nora morgado

La suplementación de ratas hembras con DHA-lisofosfatidilcolina aumenta el contenido de ácido docosahexaenoico y de acetilcolina cerebral y mejora la capacidad de aprendizaje y de memorización de las crías

DHA has been established. We propose that DHAcontaining lysophosphatidylcholine (DHA-LPC), obtain... more DHA has been established. We propose that DHAcontaining lysophosphatidylcholine (DHA-LPC), obtained from DHA-rich eggs may be a suitable form of DHA and choline (the precursor of acetylcholine) supplementation. We evaluated the effectiveness of DHA-LPC to increase DHA and acetylcholine concentration in the brain of pups born from female rats supplemented with DHA-LPC before and during pregnancy. We also evaluated the effect of DHA supplementation on learning and memory capabilities of pups through the Skinner test for operant conditioning. Female Wistar rats received 40-day supplementation of DHA-LPC (8 mg DHA/kg b.w/daily.), before and during pregnancy. After delivery, plasma, erythrocyte, liver, and adipose tissue DHA and plasma choline were analyzed. Brains from 60 day-old pups separated into frontal cortex, cerebellum, striatum, hippocampus, and occipital cortex, were assessed for DHA, acetylcholine, and acetylcholine transferase (CAT) activity. Pups were subjected to the Skinne...

Composition of Human VLDL Triacylglycerols after Ingestion of Olive Oil and High Oleic Sunflower Oil

The Journal of Nutrition, 1998

This work was undertaken to determine the effect of diets enriched with olive oil or high oleic s... more This work was undertaken to determine the effect of diets enriched with olive oil or high oleic sunflower oil on very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triacylglycerol composition of healthy human subjects. Both oils contain a similar proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) but differ in their triacylglycerol composition. All 22 human subjects initially consumed a low fat, high carbohydrate diet as recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP-I). They then consumed the two experimental oils (40% dietary energy) in a crossover design. The olive oil and high oleic sunflower oil diets resulted in significant increases in palmitoleic (55%, P õ 0.05), oleic (27%, P õ 0.01) and eicosenoic (ú100%, P õ 0.001) acids of VLDL triacylglycerols, whereas there was a significant decrease in linoleic acid (38%, P õ 0.001). In addition, the high oleic sunflower oil diet increased the content of stearic acid (60%, P õ 0.05) and total saturated fatty acids (14%, P õ 0.05). Both MUFA-rich diets significantly (P õ 0.01) decreased the content of sn-glycerol-palmitate-linoleate-oleate, snglycerol-palmitoleate-dioleate and sn-glycerol-palmitate-dilinoleate in VLDL with regard to the NCEP-I diet, whereas they increased the content of sn-glycerol-trioleate (ú100%, P õ 0.001 after the olive oil diet; 80%, P õ 0.05 after the high oleic sunflower oil diet). Intake of olive oil, in particular, significantly decreased the content of sn-glycerol-tripalmitate (36%, P õ 0.01) and increased the content of dioleoyl-containing triacylglycerols. MUFA (P õ 0.01) and arachidonic acid (P õ 0.001) tended to be rich in the sn-2 position of VLDL triacylglycerols during the periods of consuming the olive oil or high oleic sunflower oil diets. In addition, olive oil, but not high oleic sunflower oil, further contributed to VLDL triacylglycerols that contained a-linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids acylated in the sn-2 position. These data suggest that differences in the composition of VLDL triacylglycerols may be of major importance in explaining the beneficial effects of dietary olive oil in reducing the atherogenic risk profile in healthy subjects.

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Breve Historia De La Relaci�n Entre El Colesterol y Las Enfermedades Cardiovasculares

Breve Historia De La Relación Entre El Colesterol y Las Enfermedades Cardiovasculares

Revista chilena de nutrición, 2006

No fue facil asociar lo niveles plasmaticos de colesterol con la aterogenesis. En el siglo XVIII ... more No fue facil asociar lo niveles plasmaticos de colesterol con la aterogenesis. En el siglo XVIII se produjeron las primeras evidencias del descubrimiento del colesterol, pero fue en el siglo XIX, con los trabajos de Anichkov, cuando fue posible establecer que los depositos de colesterol originan los ateromas. El descubrimiento y el aislamiento de las lipoproteinas por John Gofman fue otro hito importante en la historia del colesterol. Tambien lo fue la observacion de Laurence Kinsell, quien describio que las dietas ricas en acidos grasos poliinsaturados producen disminucion del colesterol plasmatico. El descubrimiento de Goldstein y Brown del receptor de LDL, ha sido quizas uno de los descubrimientos mas importantes sobre la relacion del colesterol y las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Este trabajo revisa los principales acontecimientos de la historia del colesterol

Supplementing female rats with DHA-lysophosphatidylcholine increases docosahexaenoic acid and acetylcholine contents in the brain and improves the memory and learning capabilities of the pups

