Persepolis Fortification and Treasury Archives

THE HISTORY OF BACTRIA IN ELAMITE WRITTEN SOURCES (6th–4th CENTURIES BCE)
Annotation
Bactria is a historical and cultural region in Central Asia, situated in the middle reaches of the Amudarya River between the Hissar Range and the Hindu Kush, encompassing present-day southern Uzbekistan, southern Tajikistan, northern Afghanistan, and southeastern Turkmenistan. In the 6th–4th centuries BC, this region formed part of the Achaemenid Empire, during which local statehood traditions were further developed. The history of the Bactrian satrapy, one of the principal administrative units of the Achaemenid state, is partially documented in a variety of written sources, including Achaemenid inscriptions and texts in Elamite,  Babylonian,  Aramaic,  Phoenician,  Egyptian,  Lydian,  Carian,  Lycian,  Greek,  and  Latin.  Scientific  analysis  of  these sources provides significant insights into the political history, socio-economic structure, and daily life of the Bactrian satrapy’s population. Particular attention in this study is devoted to the evidence from Elamite written sources, which illuminate specific aspects of the satrapy’s historical development. Key words: Achaemenid Iran, Turan, Bactrian Satrapy, Elamite Written Sources, Persepolis Fortification Archive, Persepolis Treasury Archive.

ИСТОРИЯ БАКТРИИ В ЭЛАМСКИХ ПИСЬМЕННЫХ ИСТОЧНИКАХ (VI–IV ВЕКА ДО Н. Э.)
Аннотaция
Бактрия являлась историко-культурной областью Средней Азии, располагавшейся в среднем течении Амударьи между хребтами Гиссар и Гиндукуш (юг Узбекистана, юг Таджикистана, север Афганистана и юго-восток Туркменистана). В VI–IV  веках  до  н.э.  эта  область  входила  в  состав  империи  Ахеменидов,  и  в  этот  период здесь  получили  дальнейшее развитие управленческие традиции местной государственности. История Бактрийской сатрапии, одной из крупнейших сатрапий  Ахеменидской  державы,  частично  отражена  в  ахеменидских  надписях,  а  также  в  эламских,  вавилонских, арамейских,  финикийских,  египетских,  лидийских,  карийских,  ликийских,  греческих  и  латинских  письменных источниках.  Их  научный  анализ  позволяет  получить  ценные  сведения  о  политической  и  социально-экономической истории  Бактрийской  сатрапии,  а  также  об  образе  жизни  её  населения.  В  данной  статье  рассматриваются  и  научно анализируются сведения об этой сатрапии, содержащиеся в эламских письменных источниках. Ключевые  слова:  Ахеменидская  эпоха,  Туран,  Бактрийская  сатрапия,  эламские  письменные  источники, Административный архив Персеполя (Архив укреплений и Архив казны).

ELAM YOZMA MANBALARIDA BOXTAR TARIXI (MILODDAN OLDINGI VI–IV ASRLAR)
Annotatsiya
Boxtar - Turonning Amudaryo o‘rta oqimida Hisor tizmasi va Hindikush oralig‘ida joylashgan (hozirgi Janubiy O‘zbekiston, Janubiy  Tojikiston,  Shimoliy  Afg‘oniston  va  Janubi-sharqiy  Turkmaniston)  tarixiy-madaniy  o‘lka  hisoblanadi.  Ushbu  tarixiy-madaniy o‘lka mil. avv. VI-IV yuzyilliklarda Ahamoniylar saltanati tarkibiga kirgan bo‘lib, ushbu davrda bu hududda mahalliy davlatchilik boshqaruv an’analari yanada rivojlantirilgan. Ahamoniylar imperiyasining asosiy satraplik hududlaridan biri bo‘lgan Boxtar satrapligi tarixi Ahamoniylar bitiklari, Elam, Bobil, Oromiy, Finikiya, Misr, Lidiya, Kariya, Likiya, Yunon va lotin kabi bir qancha yozma manbalarda qisman yoritib o‘tilgan. Ularni ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilish Boxtar satrapligining siyosiy, ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy  tarixi,  aholining  turmush  tarzi  haqida  qimmatli  ma’lumotlar  olishga  yordam  beradi.  Ushbu  maqolada  Boxtar satrapligining Elam yozma manbalarida yoritilishi ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Kalit  so‘zlar:  Eron  Ahamoniylar  davri,  Turon,  Boxtar  satrapligi,  Elam  yozma  manbalari,  Persepol  istehkom  arxivi, Persepol xazina arxivi.

J. Nicholas Reid’s Prisons in Ancient Mesopotamia presents the culmination of years of meticulous research into the origins, nature, and functions of detention in early Mesopotamia. Rather than seeking to determine whether Mesopotamia had the world’s first prisons, the book explores how imprisonment functioned as a historical phenomenon in ancient Mesopotamian societies. Focusing on the period circa 2400–1600 bce, Reid draws extensively on written sources from southern Mesopotamia (Sumer and Babylonia).

Previous studies conducted on length metrology in Mesopotamia, from Ur III to Neo-Assyrian period, and in Iran on the Achaemenid period, in particular in Persepolis and Susa, have substantially added to our current knowledge of the field. However, it is the case with most of the studies that either they infer the length units from ancient textual sources, or they try to derive the units with the help of mathematical approaches. This study tries to put the reliability of using only mathematical approaches, which used to be the most common methodology in previous studies, into test by examining the previously proposed units in Persepolis on most of the measurements on the current ground plan of the four Achaemenid buildings in Persepolis and see if the units can be confirmed by the majority of the plans. Our approach combines descriptive, historical, and analytic research that includes data collection, library research, analyzing of building plans of Persepolis, field surveys, observations, documentation, and the analysis of data with MATLAB and AutoCAD. The building plans that are used in this research were created by the Parse-Pasargadae research foundation in 2015; however, this research focuses only on four Achaemenid building namely, the Hundred-Column Hall (486-424 BC), Apadana (515 BC), Hadish (486-465 BC) and Tachar (486 BC) in Persepolis. We will also try to introduce an alternative methodology, which can be useful in cases where no textual sources are available to scholars. This alternative method includes drawing grids of same sized squares on architectural plans and then derives the length-measuring units based on how well the grids cover the whole plan and fall on the main outlines of the plan. The use of grids for inferring the length-units of a building is used for the first time in this study. However, there are Ottoman architecture plans with blind checkered grids, on which the ground plan of a building is laid as well as ancient Egyptian paintings which still have the primary grids, on which the paintings were scaled and carefully drawn. Such former use of grids has inspired the writers to take advantage of these grids for the purpose of ancient length metrology studies.

