Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

Важливе значення у формуванні реакції організму до екзогенного впливу надається ліпідам, що пов'язано з їх роллю в енергетичних і сигнальних системах клітин та як структурних компонентів клітинних мембран. На сьогоднішній день особливості жирнокислотного складу ліпідів, зокрема у різних їх фракціях, тканин стерляді з віком вивчені меншою мірою. Це обумовлює актуальність поглиблення таких досліджень, які матимуть вагоме практичне значення в майбутньому, оскільки будуть спрямовані на підвищення адаптаційного потенціалу та виживаності осетрових риб, особливо, враховуючи їх високу вартість. У статті наведені дані щодо зміни вмісту жирнокислотного складу різних фракцій ліпідів у тканинах печінки стерляді різного віку. Матеріалом для дослідження була стерлядь дворічного (масою 0,3 -0,4 кг), трирічного (масою 0,5 -0,6 кг) та дев'ятирічного (масою 5 -6 кг) віку. Визначення жирних кислот (ЖК) проводили на базі Інституту біохімії ім. О. В. Палладіна НАН України методом газової хроматографії на хроматографі CarloErba (Італія). Жирнокислотний склад ліпідів тканин печінки стерляді представлений насиченими та ненасиченими високомолекулярними карбоновими кислотами, найбільший вміст серед яких належить пальмітиновій і стеариновій та олеїновій і лінолевій кислотам, відповідно. Із зростанням віку стерляді у фракції триацилгліцеролів (ТАГ) тканин печінки було виявлено, в основному, зменшення ненасичених жирних кислот. У залежності від зростання ступеня ненасиченості високомолекулярних карбонових кислот спостерігали вірогідне зниження показників їх суми для моноєнових (1,7 раза), диєнових (1,8 раза) і, особливо, полієнових (4 рази). Сума ненасичених ЖК ТАГ печінки статевозрілої стерляді вірогідно знижувалася (~ 2 рази) порівняно із 2-і 3-річними особинами. Звідси, співвідношення насичених і ненасичених ЖК було більшим (~ 2 рази) у стерляді 9-річного віку порівняно з величинами даного показника для дво-і три річок. У фосфоліпідах тканин печінки стерляді зі збільшенням її віку зафіксовано незначне підвищення вмісту насичених та зменшення рівня мононенасичених і поліненасичених жирних кислот. Серед вільних жирних кислот ліпідів тканин печінки стерляді було ідентифіковано 27 високомолекулярних карбонових кислот, з яких 44 % від їхньої загальної маси належить насиченим представникам у дворічок, 41 % -у трирічок і 35 % -у статевозрілих риб. Із віком у стерляді було виявлено у складі вільних жирних кислот зменшення частки їх насичених представників. Вміст мононенасичених жирних кислот складає у дворічок 27 %, у трирічок -31 %, у статевозрілих риб -47 %, а поліненасичених представників -27 %, 25 % і 15 % відповідно. Все це може бути використано для теоретичного обґрунтування та розробки відповідних коригуючих кормових добавок і преміксів. Ключові слова: стерлядь, печінка, ліпіди, насичені жирні кислоти, мононенасичені жирні кислоти, поліненасичені жирні кислоти.

Purpose There is controversy about the effect of the rs1799983 Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS3) genetic variant on hypertension and Blood Pressure (BP) levels. The aims of the current study were to examine whether rs1799983 affects BP levels and to identify potential interactions between this polymorphism and other non-genetic risk factors. Methods A total of 705 subjects were examined for anthropometric and body composition measurements, BP, dietary habits and physical activity. Oral epithelial cells were collected for the identification of rs1799983 using Luminex® 100/200TM System. After adjusted for covariates, TT genotype showed a 2.30 fold higher predisposition of hypertension than GG genotype subjects. According to BP levels, for each risk allele diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increased in 1.99 mmHg. Significant interactions between rs1799983 and Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) were found. Moreover, an interaction with body weight status was observed. Among overweight individuals, T allele carriers showed higher DBP than GG genotype. The present study evidenced that rs1799983 NOS3 polymorphism could be associated with hypertension and DBP among Southern Europeans, being this association influenced by dietary fat (SFA and MUFA) and Body Mass Index (BMI).