Grasas y Aceites, 2009

DHA has been established. We propose that DHAcontaining lysophosphatidylcholine (DHA-LPC), obtain... more DHA has been established. We propose that DHAcontaining lysophosphatidylcholine (DHA-LPC), obtained from DHA-rich eggs may be a suitable form of DHA and choline (the precursor of acetylcholine) supplementation. We evaluated the effectiveness of DHA-LPC to increase DHA and acetylcholine concentration in the brain of pups born from female rats supplemented with DHA-LPC before and during pregnancy. We also evaluated the effect of DHA supplementation on learning and memory capabilities of pups through the Skinner test for operant conditioning. Female Wistar rats received 40-day supplementation of DHA-LPC (8 mg DHA/kg b.w/daily.), before and during pregnancy. After delivery, plasma, erythrocyte, liver, and adipose tissue DHA and plasma choline were analyzed. Brains from 60 day-old pups separated into frontal cortex, cerebellum, striatum, hippocampus, and occipital cortex, were assessed for DHA, acetylcholine, and acetylcholine transferase (CAT) activity. Pups were subjected to the Skinner box test. DHA-LPC supplementation produces higher choline and liver DHA contents in the mother's plasma and increases the pups' DHA and acetylcholine in the cerebellum and hippocampus. CAT was not modified by supplementation. The Skinner test shows that pups born from DHA-LPC supplemented mothers exhibit better scores of learning and memory than the controls. Conclusion: DHA-LPC may be an adequate form for DHA supplementation during the perinatal period.

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Las Grasas y Aceites en La Nutricion Humana: Algo De Su Historia

Revista chilena de nutrición, 2005

Fats and oils, also identified as fats, are the main components of edible lipids. The technologic... more Fats and oils, also identified as fats, are the main components of edible lipids. The technological and the nutritional knowledge of fats and oils is at present very well developed, however the utilization of fats as foods or for domestic uses was initiated many centuries ago. The named Industrial Revolution represented a significant quantitative development in the knowledge of fats and oils. The French Eugéne Chevreul was probably the first scientific who studied the properties of fats and oils. Another French citizen, Jean-Baptiste Dumas together with the German scientist Justus Liebig, were the Summary Las grasas y aceites, también identificadas como materias grasas, constituyen la forma mayoritariamente comestible de los lípidos. En la actualidad, muestran un gran desarrollo tecnológico y nutricional, aunque su utilización en la alimentación y en usos domésticos comenzó hace muchos siglos. La Revolución Industrial significó un salto cuantitativo en el conocimiento de las materias grasas. El francés Eugéne Chevreul fue el iniciador de la investigación científica en grasas y aceites. Jean-Baptiste Dumas en Francia y Justus Liebig, en Alemania, dieron origen a los primeros conceptos sobre la importancia nutricional de las grasas y aceites. Hypolitte Mége-Mouriés desarrolló un procedimiento para obtener un producto similar a las actuales margarinas. El alemán Franz Knoop fue el descubridor del proceso bioquímico de metabolización de los ácidos grasos conocido como beta oxidación. Los norteamericanos George y Mildred Burr descubrieron la esencialidad de los ácidos grasos y las investigaciones de los ingleses Haslam y Chick, en forma independiente, caracterizaron las primeras lipoproteínas. Este trabajo resume en forma no exhaustiva los primeros descubrimientos relacionados con el rol nutricional de las grasas y de los aceites.

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Soybean Products Consumption in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases

Soybean and Health, 2011

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Effect of the degree of hydrogenation of dietary fish oil on the trans fatty acid content and enzymatic activity of rat hepatic microsomes

Lipids, 1998

The degree of fat hydrogenation and the trans fatty acid content of the diet affect the fatty aci... more The degree of fat hydrogenation and the trans fatty acid content of the diet affect the fatty acid composition of membranes, and the amount and the activity of some membrane enzymes. We describe the effects of four isocaloric diets containing either sunflower oil (SO, 0% trans), fish oil (FO, 0.5% trans), partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO, 30% trans), or highly hydrogenated fish oil (HHFO, 3.6% trans) as fat sources on the lipid composition and the trans fatty acid content of rat hepatic microsomes. We also describe the effect of these diets on the cytochrome P-450 content and on the aminopyrine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, and UDPglucuronyl transferase microsomal activities. Cytochrome P-450 content was dependent on the degree of unsaturation of the diet, being higher for the FO-containing diet and lower for the HHFO diet. Aminopyrine N-demethylase activity also correlated with the degree of unsaturation of the diet as did the cytochrome P-450 content did (FO > SO > PHFO > HHFO). Aniline hydroxylase activity appeared to be independent of the degree of unsaturation of the dietary fat, but correlated with the trans fatty acid content of the diet, which was also reflected in the trans content of the microsomal membranes. UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity was higher for the FO-containing diet than for the SO diet, showing intermediate values after the PHFO and HHFO diets.