Annotatsiya. Baqtriya satrapligi mil. avv. VI–IV asrlarda Ahamoniylar davlati tarkibida mavjud bo‘lgan ma’muriy viloyat bo‘lib, hududi hozirgi Shimoliy Afg‘oniston, Tojikistonning janubi-g‘arbi va Janubiy O‘zbekiston (Surxon vohasi)ga to‘g‘ri keladi. Satraplik tarixini o‘rganishda qadimgi fors bitiklarining o‘rni nihoyatda muhim. Ahamoniylar shoh bitiklarining aksariyati Fors (Persepolis, Naqshi Rustam, Pasargad), Elam (Suza) va Midiya (Behistun, Hamadon) hududlarida aniqlangan. Persepol istehkom arxivi Baqtriya satrapligi tarixini o‘rganishda asosiy manbalardan biri hisoblanadi. Ushbu maqolada Persepol devor arxivining Baqtriya satrapligi tarixini yoritishdagi o‘rni ilmiy tahlil qilingan.

Kalit so‘zlar: Baqtriya satrapligi, Ahamoniylar davlati, Persepol istehkom arxivi, Xazina arxivi.

Аннотация. Бактрия являлась историко-культурной областью Средней Азии, располагавшейся в среднем течении Амударьи между хребтами Гиссар и Гиндукуш (юг Узбекистана, юг Таджикистана, север Афганистана и юго-восток Туркменистана). В VI–IV веках до н.э. эта область входила в состав империи Ахеменидов. Роль древнеперсидских надписей в изучении истории сатрапии чрезвычайно велика. Большинство ахеменидских царских надписей обнаружено в Персии (Персеполь, Накше-Рустам, Пасаргады), Эламе (Сузы) и Мидии (Бехистун, Хамадан). Персепольский крепостной архив является одним из основных источников по изучению истории Бактрийской сатрапии. В данной статье проведён научный анализ роли Персепольского крепостного архива в освещении истории Бактрийской сатрапии.

Ключевые слова: Бактрийская сатрапия, государство Ахеменидов, Персепольский крепостной архив, Казначейский архив.

Abstract. Bactria (satrapy) was an administrative region that existed as part of the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th–4th centuries BC. Its territory corresponded to present-day Northern Afghanistan, southwestern Tajikistan, and Southern Uzbekistan (Surkhan Oasis). In studying the history of the satrapy, the role of ancient Persian inscriptions is considered extremely important. Most of the Achaemenid royal inscriptions have been discovered in Persia (Persepolis, Naqsh-e Rustam, Pasargadae), Elam (Susa), and Media (Behistun, Hamadan). The Persepolis Fortification Archive is one of the main sources for studying the history of the Bactrian satrapy. This article scientifically analyses the role of the Persepolis Fortification Archive in illuminating the history of the satrapy of Bactria.

Key words: Bactria (satrapy), Achaemenid Empire, Persepolis Fortification Archive, Treasury Archive.

Open access!
Inscribed trays, plates, mortars, and pestles made of beautiful green chert bearing formulaic administrative textual formulae were found during excavations at the Persepolis Treasury in the 1930s. These implements and the enigmatic formulae inscribed upon them present scholars with a complex and unique challenge whose correct interpretation holds important implications for the study of Achaemenid history, imperial administration, and relations between ancient Arachosia (roughly modern-day Afghanistan) and the centers of power, as well as-as I argue in this article-for the symbiosis between administration and cult in antiquity. They continue to be hotly debated ever since their inauspicious initial publication by Bowman in 1970, yet they have thus far remained obscure. By comparing these finds with material and textual data from across the Achaemenid empire and early Parthian sources, this article offers a new comprehensive study of these objects. My analysis suggests that these objects are to be considered as a more systematized and tightly controlled Arachosian form of "informal taxation"-namely, regulated gifts-which are comparable to similar imperial donations found in the Treasury at Persepolis. Specifically, they take part in an "economy of fealty" demonstrating loyalty to king and empire through the adherence to the era's Mazdean ritual orthopraxy.

The Achaemenid Empire was a vast empire that had brought many lands under its rule in Asia, Africa, and Europe, and many archaeological works from this vast and extensive empire have been found in various lands. Persepolis is one of the valuable structures of this empire, parts of which still stand. The book The Universal Art and Culture of Persepolis, written by Aliasghar Salahshour, is one of the new books about Persepolis, published by Aryarmena Publications and the Tissaphernes Archaeological Research Group.

In this article I propose some corrections and additions to my previous contribution Miscellanea Epigraphica Susiana, made possible by the recent publication of a book dealing, among other things, with the same inscriptions (DSe, DSi, A 2 Se). In particular, I provide: a complete restoration of the final portion of the Elamite version of DSe highlighting some textual parallels found in the Meso-Elamite, Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian epigraphic tradition; an etymological discussion on the newly discovered OP word kabnu-"ruined, dilapidated"; and some improvements in the reading and interpretation of a new fragment of the Elamite version of A 2 Se.