Meat and meat products contain important nutrients, such as proteins, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and trace elements that are important for our diet; however, these products also contain elements that can promote the development of multiple diseases, which compels the food industry to create healthier food alternatives. According to the Health and Nutrition Survey (2018), the Ecuadorian diet includes 24% of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and sausages are among the most highly consumed food items. The objective of this research was to develop a sausage with a lower SFA contribution by replacing pork back fat with corn oil without affecting its physicochemical characteristics and sensory acceptability. Two formulations were prepared: pork fat (FT) and corn oil (CO). As the sausage was made, the division in order of vegetable oil addition and cooking start temperature was strictly controlled. The technological properties, proximal composition, fatty acid profile, microbiological quality, and sensory acceptability were analyzed. The results showed that the water loss of FT is higher than that of CO by 1.23%. The two formulations presented an average in total animal proteins of 13.4%, meaning the protein is classified as Type I according to NTE 1338. As for the fatty acid profile, CO contains 20.5% less SFA than FT and has a significantly higher amount of PUFA (by 42.2%). The overall average acceptance was 4.4% with no statistically significant difference between samples. At 30 days of refrigerated storage, an E. coli population < 10UFC/g and absence of Salmonella were found. The results show that it is possible to replace 100% of back fat with vegetable oil.

Whether the content of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) could differently influence postprandial triglycerides (TG) is unknown. We examined possible differences in the postprandial TG response to fat tolerance tests (FTTs), in which SFA or unsaturated fatty acids were used. Crossover clinical trials investigating the effects of FTTs containing SFA and unsaturated fats on postprandial triglyceridemia in databases from 1994 until 2016 were searched. Of 356 studies, 338 were excluded and 18 were considered. TG net incremental areas under the curve were calculated using time-points or changes from baseline. Pooled effects of standardized mean differences and I² test were used. In 12 studies, responses to SFA versus PUFA meals, and in 16 studies versus MUFA meals were compared. Over 4 hours, no differences between SFA and unsaturated fats were observed. Over 8 hours a lower response to PUFA (SMD -2.28; 95%CI -4.16, -0.41) and a trend to lowe...

Vegetable oils such as palm oil (enriched in saturated fatty acids, SFA) and high-oleic-acid sunflower oil (HOSO, containing mainly monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFA) have emerged as the most common replacements for trans-fats in the food industry. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of SFA and MUFA-enriched high-fat (HF) diets on endothelial function, vascular remodeling, and arterial stiffness compared to commercial HF diets. Five-week-old male C57BL6J mice were fed a standard (SD), a HF diet enriched with SFA (saturated oil-enriched Food, SOLF), a HF diet enriched with MUFA (unsaturated oil-enriched Food, UOLF), or a commercial HF diet for 8 weeks. Vascular function was analyzed in the thoracic aorta. Structural and mechanical parameters were assessed in mesenteric arteries by pressure myography. SOLF, UOLF, and HF diet reduced contractile responses to phenylephrine and induced endothelial dysfunction in the thoracic aorta. A significant increase in the β-index, and thus in arterial stiffness, was also detected in mesenteric arteries from the three HF groups, due to enhanced deposition of collagen in the vascular wall. SOLF also induced hypotrophic inward remodeling. In conclusion, these data demonstrate a deleterious effect of HF feeding on obesity-related vascular alterations that is exacerbated by SFA.

In the last years, numerous studies have examined the association of dietary fat and cancer. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from n-6 family display a strong promoting effect, this may be partially due to the especially prone to lipid peroxidation of PUFA that leads to formation of aldehydes, which react with DNA bases, forming genotoxic exocyclic etheno(epsilon)-adducts. On the contrary, there are growing evidences that monounsaturated oils, like olive oil, may be associated with a decreased risk of some cancers. However, the epidemiological data do not fully agree with the experimental ones previously published. Minor compounds from (extra virgin) olive oil, mainly phenolics like hydroxytyrosol and tocopherol, are antioxidants and radical scavenging. They can minimize the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by fatty acid peroxidation and in the case of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) the DNA damage can be reduced by a lower lipid peroxidation.

