Network Planning

One of the important properties of a reliable communication network is the robustness to the environmental changes. This paper looks at the design of robust networks from a new perspective. A graph-theoretical metric, betweenness, in combination with network weight matrix is used to define a global quantity, network criticality, to characterize the robustness of a network. We show that network criticality is a monotone decreasing function of weight matrix. Furthermore, it is shown that network criticality is a strictly convex function of network weight matrix. This leads to a well-defined convex optimization problem to find the optimal weight matrix assignment to minimize network criticality.

Mobile operators currently prefer optimizing their radio networks via re-homing or cutting over the cell sites in 2G
or 3G networks. The core network, as the parental part of radio network, is inevitably impacted by the re-homing in radio domain. This paper introduces the cell site re-homing in radio network and analyzes its impact on the performance of GSM/UMTS core network. The possible re-homing models are created and analyzed for core networks. The paper concludes that appropriate re-homing in radio domain, using correct algorithms, not only optimizes the radio network but also helps improve the QoS of the core network and saves the carriers’ OPEX and CAPEX on their core networks

From the network operator's point of view, the high CAPEX/OPEX cost resulting from fixed/wired backhaul links can be inhibitive to successful deployment of broadband wireless services. The emerging wireless mesh network (WMN) technology is seen as one of the potential solutions which may reduce wired backhaul dependency through multihop transmission. Despite the advantages, many remain sceptical on WMN's network capacity and scalability performances particularly when the user density is high. This paper provides an insight on the best possible upper-bound capacity performance of WMN, taking into consideration three key design parameters namely 1) Percentage of wired backhaul points per network, 2) Mesh-to-Access Link-Rate Ratio (R) and 3) Number of radio interfaces per mesh node including hybrid radio options. These design options are compared and contrasted with different deployment densities. The results generally show that the higher the number of backhaul points, the higher the effective access capacity available to mesh node and hence user domain. Increasing the R and the number of radio per mesh node are two alternative means to push up the effective access capacity per mesh node without increasing the number of wired backhaul points. This is most significant in multi radio system where about 80% of the backhaul points can be eliminated with R= 3 in order to maintain effective access capacity close to full rate (Capacity, C=1) per mesh node. It is also found that 50% of the backhaul points can be eliminated with R=2 for all radio options (except for the pure single radio case).

Femtocells are envisioned to be deployed in indoor environments in order to improve both radio coverage and system capacity. This paper focuses on the self-organization of enterprise femtocells, which is certainly more challenging than that of home femtocells. In the context of 3GPP LTE, we propose solutions to automatically tune parameters such as radio spectrum, pilot power, resource blocks, and access control mechanisms for optimal performance via self-organization network (SON). Furthermore, on-site radio measurements and system-level simulations are used to benchmark their performance.

In this paper we present an ongoing research project that focuses on the development of an Interactive 4D-Modeling Toolbox for the 4D modeling of buildings. The aim of this toolbox is to support and speed up building of 4D models, to facilitate changes on them and to control progresses during the building process.

Oil depletion scenarios suggest that public transport powered largely by electricity, together with cycling and walking, will be the mainstays of future urban mobility. This paper argues that there is great scope, in a time-scale of years rather than decades, for transport planners to increase the number and types of trips for which public transport is a convenient option. Our

Sustainable urban development is essential to enhance the quality of life of the citizens and to decrease the impact of cities upon resources outside the urban context. Redeveloping and planning green spaces and urban structure become the fundamentals of the sustainable urban planning of a city. An effective urban planning using recent technology is required to contribute to the physical and social development of the cities through promoting the land value and the local economy. This paper aims to develop a method to maintain ecological balance and organization of the urban green areas, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques that assist in effective planning of green areas. Land suitability analysis and ecological threshold methods based on GIS techniques are applied on one of the Egyptian new cities in a desert environment (i.e., El-Sadat City). Results revealed that the green ways could be developed to play a more significant role in bringing nature into the city. This paper suggests a method of green network planning that would help in enhancing the connectivity and reduce fragmentation though integrated greenway system. Finally, an ecological base for building an eco-city of El-Sadat City in the future is proposed.

