Marine BioTechnology

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Marine Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques and methods to explore, utilize, and manipulate marine organisms and their biological processes for the development of products and technologies in areas such as pharmaceuticals, environmental management, and aquaculture.

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Key research themes

1. How can cellular agriculture and engineering biology revolutionize sustainable seafood production?

This research theme investigates the innovative approach of producing seafood through cell and tissue cultures of marine organisms, a method known as cellular agriculture. It aims to address public health, environmental, and animal welfare challenges associated with conventional marine capture and industrial aquaculture. By integrating advances in biomedical engineering, genetic modification, and closed-system aquaculture, this area explores scalable, controlled, and ethical seafood production alternatives that may mitigate overfishing and environmental impacts.

Cell-Based Fish: A Novel Approach to Seafood Production and an Opportunity for Cellular Agriculture

by David L Stachura

2022

Key finding: Rubio et al. (2018) demonstrate that cellular agriculture can be extended to marine species, specifically fish, proposing cultured muscle tissue production as a solution to challenges such as overfishing, pathogen spread, and... Read more

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2. What roles do marine microorganisms and their metabolites play in advancing industrial, pharmaceutical, and environmental biotechnologies?

This theme centers on the bioprospecting and utilization of the vast diversity of marine microorganisms—bacteria, fungi, archaea—and their bioactive metabolites. The research explores microbial genetic and functional diversity as a reservoir for novel biocatalysts, secondary metabolites, and bioactive compounds with applications spanning industrial production, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, cosmetics, and environmental remediation. It emphasizes methodological advances such as metagenomics and culture techniques to overcome challenges posed by unculturable microbes, and highlights microbial consortia and microbiome engineering in algal biotechnology for improved commercial viability.

Bioprospection of marine microorganisms: biotechnological applications and methods

by MARIANA LOZADA

2022, Revista Argentina de microbiología

Key finding: This review articulates that marine microorganisms represent an almost inexhaustible resource of genetic and functional diversity due to their adaptive evolution, making them prime targets for biotechnological exploitation.... Read more

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Marine microbiome as source of natural products

by Fernando de la Calle

2023, Microbial biotechnology

Key finding: The paper highlights the marine microbiome as an untapped reservoir of novel bioactive products, noting that although only a small fraction of marine microbes are cultivable, metagenomic and multi-omics technologies uncover a... Read more

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Integrating microbial communities into algal biotechnology: a pathway to enhanced commercialization

by Aksel Bell

2025, Frontiers in Microbiology

Key finding: This work synthesizes evidence that microalgae-microbiome interactions critically influence algal growth, nutrient cycling, pathogen resistance, and environmental acclimation. It identifies beneficial microbial taxa that... Read more

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Responsible Research and Innovation Framework, the Nagoya Protocol and Other European Blue Biotechnology Strategies and Regulations: Gaps Analysis and Recommendations for Increased Knowledge in the Marine Biotechnology Community

by Marlen Vasquez

2022, Marine Drugs

Key finding: This article provides an in-depth analysis of legal and ethical frameworks governing marine microbial bioprospecting in Europe, emphasizing that lack of awareness and inconsistent implementation of the Nagoya Protocol impedes... Read more

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3. How do marine macroorganisms and algae contribute to the discovery of biomolecules and biomaterials for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and biotechnological applications?

This research area focuses on exploiting marine macroorganisms, including seaweeds, sponges, corals, and other invertebrates, as sources of secondary metabolites, enzymes, biopolymers, and bioactive compounds with broad applications. It addresses the characterization, sustainable harvesting, cultivation, and biotechnological processing of biomass to develop new pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and environmentally friendly biomaterials. The theme further examines the integration of omics and cultivation technologies to unlock the commercial and environmental potential of these marine resources.

The Essentials of Marine Biotechnology

by Lada Lukić Bilela

2025, Frontiers in Marine Science

Key finding: The article synthesizes that marine organisms from diverse habitats produce unique secondary metabolites evolved for environmental adaptation, which hold immense potential for pharmaceutical, biomedical, and industrial... Read more

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Marine Algae: a Source of Biomass for Biotechnological Applications

by Solène Connan

2023, Methods in molecular biology

Key finding: This review identifies macroalgae and microalgae as prolific producers of valuable chemical constituents applied across agriculture, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. It discusses biotechnological advances... Read more

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Marine-Originated Materials and Their Potential Use in Biomedicine

by Evangelia A. Pavlatou

2023, Applied sciences

Key finding: Focusing on marine biomaterials from seaweeds, sponges, crustaceans, molluscs, and cnidarians, this paper reviews their bioactive potential and biomedical applications including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer,... Read more

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First continuous marine sponge cell line established

by Dirk Martens

2024, Scientific Reports

Key finding: The authors achieved a landmark breakthrough by establishing the first continuous marine sponge cell line from Geodia barretti, overcoming longstanding cultivation obstacles. Using an optimized medium (OpM1), they... Read more

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4. What frameworks and strategies enhance sustainable growth and governance in marine (blue) biotechnology sectors?

