Network Planning

Résumé: Many networked applications use end-to-end congestion control protocols to avoid the occurrence of congestion collapse phenomena. However, such transport protocols may suffer from link underutilization when there are wireless links along the path: the inability to distinguish wireless losses from congestion losses often results in unnecessary throughput decreases. Since networks are becoming increasingly heterogeneous, consisting of a mix of wired and wireless links, it is important to have some means of correctly identifying the ...

GAs têm sido aplicados nos últimos anos em vários problemas relacionados ao Eletromagnetismo com destaque para projetos de antenas, dispositivos ópticos e de microondas. Esta publicação usa GAs para otimizar divisores de feixes, com diferentes razões de divisão e diferentes ângulos de incidência. Os resultados encontrados mostram a robustez dessa técnica quando aplicada à espaços de pesquisas complexos. Palavras-chaves  Algoritmos Genéticos, Divisores de feixe.

Collaboration is vital to scientific innovation, as it facilitates the exchange of ideas and expands the range of perspectives on a given subject.South Asian economies and societies are rapidly evolving, and knowledge production, innovation, and technological adaptation are becoming increasingly vital to the sustained growth and competitiveness of firms and sectors across the region. South Asia’s regional economy may still depend on low-skilled, labor-intensive production, but high-tech, knowledge-intensive industrial and service sectors are also emerging. Meanwhile, developing countries worldwide compete for shares of the global production, technology, and value chains.Scholarly research is at the leading edge of national efforts to sharpen competitive advantages and explore emerging fields and sectors, but exploiting the benefits of new technologies requires an enabling environment for innovation and adaptation to be created, which in turn demands research and development (R&D) ca...

This paper integrates Akerlof's "market for lemons" model of adverse selection with overlapping generations (OLG) games of debt accumulation using group theory to model temporal symmetries. Generations are indexed by the additive group G = Z, with the shift action capturing time invariance. In the full-information benchmark, subgame-perfect equilibria exist in the G-invariant subspace of strategies, proved via Kakutani's fixed-point theorem on the compact convex invariant set. Asymmetric information on productivity types renders the best-response correspondence no longer G-equivariant, as the private information of each generation is a unique, unshifted realization, unlike the public state, yielding no invariant equilibria when the prior probability of high productivity q < 1/2 and dynamic market unraveling akin to lemons, manifesting as a steady-state pooling equilibrium with persistent suboptimal consumption and elevated default risks.

The increasing cost of powering high performance networking infrastructure has led to the proposal of various energy saving schemes. The On/Off technique, being the most common energy saving scheme, consists of powering down partially or entirely a network infrastructure for energy saving purposes. Despite their capability to achieve great energy savings, On/Off networks experience high packet-loss rates due to the absence of reliability on packet delivery. Moreover, they cannot guarantee any response time to user applications. This paper presents the design and implementation of MFO2N; Experimental results show a correlation between offered quality of service and overall network power consumption, revealing that a tradeoff should be made 1 .

This paper describes a network planning tool that has been developed in order to provide support for network planners who need to dimension next generation IP networks to meet Quality of Service (QoS) objectives. Specifically, the proposed network planning tool takes account of the new technologies that enable QoS in IPbased networks (i.e., DiffServ/MPLS) and allows for multiple QoS constraints so that guaranteed performance can be achieved for each of the traffic classes. The primary decisions for the planning tool include determining class-based bandwidth allocations on the links, total link capacities and how traffic of each class is to be routed through the network. Furthermore, the planning tool incorporates traffic characterisation and dimensioning procedures that allow the known burstiness of IP traffic to be effectively modelled. After discussing some of the specific features and algorithms that have been incorporated into the planning methodology, the planning tool is briefly described and the solution to a simple network problem is demonstrated. The simulation results demonstrate the capability of the tool in achieving the required performance levels for the traffic classes.

This paper addresses the problem of capacity pro- visioning in a QoS enabled IP network, subject to satisfying varying performance requirements for different traffic classes. These performance requirements are viewed in terms of mean end-to-end delays required for the various traffic classes or in terms of random variations of their delays (i.e., jitter) or a combination of both. The accuracy of the model is investigated by means of a simulation study over an extended range of test cases for different traffic load characteristics and traffic intensities at the nodes. The results demonstrate the capability of the model in guaranteeing the end-to-end delay requirements for the traffic classes. procedures that allow burstiness of multi-class IP traffic to be effectively modelled. The selection of a renewal traffic model i.e., GI arrival process, for this purpose, represents a reasonable bal- ance between the accuracy (modelling power) and the efficiency required by a network planning t...