Lanka's southwestern wet zone. The area experiences increasing visitor use and requires additional trail development to mitigate resource stress. Nature and cultural tourist opportunity trail networks were mapped based on the sustainability criteria which provide directives for sustainable trail development within the reserve.

Network planning for realtime services in traditional systems is normally performed based on a fixed traffic demand. Realtime services such as voice and video are currently being widely deployed over packet-based IP networks. Due to the lack of resource control mechanisms in IP networks, the actual traffic during network operation may easily deviate from the given mean traffic matrix values. As realtime services impose stringent quality of service (QoS) constraints, any traffic deviation inside the network might lead to severe quality degradation if any of the links provides insufficient service rate for the available traffic at any time. In this work, we highlight the significance of this problem and propose an effective approach to provide a highly robust network against traffic deviation. By means of both analytical and simulation studies, we study the distribution of realtime connections over an enterprise IP network and show how capacity needs of realtime traffic are affected when various resource control mechanisms are employed. In addition, we study the resulting tradeoff between capacity needs and traffic QoS parameters including packet loss and blocking probability.

This paper describes a dynamic (multi-period) optimization model that has recently been used in Portugal to formulate planning proposals for the evolution of several school networks. This eort follows the extension of elementary education from 6 to 9 years as decided by the Government in 1986, and gradually implemented since then. The model allows for facility closure or size reduction, as well as facility opening and size expansion, with sizes limited to a set of pre-de®ned standards. It assumes facility costs are divided into a ®xed component and two variable components, dependent, respectively, on capacity and attendance. #

Wprowadzenie Element ten biznes planu koncentruje się szczególnie na strukturze proponowanych tras lotniczych jak i na harmonogramie lotów. Harmonogram połączeń stanowi jeden z podstawowych produktów linii lotniczej oraz jeden z najważniejszych czynników decydujących o tym, że pasażer wybiera tego a nie innego przewoźnika. Planowanie siatki połączeń jest stosunkowo trudnym zadaniem, ze względu na sporą liczbę czynników, które wpływają na ten proces. Niemniej planowanie siatki połączeń jest procedurą równie ważną, jak planowanie strategiczne, ustalanie cen, planowanie składu floty samolotów lub planowanie budżetu. W biznesie lotniczym uważa się, że sukces wielu linii lotniczych zależy przede wszystkim od efektywnego rozkładu połączeń. Rozdział ten wprowadza w zagadnienia konceptu planowania, obsługi technicznej, operacji rejsowych, planowania załóg, planowania harmonogramu oraz odpowiedniego przydziału samolotów do operacji lotniczych. Rozdział kończy się konkretnymi wskazaniami jakimi twórca biznes planu powinien się kierować podczas projektowaniu tego elementu w biznes planie. Zaczynając od podstaw, by zrozumieć czym jest siatka połączeń należałoby najpierw zadać sobie dwa istotne pytania: 1. Z jakich elementów (a są dwa główne) składa się skuteczna siatka połączeń? 2. Kto w linii lotniczej organizacyjnie zajmuje się projektowaniem siatki połączeń? W poniższych podrozdziałach postarano odpowiedzieć na te pytania. Przytoczona wiedza zostanie usystematyzowana w podsumowaniu. Dodatkowo zostaną przedstawiane i przetłumaczone branżowe pojęcia z języka angielskiego z racji uniwersalności tego języka w środowisku lotniczym. Tytułem wstępu należałoby odpowiedzieć jak jest cel planowania siatki połączeń w linii lotniczej: Harmonogram siatki połączeń by był efektywny musi realizować przede wszystkim cztery główne założenia:

This paper deals with the coverage and capacity issues of upcoming 3G (Third Generation) or UMTS (Universal Mobile Communication Telecommunication System) and discuss the hurdles to implement the UMTS or 3G system in the place of existing 2G radio network. The radio interface of UMTS operating in the WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) mode required the updating of 2G radio network. In this work an attempt has been made to find the total number of users that acquired the maximum adequate signal strength in a cell. Finally Optimization of coverage and capacity calculations for the UMTS has also been done.