This theme examines the policy, legal, and biosecurity dimensions integral to the responsible development of marine biotechnology. It investigates regulatory instruments such as the Nagoya Protocol, international ocean governance (e.g., UNCLOS, BBNJ Agreement), intellectual property rights, and Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) frameworks. Additionally, it encompasses biosecurity challenges in aquaculture and seaweed farming, aiming to balance innovation, environmental protection, and equitable benefit-sharing while mitigating risks such as disease outbreaks and invasive species dissemination.

by Marlen Vasquez

2022, Marine Drugs

Key finding: This study highlights significant gaps in awareness and implementation of European and international regulations including the Nagoya Protocol within the marine biotechnology community. It stresses that insufficient... Read more

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A new Progressive Management Pathway for improving seaweed biosecurity

by Anicia Hurtado

2024, Nature Communications

Key finding: The paper identifies that rapid expansion of global seaweed aquaculture, coupled with climate change, has led to increased disease and pest outbreaks causing substantial economic losses. Through case studies, it demonstrates... Read more

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Law and Marine Genetic Resources

by Maria Ines Gameiro

2025, Springer eBooks

Key finding: This legal analysis elucidates the complex international regulatory landscape governing marine genetic resources (MGR) in areas beyond national jurisdiction. It explains how existing treaties—UNCLOS, CBD, Nagoya Protocol, and... Read more

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All papers in Marine BioTechnology

TRENDS IN BIOSCIENCES 6-6-DECEMBER-2013

by TRENDS IN BIOSCIENCES JOURNAL

MASIH AND DEVASAHAYAM, Developments in Microbial Fuel Cell System for Electricity Generation

‘ig 3. Cluster diagram of 23 accessions of S. indicum morphological data based on Euclidean genetic identity.

Fig. 6. Cluster diagram of 23 accessions of S. indicum based on Dice similarity identity. ‘able6. SSR markers showing polymorphism among sesame germplasm accessions and their allelic distribution alleles with an average of 3.5 alleles per locus. The maximum number of alleles detected was 4, with 2 primer pairs G Bssr- sa-08 (Fig 6), GBssr-sa-33 and the minimum number of alleles was 3 with the primer pairs GBssr-sa-173 and GBssr-sa-72.

ig 8. Matrix comparision of phenotypic and genotypic data among 23 different accessions of S. indicum

Rice is the staple food which greatly affected by elevated temperature. The grain quality parameters such as starch and chalkiness percentage get affected by elevated temperature. These impacts in turn affect the cooking and nutritive quality of rice grain.

LITERATURE CITED \saoka M., Okuno K., Fuwa H. 1985. Effect of environmental temperature at the milky stage on amylose content and fine structure of amylopectin of waxy and nonwaxy endosperm starches of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Agric. Biol. Chem.49 : 373-379.

Fig. 1. Evaluation Trial of Tomato Hybrids (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Allahabad Agro Climatic Conditions.

Fig. 1. Effect of different farming methods on grain and stover yield of maize

Fig. 1. Fingerprint analysis of the crude extract of bark RAUT AND ANTHAPPAN, Studies on Antimicrobial Compounds of Extract of Bark of Sonneratia alba

Table 8. Fraction E (acetone) Fig. 4. Absorbance spectra of methanol fraction under visible and UV light.

Figure 3 (cont.). Arrow indicates the Samba Mahsuri value for grain traits ROJA etal., Enrinchment of Iron and Zinc Concentration in Introgression Lines of Brown Rice

Subscription Rates for 2014: *A uthor’s Contribution : Rs. 1000/paper (for single author) and Rs. 600/paper for additional authors. **Same for SAARC countries only soft copy. *Payment must be made through Demand Draft payable to State Bank of India, Kalyanpur Branch, (Branch Code 01962) Kanpur, U.P. India, in favour of Trends in Biosciences (A c/No. 31575871348) along with manuscript and sent to Dr. S.S. Ali, Editor in Chief, H-1312, VIP Lane, Satyam Vihar, Avas Vikas No.1, Kalyanpur, Kanpur- 208 018, U.P. India. In case of outstation cheque an extra amount of Rs. 50/- may be paid as clearance of cheque. For e-banking add Rs. 25/- (Contact: ss_ali@ rediffmail.com; trendsinbiosciencesj ournal@ gmail.com) Trends in Biosciences abstracted in CABI Abstract, U.K.

