Arctic Social Science

The discussion about the integration of migrants in Russia began relatively late, and it was only a few years ago that the first steps in creating concrete policies were implemented. In public discussions, as well as in policy documents, the emphasis is usually on the cultural integration of migrants, while their economic, social and political engagement is omitted. In conclusion, social problems, including the fact that many migrants are compelled to function in the domain of the grey economy, are explained in terms of their cultural illiteracy rather than structural reasons (Shnirel’man 2008). All the more often, the construction of cultural otherness is made in the framework of religiosity, Islam in particular. This tendency is not unique to Russia; a similar religionization of migrants and the migration issue had already taken place earlier in Western Europe.

The article outlines structural changes in the current environmental management and availability of biological resources for three Arctic indigenous communities are located in Yamal-Nenets Autonomous district (YaNAO), Nenets Autonomous district (NAO), and Canadian ethnic province Nunavut in conditions of extractive industry development and climate change. Special attention is given to factors leading transformations of quality of life of Nenets and Inuit are based on natural resources, playing a vital role for human habitats and supporting ecosystem services. Indigenous carry out a community-based natural resource management relating to their traditional way of life. This management is viewed as an effective tool supporting the Arctic biodiversity. Also it provides access to natural resources for present and growing generations both. Based on field research, statistical information, materials on environment transformation during ongoing development of mineral and fuel deposits, reports on changing natural and climatic features, and on interview of a wide range of members of indigenous communities author indicates a modern picture of availability of biological resources for native peoples, reveals sustainability of the Arctic environment to technogenic impact and changing climate, proposes measures aimed at Nenets and Inuit livelihood protection, and at transfer of traditional land-based skills to future Northern generations.

One of the central debates in the contemporary international relations scholarship concerns the issue of whether balancing has occurred in response to U.S.-based unipolarity, and if it has, how this should be characterised.  Existing research has seen analysts argue that major power responses to unipolarity can be placed in one of either three categories: an absence of balancing (Brooks and Wohlforth),  soft balancing , and hard balancing. This article contributes to the scholarly literature by providing case studies of hard internal Russian  balancing against the U.S’s development and deployment of Ballistic Missile defense (BMD) systems during the Bush Administration (2001-08).  Russian hard balancing against the U.S. has involved: (1) fielding new strategic nuclear and conventional weapons equipped with BMD countermeasures, and, relatedly, (2) making changes in military doctrine. As a result, security dilemma dynamics are increasingly in evidence in U.S. relations with  Russia.

Existing literature on Community-Based Monitoring suggests that participation in monitoring can increase the extent to which decision-making is informed by observed environmental trends. Yet, there is an ambivalence within the literature concerning the value for Indigenous peoples. Some scholars maintain that CBM programs replicate and reinforce colonial political inequalities while others suggest that such programs can and do support Indigenous self-determination. In this study, I explore such questions through empirical engagement with case studies of two established Indigenous-led programs in Nunavut, Canada, and Greenland that involve the collection of Indigenous Knowledge for use in decision-making. I contribute to the field by examining monitoring as a process through which knowledge and governance are co-constituted through politically unequal relationships. Considering this, I argue that Indigenous-led CBM can support self-determination in environmental governance given the right conditions. I identify three factors that are fundamental to achieving this. First, explicit legal acknowledgement of Indigenous rights, authority, and knowledge systems is key to mobilizing CBM data. Second, while the fundamental goal of such programs is to enhance the use of knowledge in decisionmaking, Indigenous leadership and data governance are important safeguards against extractive knowledge production. Finally, a theory of power is necessary to critically analyse both the directly observable and more subtle ways in which power influences the potential for CBM programs to promote Indigenous selfdetermination.