Based on a literature survey, we aim to answer our main question: "How should we plan and execute logistics in supply chains that aim to meet today's requirements, and how can we support such planning and execution using IT?" Today's requirements in supply chains include inter-organizational collaboration and more responsive and tailored supply to meet specific demand. Enterprise systems fall short in meeting these requirements The focus of planning and execution systems should move towards an inter-enterprise and event-driven mode. Interorganizational systems may support planning going from supporting information exchange and henceforth enable synchronized planning within the organizations towards the capability to do network planning based on available information throughout the network. We provide a framework for planning systems, constituting a rich landscape of possible configurations, where the centralized and fully decentralized approaches are two extremes. We define and discuss agent based systems and in particular multi agent systems (MAS). We emphasize the issue of the role of MAS coordination architectures, and then explain that transportation is, next to production, an important domain in which MAS can and actually are applied. However, implementation is not widespread and some implementation issues are explored. In this manner, we conclude that planning problems in transportation have characteristics that comply with the specific capabilities of agent systems. In particular, these systems are capable to deal with interorganizational and event-driven planning settings, hence meeting today's requirements in supply chain planning and execution.

Even though mobile radio systems deliver more and more performance data there is always a need to measure the performance of the network in the field. These measurements can either be part of the deploying new network sites inorder to meet coverage, capacity and quality requirements, optimization of the network, benchmarking of performance, trouble shooting, or to verify the performance after an upgrade or reconfiguration of the network. These measurements are performed through Drive Test and RF survey. Drive testing is principally applied in both the planning and optimization stage of network development. The paper focuses on the procedure of drive test and its importance in network planning.

Recently, the widespread use of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) has meant a significant shift in communication and network cloud-based services. NFV increases network function, allocation, and flexibility, for the implementation of new network services, The benefits from optimizing resource allocation in NFV data center include automation of the operational processes, reducing the operational efforts, and lowering capital costs. Despite being a hot topic, NFV data centers are still in their early stages. In this sense, there are some aspects involved in the current NFV implementations that required further investigation, such as performance evaluation and managemen. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of NFV applications in data center. Therefore, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted aimed at studying and synthesizing the available works in the NFV state-of-the-art. Consequently, about 1,408 papers have been analyzed and filtered, evidencing a total of 65 relevant studies. This paper documents the relevance of the 65 papers, as well as provides an indepth insight into the primary open research questions concerning NFV architecture. In particular, highlighting the need for consolidating the integration of NFV in data centers by solving problems related to performance, dependability, resource allocation, cost, management, and resource interoperability. Based on the conducted SLR, several research gaps and open challenges have been identified, allowing the authors to provide new propositions and suggested future research avenues. Finally, the obtained results have shown that there is a strong need for further collaboration between academia and industry to conduct quality research and advance NFV practical implementations. INDEX TERMS Network function virtualization (NFV), software defined networking (SDN), cloud computing, data center, service function chain (SFC), performance evaluation.

Pengertian Network Planning
Pengertian PERT dan CPM
Langkah-Langkah dalam Melakukan Perencanaan dengan PERT
Manfaat PERT
Rasional Penggunaan Analisis Network
Prosedur Analisis Network
Ketentuan Pembuatan Diagram Network
Makna simbol dalam diagram network
Studi Kasus

We argue that the management style of a project needs to be adapted to the type of project uncertainty: variation, foreseen uncertainty, unforeseen uncertainty, and turbulence (chaos). Widely used project tools are network planning techniques (such as PERT, Critical Path Methods, Gantt Charts) and risk management (risk identification, prevention, contingency planning). These techniques help us to cope with the management of complexity in a project and may also help to address the issue of foreseeable uncertainty. But projects are often confronted with a high level of unforeseeable uncertainty. Coping with this uncertainty requires another management approach. We propose to start a project with determining a project profile of relevant uncertainty types. Based on the profile, one can endow the project with uncertainty-adjusted infrastructure and responsibilities, as well as extend the project management toolbox with appropriate tools and managerial approaches.

