expedition. The expedition was conceived by the Swedish geologist Hans Wilhelmsson Ahlmann. After years of studying glaciers in the northern hemisphere, he wanted to investigate whether climatic fluctuations, similar to those he had observed in the Arctic, were also occurring in the Antarctic. His idea eventually resulted in a cooperative expedition between Norway, Sweden and Britain. Each nation was in charge of its respective science discipline: Norway was mainly responsible for meteorology and topographical surveys; Britain for geology; and Sweden for glaciology. 1 Botanical and oceanographical research was undertaken jointly. 2 For Norway this was the first opportunity to show what the newly established Norwegian Polar Institute (March 1948) could accomplish, and at the same time, strengthen national claims and economic interests. 3 With the Norwegian Polar Institute, under the leadership of Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, as the main organiser, the expedition plans excelled. In cooperation with the other participating nations' Antarctic committees the scientific programme and dispatch-related issues were resolved. The personnel on the expedition hailed from Norway, Sweden and the British Commonwealth (United Kingdom, Canada, Australia) and were led by the Norwegian John Giaever. 4 During the two years of wintering, a large number of journeys and expeditions were undertaken resulting in a vast amount of data being obtained. The geological, glaciological, meteorological and topographical surveys greatly improved the understanding of the role of the Antarctic ice-sheet on regulating the world's climate and the world sea levels. 5

Global targets for area-based conservation and management must move beyond threshold-based targets alone and must account for the quality of such areas. In the Southern Ocean around Antarctica, a region where key biodiversity faces unprecedented risks from climate change and where there is a growing demand to extract resources, a number of marine areas have been afforded enhanced conservation or management measures through two adopted marine protected areas (MPAs). However, evidence suggests that additional high quality areas could benefit from a proposed network of MPAs. Penguins offer a particular opportunity to identify high quality areas because these birds, as highly visible central-place foragers, are considered indicator species whose populations reflect the state of the surrounding marine environment. We compiled a comprehensive dataset of the location of penguin colonies and their associated abundance estimates in Antarctica. We then estimated the at-sea distribution of bir...

In the 60th year after the placing of the corner stone under the Polish Polar Station at Hornsund (PPSH; Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway), a new capsule has been laid down in the vicinity of the PPSH. It is made of stainless steel, and includes five stainless steel containers, each carrying a message on different themes in our lives. The message is written in the language of objects, each of them speaking for itself. The capsule with containers has been buried in a 4.2 m deep hole, drilled for scientific purposes. The host rocks for the capsule are the Precambrian gneisses, representing the basement of the polar archipelago. We estimate that the capsule, now some 6 m a.s.l., will appear again on the surface after ca. 0.5 Ma, due to the combined effect of uplift and erosion. We also believe that it will be found, and the message understood, contrary to other messages sent by mankind into space.

Plastic debris is a worldwide problem. This is particularly acute in the Pacific region, where its scale is a reason for serious concern. There is an obvious need for studies to assess the extent to which plastic debris affects the Pacific. Therefore, this research aims to address this need by undertaking a systematic assessment of the ecological and health impacts of plastic debris on Pacific islands. Using pertinent historical qualitative and quantitative data of the distribution of plastic debris in the region, this study identified pollution and contamination trends and risks to ecosystems, and suggests some measures which may be deployed to address the identified problems. The study illustrates the fact that Pacific Island States are being disproportionately affected by plastic, and reiterates that further studies and integrated strategies are needed, involving public education and empowerment, governmental action, as well as ecologically sustainable industry leadership. It is also clear that more research is needed in respect of developing alternatives to conventional plastic, by the production of bio-plastic, i.e. plastic which is produced from natural (e.g. non-fossil fuel-based sources) materials, and which can be fully biodegradable.

Cet article explore la militarisation croissante de l'Antarctique, territoire démilitarisé depuis 1959 mais confronté à de nouvelles réalités géopolitiques. Il met en lumière les limites du Traité de Washington et du Protocole de Madrid face aux technologies à double usage et à l'absence de mécanismes coercitifs efficaces. L'article souligne le risque d'une remilitarisation discrète, notamment à l'approche de la date clé de 2048, et questionne la capacité du droit international à préserver la paix dans un contexte stratégique en mutation.

In this report, we re-examine the debate over the origin of the Martian polar chasmata based on new imaging data provided by the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) [1], topographic data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), and high resolution images from the Mars Orbiting Camera (MOC) . Our primary focus is the north polar region of Mars, including Chasma Boreale and two adjacent smaller chasmata (Figure ). We conclude that a model for chasmata formation that emphasizies long-term aeolian erosion and modification of the polar layered material best explains the available data.