Introduction: Hyperlipidaemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and may be associated with metabolic syndrome. Olive oil contains monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and various phytochemicals which have beneficial role in hyperlipidaemia.

Objective - The present study was conducted to explore the antihyperlipidaemic effect of olive oil.

Methods -We studied 60 hyperlipidaemic male subjects between 40 to 55 yrs of age who were divided into study (n=30) and control groups (n=30). The duration of this study was 6 weeks during which both the groups were allowed to take routine diet and study group was given additional 30 ml of olive oil per day.

Result - After 6 weeks, study group showed a significant fall in triglycerides, LDL and total cholesterol while a significant rise in HDL was recorded.

Conclusion- Thus, use of olive oil improved the serum lipid profile.

A nutritional placebo-controlled study was performed in Wistar rats in order to investigate the effects of 5-weeks aronia juice consumption towards fatty acid (FA) composition of phospholipids in the plasma and liver, as well as plasma glucose (Glu) and cholesterol levels. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 8 animals each, and randomized to receive either the full polyphenol dose of Aronia melanocarpa juice (AMJ), 4 times less polyphenol dose (¼-AMJ) or polyphenol-lacking placebo beverage (PLB). Each group of 8 male adult Wistar rats received the liquid ad libitum. AMJ decreased the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (P < 0.05) vs. PLB. AMJ increased dihomoγ-linoleic acid (DGLA, 20:3n-6) (P < 0.05) and decreased arachidonic acid content (AA, 20:4n-6) (P < 0.05) vs. PLB in liver phospholipids. AMJ signifi cantly increased monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) levels both in the liver (P < 0.05) and plasma (P < 0.05). Both aronia juice doses elevated the levels of benefi cial n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the plasma and liver. There was a dose-dependent, signifi cant increase (P < 0.001) in cis-vaccenic acid (VA, 18:1n-7) in phospholipids in the plasma and liver. Our results indicate favorable effects of aronia juice intake on lipid parameters in Wistar rats. These fi ndings suggest the potential of aronia dietary intake in cardiometabolic diseases primary prevention strategies in the human population.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of foliar fertilization of some micronutrients [i.e., manganese (Mn) and boron (B)] on reproductive yield and fatty acid concentrations of a standard sunflower hybrid ('NuSun 636') irrigated with different concentrations of saline water made by dissolving sea salt. Reproductive yield showed a significant decrease with the increase in salt in the rooting medium. However, foliar sprays of boric acid (H 3 BO 3) and manganese chloride (MnCl 2) showed a significant increase in seed number, seed weight, and oil content of seeds in the nonsaline control, which persisted even under saline water irrigation. An increase under the MnCl 2 spray was more than with H 3 BO 3 irrespective of non saline or saline water irrigation. Increasing levels of salinity appeared to be responsible for a decrease in oleic monounsaturated fatty acid concentration and an increase in the linoleic polyunsaturated, palmitic and stearic saturated fatty acid content whereas no significant change was found in linolenic polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Foliar applications of H 3 BO 3 and MnCl 2 brought some beneficial alteration in fatty acid concentrations of sunflower. Foliar application of H 3 BO 3 caused a significant increase in palmitic and stearic saturated fatty acids and linoleic polyunsaturated fatty acids in control as well as under saline conditions. Oleic monounsaturated fatty acid concentration showed a decline under H 3 BO 3 treatment irrespective to nonsaline or saline conditions. Foliar applications of MnCl 2 increased the concentration of palmitic saturated fatty acid and oleic monounsaturated fatty acid irrespective to the plant growth under non saline or saline conditions. While stearic saturated fatty acid, linoleic and linolenic polyunsaturated fatty acid decreased with the application of manganese as compared to the non sprayed control.