Resumen: El Real Decreto 222/2008 estableció un nuevo modelo retributivo para la actividad de la distribución de la energía eléctrica en España. En esta normativa se contempla la utilización de un modelo de red para fijar algunos de los parámetros que ...

As information technology has evolved over the past four decades, so too have the means by which organizations leveraged IT to enable new and efficient business processes for value creation. Understanding and assessing the value of these IT and organizational co-innovations is vital in informing future IT investment decisions. While valuable to managerial decision making, extant research examining Internet-enabled interorganizational innovations taking place in the competitive environment is nascent. The current network era necessitates a broader perspective of IT value, one that focuses on networked trading partners integrating technologies and business processes to improve efficiency and attain competitive advantage. In this researchin-progress study, we explore the processes of interfirm IT value generation in prevailing settings and generate associated propositions. The study is an important component of a larger program of research assessing value creation via today's ubiquitous, interorganizational information technologies.

This paper deals with the analysis of user perceived visual quality for mobile multimedia services. H.264/AVC is selected for low resolution video encoding, and a mobile UMTS network is considered for the access to services. First, from subjective tests results, the combined impact of different service-and radio network-level parameters is inferred. As a result, different cross-layer adaptation alternatives are proposed to maximize the perceived quality level under different service conditions. Afterwards, the backhaul segment is considered taking into account possible congestion effects after the aggregation of multi-user media stream. The proposed dynamic adaptation process determines the best combination of media bitrates in order to optimise the overall quality, by making use of information related to network performance both at the radio and backhaul segments.

This paper discusses essential implementation aspects of simple amplify-and-forward type repeaters from the radio network planning point of view. Different RF-repeater configurations are assessed through numerical analysis and field measurements in WCDMA network. The target of this paper is to show some important factors regarding the repeater deployment, which have significant impact on the overall cellular network efficiency. The paper shows the impact of repeater donor antenna beam width on the repeater deployment flexibility. Moreover, the impact of repeater on the optimum BS antenna tilt angle is presented using two macrocellular topologies. Finally, the significance of repeater placement in the repeater antenna line is emphasized through field measurements using an outdoor-toindoor repeater configuration for WCDMA.

To help telecommunication operators in their network planning, namely coverage estimation and optimisation tasks, this article presents a comparison between a semi-empirical propagation model and a propagation model generated using Artificial Intelligence (AI). These two types of propagation models are quite different in their design. The semi-empiric Automatically Calibrated Standard Propagation Model (ACSPM) is specific for an operating antenna, being calibrated every time a use case application is used and the Artificial Intelligence Propagation Model (AIPM) can be applied in different scenarios, once trained, allowing to estimate coverage for a new antenna location, using information from neighboring antennas. These models have quite different features and applicability. The ACSPM should be applied in network optimisation, when using data from the current state of the antennas. The AIPM can be used in the deployment of new antennas, as it uses data from a certain geographical area. For a better comparison of the models studied, extensive Drive Tests (DT) collection campaigns conducted by operators are used, since coverage estimations are more realistic when DTs are considered. Both models are generated using very different methodologies, but their resulting performance is very similar. The AIPM achieves a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) up to 6.1 dB with a standard deviation of 4 dB. When compared to the ACSPM we have an improvement of 0.5 dB, since this only achieves a MAE up to 6.6 dB. AIPM achieves better results and is the characterised for being completely agnostic and definition-free, when compared with known propagation models.

La gestión de la carga controlada de vehículos eléctricos se aplica de forma centralizada y descentralizada. La coordinación estratégica entre ambas optimiza la eficiencia y equilibra la carga de los sistemas energéticos, promoviendo tanto la adopción de vehículos eléctricos, así como una sociedad sostenible y libre de emisiones. Los operadores de las redes de distribución (gestores de carga centralizada) deben controlar
la descoordinación entre los agregadores de vehículos eléctricos (gestores descentralizados seleccionados para este estudio). El objetivo de gestión centralizada de esta investigación es acotar cada modelo de optimización descentralizada (caracterizado mediante simulación de Monte Carlo). La gestión descentralizada, se compara con la carga desregulada en el sistema de potencia IEEE de 14 barras para 3 escenarios de adopción de vehículos eléctricos (2000, 2500, 3750 vehículos eléctricos), requiriendo mejoras únicamente en el último escenario, al cual se le aplica la coordinación en gestión centralizada propuesta. La investigación modela las restricciones en la energía
comercializada por cada agregador de vehículos eléctricos (uno por barra del sistema eléctrico con carga). Los resultados en transmisión se analizan, sintetizan y aplican al modelo de sistema de potencia de distribución IEEE de 13 barras. Los sistemas de transmisión y distribución de energía coordinan entre la gestión de carga centralizada y descentralizada mejoran las condiciones de operación en los sistemas de potencia sin requerir cambios en los patrones de manejo.

Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) is a technology that allows multiple instances of IP (Internet Protocol) routing table to co-exist within the same Router at the same time. The routing instances are independent, allowing the same or overlapping IP addresses to be used without conflict. Using VRF technology, users can virtualize a network device from a Layer 3 standpoint of creating different “Virtual Routers” in the same physical device. Internet Service Providers (ISP) often use VRF technology to create separate routing table in a single physical Router which are completely isolated one from the others. This chapter discusses about the configuration of VRF-Lite in GNS3 (Graphical Network Simulator-3) on RIP/v2, EIGRP and OSPF protocols. Hands-On Network Device Virtualization With VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding)

El objetivo de nuestro proyecto es mejorar la calidad de cobertura y el congestionamiento de potencia por alto tráfico de datos en el sector del Centro Comercial Durán Outlet, por lo que se propone como solución la construcción de un Nodo B, está decisión se enfoca en que ...

We study a two-phase, budget-constrained, network-planning problem with multiple hub types and demand scenarios. In each phase, we install (or move) capacitated hubs on selected buildings. We allocate hubs to realized demands, under technological constraints. We present a greedy algorithm to maximize expected demand covered and computationally study its performance.

While the &#x27;ground zero&#x27;of the Global Financial Crisis has been among the metropoles of financial capitalism, the material grounding of the crisis has been in the urban periphery at the intersection of, land, housing, credit, energy and transport. It has been a suburban crisis, with its faultlines fracturing most prominently across the USA but with major tremors and aftershocks in other heavily suburbanised economies, such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the UK. In turn the global financial crisis threatens to reshape suburbia in ...

In the last years, several attempts have been made to apply AIP techniques to develop systems assisting the network supervisors in selecting the controls to handle network difficulties. Some of the approaches adopted are based on rule-based expert systems and operative research methods: all these attempts have their advantages and drawbacks. This paper describes an approach based on the integration of symbolic rules and linear program models, based on the Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) paradigm, in order to merge the advantages and overcome the problems. By using this approach, we have developed an experimental decision support system to assist the network supervisors in the selection of the expansive controls (e.g. TAR's, Temporary Alternative Routes) to improve the network performance during serious congestion states. The system is under testing in a simulated environment. 1.

A wise network planning becomes the most important phase in determining the network efficiency. In this paper we consider the wireless mesh network (WMN) planning problem where no much work has been done. We propose a new multi-objective optimization model for planning WMNs, where the two conflicting objectives, namely network deployment cost and network channels' interferences, are simultaneously minimized while guaranteeing endusers' full coverage and robust topologies. We also propose a novel performance metric to evaluate the network interference level and a population-based optimization heuristic to solve our model, whereby many WMN planning solutions are provided to the end-planner to choose among. We use realistic-size instances (up to 81) mesh nodes to test our multi-objective optimization model, and discuss the impact of the key parameters on the characteristics of the solutions.

The Fock integral for the TE case is derived from the Green&#x27;s function solution to the scattering problem of a magnetic line source by a PEC circular cylinder. It is shown that for large distances from the cylinder the Pekeris caret function can be obtained from the Fock integral, which agrees with the UTD (Uniform Theory of Diffraction) result for the TE plane wave scattering solution.

Congestion control is one of the classic issues in network, various strategies are presented until now and one of the main duties of Transport Control Protocol (TCP) is dealing with this issue. Today, with the advancement of computer networks of wired models to wireless fields, the functions are various protocols of the network are more consistent with these environments. One of the networks is Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET). The current study aimed to used cross-layer interactions and by the collaboration of physical cross-layer and network layer attempts to create an environment on which TCP can work well.