Starting in the sixth century BCE, the conquests of the Persian kings Cyrus, Cambyses, and Darius transformed the lives of humans on a continental scale, as their empire reached from the Iranian plateau to eastern Europe, Central Asia, and North Africa. Beyond the imperial center, the kings’ vast territory was ruled by royal representatives known as satraps, who managed the practicalities of running the empire. In this book, Rhyne King explores how the empire was governed by investigating how the satraps and the structures supporting them—their “houses”—operated across great distances. Examining satrapal houses in Egypt, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Central Asia, King demonstrates how these systems encouraged local self-interest and advancement even as they benefited the imperial whole. Ultimately, he argues, it was these Persian forms of transregional governance that were key in enabling the vast polity to endure for more than two centuries.

This article examines the significance of competency-based approaches in Uzbekistan, using the terms competence and competence-based approach. It also stresses the basic competencies for instructors of foreign languages. In addition, the article references previous publications on this subject and provides definitions of writers' research competency. The article concludes with a discussion of the pedagogical support for the development of competences based on "pre-service" and "in-service" programs.

Presented in the paper is a new exemplar of the Elamite version of A 2 Sd, a known Achaemenid trilingual inscription made in the name of Artaxerxes II in Susa. Special attention is given to the occurrence of the word tacara and its possible interpretations. In connection with this, editions of three Elamite texts from the Persepolis Fortification archive are presented that provide new attestations of the term and a possible cognate, * tacarana-.

Besides the content described in the title, the paper includes the theory that Miniature Columns may have been used as swing-weights in pre-Zoroastrian ritual bodybuilding and  spin-dance exercises, just as they are still known in modern Zourkhaneh power houses in Iran and Tadjikistan. Today, the objects are called mīl or kabbādeh. Accordingly, the mysterious "circular stone plates with one handle" found in Gonur Depe and Altyn Depe could be the predecessor of the 'sang' shields. The same must be true for the so-called "hand bags" from Jiroft. See Chapter 6; Fig. 14; 15.

This article examines whether religious notions contribute to the emergence of enantiosemy from a linguocultural perspective, focusing on English and Uzbek. Through the investigation of findings in English and Uzbek, it can be stated that language is deeply influenced by religion, which shapes vocabulary, syntax, pronunciation, and even results in the emergence of distinct language varieties. Religious concepts and terminology frequently develop contradictory meanings due to cultural transformations, diverse perspectives, and historical changes. Through an analysis of several examples in both languages, we try to illustrate how religious-related topics of enantiosemy manifests.

Tahlil natijalariga asosan, gaz-xromatografik usul yordamida neft bilan ifloslanmagan suvlarda neft mahsulotlarini juda kichik (˃0.02 mg/dm 3 ) qiymatlarda ham identifikatsiya qilish imkoniyatiga ega ekanligi ko'rish mumkin. Usul yuqori darajada aniqlik, selektivlik va aniqlanadigan konsentratsiya chegarasining pastligi bilan tavsiflanadi. Xulosalar. 1. Yangi takomillashtirilgan mass-spektrometrik detektorli gaz-xromatorgafik usul yordamida birinchi marta Angren neft terminali hududidagi va monitoring quduqlaridagi suv namunalari tarkibidagi neft mahsulotlari fraksiyalari identifikatsiya qilindi. 2. Tahlil natijalariga asosan, terminal atrofida mavjud quduqlardan olingan suv namunalarida neft mahsulotlari miqdori ruxsat etilgan meʼyorlardan (0,1 mg/dm 3 ) oshmaganligi kuzatish mumkin. Takomillashtirilgan usul neft bilan ifloslanmagan suvlarda neft mahsulotlarini juda kichik (˃0.02 mg/dm 3 ) qiymatlarda ham identifikatsiya qilish imkoniyatiga ega ekanligi ko'rish mumkin. Usul yuqori darajada aniqlik, selektivlik va aniqlanadigan konsentratsiya chegarasining pasligi bilan tavsiflanadi. Ishlab chiqilgan usul real obyektlarda tahlil qilinganda mavjud standart usul fluorimetrik usuli bilan solishtirilgan holda amalga oshirildi hamda usulning nisbiy standart chetlanish 0,048 dan oshmasligi isbotlangan.

Emphasis on the importance of social-political fabric and its effect on the urbanization and economic system that are aspects of urbanization life is one of the necessities during the Achaemenid Period. This study was conducted based on the deductive-inductive method. First, written sources (clay inscription of Persepolis and classic authors) have been used to achieve general information about the social-political fabric of Fars during Achaemenid Period then archeological evidence remained from the economic system of Achaemenid period in Central Fars was analyzed within this framework. No coin, including Shahi or so-called Satrapy, has been discovered from archaeological excavations in Iran. It seems that Achaemenid Empire had no plan for monetary economic development, and coin promotion and use in transactions despite its wide territory and regular discipline. On the contrary, it seems that Darius and his successors considered coin as a political instrument used to convey and show the message of the political and military power of the Achaemenid king at that ear not as a tool for the economic system. Therefore, studies focused on clay inscriptions of Persepolis and evaluated works of authors indicate that the sociopolitical fabric of Iranian society, especially Fars has been traditional and based on agriculture and husbandry during Achaemenid Era. As we know, the city was not shaped during the Achaemenid period despite the presence of urban structures, such as social sophistication, specialism, and the modern administrative system of the ear; therefore, coin use was not institutionalized in the economy of that era. The present study aims to discuss the Fars economy during the Achaemenid era regarding its sociopolitical context after the coin mintage Achaemenid Empire.