Summaries typically convey maximal information in minimal space. In this paper, we describe an approach to summary generation that opportunistically folds information from multiple facts into a single sentence using concise linguistic constructions. Unlike previous work in generation, how information gets added into a summary depends in part on constraints from how the text is worded so far. This approach allows the construction of concise summaries, containing complex sentences that pack in information. The resulting summary sentences are, in fact, longer than sentences generated by previous systems. We describe two applications we have developed using this approach, one of which produces summaries of basketball games (STREAK) while the other (PLANDOC) produces summaries of telephone network planning activity; both systems summarize input data as opposed to full text. The applications implement opportunistic summary generation using complementary approaches. STREAK uses revision, creating a draft of essential facts and then using revision rules constrained by the draft wording to add in additional facts as the text allows. PLANDOC uses discourse planning, looking ahead in its text plan to group together facts which can be expressed concisely using conjunction and deleting repetitions. In this paper, we describe the problems for summary generation, the two domains, the linguistic constructions that the systems use to convey information concisely and the textual constraints that determine what information gets included. 1. Draft sentence: "HarOCord, CT--Jay Humphries scored 24 points Friday night as the Utah Jazz defeated the Boston Celtics 98-94." 2. Add a noun modifier: "Har(ford, CT Reserve Jay Humphries scored 24 points Friday night as the Utah Jazz defeated the Boston Celtics 98-94." 3. Add a prepositional phrase to modify clause: "HarOeord, CT--Jay Humphries scored 24 points off the bench Friday night as the Utah Jazz defeated the Boston Celtics 98-94." 4. Use new main clause, embedding old clause: "Hartford, CT--Jay Humphries came off the bench to score 24 points Friday night as the Utah Jazz defeated the Boston Celtics 98-94." Although optional in any given sentence, floating facts cannot be ignored. In our domain, they account for over 40% of lead sentence content, with information conveying the historical Generating concise natural language summaries 707 Sentence SO of the simplest type: Chicago --Michael Jordan scored 30 points Saturday night and the Chicago Bulls defeated th~ Cleveland Cavaliers 108 92. More complex sentence SI with one more fact than SO In the first clause: Minneapolis --Pooh Richardson scored a career high 35 points Saturday night and the Min nesota Tlmbenoolves beat the Golden State Warriors 121 113.

Optical networks today are able to transport an astounding volume of data and voice traffic over one single fibre. At the same time, this information is framed in a growing number of different formats, such as SDH, GbE, ATM, FR or IP. It would be advantageous to transmit all kinds of different formats using only one single framing to provide client transparency. The " Digital Wrapper " (DW) is a framing format proposed for the transmission of any digital client signal on an optical channel. It is also seen as the best technique to transport the management information of the optical channel. In addition, the inclusion of some form of error correction will relax limitations of the optical transmission. It will allow longer spans between electronic regenerators. The development of a standard for the DW is currently under discussion in the ITU-T SG15 and SG13. The status of standardisation and some possible DW applications are presented here. Swisscom is following the elaboration of this new concept and also participating to it through Project ONE (" Optical Networking ") in the frame of the CT Exploration Program EP9 and through EURESCOM Project P918 " IP over WDM ". The main application area of the DW is the optical network using Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), where every optical channel corresponds to one specific wavelength. The alternatives to the digital wrapper, namely the SDH frame, pilot tones, spread spectrum and the optical supervisory channel, have several drawbacks. Either they do not carry enough management information and cannot perform error correction, or they transport the overhead on a separated channel leading to additional multiplexing complications. Due to its advantages, the DW is now being developed by several suppliers. Equipment which implements some form of a DW have been announced for 2000. As long as the standards are not finalised, proprietary solutions will be realised.

This paper deals with the coverage and capacity issues of upcoming 3G (Third Generation) or UMTS (Universal Mobile Communication Telecommunication System) and discuss the hurdles to implement the UMTS or 3G system in the place of existing 2G radio network. The radio interface of UMTS operating in the WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) mode required the updating of 2G radio network. In this work an attempt has been made to find the total number of users that acquired the maximum adequate signal strength in a cell. Finally Optimization of coverage and capacity calculations for the UMTS has also been done.