Definition of log types. Definition of market constraints. Average profit obtained by the MCIP models considering several market constraints and price sets. Comparison of MCIP models in terms of the total number of feasible solutions, and the number of feasible solutions and functional evaluations required to obtain the best solution, considering several market restrictions and Price Set 1. Analysis of the variability of the average profit obtained by MC-1, based on five repetions for different termination criteria, two price sets, and Market Set 6. Comparison of TS and MC-1 models in terms of the total number of feasible solutions, and the number of feasible solutions and functional evaluations required to obtain the best solution, considering several market restrictions and Price Set 1. Variability of the average profit obtained by TS and MC-1 models for Market Set 6. Percentage differences in average profit bewteen LP, IP, TS, and MC-1 solutions for different market and price sets. Comparison of LP and IP solutions with respect to the fulfillment of market constraints, volume obtained per product, and profit, for Price Set 1 and all market sets. Comparison of TS and MC-1 solutions with respect to the fulfillment of market constraints, volume obtained per product, and profit, for Price Set 1 and all market sets.

Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) enables flexible long-range service communications with low power consumption which is suitable for many IoT applications. The densification of LoRaWAN, which is needed to meet a wide range of IoT networking requirements, poses further challenges. For instance, the deployment of gateways and IoT devices are widely deployed in urban areas, which leads to interference caused by concurrent transmissions on the same channel. In this context, it is crucial to understand aspects such as the coexistence of IoT devices and applications, resource allocation, Media Access Control (MAC) layer, network planning, and mobility support, that directly affect LoRaWAN's performance. We present a systematic review of state-of-the-art works for LoRaWAN optimization solutions for IoT networking operations. We focus on five aspects that directly affect the performance of LoRaWAN. These specific aspects are directly associated with the challenges of densification of LoRaWAN. Based on the literature analysis, we present a taxonomy covering five aspects related to LoRaWAN optimizations for efficient IoT networks. Finally, we identify key research challenges and open issues in LoRaWAN optimizations for IoT networking operations that must be further studied in the future. INDEX TERMS LoRaWAN, IoT, co-existing applications, resource allocation mechanisms, MAC layer protocols enhancements, network planning, mobility support.

The NYNEX Corporation invests hundreds of millions of dollars each year to enhance the telecommunications services provided to its customers. Extensive planning and construction are required to meet the ever-increasing demand for better service and provide the latest in sophisticated equipment throughout the telephone network. Engineering groups plan changes to network facilities five years ahead, with constant adjustments for changes to forecasted service demand, changes in the economy, changes to NYNEX company policies, or the availability of new technologies. ARACHNE is an expert system that automates interoffice facilities (IOF)

Implementation of the ITU-R P.1546-4 and ITM propagation models for SEAMCAT prepared and developed in the National Institute of Telecommunications Poland is presented. Results of our research encompasses methodology, implementation and verification of plug-ins into the SEAMCAT software are shown. Keywords—electromagnetic compatibility, interferences, propagation, SEAMCAT, spectrum engineering.

This paper endogenizes the borrowing constraints on capital in a production economy with incomplete markets. We find that these limits get looser with income, a property that is consistent with US data on credit limits. The framework with endogenous limits is then used to study the effects of a revenue neutral tax reform that eliminates capital income taxes. Our results illustrate that it is very important to take into account the effects of tax policies on the limits. Throughout the transition, these effects can be big enough to change the overall conclusion about the desirability of a tax reform.

In wireless communication throughput is a key factor to measure the quality of wireless data link. Throughput is defined as the number of information bits received without error per second and we would naturally like this quantity as to be high as possible. This research work looks at the problem of optimizing throughput for a packet based wireless data transmission scheme from a general point of view. The purpose of this work is to show the very nature of throughput and how it can be maximized that means how we can optimize the throughput by observing its certain changing parameter such as transmission rate, packet length, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) etc. Our main result is a mathematical technique for determining the optimum transmission rate and packet size as a function of the other variables. The key to maximizing the throughput rate is maintaining the signal-to-noise ratio at an optimum level determined by the nature of the channel. Have We tried to take a more a more general look at throughput by considering its definition for a packet-based scheme and how it can be maximized based on the channel model being used. In this research work we have used Rayleigh Fading Channel.

In the field of network planning, local optimization techniques are frequently applied to improve the topology of the network by determining between which nodes a connection should exist. In many cases, some links can be merged at extra nodes (Steiner points) in order to save some costs. Finding these extra points belongs to the weighted Fermat-Weber-problem. In this paper, a new representation and construction of the solution to the Fermat-problem is proposed. General conditions of the technological applicability are presented. Furthermore, upper bounds are given to the achievable cost saving in advance without the construction of the Steiner points.

In this part, the problem is clearly defined from a practical point of view. A general multi stage mathematical programming formulation of the problem addressing the shortcomings is presented. The complexity issues of this general formulation is also addressed and discussed. Finally, we propose a directed graph, minimum edge cost network flow modeling of the problem for a truly multi stage formulation that would guarantee global optimality. Results form a simple test case based on the proposed formulation is presented and analyzed.