In this report, we re-examine the debate over the origin of the Martian polar chasmata based on new imaging data provided by the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) [1], topographic data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), and high resolution images from the Mars Orbiting Camera (MOC) . Our primary focus is the north polar region of Mars, including Chasma Boreale, largest of the Martian polar re-entrants, and two adjacent smaller chasmata (Figure ). We conclude that a model for chasmata formation that emphasizies long-term aeolian erosion and modification of the polar layered material best explains the available data. We focus our analysis on the aeolian depositional and erosional features within and surrounding the chasmata and the stratigraphic and morphologic relationships exposed within walls of the arcuate and sinuous head scarps. Cap unit of sinuous scarp Remnant conical mounds and plates derived from cap unit 20 km Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007) 1342.pdf

Esploratore e alpinista in tre continenti, storico e storico dell'arte, scrittore e giornalista, collezionista e mercante d'arte, fondatore di musei e politico, Sir e Barone: incredibile a dirsi, ma il nostro personaggio è stato tutto questo… Da parte mia l'ho particolarmente apprezzato per uno di questi aspetti: il suo storico affresco sulle Svalbard, il primo nella letteratura dell'arcipelago. Più volte per i miei lavori ho infatti consultato: No Man's Land, a History of Spitsbergen from its discovery in 1596 to the beginning of the Scientific Exploration of the Country (1906).
Explorer and mountaineer on three continents, historian and art historian, writer and journalist, collector and art dealer, founder of museums and politician, Sir and Baron: incredible as it may seem, our character was all of this… For my part, I particularly appreciated him for one of these aspects: his historic fresco on Svalbard, the first in the literature of the archipelago. Later I would learn that he was also a great explorer and mountaineer. One of the greatest existing between the 19th and 20th centuries. After all, it was precisely inside Svalbard that he would carry out an extraordinary exploit, the first in history, both in terms of exploration and the more strictly mountaineering phase. In fact, his ascents would also be the first to be carried out in the Arctic… All of this during his “crossing” of Spitsbergen, the largest island, from west to east.

Più volte nel corso delle mie ricerche sull'Artico mi sono imbattuto su un personaggio straordinario, le cui esplorazioni hanno apportato un eccezionale contributo alla conoscenza del Grande Nord canadese, ma che per i più rimane un illustre sconosciuto. Come Nansen, Rasmussen e Amundsen, a suo modo era un capo carismatico, anche se non aveva la vincente bugiardaggine di Peary o l'avventurosa determinazione di Stefansson. Non era stato un grande navigatore, come Nordenskjöld e neppure un importante ufficiale snob della Royal Navy, come Sir John Franklin. Eppure ha insegnato qualcosa a ciascuno di loro. Anzi sarà proprio lui a individuare le prime tracce dell'imponente spedizione di Franklin (1854). L'uomo è modesto, onesto e leale. Crede nei valori. È entusiasta del proprio lavoro e dell'impegno protratto e costante. Rimarrà un convinto vittoriano, senza fronzoli, né ostentazioni, fino a quando sarà travolto dai risvolti ipocriti della propria epoca.

Il presente lavoro è l’ideale continuazione dell’articolo sul “Passaggio a Nord-Ovest”, pubblicato sul numero di dicembre del 2007 della Rivista Marittima (pp. 45 - 52). Infatti per via del cambiamento climatico globale mai prima d’ora lo studio di Poli e ghiacci ha assunto un’urgenza senza pari. Da quando nel 1881-84 si svolse il Primo Anno Polare, straordinario ed antesignano esempio di cooperazione scientifica internazionale della storia. Poiché la partecipazione di dodici paesi fece sì che furono inviate numerose spedizioni nelle due regioni Polari, dove si innalzarono basi scientifiche e si effettuarono ricerche ed osservazioni. A quanto pare per mancanza di finanziamenti l’Italia non potrà partecipare con i suoi ricercatori al Quarto Anno Polare Internazionale. Proprio quando si impone all’umanità un’accelerazione della ricerca scientifica ed un fattivo impegno di tutti i paesi del mondo...
This work is the ideal continuation of the article on the "North-West Passage", published in the December 2007 issue of the Maritime Magazine (pp. 45 - 52). In fact, due to global climate change, the study of poles and ice has never before taken on an unparalleled urgency. Since the First Polar Year took place in 1881-84, an extraordinary and forerunner example of international scientific cooperation in history. Since the participation of twelve countries meant that numerous expeditions were sent to the two polar regions, where scientific bases were established and research and observations were carried out. Apparently, due to lack of funding, Italy will not be able to participate with its researchers in the Fourth International Polar Year. Exactly when an acceleration of scientific research and an active commitment of all countries of the world are required....