Table 1.1. Nutritional value of fruits (USDA nutrient data base) thirst quenching properties and stimulating effect or of their medicinal values . Fruits and vegetables form an important part of diet and are usually regarded as ‘good foods’. They are major sources of vitamin C, folic acid and fibers but not rich in other nutrients .Fruits and vegetables are nutritionally important because they contain large amount of vitamins and minerals .Fruit juices have a low pH, because they contain high levels of organic acids. Some of the major acids in fruits include citric, malic and tartaric acids. Organic acids also influence the growth of microorganisms in fruit juices and therefore affect the keeping quality of the products . conversion of L-arginine to L- citrulline. Administration of these compounds to hypercholesterolemic mice significantly reduced the progression of atherosclerosis and isoprostane levels and increase nitrates . This protective effect was relevant with PFE. Proatherogenic effects induced by perturbed shear stress can be also reversed by chronic administration of PFE (Nigris, et al.,2007).Commonly consumed fruit juices and carbohydrates effect on redox status and anticancer biomarkers in female rats. Commonly consumed fruit juices can alter lipid and protein oxidation biomarkers in the blood as well as hepatic quinone reductase activity, and that quercetin may not be the major active principle (Breinholt, et al.,2003).

Table 1.2: Nutritional value of fruits (USDA nutrient data base and 0.006% cardamom spice drops. The RTS beverages stored in white and amber coloured bottles for 6 months under 3 different storage environment viz., ambient temperature(12.5- 36 degrees C), cool chamber (10-29.6 degrees C) and low temperature (4+or-1 degrees C) showed a gradual decrease in sensory quality ,acidity, ascorbic acids and tannins. Retention of ascorbic acid was more in beverages stored in amber colored bottles under low temperature (Durgesh, et al., 2008). loss, browning index and titratable acidity occurred in juices packaged in polyethylene film, than in PET and glass bottles. Percentage ascorbic acid, browning index and pH increased with increased storage temperature. However, titratable acidity decreased with increased storage temperature and soluble solids remained constant though out the period of storage (Alaka. 0.0., etal .,2004).

Table 2. Details of different microbial cultures producing current and power density.

Table1. Details of different bacteria, substrates and mediators used for MFC operation.

fable1. Accessions of Sesamum indicum collected from different locations of Andhra Pradesh used for diversity analysis Morphological variations : Among the accessions of S. indicum was accounted for 13 quantitative characters; capsules (per leaf axil, per plant and length), leaf length and width, plant height, branches per plant, internode length, nodes per main stem, leaves per plant, flowers per plant, seed weight, seed yield and 2 qualitative characters (seed color and flower color). Diversity study has been conducted using Euclidian similarity matrix and matrix comparison plot. The accessions were assessed using the above mentioned 13 quantitative traits. Data on these traits was noted at the level of mean values of field observations from NBPGR field experimental site. Phenotypic relationships were assessed using Euclidean distance for continuous quantitative traits. A phenotypic distance matrix P = {Puv}was computed for the accessions and subjected to Sequential A gglomerative Hierarchial Non overlapping (SA HN) cluster analysis using the average linkage (UPGMA) clustering algorithym and matrix comparision plot (MXCOMP). Cophenetic correlation coefficients were estimated to assess the degree of agreement

Table2. Characteristics of 10 SSR markers used for analyzing the Sesame germplasm

C/L: Capsules per leaf axil, C/P: Capsules per plant, CL: Capsule length PH: Plant height, LL: Leaf length, LW: Leaf width, B/P: Branches per pla IL: Internode length, N/MS: Nodes per main stem, L/P: Leaves per plant F/P: Flowers per plant, SW: Seed weight, SY: Seed yield.

Table4. Morphological Similarity matrix of 23 accessions of S. indicum

Table value at 5% level and 1% level of significance is 0.468 and 0.590 respectively. *Indicates 5% level of significance ** Indicates 1% level of significance Table 5. Correlation values among the morphological parameters of S. indicum 23 accessions KIRANMAYI et al., Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plant which in turn is correlated with capsule length, plant height, nodes per main stem. Capsules per plant is the most contributing character for seed yield of sesame (Ibrahim, et al., 1983). Seed yield is also significantly correlated with plant height which in turn is correlated with nodes per main stem and flowers per plant. Seed yield is also directly correlated with nodes/main stem which in turn were correlated with flowers per plant. Itis also directly correlated with seed weight. All these characters appear to contribute directly or indirectly to crop yield.