Data centers (DCs) have emerged as a viable and efficient infrastructure for storing data and enabling the launch of diverse network services and applications alongside the proliferation of online applications and data volumes (e.g., cloud computing, video streaming). The underlying infrastructure is frequently burdened with the diverse resource demands (storage, computation power, bandwidth, latency) by these applications and services. The study explores various aspects of data center design, architecture, and the challenges faced by modern data center infrastructures. The paper discusses the evolution from traditional north-south traffic models to more efficient spine-leaf designs, addressing key components that enable the smooth operation of data centers. It highlights emerging trends like sustainability, edge computing, and AIassisted management, which are reshaping the landscape of data centers to meet the growing demands of cloud computing, big data, and IoT applications. Additionally, the study examines significant challenges such as scalability, latency, energy efficiency, security threats, and network management complexities. Through a review of relevant literature, the study provides insights into current advancements in traffic scheduling algorithms, resource allocation techniques, and the integration of emerging technologies. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of data center networks, their evolution, and future trends, offering a roadmap for efficient, sustainable, and secure data center operations.

The mobile operators in Libya, like many other operators, use some propagation models to predict the strength of the signal at the receiver, but without analyzing which model is the best for the Tripoli region. This paper presents a comparison of four radio propagation empirical-type models (COST 231, Okumura, Okumura-Hata, and Ericson 9999) based on LTE technology to be applied at different locations within Tripoli environment. The field measurements analysis shows that the Okumura has the lowest RMSE value, which is being tuned using real data collected from the local environment.

This work presents a traffic characterization procedure for Traffic Engineering (TE) in converged networks. An analytical model, focused in a selfsimilar aggregated traffic characterization is proposed, which considers QoS restrictions for delay metrics. The model, together with evolutionary techniques, is used for the optimization of the link capacity assignment task in network planning with multi-service applications. The results show that the traffic characterization model is reliable as a part of the optimization of costs in converged networks.

This paper discusses the seemingly inespacable tension between two dominant approaches to governance that are implemented with regard to the planning, design and development of infrastructure networks, such as roads and railways. Roughly, these approaches can be framed in two styles of governance, the hierarchical and the consensual style (Smits, 1995). In today’s (western) societies, hierarchical approaches to governance seem

Providing diverse, ubiquitous and cost-effective broadband services is a foremost challenge for the telecommunication community. Fixed WiMAX or IEEE 802.16d is one of the most promising radio access technologies, providing high performance similar to wired xDSL systems, yet superior to that of current 3G mobile technologies. Numerous deployment concepts are foreseen for WiMAX networks. They are designed to cover isolated areas, thus embodying an appealing solution for cellular networks or wireless backhaul for WiFi access. The latter concept is of interest in this paper that puts forward an analytical model based on the economical aspects to dimension hierarchical WiMax-WiFi networks. The proposed model consists in replacing a finite number of nodes by an equivalent continuum. Its key feature lies in accounting for the effect of interference as well as for the physical layer and channel characteristics in an easy and straightforward manner. On the one hand, the model takes into consideration frequency planning and scheduling aspects; and on the other hand, it provides tractable formulae of the end-user mean capacity and coverage probability in order to properly dimension the hybrid network. Last but not least, the economical facet of network planning is considered to unravel the design trade-offs between maximizing the service provider profit and satisfying the end user requirements in terms of performance.

When operating a cellular radio system nearly at full capacity, admitting yet another user may jeopardize the stability of the system as well as the performance of the individual users. Therefore, proper admission control is crucial. The core idea in this work is to predict the relative load of the system, given that a user is admitted. Then, the user will be admitted if the predicted load in the specific cell, and in its neighbors, is below some threshold. This provide an interesting alternative to algorithms based on hard capacity, which might be utilizing the resources inefficiently in order to be robust. The proposed uplink admission control algorithm utilizes measurements readily available in the system. Simulations indicate performance improvements. Furthermore, multi-services are naturally handled, and availability of high data-rate services are automatically limited with respect to coverage, compared to services of lower data-rate.

Transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) is a basic part of power system planning that its task is to minimize the network construction and operational cost, while meeting imposed technical, economic and reliability constraints. Recently, many methods have been introduced for solution of the static transmission network expansion planning (STNEP) problem. However, in whole of them, the effect of bundle lines on network losses has not been investigated. For this reason, in this paper, STNEP problem is being solved considering the effect of bundle lines on the network losses in a transmission network with different voltage levels using decimal codification genetic algorithm (DCGA). Finally, the effectiveness of proposed idea is tested on an actual transmission network of the Azerbaijan regional electric company, Iran. The results analysis reveals that bundle lines have important effect on the network losses in STNEP problem. Moreover, considering the bundle lines in a power system with various line voltage levels are caused the operational costs is decreased in addition to reduce of the total expansion costs. Thus, the effect of bundle lines on the network losses is caused the total expansion costs (expansion cost of lines and substations) are calculated more exactly and therefore the transmission expansion planning is optimized. K e y w o r d s: STNEP, bundle lines, network losses, investment return, genetic algorithm

In this paper we propose a two-step distributed scheduling algorithm for relay-assisted cellular networks where a given user can be either served by the base station or by a relay, in a opportunistic way. Such a distributed approach allows a reduced feedback signaling with respect to the centralized case, especially when a simple scalar feedback is not sufficient for estimating the channel quality. As a result of the reduced feedback signaling requirements the system becomes more scalable, as new relays can be deployed where required without need of a careful network planning. We study the effectiveness of the proposal by means of a multicell simulator.

In recent years, the need for broadband wireless access, is directly associated with the demand for multimedia services (e.g. video streaming, videoconference or even high speed web browsing), especially inside hot-spot areas. The evolution of "third-generation" (3G) systems seems a very promising answer to the users' demands for enhanced service provision. However the successful deployment of 3G systems is frequently debated these days. Furthermore, the beyond 3G systems or the so called "fourth generation" (4G) systems (i.e. multiple different radio access technologies, collaborating with each other, providing both diverse access alternatives and QoS improvement) attract the interest of both network and service providers. Taking into consideration the above described trends in the area of wireless network systems, the IP-enabled DVB-T (the terrestrial specification of the Digital Video Broadcasting family) networks are considered as an appealing network access alternative. Along this direction, this paper presents the most important points; as far as concerns network planning and performance evaluation, arise from the IP-enabled DVB-T networks utilization, inside beyond 3G systems.

The level of access is an important and practical indicator in measuring the usability of a facility, which
can be used to evaluate the compatibility of what was intended in the design with what is used by
users. In various studies and evaluations, depending on the opinion of the researcher and expert, levels
are usually defined for access in the scope of coverage, which depends on diagnosis and experience.
In this article, the numerical effectiveness of the behavior of applicants to use the services of each
facility at any distance from those limits and the methods of calculating the effective range and the
Three level Access Model (TLAM) are presented. The central coverage in this model is defined in three
access levels around the center, each of which includes 25%, 25%, and 50% of the covered area,
respectively.

This paper presents an approach to determine the optimal placement and size of ESSs in a high wind penetration grid. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to find optimal placement of ESSs so that the combined generation of wind and ESSs is maximized. A cumulant-based multi-period AC Optimal Power Flow (OPF) model with the incorporation of ESSs is developed to take into account wind and load uncertainties in the sizing of the storage devices. The model is tested on IEEE 57-bus system and on real Sicilian system in Italy.

This paper presents an approach to determine the optimal placement and size of ESSs in a high wind penetration grid. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to find optimal placement of ESSs so that the combined generation of wind and ESSs is maximized. A cumulant-based multi-period AC Optimal Power Flow (OPF) model with the incorporation of ESSs is developed to take into account wind and load uncertainties in the sizing of the storage devices. The model is tested on IEEE 57-bus system and on real Sicilian system in Italy.

This paper discusses essential implementation aspects of simple amplify-and-forward type repeaters from the radio network planning point of view. Different RF-repeater configurations are assessed through numerical analysis and field measurements in WCDMA network. The target of this paper is to show some important factors regarding the repeater deployment, which have significant impact on the overall cellular network efficiency. The paper shows the impact of repeater donor antenna beam width on the repeater deployment flexibility. Moreover, the impact of repeater on the optimum BS antenna tilt angle is presented using two macrocellular topologies. Finally, the significance of repeater placement in the repeater antenna line is emphasized through field measurements using an outdoor-toindoor repeater configuration for WCDMA.

The use of real Network topology parameters allows a validation of the optimization software for a real DVB network. A commercial network planning software has been used to perform initially a realistic coverage study. Later this is complemented with the design and use of an optimization software based in Simulated Annealing which returns, after several iterations, the optimum configuration in terms of a cost function. The specific cost function is defined to reduce the interference level.