Introduction. The development of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) communications
system has become increasingly relevant due to geopolitical instability. Expanding
NSR infrastructure not only strengthens Russia’s control over Arctic territories and
transport corridors but also reduces dependence on external routes and enhances
the security of cargo transportation.
Research objective. This study analyzes the pace of development of the NSR
communications system in the context of regional geopolitical instability.
Materials and methods. The analysis draws on peer-reviewed articles, data
on nuclear icebreaker development, and statistics on NSR cargo traffic (2020-
2024). Methods include content analysis of official documents and international
agreements, statistical data processing, comparison of alternative routes (the Suez
Canal and the NSR), and modeling mechanisms to stimulate the Arctic economy
and NSR development.
Results. Economic activity in the Arctic zone entails high operating and investment
costs, which are generally feasible only for large, vertically integrated holdings. The
development of Arctic territories therefore requires mechanisms that can stimulate
investment and fully unlock the potential of the NSR. The study outlines an economic
framework that links macro-, meso-, and micro-levels of the national economy, with
the goal of enhancing investment attractiveness and successfully implementing large
infrastructure and business projects in the Arctic region.
Conclusion. The proposed framework promotes the growth of the Arctic economy
and the NSR by improving investment attractiveness and contributing to the socioeconomic
development of Arctic territories. Key factors include reducing investment
risks, securing government guarantees and sectoral support, and lowering project
costs through subsidized rates. The framework also facilitates access to international
markets, technology transfer and innovation, and the expansion of Arctic
infrastructure and logistics.

Yarn and textiles recovered from prehistoric Dorset and Thule culture sites in the Eastern Canadian Arctic have raised questions about the extent and timing of indigenous and Norse interaction in the New World, whether the yarn represents technological transfers between Greenland's Norse settlers and the Dorset, or whether these Indigenous Arctic groups had independent fiber technologies before contact with Europeans. However, the extensive use of marine mammals in northern cultural contexts, and the penetration of oils from these animals' tissues into datable terrestrial materials, has posed general problems for reliably dating sites in the Arctic and has raised questions specifically about previous efforts to date these fiber objects. In this paper, we use a recently developed protocol for removing marine mammal organic contaminants entirely from radiocarbon samples, making AMS dating possible and reliable for Arctic research. This study uses those protocols to directly date a suite of woven and spun animal fiber artifacts from five Dorset and Thule archaeological sites in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Directly dating these artifacts with marine mammal oils removed helps to answer questions about Norse contact with Dorset and Thule communities, sheds new light on the topic of indigenous fiber technologies in the North, and raises new questions about European contacts with the people of the North American Arctic prior to sustained efforts at colonization after the 18th century.

This book is written in the Gwichya Gwich’in dialect and in English. The stories are told by Caroline  Andre and are aimed for children 6-12 years of age. The story has an accompanying audio track where the story is read aloud in Gwich'in. The stories were taken from Caroline’s stories as they appear in Our Whole Gwich’in Way of Life Has Changed / Gwich’in K’yuu Gwiidandài’ Tthak Ejuk Gòonlih Stories from the People of the Land. By Leslie McCartney and Gwich'in Tribal Council. Published by University of Alberta Press (2020).

This article presents an overview of status in International Relations theory, from the classic approaches on status as an expression of material power, to the perception of status as a social construct, leading to the incorporation of small states to the literature on the subject.

Melting, freezing, and transforming polar landscapes have historically posed a challenge to geographical and geopolitical endeavors to “map” such shifting environments. In this chapter, we discuss how these hard-to-access polar landscapes have been imagined as frontier spaces, and how these imaginaries have been reconfigured by remote sensing since the 1970s. The questions of this chapter touch on built environments and access in various ways, particularly through the ostensible absence of human infrastructures in those regions. How has the view delivered by various satellite programs transformed the perception of these remote places as a kind of frontier space; reinforced or altered images of the edges of livable or uninhabitable worlds? And, how does satellite imagery of polar landscapes implicitly negotiate natural and political borders at their intersection, boundaries of the visible and visualizable? We address these questions through satellite imagery of the Arctic and Antarctic, which began to proliferate after the launch of the Earth Resources Technology satellite (later known at Landsat) in 1972. The edges of ice became sites of particular interest, as these border zones allowed users to read and map the spaces in between. Satellite imagery quickly proved to be a malleable form, productive of different kinds of images with different imaginaries of the “outside” within the planet.