Access Archaeology offers a different publishing model for specialist academic material that might traditionally prove commercially unviable, perhaps due to its sheer extent or volume of colour content, or simply due to its relatively niche field of interest. This could apply, for example, to a PhD dissertation or a catalogue of archaeological data. All Access Archaeology publications are available as a free-to-download pdf eBook and in print format. The free pdf download model supports dissemination in areas of the world where budgets are more severely limited, and also allows individual academics from all over the world the opportunity to access the material privately, rather than relying solely on their university or public library. Print copies, nevertheless, remain available to individuals and institutions who need or prefer them. The material is refereed and/or peer reviewed. Copy-editing takes place prior to submission of the work for publication and is the responsibility of the author. Academics who are able to supply printready material are not charged any fee to publish (including making the material available as a free-todownload pdf). In some instances the material is type-set in-house and in these cases a small charge is passed on for layout work. Our principal effort goes into promoting the material, both the free-to-download pdf and print edition, where Access Archaeology books get the same level of attention as all of our publications which are marketed through e-alerts, print catalogues, displays at academic conferences, and are supported by professional distribution worldwide. The free pdf download allows for greater dissemination of academic work than traditional print models could ever hope to support. It is common for a free-to-download pdf to be downloaded hundreds or sometimes thousands of times when it first appears on our website. Print sales of such specialist material would take years to match this figure, if indeed they ever would. This model may well evolve over time, but its ambition will always remain to publish archaeological material that would prove commercially unviable in traditional publishing models, without passing the expense on to the academic (author or reader).

Many tribes lived in southwestern Persia during the Achaemenid period. The region was crucial for the Persian empire in that almost all roads connecting the two capitals of Persepolis and Susa run through it. The policy adopted by the Achaemenids for controlling this tribal region was to establish tribal confederations headed by men loyal to the king such as Madates and Gobryas. The Achaemenid king reinforced these tribal confederations by political marriages. Sisygambis, the mother of Darius III, was presumably an Uxian. This is why she was an ideal person to negotiate with Alexander of Macedon to free the Uxians headed by Madates, also probably an Uxian. Gobryas, the head of the Patischorian tribe, was one of the seven who rebelled against Bardiya/ Gaumāta according to the Bisotun inscription and Herodotus. The Persepolis Fortification texts appear to show that the region between modern Bāsht and Ardakān called the Fahliyān region or Shulestān was the territory of this tribe. Irdabama, presumably the daughter of Gobryas born from his marriage with daughter of a local dynast, was married by Darius I in order to maintain Achaemenid control over this tribal region.

This article, focused on the Persian Gobryas, the head of Patischorian tribe and a member of the mysterious circle bringing Darius I (the Great) to the throne called the "Seven" by Herodotus, aims to argue that the concept of seven families was originally derived from the tribal structure of the Achaemenid society rather than from traditions found in classical writers. Mainly based on the administrative Elamite texts from Persepolis, the paper attempts to add contextual and practical detail to the classical narrative about the status of the "Seven" in the Achaemenid imperial system. This data leads us to the Fahliyān region in southwestern Persia as the house of the Patischorians and shows how Gobryas and his house were involved in the political, economic and administrative structures of the Persian Achaemenid Empire especially during the reign of Darius. The case also provides a valuable context for the study of various aspects of social organization particularly the land tenure.

An analysis of a group of the administrative texts from the Persepolis Fortification Archive gives the impression that the Fahliyān region in northwestern Fārs was probably the heart of the territory in which the Patischorian tribe and Gobryas family were centered in the Achaemenid period. This article attempts to examine hypothetically the connection between archaeological remains discovered in the Fahliyān region with the Patischorian tribe. Above all, the monumental building excavated in Jenjān and the well-known rockcut tomb of Dā-u Dokhtar might have been a tribal seat and a tomb of Gobryas respectively. An argument on the possible connection between the seals used on the so-called Gobryas texts and the Gobryas family is also of especial significance with the interesting result that the stamp was a favorable type-seal for this family. Both of this evidence seems to suggest the Elamite and Greek personal trends of Gobryas, a fact inherited in his role in the political events of the age.

Annotatsiya Fuqarolik jamiyatining mafkuraviy asoslarini o'rganish, uning rivojlanishi va barqarorligini ta'minlashda muhim ahamiyatga ega. Ushbu mavzu, birinchidan, fuqarolik jamiyatining mohiyati, asosiy tamoyillari va uning jamiyatdagi o'rni bilan bog'liq nazariy tushunchalarni o'z ichiga oladi. Nazariy jihatdan, fuqarolik jamiyati, asosan, individual huquqlar, erkinliklar va ijtimoiy mas'uliyat tamoyillari asosida shakllanadi. Bu jarayonda, hukumat va jamiyat o'rtasidagi munosabatlar, fuqarolik aktivizmi, ijtimoiy adolat va demokratik qadriyatlar o'rganiladi. Ilmiy-metodologik jihatdan, bu mavzu turli tadqiqot metodlari, masalan, analitik, empirik va sotsial-gumanitar yondashuvlar orqali o'rganiladi. Maqsadfuqarolik jamiyatining mafkuraviy asoslarini chuqur tushunish va uning jamiyatda qanday rol o'ynashini o'rganish orqali, muhim ijtimoiy masalalarni hal qilishda yangi yondashuvlar taklif qilishdir. Kalit so'zlar: Fuqarolik jamiyati, mafkuraviy asoslar, nazariy tadqiqot, ijtimoiy adolat, demokratik qadriyatlar, fuqarolik aktivizmi, hukumat va jamiyat munosabatlari, metodologiya, iqtisodiy omillar, siyosiy omillar, madaniy omillar. THEORETICAL AND SCIENTIFIC-METHODOLOGICAL LSSUES OF STUDYING THE IDEOIOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL SOCIETY Annotation The study of the ideological foundations of civil society is of significant importance for its development and stability. This topic, firstly, includes theoretical concepts related to the essence of civil society, its fundamental principles, and its place in society. Theoretically, civil society is primarily shaped on the basis of the principles of individual rights, freedoms, and social responsibility. In this process, the relationships between government and society, civic activism, social justice, and democratic values are examined.From a scientificmethodological perspective, this topic is studied through various research methods, such as analytical, empirical, and social-humanitarian approaches.The goal is to gain a deeper understanding of the ideological foundations of civil society and to explore its role in society, proposing new approaches to address important social issues.