Table7. Molecular Similarity matrix of 23 accessions of S. indicum

ible8; SSR markers showing polymorphism among sesame germplasm accessions and their allelic distribution

Table9. Molecular Similarity matrix of 23 accessions of S. indicum

Table1. List of chickpea accessions coefficient of yield components with seed yield into its direct and indirect effects to ensure the actual contribution of an attribute as well as its influence through other traits. Path coefficient analysis suggested by Dewey and Lu, 1959 proves helpful, in partitioning the correlation coefficient into measures of direct and indirect effects of a set of independent variables on the dependent variable. first flowering. Whereas, low GCV was observed for days to maturity, number of branches per plant, days to 50 per cent flowering and plant height. Similarly, (E,) under second date of sowing (Table 2 b), high coefficient of variation (GCV ) was recorded for seeds per pod. Moderate GCV was recorded for seed yield per plant, harvestindex, 100 seed weight and days to first flowering. Whereas, low GCV was recorded for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, biological yield, pods per plant and plant height. Hence, the traits exhibiting high GCV indicated the existence of considerable variability for the traits among the genotypes. These findings are in general agreement with the findings of several research workers who have reported high to low GCV for various yield attributes in chickpea viz., Durga, et al., 2005 and Jeena andA rora, 2005.

Table2 a. Estimates of genetic parameters of variation under first date of sowing (E.)

*, ** Significant at 5 and 1 per cent level of probability, respectively Table3 a. Genotypic (G ), Phenotypic (P) and Environmental (E) correlation coefficients for seed yield and its components i chickpea under first date of sowing (E.,)

Table 2b. Estimates of genetic parameters of variation under second date of sowing (E,) In E,, the highest genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for seed yield per plant followed by number of seeds per pod, harvest index, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, days to first flowering and biological yield. Whereas, in E, the highest genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for number of seeds per pod followed by seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight, days to first flowering and harvest index. High heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were observed for days to first flowering, number of pods per plant and seeds per pod, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant in E,. Similarly, in E, high heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were observed for days to first flowering, days to 50 per cent flowering, days to Under first date of sowing (E,), the highest heritability estimate was observed for days to first flowering followed by days to maturity, days to 50 per cent flowering, 100 seed weight, plant height, seed yield per plant, pods per plant and seeds per pod. Moderate heritability was recorded for harvest index, whereas low heritability estimates were recorded for biological yield and number of branches per plant. Under second date of sowing (E,), the highest estimate of heritability was observed for days to first flowering followed by days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity and 100 seed weight. Moderate heritability were recorded for seed yield per plant, seeds per pod and harvest index whereas, low estimates of heritability were recorded for plant height, biological yield, number of branches per plant and number of pods per plant .

#Diagonal values indicate direct effects Table 4 a. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for seed yield per plant in chickpea under first date of sowing (E,)

*, ** Significant at 5 and 1 per cent level of probability, respectively Table3b. Genotypic (G), Phenotypic (P) and Environmental (E) correlation coefficients for seed yield and its components i chickpea under second date of sowing (E.,)

#Diagonal values indicate direct effects Table 4b. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for seed yield per plant in chickpea under second date of sowing (E,)

# Diagonal values indicate about direct effects Table 5 a. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for 100-seed weight in chickpea under first date of sowing (E,)

# Diagonal values indicate about direct effects Table 5 b. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for 100-seed weight in chickpea under second date of sowing (E.)

Table 6 a. C omposition of clusters under first date of sowing €)