Vegetable oils such as palm oil (enriched in saturated fatty acids, SFA) and high-oleic-acid sunflower oil (HOSO, containing mainly monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFA) have emerged as the most common replacements for trans-fats in the food industry. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of SFA and MUFA-enriched high-fat (HF) diets on endothelial function, vascular remodeling, and arterial stiffness compared to commercial HF diets. Five-week-old male C57BL6J mice were fed a standard (SD), a HF diet enriched with SFA (saturated oil-enriched Food, SOLF), a HF diet enriched with MUFA (unsaturated oil-enriched Food, UOLF), or a commercial HF diet for 8 weeks. Vascular function was analyzed in the thoracic aorta. Structural and mechanical parameters were assessed in mesenteric arteries by pressure myography. SOLF, UOLF, and HF diet reduced contractile responses to phenylephrine and induced endothelial dysfunction in the thoracic aorta. A significant increase in the β-index, and th...

To address the effect of a diet enriched in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on maternal metabolic parameters and placental proinflammatory markers in Gestationa l diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients. Methods: Pregnant women at 24-28 weeks of gestation were enrolled: 33 GDM patients which were randomly assigned or not to the EVOO-enriched group and 17 healthy controls. Metabolic parameters were determined. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) γ and PPARα protein expression, expression of microRNA (miR)-130a and miR-518d (which respectively target these PPAR isoforms) and levels of proinflammatory markers were evaluated in term placentas. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity was evaluated in term placentas and umbilica l cord blood. Results: GDM patients that received the EVOO-enriched diet showed reduced pregnancy weight gain (GDM-EVOO:10.3±0.9, GDM:14.2±1.4, P=0.03) and reduced triglyceridemia (GDM-EVOO:231±14, GDM:292±21, P=0.02) compared to the non-EVOO-enriched GDM group. In GDM placentas, the EVOO-enriched diet did not regulate PPARγ protein expression or miR-130a expression, but prevented the reduced This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. PPARα protein expression (P=0.02 vs GDM) and the increased miR-518d expression (P=0.009 vs GDM). Increased proinflammatory markers (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide overproduction) in GDM placentas were prevented by the EVOO-enriched diet (respectively P=0.001, P=0.001 and P=0.01 vs GDM). MMPs overactivity was prevented in placenta and umbilical cord blood in the EVOO-enriched GDM group (MMP-9: respectively P=0.01 and P=0.001 vs GDM). Conclusions: A diet enriched in EVOO in GDM patients reduced maternal triglyceridemia and weight gain and has anti-inflammatory properties in placenta and umbilical cord blood, possibly mediated by the regulation of PPAR pathways.

In the last years, numerous studies have examined the association of dietary fat and cancer. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from n-6 family display a strong promoting effect, this may be partially due to the especially prone to lipid peroxidation of PUFA that leads to formation of aldehydes, which react with DNA bases, forming genotoxic exocyclic etheno(epsilon)-adducts. On the contrary, there are growing evidences that monounsaturated oils, like olive oil, may be associated with a decreased risk of some cancers. However, the epidemiological data do not fully agree with the experimental ones previously published. Minor compounds from (extra virgin) olive oil, mainly phenolics like hydroxytyrosol and tocopherol, are antioxidants and radical scavenging. They can minimize the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by fatty acid peroxidation and in the case of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) the DNA damage can be reduced by a lower lipid peroxidation.

This work was undertaken to determine the effect of diets enriched with olive oil or high oleic sunflower oil on very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triacylglycerol composition of healthy human subjects. Both oils contain a similar proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) but differ in their triacylglycerol composition. All 22 human subjects initially consumed a low fat, high carbohydrate diet as recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP-I). They then consumed the two experimental oils (40% dietary energy) in a crossover design. The olive oil and high oleic sunflower oil diets resulted in significant increases in palmitoleic (55%, P õ 0.05), oleic (27%, P õ 0.01) and eicosenoic (ú100%, P õ 0.001) acids of VLDL triacylglycerols, whereas there was a significant decrease in linoleic acid (38%, P õ 0.001). In addition, the high oleic sunflower oil diet increased the content of stearic acid (60%, P õ 0.05) and total saturated fatty acids (14%, P õ 0.05). Both MUFA-rich diets significantly (P õ 0.01) decreased the content of sn-glycerol-palmitate-linoleate-oleate, snglycerol-palmitoleate-dioleate and sn-glycerol-palmitate-dilinoleate in VLDL with regard to the NCEP-I diet, whereas they increased the content of sn-glycerol-trioleate (ú100%, P õ 0.001 after the olive oil diet; 80%, P õ 0.05 after the high oleic sunflower oil diet). Intake of olive oil, in particular, significantly decreased the content of sn-glycerol-tripalmitate (36%, P õ 0.01) and increased the content of dioleoyl-containing triacylglycerols. MUFA (P õ 0.01) and arachidonic acid (P õ 0.001) tended to be rich in the sn-2 position of VLDL triacylglycerols during the periods of consuming the olive oil or high oleic sunflower oil diets. In addition, olive oil, but not high oleic sunflower oil, further contributed to VLDL triacylglycerols that contained a-linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids acylated in the sn-2 position. These data suggest that differences in the composition of VLDL triacylglycerols may be of major importance in explaining the beneficial effects of dietary olive oil in reducing the atherogenic risk profile in healthy subjects.