Archaeological research has traditionally focused on the centres of urban development in the ancient world, across the Loess plains, along the Indus, and throughout the Fertile Crescent and adjacent foothills. Urban development in southern Central Asia, along the northern rim of the Iranian Plateau and into the oases of the Karakum, has received far less attention. Collaborative multiproxy research has clarified many previously unexplored aspects of the urban flourishing and paleoeconomy. Here, we showcase new data from the ongoing excavations of the occupation layers at Togolok 1 in the Murghab alluvial fan, from the late third to the mid-second millennium BCE. Archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological, and paleoclimatic data can better clarify the long developmental trajectories of economic and environmental change across this key area of urban development.

Добрянський В., Нові матеріали дослідження Чортківського замку XVII століття // Жовківські читання 2015: Збірник статей третьої наукової конференції «Музей в сучасному світі» / Львівська національна галерея мистецтв. Б. Г. Возницького. — Львів : Растр, 2015. — C. 142—150.

This is the pre-publication of a book chapter. The first half is essentially an almanac for the region to the east of Persepolis as known from the Persepolis Fortification Archive. It is meant as an aid for future research. The second half has thematic studies on the administration and economy of the region.

If you cite it, please cite as King, Rhyne. Forthcoming. "From Pasargadae to Neyrīz in the Persepolis Fortification Archive: Geography, Administration, and Economy." In The Unexplored Heartland: Institutional Landscapes and Networks in Eastern Fārs, edited by Wouter Henkelman and Kai Kaniuth. <URL>.

While detailing the following regarding Cyrus and the Jews, the reader will take special notice how we are seeing modern-day similarities of former president Donald Trump. The Persian Jewish community is the oldest continuous Jewish diaspora in the world… Cyrus (Hebrew Koresh) not only granted them freedom of religion in Babylon…he also commissioned the building of the Second Temple (it should be no mystery to any student of this research why foreign pagan rulers would be so willing to exhaust their own imperial exchequer to build a Jewish Temple in dedication to their OT fire deity.) in Jerusalem at cost to Iran's treasury and at the hands of the Persian corps of engineers. Construction was completed under the reign of Darius the Great, who also endorsed the project. For such deeds, Cyrus is valorized as the "Messiah" of Israel… The Jews did not recognize Jesus, one of their own, as a Messiah, nor did they accept the claim to prophet-hood of their fellow Semite, Muhammad. But today, many Jews await the coming of another Koresh HaMaschiach who will build the Third Temple where the Mosque of the Dome of the Rock now stands.

This research focused on the concept of rebellion as depicted in the Behistun Inscription. To address this issue, the study employed a conceptual historical method, analyzing the Old Persian text of the inscription and concentrating on the terms and phrases associated with rebellion. The findings revealed that the Behistun Inscription used specific language to convey the notion of rebellion, highlighting that a comprehensive understanding of certain terms necessitated familiarity with their historical context within Mesopotamian royal traditions, particularly in Neo-Assyria. Notably, the absence of specific terms and introduction of new phrases in the 5 th column of the inscription indicated a shift in Achaemenid political thought regarding the representation of rebellion. Despite these variations, all terms associated with rebellion in the Behistun Inscription shared a fundamental characteristic within Achaemenid political ideology: they fundamentally pertained to the breach of loyalty to the Achaemenid king, which was encapsulated in the concept of "oath-breaking".

Intoxicating drinks were common in Ancient Persia. Achaemenid fortification tablets, median rhyton, Nyssa Parthian epigraphy, Sassanid dishes demonstrate evidences of such beverages’ application. These products were also used for cheering, refreshment as well as curing in addition to their nutritional values; thus, they were largely popular in most ancient civilizations. Wine and beer had different functions in ancient Iran including their use in religious ceremonies, royal celebrations, medical treatment as well as being offered as gifts. Studying Achaemenid tablets also reveals the other special uses of wine and beer in Achaemenid Iran for providing some portions of taxes, wages and food ration. The purpose of this research is to study the role of beverages in the wage payment system of Iran at the Achaemenid age; thus, it descriptively analyzes various sources. The results show that some rations paid in the Achaemenid age included beer and wine. These rations were assigned to hig...

This booklet aims to give a brief introduction to NINO’s rich and diverse collections and archives, and to show their value and potential. They do not only document the history of the Netherlands Institute for the Near East and the many persons involved in various ways, but also capture the formative period of the academic fields of ancient Near Eastern archaeology, Egyptology and Assyriology in the Netherlands in word and image. 31 items from NINO’s collections and archives are highlighted.

Travel in the ancient world involved a host of arrangements and intelligence that often go unmentioned in ancient sources. How did individuals, groups and armies, plot their itineraries and arrive safely at their destinations? The Persepolis Fortification Archive, which dates to the period from 509 to 493 BC, contains references to a class of guides identified by the Achaemenid Elamite term barrišdama, who were charged with escorting select individuals and large groups on journeys, some of which were over hundreds of kilometers. This institution shares certain traits with that of the mihmāndār in later Iranian history, while differing in many respects. The present study examines these two institutions, noting points of commonality and difference. Because much more is known about the social and economic context of the mihmāndār, a study of it is instructive in posing questions that may be relevant to a better understanding of the much earlier office of the barrišdama.