Книга посвящена исследованию древней и традиционной культуры населения бассейна р. Агана. В основе работы материалы шестилетних археолого-этнографических изысканий, в ходе которых открыто и документировано 118 археологических памятников от эпохи камня
до нового времени, на четырех объектах проведены раскопки. Полевые исследования дали богатый материал по этнической истории, материальной и духовной культуре коренного населения — хантов и лесных ненцев. Здесь сосредоточен комплекс этнографических объектов, исчезающие памятники культуры и действующие святилища. Традиционные культуры Агана проявляют жизнестойкость, в ряде случаев отмечается стремление к восстановлению подвергшихся деформации традиционных практик.

Toponyms contain Indigenous modes of understanding and reflect ecological histories and deep relationships between Indigenous communities, arctic environments, time, and land. Completed toponymic studies are useful for researchers to access; however, they are notoriously difficult to find. Many are completed by community groups and published on their websites, or are completed by government agencies and published as grey literature. An inventory of toponym projects has not existed, and eliciting what has been completed where, with whom, and by whom has required long searches through academic and grey literature. In this paper, we inventory Indigenous toponymy projects in the Canadian North, and document our efforts to produce a publicly accessible index where toponymy projects can be found via maps. New or unknown resources can be added by users. Our purpose, here, is to document the production of this resource and to increase awareness of toponymical resources among communities, researchers, scientists, and other stakeholders. We reflect on knowledge gained through construction of the index and make observations on trends in Inuit toponym research through time. We argue for renewed efforts across arctic sciences to recognize Inuit-environment relationships through reference to place names and the ecological histories they encapsulate, and we provide considerations for future work.

Among his first assignments was to carry out a six-week archaeological survey of a small island about 25km from Kimmirut (then Lake Harbour), Nunavut. Within a day a violent storm struck and wrecked Bill's camp, leaving him to wait out the storm as best he could. In typical Bill fashion, the storm was fortuitous for it not only forced a group of Inuit travelling from their camp at Imiligaarjuit (Cape Tanfield) to Lake Harbour to land their canoe to wait out the storm but brought Bill, who Killikti named Inukpaq (large person), into a friendship and collaboration that would shape the rest of Bill's life. Bill was an ethnographer, cultural ecologist, archaeologist and consummate map maker. His research among the Inuit of Baffin Island and Northern Québec (today Nunavik) was not only comprehensive, but also deeply insightful. During a year living with Killikti and his family at Imiligaarjuit, Bill learned Inuktitut, a skill that allowed him to look at Inuit and the North through two lenses. Bill arrived at McGill in 1970 and solidified a research and advocacy relationship between the Department of Geography and the Inuit of Nunavik and Nunavut that endures to the present. Before leaving the university in 1978, he directed the South Baffin Island component of the Inuit Land Use and Occupancy Project, developing ethnohistorical and cartographic databases that contributed substantively to the Nunavut Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement (signed 1993) and the creation of Nunavut, Canada's third territory in 1999. At the same time, Bill played a major role in providing scientific support to the Inuit of Nunavik. In no small sense, Bill was truly Inukpuq; his voluminous knowledge of and deep research with Inuit helped to explicate the essential connection between Inuit and their homelands. His energy in advocating for the Inuit contributed enormously to Canada's recognition of the rights of all its northern peoples and culminated in the first treaties in Canada with Inuit.

The operations and activities of companies in Canadia's extractive industry have negative externalities on local people such as indigenous communities in Alberta, Northern British Columbia, and the North Western territories where different mineral resources are found and extracted. These extractive companies voluntarily undertake corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices with the objective of assisting and giving back to affected communities. However, there is the argument that while CSR is voluntary with laudable objective, companies derive increased business profitability from the practice of CSR. From analytical review of extant and relevant literature, this paper identifies how extractive companies in Canada derive business profitability as an underlying motivation for the practice of CSR.