One of many fiber non-linear effects is a Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) phenomenon that is resonant when phase matching condition is satisfied. It only occurs for particular combinations of fiber dispersion and signal frequencies. In particular, phase matching is achieved for signals with very similar frequencies propagating near the zero dispersion wavelength of the fiber. The FWM is a very unpleasant transmission phenomenon in atransparent optical network, but it could be used for building all-optical devices such as wavelength converters, parametric amplifiers, optical demultiplexers, chromatic dispersion compensators, as well as signal to noise regenerators. At the process of devices optimization or network panning it is important to know the fiber Non-Linear Coefficient o\ILC). This measurement can be efficiently taken by the observation of FWM in particular optical fiber. Besides fiber NLC measurement, FWM is also enabling the measurement of some other important fiber parameters, such as zero dispersion wavelength, chromatic dispersion and polarisation mode dispersion.

Physical Cell Identity (PCI) is cell identifier on the physical layer which can be used to create synchronization signals. There is a mapping between synchronization signals and physical cell identity, and then User Equipment (UE) can search cells through this mapping. Traditionally, PCI was configured during network planning process. While with 3G Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been prevalent in the future network, auto configuration of radio parameters has become a necessity. This paper proposed an automatic centralized PCI assignment mechanism using OAM as central server to collect cell information of the network, and create an abstract graph using information given which reflects the relationship in real-world network. After that, an enhanced graph-coloring algorithm which can greatly reduce time complexity while keeping a high PCI utility ratio was provided to create a collision and confusion free PCI for the new cell.

This paper analyzes a methodology to evaluate the efficiency of different network configurations and associated planning parameters for delivering DVB-T2 services to fixed and portable receivers, based on theoretical SFN networks. The impact of some of the parameters and calculation algorithms on the final coverage percentage values for different SFN network architectures has been studied from simulations. The results have shown that the synchronization strategy and the signal combination method have a relevant impact on the final coverage percents within the service area both for portable and fixed reception.

The terrestrial digital video broadcasting (DVB-T) network planning is the main interest of this article along with a case study for Greece. The basic principles and the guidelines of the DVB-T planning process are presented in conjunction with their application to the establishment of the Greek DVB-T allotment plan. The procedures described in this article were followed by the authors during the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) DVB-T planning project that concluded with the ITU's Regional Radiocommunication Conference 2006 (RRC-06) and the Geneva (GE-06) frequency plan for terrestrial digital radio broadcasting.

This paper discusses essential implementation aspects of simple amplify-and-forward type repeaters from the radio network planning point of view. Different RF-repeater configurations are assessed through numerical analysis and field measurements in WCDMA network. The target of this paper is to show the important factors regarding the repeater deployment, which have significant impact on the overall cellular network efficiency. The paper shows the impact of repeater donor antenna beam width on the repeater deployment flexibility. Moreover, the impact of repeater on the optimum BS antenna tilt angle is presented using two macrocellular topologies. Finally, the significance of repeater placement in the repeater antenna line is emphasized through field measurements using an outdoor-toindoor repeater configuration for WCDMA.

In this paper we provide an integrated presentation of applications, technologies and business models for wireless community network together with design considerations and examples. An overview is given of the state-of-the-affairs of wireless community networks. Driving forces and stakeholders of the projects and the applications and services will be presented for some carefully selected cases. We suggest a design methodology

WiMAX technology provide efficient packet radio interface enabling high data transmission rates. The accurate prediction of path losses is a crucial element in the first step of network planning. This paper presents few empirical models suitable for path loss prediction in mobile as well as fixed wireless systems like WiMAX. Experimental measurements of received power for the 3.5 GHz WiMAX system are made in urban and suburban areas of Osijek, Croatia. Measured data are compared with those obtained by four prediction models: SUI model, COST 231 Hata, Macro Model and Model 9999. Analysis is made separately for location with NLOS and LOS propagation conditions. Standard deviation of the prediction error for NLOS condition is the lowest for the SUI model. The Macro Model achieved the lowest error standard deviation for LOS propagation conditions. I.