Programme de l'année 2022-2023 : I. L'animal dans l'empire achéménide (suite).-II. Les inscriptions des Achéménides. 1. En raison de l'abondance des données et de leur pertinence pour la culture achéménide, il a été décidé de poursuivre le séminaire de 2021-2022, « L'animal dans l'empire achéménide », pendant l'année qui fait l'objet du présent rapport. Les sources discutées étaient, typiquement pour les études achéménides, d'une grande diversité, incluant les documents administratifs araméens de Bactriane et d'Égypte, les archives élamites de Persépolis, l'iconographie royale et la glyptique persépolitaine et, particulièrement importantes dans ce cas, les sources gréco-romaines. L'étude du monde achéménide a mis du temps à se constituer en discipline indépendante et à s'émanciper de la trop grande dépendance à l'égard de l'historiographie grécoromaine. Cette évolution, accélérée depuis les années 1980, a conduit à un focus plus fort sur une « perspective perse », d'où une relecture critique, par exemple, des oeuvres d'Hérodote ou de Xénophon, et une insistance sur les sources primaires (vieux-perses, élamites, babyloniens, démotiques…). Ce tournant a parfois été perçu-à tort-comme une position hostile ou « révisionniste » à l'égard de la tradition classique. Il n'est pas nécessaire de répéter les détails de cette discussion inutile : il sufÏt de dire que l'historiographie achéménide a évolué vers une approche globale qui considère sérieusement les auteurs gréco-romains, mais comme faisant partie d'une mosaïque de sources beaucoup plus large et variée et dans un contexte proprement achéménide 1. Le thème de L'animal dans l'empire achéménide ajoute une autre dimension à cette approche, étant donné que de nombreuses sources grecques et latines pertinentes n'ont été étudiées qu'occasionnellement dans le contexte du monde achéménide. En d'autres termes, même dans une perspective qui défend la primauté de la tradition classique dans les études achéménides, le choix des sources et donc la définition de ce qui constitue l'« histoire » ont souvent été très sélectifs. Le corpus des sources documentaires primaires, toujours croissant, provenant notamment de l'Égypte achéménide, de la Babylonie et du Fârs, offrent une vision de plus en plus granulaire de la vie dans l'empire. Il a fait de l'élevage, de l'utilisation et de la consommation des animaux au quotidien et par les élites, ou encore de la domestication et de la diffusion de nouvelles espèces, des sujets devenus centraux dans les études achéménides. Cet état de fait impose logiquement de revisiter les sources gréco-romaines à la recherche d'informations similaires ou complémentaires : non pas sous la forme d'une nouvelle exégèse d'Hérodote, mais en parcourant systématiquement, par exemple, De la

Abstract: The credit module system has been introduced into the educational
system of almost all countries; but this is a new method in Uzbekistan. The article
discusses the importance and advantages of language didactics in the credit module
system.
Key words: Lingua- didactics, independent- learning, system, credit- module,
skills, education, method.

This contribution describes societies and institutes in the Netherlands that played key roles in scholarly research on the Ancient Near East and Egypt. Public interest followed academic developments at a distance. Leading figures, almost all academics, are briefly discussed.
After a promising start in the 19th century, development in Dutch Egyptology was mostly limited to religious studies. Assyriology was largely a side-interest for theologians. While other European countries founded national scholarly societies and financed grand expeditions, attention in the Netherland was mainly directed to the Dutch East-Indies, with Oriental studies mostly a function of colonial administration, in combination with Semitic languages (connected to Bible studies).
During the first quarter of the 20th century, Oriental studies in the Netherlands were marked by proliferation and specialisation – albeit with a continued emphasis on language studies, and usually from a biblical perspective. The general public was not yet involved. The second quarter of the 20th century saw further diversification of the field, a failed marriage between Ancient Near Eastern and Classical studies, and a broadening audience.
After World War II, the range of history, language studies, and archaeology fully developed in the Netherlands. Internationalisation, rising population and student numbers, and economic growth were instrumental. The fourth quarter of the 20th century was characterised by the definitive division between Middle and Far Eastern versus Ancient Near Eastern studies. State-funded research was the norm; the popular audience increased.
In the first quarter of the 21st century (not comprehensively addressed in this contribution) state-funded research declined while modest private initiatives (societies of museum and excavation “friends”) can be observed.

Conference held at the University of St Andrews, 31 May 2024.

With over 15,000 original texts, the Persepolis Fortification Archive is one of the largest surviving governmental archives from the ancient world. The surviving texts date to the 13th to the 28th regnal years of Darius I (509-493 BCE), with the majority falling between regnal years 21 and 24. The archive records the extraction, storage, distribution, and consumption of staple foods and beverages in the region around Persepolis, in southwestern Iran. Because people across social strata received food from the imperial government, the archive provides information across society from the king and queens to the region’s huge population of dependent workers.

The study of the Persepolis Fortification Archive has transformed the field of Achaemenid history over the past two decades. However, the archive remains ripe for future study. In particular, quantitative approaches may offer a novel way to place the information from the Persepolis Fortification Archive into new historical and comparative contexts. The size of the archive and the inherently quantitative nature of the information recorded in the texts (e.g. quantities of rations, numbers of workers, dates) lend themselves naturally to quantitative approaches. Some scholars have attempted preliminary quantitative studies to the Persepolis Fortification Archive, with approaches ranging from studies in temporal patterns of text production to social network analysis of seal usage.

The goal of this workshop is to bring together both experts in the Persepolis Fortification Archive and scholars experienced in quantitative methods to discuss new possibilities for approaching the historical study of the Persepolis Fortification Archive.

The Treasury reliefs and those of the northern gates of the 100 Column Hall at Persepolis show an audience scene with the Great King sitting in majesty. The image, celebrating the Achaemenid king, is an important testimony of the expression of the royal ideology. This study, part of an ongoing research, deals with the issue of the strength of diffusion of this ideology immediately beyond the borders of the empire, that is in the Classical Greece, trying to understand which were the channels of diffusion of the Achaemenid iconography and which was its degree of accessibility for the Greeks. In the paper we thus analyse the objects of the minor art bearing comparable iconographies and their context of use, considering jointly the written sources and the archaeological data with regards to both the Persian Empire and the Classical Greece.