Eine systematische wissenschaftliche Erschließung der Halbinsel Kola fand im 19. Jahrhundert statt, an der auch Deutsche beteiligt waren, wie z.B. Bergbauingenieure, die im Auftrag der russischen Regierung die Region zwischen Finnland und dem Weißen Meer bereisten. Offensichtlich gab es eine intensive Zusammenarbeit zwischen der russischen Regierung und der renommierten Bergbauakademie in Freiberg. Diese gilt als die älteste montanwissenschaftliche Akademie der Welt. Das weist auf die engen Beziehungen zwischen dem Zarenreich und Sachsen. Beteiligt war auch die Russische Naturforschergesellschaft zu St. Petersburg. Die Geologen und Bergbauingenieure stellten eine geologische Verwandtschaft der Kola-Halbinsel mit Fennoskandinavien fest. 1 Der Gouverneur der Provinz Archangel'sk, 2 zu der die Kola Halbinsel verwaltungstechnisch gehörte, Alexander P. Engelhardt, monierte 1899, dass die Region für die russische Wirtschaft noch ungenügend erschlossen worden sei und wies dabei u.a. auf die reichen Fischvorkommen hin. 3 Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde die Kola Halbinsel an das russische Telegrafennetz angeschlossen. Die Verlegung erwies sich aufgrund der topografischen Gegebenheiten (Tundraböden) als schwierig. Der Gouverneur betonte, dass das Anlegen von Häfen entlang der Murmanküste, eine russische Vorherrschaft über den nördlichen Zugang zum Arktischen Ozean sichern würde. Das bedeutete strategische und ökonomische Vorteile für das Zarenreich. 4 Der Gouverneur stand maßgeblich für die Projektierung dieser Ziele und bereiste auch die Region. Die Erschließung der Kola-Halbinsel war für ihn ein wichtiges Anliegen. Engelhardt ging es um die Modernisierung seines Gouvernements und die Integration in den russischen Binnenmarkt. Der Gouverneur von Archangel'sk erhielt dabei die Unterstützung des Finanzministers Sergej Vitte, der die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung des hohen Nordens erkannte.

Despite significant social, economic, and technological changes, travelling remains a significant part of people's lives in the community of Igloolik, in the territory of Nunavut, Canada. When the snow covers the land and the sea ice, travellers start breaking trails, some of which recreate routes that have been used by generations of Inuit. These routes belong to the individual and social memory of the community, and this knowledge affords people safe and reliable travel to hunting and fishing grounds and between communities. This paper analyzes the characteristics of routes traditionally used by the people of Igloolik and explores the differences between land routes and sea-ice routes, the role of the trail breaker, and the characteristics of oral descriptions of routes. Finally, it addresses the issue of how the perception of trails is changing due to generational differences and the use of new transportation technologies. The study of trails and routes reveals some significa...

На протяжении столетий собака у многих народов мира является наиболее часто встречающимся домашним животным. Археологические и фольклорные данные говорят о том, что к собаке сформировалось особое отношение, спектр которого широк – от почитания до резко негативного. В настоящей статье рассмотрена роль собаки в культуре эвенков, где она занимает важное место в различных сферах жизнедеятельности. Её основные функции – сторожевая и охотничья, необходимы в хозяйственной деятельности. Второстепенное значение занимают навыки тягловой силы или транспортного средства. Также у эвенков с собакой связаны религиозные представления – в мифологии собака играет роль первого помощника главного божества Сэвэки.

Политика советского государства относительно коренных
малочисленных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока
менялась от учета их специфических интересов в 1920-х гг.
до отхода от традиционной культуры и принятия общесоветского образа жизни в 1930-х гг. В ходе ликвидации неграмотности, коллективизации, требующих от эвенков-оленеводов
оседлого образа жизни, большую значимость получили новые формы образовательных учреждений – кочевые школы и
школы-интернаты.
В докладе на примере эвенков Аяно-Майского, Тугуро-Чумиканского, Верхнебуреинского р-нов и р-на им. Полины Осипенко Хабаровского края рассматривается процесс организации
школ-интернатов и их влияние на внутрисемейные отношения.
Первые школы-интернаты были построены в сс. Кербинский, Нелькан, Тугур, Аим. Система обучения предполагала
круглогодичное проживание детей вдали от родителей, занимавшихся оленеводством и живших в отдаленных районах
Севера. С этого момента традиционная эвенкийская семья
утрачивала ряд своих функций в качестве социального ин-
95
ститута: экономическую, воспитательную, эмоциональную;
пропадало духовное общение. За время обучения связь между
ребенком и семьей ослабевала, процесс сохранения и передачи многовековых традиций, обычаев этноса прерывался.
В настоящее время уже несколько поколений эвенкийского
этноса имеют слабые знания о своей культуре, истории, родословной, поскольку бóльшую сознательную часть детства,
период получения и закрепления традиционных знаний и
умений, они провели в интернатах, где учились жить в новом
советском обществе

, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4515-7266 Аннотация. Статья посвящена традиционным игрушкам эвенков. Автор рассматривает игрушки в отрыве от игровой деятельности, как самостоятельный объект изучения. На основе материалов Российского этнографического музея и Хабаровского краевого музея им. Н.И. Гродекова будут рассмотрены типы игрушек, их семантика, значение в воспитании детей и сохранении культуры эвенков. Коллекции эвенкийских игрушек названных музеев формировались в разные периоды, что позволяет проследить трансформации игрушек среди эвенков с конца XIX до конца XX в. До настоящего времени широкого и объёмного исследования об эвенкийских игрушках не было. В данной работе автор сделает попытку изучить историю и семантику игрушек эвенков. Им будут введены в научный оборот описания предметов, ранее не опубликованные в научной литературе. Для дальнейшего более глубокого анализа необходимы полевые исследования и работа в фондах музеев России.

This photo essay examines aerial perspectives and drone photography in Hopedale, Nunatsiavut. It is coauthored by a Nunatsiavummiuk photographer who captures images of the land, wildlife, and community using drones and an anthropological archaeologist who conducts research in partnership with Hopedale. We open with an ethnographic vignette of the two authors going to the site of a Cold War American radar base on the hills above Hopedale to document it via drone photography. This prompts a discussion of aerial imaging in archaeological research, which has increasingly used declassified satellite imagery from militaries as well as drone photography taken by outsiders of communities that they are depicting. The authors argue that whereas archaeological drone photography in the north is often a tool of scientific visitors to document sites devoid of context, Nunatsiavummiut drone photography exceeds these aims. It is process oriented, community facing, and circumvents both militaristic and archaeological gazes by turning the drone’s eye to dynamic environments and sovereign Inuit lands. Nunatsiavummiut drone imagery creates open-ended archives that facilitate sharing knowledge about sea ice, wildlife, and community. It is a form of documentation that is accountable to place. Ultimately, we argue for more critical and collaborative visual research by archaeologists.

The article examines the opportunities for further development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation on the basis of innovative standards and technology, as the whole system of state management of innovation processes should be based on innovative strategy of the state in general and the region in particular, without which it is impossible to imagine a real, deep and lasting renewal of the economy and entire society.

This paper explores current trends in indigenous (aboriginal) tourism development in Canada|s western Arctic region. Its operational environment is characterized by the presence of mixed local community economies and a co-management framework for lands and resources. In the North, aboriginal tourism is a resource-based industry, traditionally in the form of big game hunting, and in a more modern context, evolving into ecotourism and cultural or ethnic tourism. Some indigenous people are exploring innovative ways to harness tourism to support the traditional elements of their land-based economy, rather than being consumed by the industry. The {{authenticity|| of this tourism experience represents a major asset as well as a significant management challenge.

This paper explores current trends in indigenous (aboriginal) tourism development in Canada|s western Arctic region. Its operational environment is characterized by the presence of mixed local community economies and a co-management framework for lands and resources. In the North, aboriginal tourism is a resource-based industry, traditionally in the form of big game hunting, and in a more modern context, evolving into ecotourism and cultural or ethnic tourism. Some indigenous people are exploring innovative ways to harness tourism to support the traditional elements of their land-based economy, rather than being consumed by the industry. The {{authenticity|| of this tourism experience represents a major asset as well as a significant management challenge.