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This paper determines the coverage reduction of the Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) downlink in the case of interference, due to adjacent narrowband system. The coverage reduction has been evaluated in terms of blocking area around the interfering base station. The analysis takes into account different interference mechanisms and their individual effects to the coverage. The interference mechanisms which have been considered here are the out-of-band emissions of the base station transmitter, the adjacent channel interference due to non-ideal sideband filtering, the intermodulation and the crossmodulation. The coverage effects in realistic network environment have been computed by using accurate ray-tracing propagation models designed for the path loss calculation in the urban environment. In the numerical examples, the effect of GSM interference has been demonstrated, but the method can be utilized with other narrowband systems as well. The results can be utilized in radio system design, radi...

This paper presents a novel hierarchical network planning model for global logistics (GLs) network configurations. The proposed method, which is based on the fundamentals of integer programming and hierarchical cluster analysis methods, determines the corresponding locations, number and scope of service areas and facilities in the proposed GLs network. Therein, a multi-objective planning model is formulated that systematically minimizes network configuration cost and maximizes both operational profit and the customer satisfaction rate. Particularly, potential risk-oriented costs, such as macro-environmental-risk and micro-operational-risk costs are considered in the proposed model. Numerical results indicate that the overall system performance can be improved by up to 11.52% using the proposed approach.

This paper describes the system dimensioning and the radio network planning methodology for a third generation WCDMA system. The applicability of each method is demonstrated using examples of likely system scenarios. The challenges of modeling the multiservice environment are described and the implications to the system performance simulations are introduced.

Energy-efficient optical networks are gaining momentum as environmental-friendly solutions with reduced operational costs. Energy-efficiency can be achieved by using devices in sleep mode, i.e., a low-power, inactive state in which devices can be suddenly waken-up upon occurrence of triggering events. This paper advocates a sleep mode option for the optical devices (e.g., amplifiers, optical switches) installed for protection purposes only. These devices can be put in sleep mode to reduce the network power consumption, but they can be promptly waken up (if necessary) upon a failure occurrence. This principle is proposed and applied in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks with dedicated-path protection to ensure survivability against single-link failures. The main contribution of the paper is the definition of the energy-efficient network planning problem for resilient WDM networks where optical devices can be configured in sleep mode. Optimal results of the integer linear programming (ILP) problem show savings of up to 25% in the overall power consumption.

Transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) is a basic part of power network planning that determines where, when and how many new transmission lines should be added to the network. Its task is to minimize the network construction and operational cost, while meeting imposed technical, economic and reliability constraints. Up till now, various methods have been proposed for solution of the static transmission network expansion planning (STNEP) problem. But, in all of them, the effect of two important parameters i.e., inflation rate and load growth factor on network losses has not been investigated. Thus, in this paper, STNEP is being studied considering the effect of inflation rate and load growth factor on the network losses in a transmission network with different voltage levels using a decimal codification genetic algorithm (DCGA). The effectiveness of the proposed idea is tested on the Garver's six-bus network. The results evaluation reveals that the inflation rate and load growth factor have important effect on the network losses and subsequent network arrangement. In addition, considering the effect of two above-mentioned parameters (inflation rate and load growth factor) in expansion planning of transmission networks with various line voltage levels is caused that the total expansion cost of the network (expansion costs and the operational cost) is calculated more exactly and therefore the network satisfies the requirements of delivering electric power more safely and reliably to load centers.

Investment planning for rural mobile networks is critically dependant on the local conditions. There are geographical limits beyond which network deployment is not economically justified. Methodology to assess these limits is presented in this paper. Two different network deployment scenarios are assessed for rural deployment. The scenarios differ technicallyone uses well known radio technologies, while the other employs advanced radio link enhancement technologies. Radio link enhancement technologies have evolved to a point where the new technology should be used in early network planning scenarios to maximize investment efficiency. Investment efficiency is also subject to environmental and demographic conditions. A better understanding of the conditions will guide mobile network operators to successful investment planning. A simple cash flow model is created to estimate the success of the investment. Rural conditions in South Africa are used as a case study to assess the feasibility of the selected approach to investment planning.