The dynamics of the tripartite relationship between the host, gut bacteria and diet in the gut is relatively unknown. An imbalance between harmful and protective gut bacteria, termed dysbiosis, has been linked to many diseases and has most often been attributed to high-fat dietary intake. However, we recently clarified that the type of fat, not calories, were important in the development of murine colitis. To further understand the host-microbe dynamic in response to dietary lipids, we fed mice isocaloric high-fat diets containing either milk fat, corn oil or olive oil and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the colon microbiome and mass spectrometry-based relative quantification of the colonic metaproteome. The corn oil diet, rich in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, increased the potential for pathobiont survival and invasion in an inflamed, oxidized and damaged gut while saturated fatty acids promoted compensatory inflammatory responses involved in tissue healing. We conclud...

The quest for alternative sources of healthy nutrients that facilitate the modification of milk without compromising drinking quality is a continuous research endeavour. The objective of the study was to quantify the milk fatty acid composition of pasture-based primiparous Holstein-Friesian dairy cows supplemented with crude degummed canola oil (CDCO) with a view to improving the milk quality for beneficial health effects. This study tested the hypothesis that incremental supplementation of grazing primiparous Holstein-Friesian cows with CDCO will alter milk fatty acid composition towards increased total monounsaturates. Comparisons were made between unsupplemented grazing dairy cows and their peers on dietary supplements containing low (25ml/Kg DM), medium (35ml/Kg DM) or high levels (50ml/kg DM) of CDCO in addition to ad libitum grazing access to pasture. There was no significant effect (p>0.05) of CDCO supplementation for eight weeks on the proportions of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (tPUFA), omega-3 (-3) and omega-6 (-6) fatty acids in milk. However, significant impacts of CDCO were observed on the proportions of 18:1 9c, 18:1 7t, total saturated (tSFA) and total monounsaturated (tMUFA) fatty acids (p<0.005), with a significant increase in the tMUFA/tSFA ratio in cows consuming CDCO. It was concluded that incremental levels of CDCO supplementation can modify the fatty acid composition of milk towards increased monounsaturates without any negative impact on grazing primiparous cows.

This work was undertaken to determine the effect of diets enriched with olive oil or high oleic sunflower oil on very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triacylglycerol composition of healthy human subjects. Both oils contain a similar proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) but differ in their triacylglycerol composition. All 22 human subjects initially consumed a low fat, high carbohydrate diet as recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP-I). They then consumed the two experimental oils (40% dietary energy) in a crossover design. The olive oil and high oleic sunflower oil diets resulted in significant increases in palmitoleic (55%, P õ 0.05), oleic (27%, P õ 0.01) and eicosenoic (ú100%, P õ 0.001) acids of VLDL triacylglycerols, whereas there was a significant decrease in linoleic acid (38%, P õ 0.001). In addition, the high oleic sunflower oil diet increased the content of stearic acid (60%, P õ 0.05) and total saturated fatty acids (14%, P õ 0.05). Both MUFA-rich diets significantly (P õ 0.01) decreased the content of sn-glycerol-palmitate-linoleate-oleate, snglycerol-palmitoleate-dioleate and sn-glycerol-palmitate-dilinoleate in VLDL with regard to the NCEP-I diet, whereas they increased the content of sn-glycerol-trioleate (ú100%, P õ 0.001 after the olive oil diet; 80%, P õ 0.05 after the high oleic sunflower oil diet). Intake of olive oil, in particular, significantly decreased the content of sn-glycerol-tripalmitate (36%, P õ 0.01) and increased the content of dioleoyl-containing triacylglycerols. MUFA (P õ 0.01) and arachidonic acid (P õ 0.001) tended to be rich in the sn-2 position of VLDL triacylglycerols during the periods of consuming the olive oil or high oleic sunflower oil diets. In addition, olive oil, but not high oleic sunflower oil, further contributed to VLDL triacylglycerols that contained a-linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids acylated in the sn-2 position. These data suggest that differences in the composition of VLDL triacylglycerols may be of major importance in explaining the beneficial effects of dietary olive oil in reducing the atherogenic risk profile in healthy subjects.