The so-called “daiva inscription” of the Persian king Xerxes I (ca. 486–465 BC) is one of the most intriguing documents of the Achaemenid kings, mainly due to the mention of the word that gives this text its name. The sole mention of this word has led scholars to believe that this text marks an unprecedented turning point in Persian history: the one presenting the Great King as a religious fanatic, strengthening the image handed down to us by Greek historiography—especially the one of Herodotus. Four interpretative models have been postulated to understand this word’s function, three of which have identified the Persian daivas with specific historical agents and events. The last one focuses instead on the nature of the textual content in a broader sense. Further problems arise when dealing with the question of when this text was crafted. This conundrum was mainly understood through the view of Greek historiography, disregarding much of the contradictory evidence that will be presented here.

We hear much nowadays about Greek views of Persians, most recently from Janett Morgan (2016): a critical attitude to such views was midwife (or stepmother) to modern Achaemenid Studies, which arose among other things from a hostility to Hellenocentric views of the empire. What I shall address in this essay is the opposite perspective: Persian views of Greeks. Our foundational texts as Achaemenid historians include Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg's Yaunā en Persai: Grieken en Perzen in een ander perspectief, so my title follows in her footsteps. 1 We can approach the topic by looking at textual and non-textual evidence. The former category includes Greek and Latin texts (mostly literary) and texts in other languages (mostly bureaucratic or documentary, though also including utterances of the Great King himself). The latter category includes monuments of various sizes, character, ultimate origin and eventual provenance. The textual evidence will generally have a distorting agenda, whether a conscious one or one due to the fact that the text-categories involved existed for reasons illadapted to the questions we wish to ask of them. Our overall question is an evaluative one, and so the enterprise may be particularly tricky. But the situation is no different from the one we encounter with most questions in most periods of ancient history. It cannot be said too often that Achaemenid history is not fundamentally distinct in type from Greek or Roman history, just different in detail. Greeks Imagining Persian Views of Greeks I start with Greeks representing, indeed imagining, Persian views of Greeks. This is a potentially enormous category: whenever a Persian does anything in a 1 Morgan's title (Greek Perspectives on the Achaemenid Empire) is a congener. My content ranges more widely, but less deeply, than Henkelman & Stolper 2009 or Rollinger & Henkelman 2009.-Earlier versions of this essay were presented to the annual meeting of UK ancient historians (Stevenage, 2015) and as a departmental lecture (Trento, 2016). I am most grateful to Robin Osborne and Maurizio Giangiulio for the invitations that provided those opportunities. And I am, of course, equally indebted to Pierfrancesco Callieri, Adriano Rossi and Gian Pietro Basello for the invitation to the Naples conference.

Keywords: Vettersfelde/Witaszkowo, Scythian, Persian, iconography, jewelry, 6th century BC

Abstract: In this essay, understudied elements of the Vettersfelde/Witaszkowo hoard are considered: rings, pendants and, above all, the fox tail chain. This jewellery component has been seen to be in jarring contrast to the figurated and famous male connotated akinakes/gorytos set. Yet in this essay, I hope to show that parallels, including the new warrior’s grave from Mamai Gora, Ukraine, show that jewellery is highly likely to have been a significant aspect of the Scythian warriors` regalia in the 6th century BC. Moreover, the enigmatic complex foxtail chain from the hoard may be related to tasselled chains which decorated the quivers of Persian warrior elites. In conclusion, I propose that that the combination of ostentatious weaponry and jewellery deposited in Witaszkowo forms a coherent assemblage of attributes exalting its bearers military prowess, pinnacle social status and ritual efficacy.

Annotatsiya. Oks sivilizatsiyasi Markaziy Osiyo mintaqasida bronza davrida shakllangan sivilizatsiya markazlaridan biri bo‘lib, xronologik jihatdan mill. avv. 2500-1350 yillar bilan davrlashtirilgan. Ushbu sivilizatsiya markazi Janubiy O‘zbekiston hududida shakllangan Sopolli, Janubiy Afg‘onistonda tarqalgan Dashtli, Janubiy Turkmaniston hududida hukm surgan Namozgoh madaniyatlarini o‘z ichiga birlashtirgan. So‘nggi yillarda tadqiqotchilar tomonidan Oks sivilizatsiyasinining tarixi va arxeologiyasiga bag‘ishlangan ilmiy maqolalar dunyoning eng nufuzli jurnallarida ingliz va rus tillarida nashrdan chiqmoqda. “Arxeologiya Yevraziyskix stepey” jurnali shunday jurnallardan biri bo‘lib, jurnalda 2023-yilda bevosita Oks sivilizatsiyasi bo‘yicha 3 ta maqola chop etilgan. Ushbu maqolada “Arxeologiya Yevraziyskix stepey” jurnalida chop etilgan maqolalarning ilmiy tahlili yoritilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar. Oks sivilizatsiyasi, “Arxeologiya Yevraziyskix stepey” jurnali, Oltintepa, Nomozgohtepa, Ulug‘tepa, Markaziy Osiyo sug‘orilish tizimi.
Аннотация: Цивилизация Окса – новый центр древневосточной цивилизации, объединивший культуры бронзового века (2300-1450 гг. до н. э.) Сополли, Даштли, распространенные в Южном Афганистане, и культуры Намазгоха, сформировавшиеся на территории Южного Узбекистана. Его расцвет приходится на период XXIII-XVIII веков. В последние годы исследователи опубликовали научные статьи по истории и археологии цивилизации Окса в самых престижных мировых журналах на английском и русском языках. «Археология Евразийских степей» — один из таких журналов, в котором в 2023 году опубликовано 3 статьи непосредственно о цивилизации Окс. В данной статье представлен научный анализ новых исследований, опубликованных в журнале «Археология Евразийских степей».
Ключевые слова. Цивилизация Окса, журнал «Археология Евразийских степей», Алтын-депе, Намазга-депе, Улуг-депе, система ирригации Центральной Азии.