Paper read on the 15 May 1997 at the International Workshop held at Ny Ålesund (Spitsbergen Island, Svalbard), during the Official Opening of the Italian Arctic Base of the CNR "Dirigibile Italia".
The "Dirigibile Italia" Base. The Contribution that Italy could bring to ArcticKnowledge; The Italians and the Arctic; The Arctic Peoples, between Europe, Asia, America; The Ethno-Anthropological and Geographical Studies.

This article examines multipolar iconography and how imaginaries of remote, climate-vulnerable places have materialized through improved transport, enhanced accommodation facilities, and increased human labor facilitating tourism. These imaginaries are perpetuated through technologies of visual culture, most commonly, through images taken on smartphones and circulated over social media platforms. We argue that a closer investigation and comparison of three distinct places not only illuminates the relationship between imaginaries and visualities as expressed through visual tourism practices but also demonstrates how these practices and destinations are shaped by specific expectations conveyed through social media. The desire to preserve memories of imagined and then witnessed scenes, coupled with the rapidly increasing impacts of climate change, drives individuals to visually document the presentcapturing images of snow-covered glaciers and landscapes, natural phenomena such as the northern lights, winter and mountain icescapes, and endangered species such as polar bears. By examining visual practices within the contexts that produced them, we uncover how place-based imaginaries have informed planning, development, and collaborations. These imaginaries, embedded in visions of a "past future" have materialized through the emergence of infrastructures and continue to play out in contemporary tourism practices. Ethnographic fieldwork that focuses on processes of technologization and infrastructural development can reveal the consequences of planning, and includes the potential for co-envisioning socially transformative possibilities by actively engaging the people we work with.

Since triumphantly returning to the White House in January, Trump 2.0 has been a whirlwind of creative, innovative, paradigm-shifting American defense and security policy. Staggering in its vigor and bold in its willingness to take risks for what is hoped will be transformative gains. It’s been one of the most exciting starts to a new presidential term since Gorbachev ascended to the pinnacle of the Soviet system and kept the West on its toes.

Historical information on the distribution of spawning and larval mackerel icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari) within CCAMLR Subarea 48.3 (South Georgia and Shag Rocks) is assessed. This is considered alongside new data from commercial fisheries and ...

As a classical continental power and continental empire, Russia is the focus of a "terracentrism", especially in the subject of Eastern European history. However, bordering the Arctic Ocean with a coastline of 8,000 kilometres, Russia has played an important role in Western European exploration of the Northeast Passage to East Asia (China, Japan) since the early modern period, which offered a possible alternative to southern sea routes. My lecture aims to trace the framework conditions and processes of Russia's maritime perspective on global history. What contribution can the Arctic Ocean, which has been neglected in historical research, i.e. also in the sub-discipline of Eastern European History, make to a structural understanding of maritime global history? In Russian history, the Arctic Ocean occupied a marginalized place for a long time, which explains why until the beginning of the 20th century, its exploration was reserved for Western European states and was also tolerated by Russian governments. This only changed with Soviet communism in the 20th century, which created the myth of the "Red Arctic". The industrialization of the Far North and the advent of maritime technology (icebreakers) made the Arctic Ocean an area of geostrategic and economic benefit for the Soviet Union. Finally, the climate change of the 21st century revives the old dream of the Northeast Passage through the Arctic Ocean and, after the collapse of the Soviet Union and in the course of globalization, leads to a geomaritime rivalry between Western Europe, Russia, China and the USA.

Ramorum-greinvisning er en ny plantesykdom i Europa og Amerika forårsaket av pseudosoppen P. ramroum. Den ble oppdaget midt på 1990-tallet. Langs vestkysten av USA, fra California til Oregon, forårsaket den stor dødelighet i eikeskog og ble kjent som Sudden Oak Death (SOD). I Europa ble den først oppdaget i planteskoler der den hovedsakelig angrep rododendron og krossved. Etter hvert ble patogenet også funnet på traer i parker og skog i Europa, men her har det foreløpig ikke utviklet seg til noen epidemi, som i Amerika. P. ramorum har svaert mange vertsplanter, hovedsaklig treaktige planter. Symptomene varierer mye fra planteslag til planteslag.