Despite the presence of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the usual diet, these fatty acids may also be synthesized de novo from saturated fatty acids (SFA) through enzymatic desaturase activity (Arregui et al., 2012). Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)1 and SCD5 isozymes have been identified in human. SCD1 or ?9 desaturase is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue, meibomian, harderian and preputial glands. This enzyme is highly induced in response to high carbohydrate diet (Mauvoisin Mounier, 2011). It has been proven that the elevated levels of SCD1 are associated with obesity, metabolic disorders and malignancies. Altogether, these findings propose SCD1 as a new therapeutic target.

The quest for alternative sources of healthy nutrients that facilitate the modification of milk without compromising drinking quality is a continuous research endeavour. The objective of the study was to quantify the milk fatty acid composition of pasture-based primiparous Holstein-Friesian dairy cows supplemented with crude degummed canola oil (CDCO) with a view to improving the milk quality for beneficial health effects. This study tested the hypothesis that incremental supplementation of grazing primiparous Holstein-Friesian cows with CDCO will alter milk fatty acid composition towards increased total monounsaturates. Comparisons were made between unsupplemented grazing dairy cows and their peers on dietary supplements containing low (25ml/Kg DM), medium (35ml/Kg DM) or high levels (50ml/kg DM) of CDCO in addition to ad libitum grazing access to pasture. There was no significant effect (p>0.05) of CDCO supplementation for eight weeks on the proportions of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (tPUFA), omega-3 (-3) and omega-6 (-6) fatty acids in milk. However, significant impacts of CDCO were observed on the proportions of 18:1 9c, 18:1 7t, total saturated (tSFA) and total monounsaturated (tMUFA) fatty acids (p<0.005), with a significant increase in the tMUFA/tSFA ratio in cows consuming CDCO. It was concluded that incremental levels of CDCO supplementation can modify the fatty acid composition of milk towards increased monounsaturates without any negative impact on grazing primiparous cows.

The use of some halophytes for rehabilitation of salt affected area has been reported. Crithmum maritimum L. halophyte and apiaceae can tolerate high levels of salt. Their seed was endospermic and had a suitable size for oil extraction. The aim of this report is to localize the lipids in ...

The plant material (fresh and older leaves and mature capsules) from variously aged trees of T. populnea growing in
and around Karachi (Hawkes Bay, Boat Basin areas, Karsaz and North Nazimabad) in differentially saline soils were
collected. In these samples, Na and K were extracted by acid digestion method of dry young and older leaves, and fruit
components such as pericarp, seed coat and embryo. Cations, Na and K, were estimated using Petra court PFP-Flame
photometer. Over a range of ECe - 7.7 to 64.7dS.m-1, Na content increased in fresh and older leaves and pericarp
significantly but didn’t vary in concentration in seed coat and embryo. K contents in leaves and pericarp declined with
salinity but didn’t change in seed coat and embryo. There was large accumulation of Na in older leaves. K increased in
pericarp. Na / K ratio didn’t vary in seed components but it was very high (8.2-folds) in older leaves. A significantly
positive relationship between monounsaturated fatty acids concentration and foliar concentration of Na in fresh and old
leaves was found.