Annotatsiya. Oks sivilizatsiyasi bronza davriga oid (mil. avv. 2300-1450) Janubiy O‘zbekiston hududida shakllangan Sopolli, Janubiy Afg‘onistonda tarqalgan Dashtli, Janubiy Turkmaniston hududida hukm surgan Namozgoh madaniyatlarini o‘z ichiga birlashtirgan Qadimgi Sharq sivilizatsiyasining yangi o‘chog‘i bo‘lib, mil. avv. XXIII va XVIII asrlar oralig‘ida gullab yashnagan. So‘nggi yillarda tadqiqotchilar tomonidan Oks sivilizatsiyasinining tarixi va arxeologiyasiga bag‘ishlangan ilmiy maqolalar dunyoning eng nufuzli jurnallarida ingliz va rus tillarida nashrdan chiqmoqda. “Povoljskaya arxeologiya” shunday jurnallardan biri bo‘lib, unda 2023-yilda bevosita Oks sivilizatsiyasi bo‘yicha 3 ta maqola chop etilgan. Ushbu maqolada “Povoljskaya arxeologiya” jurnalida chop etilgan yangi tadqiqotlarning ilmiy tahlili yoritilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar. Oks sivilizatsiyasi, “Povoljskaya arxeologiya” jurnali, Bo‘ston VI va Bo‘ston VII yodgorliklarining dafn marosimlari, vedalar, Markaziy Osiyo migratsiyalari, to‘g‘nog‘ichlar tipologiyasi.
Цивилизация Окса – новый центр древневосточной цивилизации, объединивший культуры бронзового века (2300-1450 гг. до н.э.). В последние годы исследователи опубликовали научные статьи по истории и археологии цивилизации Окса в самых престижных мировых журналах на английском и русском языках. «Повольжская археология» — один из таких журналов, в котором в 2023 году опубликовано 3 статьи непосредственно о цивилизации Окс. В данной статье представлен научный анализ новых исследований, опубликованных в журнале «Повольжская археология».
Ключевые слова: Цивилизация Окса, журнал «Повольжская археология», Веды, Среднеазиатские миграции, типология булавок.

Abstract: One of the objectives of the article is the introduction into scientific circulation the bimetallic pick-axe
of the Scythian archaic period, found near the city of Akhtyrka, Sumy region, in the Vorskla River basin
(Ukraine). The place of find is located approximately in 30 kilometres from the grandiose Belsk hillfort of
Scythian epoch. The pick-axe from Akhtyrka is the second authentically discovered example of such melee strike
weapons in Ukraine, after pick-axe, which comes from Orekhovo (Donbass). The publication of this weapon
served as an occasion for reflection on the place of bimetallic pick-axes in the circle of weapons of the
population of Eurasia of the early Scythian time, their genesis, chronology, distribution routes in a huge area –
the Kuban region, the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, Western Asia, the Volga region, the
Southern Ural, Central Asia (Aral Sea region), South-Western Siberia. Today, this area can definitely include
the North Black Sea Steppe and the Forest-Steppe of modern Ukraine. The study confirms that bimetallic pickaxes
are reliable markers of the routes of the Eurasian nomads of the Scythian period, including the Scythians,
in the times of the famous Western Asian campaigns.

Xudayberdiyev I. Afg'onistonda Toliblar hokimiyati o'rnatilishi va uning Pokistondagi siyosiy jarayonlarga ta'sir ........ 37 Falsafa. Pedagogika. Psixologiya. Metodika. Sotsiologiya. Siyosiy fanlar. Islomshunoslik Abduqahharova Sh. Eshitishda nuqsoni bor o'smir o'quvchilarda emotsional-frustratsion xususiyatlar namoyon bo'lishining psixologik determinantlari .

last more than a few years. That it is flourishing in 2023 and seeing a third generation entering the fore is to some extent a function of legal providence (as described in the 2017-18 annual report) but largely the fruit of Stolper's stewardship. As project director, he has tirelessly applied for funding, engaged and trained student workers for data processing and digital photography, drafted reports, presented on the project at numerous occasions, regularly nudged all of us about anticipated results, and-as "a river to his people"-took care of the needs and well-being of the team during the past eighteen years. In October 2022, ISAC chief conservator Laura d'Alessandro finished the packing of 3,506 Elamite and Aramaic tablets, sealed into nine crates and waiting to be handed to representatives of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Beyond these materials, we anticipate at least six or seven more shipments. Since this process, even under optimum conditions, will take more than a few years to complete, the PFA Project will continue to document and edit as many PFA records as possible before the last items leave the building. This perspective also explains why a change in directorship after so many years is a meaningful step at this point, and it provides us with an opportunity to take stock of the project's overall progress and the ways in which it is developing. As of spring 2023, the PFA Project team had cataloged, photographed, edited, and entered into databases some 12,000 discrete items (all being made available for online consultation). In addition, project editors and associated scholars had produced 10 monographs and edited volumes and 110 articles and book chapters; given 164 public lectures and conference presentations; and (co)supervised eight master's theses and eight doctoral dissertations on PFA-related themes (with six more doctoral dissertations in preparation). While we take some pride in these numbers, we are also aware that they spell two developments that need addressing. Documenting and publishing the PFA materials was, and is, the core of the project as it has been established at Chicago. The reported period is no different from previous ones in this regard: Young Bok Kim, the project's technical mainstay, processed 998 surfaces of 114 Elamite cuneiform tablets