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Trans fatty acid isomers in human health and in the food industry

Biological Research, 1999

Trans fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids with at least one double bond in the trans configur... more Trans fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids with at least one double bond in the trans configuration. These fatty acids occur naturally in dairy and other natural fats and in some plants. However, industrial hydrogenation of vegetable or marine oils is largely the main source of trans fatty acids in our diet. The metabolic effect of trans isomers are today a matter of controversy generating diverse extreme positions in light of biochemical, nutritional, and epidemiological studies. Trans fatty acids also have been implicated in the etiology of various metabolic and functional disorders, but the main concern about its health effects arose because the structural similarity of these isomers to saturated fatty acids, the lack of specific metabolic functions, and its competition with essential fatty acids. The ingestion of trans fatty acids increases low density lipoprotein (LDL) to a degree similar to that of saturated fats, but it also reduces high density lipoproteins (HDL), therefore trans isomers are considered more atherogenic than saturated fatty acids. Trans isomers increase lipoprotein(a), a non-dietary-related risk of atherogenesis, to levels higher than the corresponding chain-length saturated fatty acid. There is little evidence that trans fatty acids are related to cancer risk at any of the major cancer sites. Considerable improvement has been obtained with respect to the metabolic effect of trans fatty acids due the development of analytical procedures to evaluate the different isomers in both biological and food samples. The oleochemical food industries have developed several strategies to reduce the trans content of hydrogenated oils, and now margarine and other hydrogenated-derived products containing low trans or virtually zero trans are available and can be obtained in the retail market. The present review provides an outline of the present status of trans fatty acids including origin, analytical procedures, estimated ingestion, metabolic effects, efforts to reduce trans isomers in our diet, and considerations for future prospects on trans isomers.

Effect of Dietary Hydrogenated Fish Oil on the Plasma Lipoprotein Profile and on the Fatty Acid Composition of Different Tissues of the Rat

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 1999

Dietary fatty acids are actively incorporated into membrane lipids, and fat intake can modify the... more Dietary fatty acids are actively incorporated into membrane lipids, and fat intake can modify the composition and the biochemical activity of cellular membranes and the pattern of plasma lipoproteins. Industrial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated oils leads to the formation of isomeric trans fatty acids which are incorporated into cellular membranes when they are present in the diet. The trans fatty acid amount present in hydrogenated oils depends on the degree of hydrogenation, being high for partially hydrogenated oils and low for highly hydrogenated oils. Hydrogenated fish oil is widely used in some countries for the production of margarine and industrial fats. This study compares the fatty acid composition of plasma, erythrocytes, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and hepatic microsomal membranes and the plasma lipoprotein profile after feeding rats with a synthetic diet containing either fish oil, partially hydrogenated fish oil, or highly hydrogenated fish oil. It is observed that th...

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Comparative Effect of Fish Oil Feeding and Other Dietary Fatty Acids on Plasma Lipoproteins, Biliary Lipids, and Hepatic Expression of Proteins Involved in Reverse Cholesterol Transport in the Rat

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2005

Background: While elevated plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels has been associated to a ... more Background: While elevated plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels has been associated to a reduction in cardiovascular risk, dietary fish oils rich in omega–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may protect against this disease. The protective effect of HDL is associated to its participation in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. On the other hand, omega–3 PUFAs decrease plasma HDL levels compared to other fatty acids, which may suggest an effect on reverse cholesterol transport. Aim: In this work, the effect of dietary fish oil on the fatty acid composition of hepatic membranes, plasma lipoprotein cholesterol profile, biliary lipids, and the expression of proteins involved in reverse cholesterol transport, was compared to other dietary oils having a different degree of fatty acid unsaturation. Methods: Male rats were fed a semi synthetic diet containing fish oil (omega–3), sunflower oil (omega–6), olive oil (omega–9) or coconut oil (saturated). Hepatic membrane fatty a...

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Effect of the Degree of Hydrogenation of Fish Oil on the Enzymatic Activity and on the Fatty Acid Composition of Hepatic Microsomes from Young and Aged Rats

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003

By modifying the degree of hydrogenation of dietary fat, it is possible to modify the fatty acid ... more By modifying the degree of hydrogenation of dietary fat, it is possible to modify the fatty acid composition and the biochemical activity of cellular tissues. The age can be another variable influencing these modifications. The effect of isocaloric diets containing oils with different degrees of hydrogenation: fish oil (FO, 0.3% trans), partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO, 29% trans), or highly hydrogenated fish oil (HHFO, 2.3% trans), in the fatty acid composition (cis and trans isomers) of hepatic microsomes from young (70-day-old) and aged (18-month-old) rats, in the microsomal cytochrome P-450 (C-450) content, and in the aminopyrine N-demethylase (AND), aniline hydroxylase (AH), NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase (NCR), UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UGT), and GSH-S transferase (GST) enzymatic activities were studied. Fatty acid composition and n–6/n–3 ratio of microsomal membranes was modified to a higher extent in young rats. C-450 content and AND activity were reduced when the d...

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