Comme n’importe quel média d’expression et de signification, le cinéma et la série TV sont la source d’un discours et d’un récit ayant pour vocation de reconstituer le réel, non de le reproduire. Cette question de l’illusion analogique se pose de façon particulièrement prégnante dès que nous
pénétrons dans les territoires du policier : en effet, comment raconter une enquête sans en passer par un réalisme descriptif ? Mais qu’en est-il alors quand l’investigation et sa description réaliste entrent à leur tour dans les territoires du fantastique ? Autrement dit, comment concilier réel et surnaturel au sein d’un même espace discursif et narratif, esthétique et phénoménologique ? Comme tant d’autres auteurs avant lui, de Le Fanu à Blackwwood en passant par Lovecraft, Ray et Hodgson, le cinéaste David
Lynch a relevé ce défi et pari en créant début 1990 Twin Peaks : enquête d’un agent spécial du FBI sur l’assassinat d’une adolescente et reine de beauté, dans une ville perdue des Etats-Unis. Cette (en)quête le conduira à des révélations surprenantes sur la nature surnaturelle de cet environnement, en
apparence banal et familier, en réalité fantastique et hostile, car c’est un portail ouvrant sur des « mondes parallèles » peuplés de doubles maléfiques, de fantômes et autres spectres. Surprenant la profession et son public, Lynch opta, avec ses complices Mark Frost et Angelo Badalementi, pour un
média populaire, à la narrativité très codée et aujourd’hui triomphante : la série TV. La série TV qui était à l’époque aussi éloignée du cinéma que le réel l’est du surnaturel. Il s’agira dans cet article d’adopter une perspective transdisciplinaire, au croisement de la sémiologie, de la narratologie, comprise comme une sémiotique narrative structurale, et de ce que
Christian Metz appelait dans les années 1960 la « filmolinguistique » dans son article « Le cinéma : langue ou langage ? ». Article dans lequel il écrivait que « la spécificité du langage du cinéma, c’est la présence d’un langage qui veut se faire art au cœur d’un art qui veut se faire langage ». Nous poserons
donc la question de l’intégration narrative du surnaturel dans le récit descriptif premier de cette enquête policière, laquelle prendra cinq formes : la première sera celle de la puissance du montage, dans la lignée du cinéma expressionniste et soviétique des années 1920-1930 ; la seconde sera celle des éléments verbaux, issus des dialogues ; la troisième celle de l’ordre de type anachronique au sein du temps du récit ; la quatrième et la plus importante celle de l’enchâssement narratif. L’ensemble sera lié
par la musique, musique d’ambiance (extradiégétique) et musique d’écran (intradiégétique). Roland Simon disait à propos du compositeur Maurice Blackburn : « La musique de cinéma atteint le cerveau par les yeux ». Dans le cas de Lynch et de son compositeur Angelo Badalamenti, nous verrons en quoi elle le « démonte », grâce à ces procédés et à ces signes qui (se) constituent in fine en langage. Un langage cinématographique mais aussi poétique, puisque nous toucherons ici au cœur de l’art lynchien, dont il s’agira en résumé d’étudier la richesse de l’expressivité. Pour cela, l’analyse se focalisera sur une seule unité syntagmatique, une seule séquence. Elle sera érigée en parangon du vertige lynchien et des mises en abyme si caractéristiques de son « multivers », au bord voire dans les méandres duquel vont se perdre le détective Dale Cooper et le public, à l’occasion de cette enquête devenue culte sur le meurtre de Laura Palmer.

Satellite altimetric time series allow high-precision monitoring of ice-sheet mass balance. Understanding elevation changes in these regions is important because outlet glaciers along ice-sheet margins are critical in controlling flow of inland ice. Here we discuss a new airborne altimetry dataset collected as part of the ICECAP (International Collaborative Exploration of the Cryosphere by Airborne Profiling) project over East Antarctica. Using the ALAMO (Airborne Laser Altimeter with Mapping Optics) system of a scanning photon-counting lidar combined with a laser altimeter, we extend the 2003-09 surface elevation record of NASA's ICESat satellite, by determining cross-track slope and thus independently correcting for ICESat's cross-track pointing errors. In areas of high slope, cross-track errors result in measured elevation change that combines surface slope and the actual Áz=Át signal. Slope corrections are particularly important in coastal ice streams, which often exhibit both rapidly changing elevations and high surface slopes. As a test case (assuming that surface slopes do not change significantly) we observe a lack of ice dynamic change at Cook Ice Shelf, while significant thinning occurred at Totten and Denman Glaciers during 2003-09.