BUILDING RESILIENT WARRIORS: TAKING THE CANADIAN ARMY'S RESILIENCE TRAINING BEYOND THE CLASSROOM by LCol D. Craig Aitchison, Canadian Army, 49 pages. In May of 2011 the Canadian Forces introduced new training into the curricula at the Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School and select Army Schools. Resilience training consisting of a handful of classroom lectures focusing on theory, individual coping skills, and the role of leadership would now be taught at three points in a soldiers training. This classroom time introduces such concepts as the nature and types of mental health issues, the role of support structures and family, as well as the foundational skills for individuals such as the "Big Four. The training serves as the introduction to resilience development, but is not built upon practically or progressively through a recruit's training. This is a shortcoming of the present training regime. While this introduction of theoretical resilience training is a good start, it is not enough. Like any new knowledge or skill, there is a need for reinforcement through practical application, practice, and use under challenging conditions in order to make it effective. Supervised mentoring and coaching from patient, experienced instructors, along with formal incorporation into exercise development, is the next logical and necessary step. Without it, the recruit will forget the theory, not adopt the skill out of habit, and default to whatever tools are at the top of his toolbox. What is missing from this implementation is that the theory is only the first step; it must be taken and put into practice. To be effective in times of stress, theory must become habit. It must be incorporated into the practical aspects of training: garrison command roles and field assessments. This paper will offer constructive criticism directed at those that train, or are responsible for training policies, with the goal of shaping the development of training standards and plans. This will assist training staff to develop material and design individual training course exercises to build on the work done in the delivery of resilience theory in the classroom.

After providing an introductory overview of the major land-based threats to the marine environment, this article focuses upon the specific global and regional efforts to address land-based marine pollution and activities through a four-part survey. The main international initiative is first described, namely, the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA). Progress in GPA implementation is next assessed with an emphasis on the documentation and results from the Second Intergovernmental Review Meeting on Implementation of the GPA held in October 2006. Major challenges constraining GPA implementation are then summarized, including limited national participation, limited financing, and limits of a non-legally binding approach. Finally, regional agreements and initiatives to counter land-based marine pollution and activities are reviewed. Progress and challenges in GPA implementation at the regional seas level are highlighted.

The present paper aims at studying factors which have formed the image of
the  poet in Arabia on the eve of the Islamic era and in its fi rst centuries.
It focuses on issues in which medieval Islamic scholarly views on poetic art
have expressed themselves and investigates the infl uence exerted on poets
by the norms of Islam (dīn) complementing the pre-Islamic values of manliness (murūwah) and kinship solidarity (‘aṣabiyyah). The author’s hypothesis is that certain tensions between Islamic ideology and the pre-Islamic poetic tradition were not caused by a clash between murūwah and dīn. Rather they have been an expression of incompatibility between traditional poetry as an instrument of social action designed for decentralized tribal society, and institutionalized, centralized early Muslim society into which this instrument was imported. The problem of lie is examined in this context as the most salient point of tension between the norms of traditional Arabic poetry and the norms of Islam.

A pristine area that has largely been preserved from external influences, the Arctic faces dangers coming from climate change and the growing appetite of energy firms—not to mention the challenges associated with a burgeoning tourism industry. The Arctic’s growing connectedness with the rest of the world became apparent in late 2015 and early 2016, when an “Arctic road” suddenly emerged for refugees fleeing the southern Mediterranean basin. In September 2015 the small industrial city of Nikel, Russia, located about 30 km from the Norwegian border and 125 km from the regional capital Murmansk, faced an unprecedented wave of refugees. Two to three months later, at least 5,000 people had passed through the town to apply for refugee status in Norway. We conducted research in Nikel, Kandalaksha, and Murmansk in March and July 2016 and interviewed local experts who were involved with managing this influx of refugees.

The Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (abbreviated NBSAE or NBSX) was an expedition set for the Norwegian claimed sector, Dronning Maud Land, in Antarctica in the years 1949 to 1952. The expedition was planned for three years, with several delays, and was not ready until 1949. In November 1949 the vessel Norsel and its crew left Norway and headed south to the Antarctic. On February 11 th 1950, the "Maudheim" wintering base was established on the Quar ice shelf at 71º 02,6' S. -10º 55,5' W. Because of this, the expedition is also referred to as the Maudheim expedition. The expedition was conceived by the Swedish geologist Hans Wilhelmsson Ahlmann. After years of studying glaciers in the northern hemisphere, he wanted to investigate whether climatic fluctuations, similar to those he had observed in the Arctic, were also occurring in the Antarctic. His idea eventually resulted in a cooperative expedition between Norway, Sweden and Britain. Each nation was in charge of its respective science discipline: Norway was mainly responsible for meteorology and topographical surveys; Britain for geology; and Sweden for glaciology. 1 Botanical and oceanographical research was undertaken jointly. 2 For Norway this was the first opportunity to show what the newly established Norwegian Polar Institute (March 1948) could accomplish, and at the same time, strengthen national claims and economic interests. 3 With the Norwegian Polar Institute, under the leadership of Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, as the main organiser, the expedition plans excelled. In cooperation with the other participating nations' Antarctic committees the scientific programme and dispatch-related issues were resolved. The personnel on the expedition hailed from Norway, Sweden and the British Commonwealth (United Kingdom, Canada, Australia) and were led by the Norwegian John Giaever. 4 During the two years of wintering, a large number of journeys and expeditions were undertaken resulting in a vast amount of data being obtained. The geological, glaciological, meteorological and topographical surveys greatly improved the understanding of the role of the Antarctic ice-sheet on regulating the world's climate and the world sea levels. 5

The article investigates problems involved with the causes in climate changes. Environmental law will be used to canvass possible reduction of these changes. The South African Constitution and International instruments will be consulted. The existing international agreements, such as the Kyoto Protocol, have not been adhered to and need ratification. A treaty is not enforceable until ratified. The results show that, the main contributors to the major cause of this climate change are the signatories to the Kyoto Protocol. The problem also lies in countries with larger industries involved in the greater emission of green gases. At the end, an advanced framework for the reporting of emission minimisation for both developed and developing countries need to be effected, taking into consideration the common but differentiated responsibilities for each country.

This paper examines visitor and tourism operator perspectives of a recreation destination in the face of competing land use from the potential industrial development of a hydroelectric power plant. Questionnaires and interviews were employed to discover (i) how and why the area is used for recreational activities by both Icelanders and foreigners, (ii) the satisfaction of two key stakeholder groups: visitors to the area and local tourism business operators and, (iii) the opinions held by these groups with regards to the potential impacts of the proposed development on tourism and recreation in the region. Analysis of the questionnaire data revealed that the majority of visitors were extremely satisfied with their experience of nature in the area and, correspondingly, that construction of hydropower facilities would deter them from visiting. Opinions of interviewed operators were more varied, based on their type of business and distance from the proposed development site. Some welcomed potential improved access to the areas, but most held concerns that the development of hydroelectricity could negatively affect the natural environment, and the visitor experience, resulting in negative impacts on tourism in the area. These data were incorporated into a report prepared for the Icelandic government to assist their decision making in how best to manage this natural area in the future. The proposal for hydropower in the region was rejected and the area recommended for special protection status under Icelandic legislation.

The chapter describes the complex processes of Indigenous urbanization and government-driven Indigenization using the case study of the Russian Arctic city of Naryan-Mar. As many Arctic cities experience a postcolonial transition, Naryan-Mar is also undergoing multiple transitions from the Soviet and post-Soviet past to a city of the twenty-first century. Indigenization is part of this transformation, encompassing the urban built environment, culture, economy, and political sphere.

This article is, first of all, based on my own experiences of learning Sámi duodji and how to make Sámi handicrafts. Here, I will try to analyse some Sámi methods of teaching and learning, keeping all the time in mind the teaching of duodji and its future. I have learnt Sámi arts and crafts and how to make Sámi handicrafts at home, from my parents and close relatives. Through small stories, I will present what I have experienced while learning to make handicrafts; I will also analyse how my experiences are connected with the Sámi way of thinking and Sámi teaching methods.

Paper read on the 15 May 1997 at the International Workshop held at Ny Ålesund (Spitsbergen Island, Svalbard), during the Official Opening of the Italian Arctic Base of the CNR "Dirigibile Italia".
The "Dirigibile Italia" Base. The Contribution that Italy could bring to ArcticKnowledge; The Italians and the Arctic; The Arctic Peoples, between Europe, Asia, America; The Ethno-Anthropological and Geographical Studies.