Recently, the automatic frequency planning which is mainly based on interference matrix (IM) is widely used in global system for mobile communications (GSM) networks planning. Most IM generation algorithms are derived from the Mobile Measurement Reports (MMRs) received from mobile users. Since the number of bits used for MMRs is limited and the MMRs could only provide the power level of six neighboring cells according to the GSM standards, the data from these MMRs is not accurate enough to generate IM for AFP. In this paper, we proposed a new IM generation algorithm based on carrier to interference ratio (CIR) simulation results and the traffic grid map data. We design a new method by using the serving cell name, the longitude and the latitude as the index to match up the CIR data to the traffic data in the IM generation process. The proposed method can not only estimate the interference of existing GSM networks but also predict the interference of future GSM networks with traffic changing constantly. The proposed method can also take advantage of both the CIR simulation results with high resolution and the traffic grid map with prediction data to generate the IM with better accuracy than existing method using MMRs. Simulation results show that our proposed method with high accurate CIR data and traffic prediction data is much better than MMRs method.

The management of food distribution networks is receiving more and more attention, both in practice and in the scientific literature. In this paper, we review quantitative operations management approaches to food distribution management, and relate this to challenges faced by the industry.

People interact with interfaces to accomplish goals, and knowledge about human goals can be useful for building intelligent user interfaces. We suggest that modeling high, human-level goals like "repair my credit score", is especially useful for coordinating workflows between interfaces, automated planning, and building introspective applications.

Multiplexing several optical channels on a single fiber (Wavelength Division Multiplexing, WDM) has become the preferred transmission technology in transport networks. WDM was first used for point to point configurations to increase capacity of congested links. With WDM links deployed in the network, the need for planning all these new networking capabilities at the optical layer has also been intensified. The amount of traffic going through the nodes is increasing with a dynamic behavior. These functions should be solved by the routing functionality at the optical layer. Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer, OADM, and Optical Cross-Connects, OXC, give the capabilities to terminate a certain wavelength in a given node, and to let the remaining wavelengths go through. Nowadays, all networks and devices are either opaque (with conversions from optical to electrical and back to optical again), or transparent (the conversion to electrical – or upper layers – is only done at the client level, when the signal is extracted). From an operator point of view, Swisscom requires some benefits from the network planning tools to design its optical networks and prepare itself to the future enhancements of the network. Given several inputs , either constant or variable in time, the tools have to perform a suite of operations. They will lead to a set of possible solutions for the network infrastructure at each layer (the inter-layer networking is one crucial aspect to consider). These solutions should be re-entered to the planning process to take into account possible changes in demands, or protocol strategy, or any other input. This modular structure allows the operator to plan different scenarios, and to obtain the best solutions in terms of cost, migration to the new capabilities, traffic increase, and also from a technical point of view. Given the nodes location (points of presence for the network), the cost functions for the network elements and the links, and an estimation of the traffic matrix, the planning tools can deliver the architecture and the dimensioning of the network to transport this traffic, for ring or mesh networks. Then the routing of the wavelengths has to be done in a transparent network. The traffic that goes through the nodes, to the nodes and from them has to be computed, for both transparent and opaque networks. These values will give the designer an estimation to migrate to another technology or to make a grooming function at certain nodes. For specific configurations like rings, the interconnections are not trivial and special wavelengths have to be planned. The optical network also has to protect certain links or connections (demands), so a different algorithm will perform that task. Knowing the spare capacity left after this traffic allocation, the tools can reroute again to converge to a stable configuration. The network availability for network elements and services can be computed at this time in the planning process. Several optimizations could be performed to get the minimum length links, to groom traffic to maximize traffic load, or to obtain minimum link cost, for example. The networking aspects, like the protocols chosen , have to be carefully considered. It would be very interesting to obtain a report that highlights where the problems can appear for a certain configuration, and proposes changes, even at a protocol level, based on the cost of the equipment or on the inter-networking aspects. Different solutions for the given inputs can be obtained, and the network planner has to select the one that best fits to his demand. A way to select the best solution could be to re-evaluate the solutions under slightly different inputs, like a higher traffic forecast, and see if the new solutions are similar to the previous ones. This iterative process could also be useful to plan migration strategies.

