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Figure 14. Average blocking area computed with the ray-tracing propagation model. A microcellular antenna was assumed. Channel separation is 2.6, 3.0 and 5.0 MHz. ACI is the interference component from the other WCDMA carriers as a reference. The uplink bit-rate of 144 kbps was assumed here.

Figure 14 Average blocking area computed with the ray-tracing propagation model. A microcellular antenna was assumed. Channel separation is 2.6, 3.0 and 5.0 MHz. ACI is the interference component from the other WCDMA carriers as a reference. The uplink bit-rate of 144 kbps was assumed here.

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in the proximity of the desired signal, the most important IMD products are those falling on frequencies 2 f; — fz and 2 f, — f|. The modelling principle of intermodulation distortion can, for example, be found in [3]. Assuming that interferers on frequencies f; and /2 have equal powers Pr; = Pro (e.g. originate in the same base station), the 3rd-order intermodulation power reduced to the input of the nonlinear element is given in dB scale by:
in the proximity of the desired signal, the most important IMD products are those falling on frequencies 2 f; — fz and 2 f, — f|. The modelling principle of intermodulation distortion can, for example, be found in [3]. Assuming that interferers on frequencies f; and /2 have equal powers Pr; = Pro (e.g. originate in the same base station), the 3rd-order intermodulation power reduced to the input of the nonlinear element is given in dB scale by:
Figure 4. Crossmodulation distortion (CMD) and its frequency dependence. the interferer is located within the receive band and, hence, experiences no attenuation. We concentrate on the latter scenario in this paper. In addition to the interferer power and receiver linearity, suppression of TX leakage in the duplex filter is a central parameter in defining the seriousness of TxIMD. the interferer is located within the receive band and, hence, experiences no attenuation. We
Figure 4. Crossmodulation distortion (CMD) and its frequency dependence. the interferer is located within the receive band and, hence, experiences no attenuation. We concentrate on the latter scenario in this paper. In addition to the interferer power and receiver linearity, suppression of TX leakage in the duplex filter is a central parameter in defining the seriousness of TxIMD. the interferer is located within the receive band and, hence, experiences no attenuation. We
Table I. Parameter values in the numerical calculations.
Table I. Parameter values in the numerical calculations.
Figure 5. Transmit mask of the GSM and the receive filter of the WCDMA MS (from [4]).
Figure 5. Transmit mask of the GSM and the receive filter of the WCDMA MS (from [4]).
Figure 6. Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio (ACIR) computed as a convolution of the transmit mask and the receive filter shown in Figure 5.
Figure 6. Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio (ACIR) computed as a convolution of the transmit mask and the receive filter shown in Figure 5.
Figure 7. Minimum allowed pathloss from the interfering base station for each interference mechanism. Sep- aration between WCDMA and the NB carrier is 2.6 MHz, 3.0 MHz and 5.0 MHz, respectively. ACI is the interference component from the other WCDMA carrier as a reference. The uplink bit-rate of 12.2 kbps was assumed here.
Figure 7. Minimum allowed pathloss from the interfering base station for each interference mechanism. Sep- aration between WCDMA and the NB carrier is 2.6 MHz, 3.0 MHz and 5.0 MHz, respectively. ACI is the interference component from the other WCDMA carrier as a reference. The uplink bit-rate of 12.2 kbps was assumed here.
Figure 8. Minimum allowed pathloss from the interfering base station for each interference mechanism. Sep- aration between WCDMA and the NB carrier is 2.6 MHz, 3.0 MHz and 5.0 MHz, respectively. ACI w is the interference component from the other WCDMA carrier as a reference. The uplink bit-rate of 12.2 kbps was assumed here.
Figure 8. Minimum allowed pathloss from the interfering base station for each interference mechanism. Sep- aration between WCDMA and the NB carrier is 2.6 MHz, 3.0 MHz and 5.0 MHz, respectively. ACI w is the interference component from the other WCDMA carrier as a reference. The uplink bit-rate of 12.2 kbps was assumed here.
Figure 9. Microcell antenna pattern in horizontal and vertical plane.
Figure 9. Microcell antenna pattern in horizontal and vertical plane.
Figure 10. Macrocell antenna pattern in horizontal and vertical plane. Therefore the coupling loss can be relatively high, even if the pixel is close to the antenna and the minimum coupling loss is very sensitive to the exact positioning of the macrocell antennas; is it in the middle or on the side of the building block, and what is the height difference between the antenna and the rooftop. The indoor losses have been taken into account as well. The average indoor penetration loss was about 25 dB, which includes outer wall attenuation and the average attenuation inside the building.
Figure 10. Macrocell antenna pattern in horizontal and vertical plane. Therefore the coupling loss can be relatively high, even if the pixel is close to the antenna and the minimum coupling loss is very sensitive to the exact positioning of the macrocell antennas; is it in the middle or on the side of the building block, and what is the height difference between the antenna and the rooftop. The indoor losses have been taken into account as well. The average indoor penetration loss was about 25 dB, which includes outer wall attenuation and the average attenuation inside the building.
Figure 11. Coupling loss values close to typical microcell directional antenna. Height of the microcell is 10 meters. Calculation resolution was 12.5 meters.