In book: The Arctic and Global Change. Multidisciplinary approach and international efforts at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, Proceedings from the Fourth Ny-Alesund Seminar, Ravello, Italy, 5-6 March 1998 (edited by Casacchia, Koutsileos, Morbidoni, Petrelli, Pettersen, Salvatori, Sparapani, Stoltz Larsen)Publisher: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto sull'Inquinamento Atmosferico, Segreteria Tecnico Scientifica per il Programma Antartide, NySMAC ( Ny-Alesund Science Managers Committe (Publication #007)"

Understandable preoccupation with genocidal “first contact” has led to dramatizations of all colonial contact as a collision between all-powerful Europeans and all-powerless “natives.” Ironically, the privileging of western language as a perfect weapon of colonialism can have the neocolonial effect of denying resistance by the colonized, not to mention potential transformation in colonizers. More productively, Arnold Krupat suggests that all discourse, cultural practice, and actual speech are “inevitably plural” (27); Krupat advocates an “enthnocriticism” which “regards border and boundary crossings, with their openness to and recognition of the inevitability of interactive relations, as perhaps the best means to some broadly descriptive account of the way things ‘really’ work in the material and historical world” (26).

In 1492, Columbus sailed west to go east and began "translating" Caribs and Arawaks into "cannibals" and "Indians." In 1985, I flew north to Canada's Arctic to teach Inuit students English. In 1492, the Bishop of Avila advised Queen Isabella that "language is the perfect instrument of empire." From 1985 to 1990, my students laughed as they mispronounced my surname, "Cumming," as "kamiik" (sealskin boots).

Understandable preoccupation with genocidal “first contact” has led to some dramatizations of all colonial contact as a collision between all-powerful Europeans and all-powerless “natives.” Ironically, the privileging of western language as a perfect weapon of colonialism can have the neocolonial effect of denying resistance by the colonized, not to mention potential transformation in colonizers. More productively, Arnold Krupat suggests that all discourse, cultural practice, and actual speech are “inevitably plural” (27); Krupat advocates an “ethnocriticism” which “regards border and boundary crossings, with their openness to and recognition of the inevitability of interactive relations, as perhaps the best means to some broadly descriptive account of the way things ‘really’ work in the material and historical world” (26).

This article examines multipolar iconography and how imaginaries of remote, climate-vulnerable places have materialized through improved transport, enhanced accommodation facilities, and increased human labor facilitating tourism. These imaginaries are perpetuated through technologies of visual culture, most commonly, through images taken on smartphones and circulated over social media platforms. We argue that a closer investigation and comparison of three distinct places not only illuminates the relationship between imaginaries and visualities as expressed through visual tourism practices but also demonstrates how these practices and destinations are shaped by specific expectations conveyed through social media. The desire to preserve memories of imagined and then witnessed scenes, coupled with the rapidly increasing impacts of climate change, drives individuals to visually document the presentcapturing images of snow-covered glaciers and landscapes, natural phenomena such as the northern lights, winter and mountain icescapes, and endangered species such as polar bears. By examining visual practices within the contexts that produced them, we uncover how place-based imaginaries have informed planning, development, and collaborations. These imaginaries, embedded in visions of a "past future" have materialized through the emergence of infrastructures and continue to play out in contemporary tourism practices. Ethnographic fieldwork that focuses on processes of technologization and infrastructural development can reveal the consequences of planning, and includes the potential for co-envisioning socially transformative possibilities by actively engaging the people we work with.

Sigrun Elsa Smaradottir Lilja Magnusdottir Birgir Orn Smarason Gunnar Þorðarson Birgit Johannessen Elisabet Kemp Stefansdottir Birgitte Jacobsen Unn Laksa Hronn Olina Jorundsdottir Svein O. Solberg Rolvur Djurhuus Sofie Erbs-Maibing Bryndis Bjornsdottir Ragnhildur Gunnarsdottir Kjartan Hoydal Guðmundur Oli Hreggviðsson Guðmundur Bjarki Ingvarsson Amalie Jessen Horður G. Kristinsson Daði Mar Kristofersson Nette Levermann Nuka Moller Lund Josephine Nymand Olafur Reykdal Janus Vang Helge Paulsen Sveinn Margeirsson Business Development