The off-body wireless channel between a node placed on the neck of a dairy cow and an access point on a pasture has been characterized at 2.4 GHz. Both large-scale fading (i.e., path loss) and temporal fading were investigated using ZigBee motes and spectrum analysis equipment. The measured path loss values were well fitted by a one-slope lognormal path loss model. The cow wearing the node increased the path loss by 3 dB and the other cows around had no significant influence. The temporal fading due to the cow movement was well described by Rician distribution with Kfactor of 13 dB. Based on the characterization of the off-body wireless channel, a network planning tool was used to design a reliable ZigBee-based WSN for dairy cows. The optimal number and location of the base stations on the pasture were determined and the minimally required transmit power of the sensor nodes were derived.

which enables the provisioning of multimedia services with Quality of Service (QoS) and mobility support across heterogeneous networks. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, to present a new fuzzy logic based Sender Bitrate (SBR) adaptation scheme at pre-encoding stage that is Quality of

During the last decade the tremendous success of mobile phone systems has triggered considerable technological advances as well as the investigation of mathematical models and optimization algorithms to support planning and management decisions. In this chapter, we give an overview of some of the most significant optimization problems arising in planning second and third generation cellular networks, we describe the main corresponding mathematical models, and we briefly mention some of the computational approaches that have been devised to tackle them. For second generation systems (GSM), the planning problem can be subdivided into two distinct subproblems: coverage planning, in which the antennas are located so as to maximize service coverage, and capacity planning, in which frequencies are assigned to the antennas so as to maximize a measure of the overall quality of the received signals. For third generation systems (UMTS) network planning is even more challenging, since, due to the peculiarities of the radio interface, coverage and capacity issues must be simultaneously addressed.

This review of literature will navigate through proven model specifications that estimate delay as a function of investment in a logical airport network. Then, drawing from research in network and spatial science, I discern one way to index network neighbors that captures the spatial interaction between airports. The following literature reveals how to restructure static geographic distributions of investment at airports for network spatial analysis, and ultimately shows what properties are requisite for network spatial autocorrelation to assess the efficacy of those investments.

This chapter starts by presenting the Stanford University Interim (SUI) and modified Friis propagation models. Although the SUI model is being recommended for WiMAX, the comparison between the model and experimental results show that, in our environment, at 3.5 GHz, the modified Friis model with g = 3 fits better the measurement values. From the analyses of the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio, SNIR, interference-to-noise ratio and reuse pattern, it is found that both noise and interference present a strong limitation to the performance of fixed WiMAX, mainly for higher order modulation and coding schemes (MCSs). In general terms, the use of sectorization in fixed WiMAX enables to reduce the reuse pattern while considering sub-channelisation allows for improvement on the coverage. The reduction of the reuse pattern directly corresponds to an increase in the system capacity but the improvement in the coverage range (through sub-channelisation) can also allow for an improvement in UL system capacity, as adaptive MCS are used. Two different approaches are considered for graphical cellular planning, and the district of Covilhã is considered as a case study. On the one hand, one considered a GIS based WiMAX planning tool conceived by considering coverage issues, frequency reuse, and the impact of the different classes of service. On the other, Winprop™ is used as it distinguishes among different MCS in the graphical presentation of the results. Both tools consider the information coming from the digital terrain profile. The GIS functionalities allow for appropriately adjusting azimuth and tilt of antennas. This cellular planning exercises confirm the results of theoretical analysis, where different crowns are achieved for the coverage with each MCS (corresponding to a given range of values for SNIR), for the maximum physical throughput, and for the “best server“ cells. The frequency radio resources should be considered as the most valuable resource during the planning of wireless broadband access networks. As a rule, spectral efficiency needs to be optimized by using several advanced techniques, corresponding to an optimization from the cost-benefit point of view.

PlaNet is a multilayer network planning tool developed at the University of Texas at Dallas. This paper illustrates some of the features of PlaNet-PTN, one of the modules available in the PlaNet tool. PlaNet-PTN can be used to design and plan a single layer packet transport network (PTN). Quality of protection, routing constraints, minimization of the network equipment cost, and user's desired run time of the tool are just some examples of the features available in PlaNet. As shown in the paper, the PlaNet-PTN planning module is able to provide, among others, optimization of Label Switched Path (LSP) routes, link capacity placement, node and link equipment configuration.