Figure 11. Coupling loss values close to typical microcell directional antenna. Height of the microcell is 10 meters. Calculation resolution was 12.5 meters.
Figure 13. Average blocking area computed with the ray-tracing propagation model. A microcellular antenna was assumed. Channel separation is 2.6, 3.0 and 5.0 MHz. 12.2 kbps service has been assumed here. ACI w is the interference component from the other WCDMA carriers as a reference. The uplink bit-rate of 12.2 kbps was assumed here.
Figure 13. Average blocking area computed with the ray-tracing propagation model. A microcellular antenna was assumed. Channel separation is 2.6, 3.0 and 5.0 MHz. 12.2 kbps service has been assumed here. ACI w is the interference component from the other WCDMA carriers as a reference. The uplink bit-rate of 12.2 kbps was assumed here.
Figure 15. Average blocking area computed with the ray-tracing propagation model. A macrocellular antenna was assumed. Channel separation is 2.6, 3.0 and 5.0 MHz. 12.2 kbps service has been assumed here. ACI is the interference component from the other WCDMA carriers as a reference. The uplink bit-rate of 12.2 kbps was assumed here.
Figure 15. Average blocking area computed with the ray-tracing propagation model. A macrocellular antenna was assumed. Channel separation is 2.6, 3.0 and 5.0 MHz. 12.2 kbps service has been assumed here. ACI is the interference component from the other WCDMA carriers as a reference. The uplink bit-rate of 12.2 kbps was assumed here.
Figure 16. Average blocking area computed with the ray-tracing propagation model. A macrocellular antenna was assumed. Channel separation is 2.6, 3.0 and 3.4 MHz. ACI yw is the interference component from the other WCDMA carriers as a reference. The uplink bit-rate of 144 kbps was assumed here.
Figure 16. Average blocking area computed with the ray-tracing propagation model. A macrocellular antenna was assumed. Channel separation is 2.6, 3.0 and 3.4 MHz. ACI yw is the interference component from the other WCDMA carriers as a reference. The uplink bit-rate of 144 kbps was assumed here.
Kari Heiska was born in Toivakka, Finland in 1968. He received the M.Sc. and Lic.Tech. degrees in 1992 and 1996 respectively, at Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland, and is currently working towards the Ph.D. degree. Since 1994 he has been with Nokia Networks as a research engineer. His research interests are radio wave propagation, third generation mobile system design and 3G radio network planning and optimization.
Kari Heiska was born in Toivakka, Finland in 1968. He received the M.Sc. and Lic.Tech. degrees in 1992 and 1996 respectively, at Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland, and is currently working towards the Ph.D. degree. Since 1994 he has been with Nokia Networks as a research engineer. His research interests are radio wave propagation, third generation mobile system design and 3G radio network planning and optimization.
Peter Muszynski graduated in 1988 with an M.Sc. degree in mathematics and computer science at Technical University Munich. Since 1990 he is with Nokia Networks, initially in the GSM switching product development, but since 1992 he is active in the research of 3G mobile Harri Posti was born in Rovaniemi, Finland, on 2 November 1965. He received his M.Sc.E.E. in 1991 and his Ph.D. in 2000, both from the University of Oulu. Posti has held various specialist and managerial positions in Nokia Networks, and is currently working as a principal engineer. His areas of interest have included cellular WLL, high-speed GSM data transmis- sion, GSM radio network performance, wide-band GSM transceivers, as well as multi-radio technology. He is the sole or co-inventor of 20 patents and about 10 patent applications.
Peter Muszynski graduated in 1988 with an M.Sc. degree in mathematics and computer science at Technical University Munich. Since 1990 he is with Nokia Networks, initially in the GSM switching product development, but since 1992 he is active in the research of 3G mobile Harri Posti was born in Rovaniemi, Finland, on 2 November 1965. He received his M.Sc.E.E. in 1991 and his Ph.D. in 2000, both from the University of Oulu. Posti has held various specialist and managerial positions in Nokia Networks, and is currently working as a principal engineer. His areas of interest have included cellular WLL, high-speed GSM data transmis- sion, GSM radio network performance, wide-band GSM transceivers, as well as multi-radio technology. He is the sole or co-inventor of 20 patents and about 10 patent applications.
Terhi Rautianen received her M.Sc. in 1994 from Tampere University of Technology and her Ph.D. in 1999 from Oxford University. Since 1999 she has been at Nokia Research Center, working on 3G network planning and optimisation, radio propagation and channel modelling. systems. He is currently head of WCDMA Radio System Research, leading a team that is involved in developing and verifying performance enhancing features for 3G radio systems.
Terhi Rautianen received her M.Sc. in 1994 from Tampere University of Technology and her Ph.D. in 1999 from Oxford University. Since 1999 she has been at Nokia Research Center, working on 3G network planning and optimisation, radio propagation and channel modelling. systems. He is currently head of WCDMA Radio System Research, leading a team that is involved in developing and verifying performance enhancing features for 3G radio systems.
Related topics:
Distributed ComputingRay TracingNetwork PlanningPath LossElectrical and Electronic EngineeringAdjacent Channel InterferenceRadio Networks
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