lable 6 c. Mean performance of genotypes in individual clusters for different yield traits under first date of sowing (E.) cluster distances were computed for all the traits and are presented in the Table 6 b. Results of cluster analysis revealed that the highest intra- cluster distance was observed for cluster V (2.727) followed by cluster VI (2.241), II (1.977), IV (1.760), I (1.750) and cluster ITI (1.505). The highest inter cluster distance was measured between the clusters III and V (6.734) followed by IV and V (6.702), I] and V (6.156), V and VI (5.444). Minimum inter cluster distance was observed between Il and VI (2.350). Under second date of sowing E., the genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters (Table 7 a) showing considerable variability for selections to be made for future breeding programmes. Cluster II was the biggest cluster with 16 genotypes, whereas clusters I and III comprised of 12 and 14 genotypes respectively. Results of cluster analysis as depended in Table 7 b revealed that the highest intra- cluster distance was observed for cluster I (2.746) followed by cluster II (2.343). Cluster III possessed the minimum intra- cluster distance (2.079). The highest inter cluster distance was measured between the clusters I and III (3.743) followed by clusters IT and III (2.860). Minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (2.582). Mean performance of individual clusters for different characters as shown in table 7 c. to reveals that The maximum number of pods per plant was exhibited by cluster I (24.50) followed by cluster III (23.71). For 100 seed weight cluster I exhibited the maximum mean value of 13.56 g among all clusters. The smallest seed size was observed for cluster II (11.43 g per 100 seeds). The maximum biological yield per plant was observed for cluster II (11.10 g), followed by cluster I (10.54 g). Cluster IT was found to be the best with respect to seed yield per plant as it possessed highest seed yield per plant of 3.83 g, followed by cluster I (3.41 g). Whereas, lowest yielding cluster was cluster III (2.84 g seed yield per plant).

Table 7 a. Composition of clusters under second date of sowing

Table 7 b. Inter and intra cluster distances of genotypes in chickpea gene pool under second date of sowing

Table 7c. Mean performance of genotypes in individual clusters for different yield traits under second date of sowing (E,) genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters. The highest intra- cluster distance was observed for cluster I. Hence, genotypes belonging to this cluster viz. IC-269028, IC-269032, IC-269034, IC-269041, IC-269043, IC-269045, IC-269047, IC-269049, IC- 269055, IC-269132, IC-269375 and IC-327692 can be utilized as parents in future breeding programmes with the desirable genotypes belonging to cluster III. These results are in general agreement with the findings of Sikarwar, 2004. On comparing the genotypes on the basis of cluster wise mean yield performances under both the dates of sowing, it was noticed that accessions viz., IC 269132, IC 268996, IC 269120, IC 269160, IC 269187, IC 269375, IC 327692, JG 11 andJG 315 performed better under both the environments. This finding are in accordance with that of Dwevedi and Lal, 2009, Wadikar, et al., 2010, Akthar, et al., 2011, Parameshwarappa, et al., 2011, Jayalakshmi, et al., 2012, Singh, etal. 2012.

thermo tolerance (Senthil Kumar etal., 2002). in the environmental chamber (WGC 450 Programmable Plant Growth Chamber). Later these seedlings were exposed to lethal temperatures (55°C) (induced) for 2 hours. Another sub set of seedlings were directly exposed to lethal temperatures (non induced). Induced and non induced rice seedlings were allowed to recover at 30°C and 60 per cent relative humidity for 48 hours. A control tray was maintained at 30°C, without exposing to sub-lethal and lethal temperatures.

Tablela. Screening of thermo tolerant rice genotypes through Thermo Induced Response (TIR) treatment

EVI et al., Genotypic Variability for Intrinsic and Acquired Thermotolerance in Rice Genotypes Screened by TIR Technique 74

ible 1. Range, mean, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation (PC V, GCV), heritability (h2% ) and genetic advance (GA), for grain yield and associated characters in chickpea germplasm. weight (50.30 per cent), seed yield per plant (49.80 per cent), plant height (48 per cent), and showed low heritability harvest index value (17 per cent). Genetic advance was recorded maximum for plant height (6.52) followed by number of pods per plant (4.75), harvest index (3.75), 100 seed weight (2.65), days to 50% flowering (2.06) seed yield per plant (1.67), seed yield (1.19 t/hac), number of primary branches (0.38), and showed low genetic advance value. Genetic advance as per cent mean exhibited high values of seed yield per plant (25.13), total yield (t/hac) (21.71), harvest index (18.40), number of primary branches (13.97), plant height (13.02), number of pods per plant (10.81), days to 50% flowering showed Genetic advance as per cent of mean value (2.50). Results of this study suggested that the days of 50% flowering, plant height, biological yield influenced the grain yield per plant either directly or indirectly. Thus, a selection line with these characters would be ideal for higher grain yield potential. Therefore, these characters could be used for improving grain yield in advanced chickpea germplasm. LITERATURE CITED

Evaluation Trial of Tomato Hybrids (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Allahabad A gro Climatic C onditions. (41.67) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded early flowerir days) and late flowering (53.92) was found Rajshree recorded Maximum polar diameter (6.47 cm) and then were recorded (3.36 cm) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded maximum radial diameter (6.65 cm) and the minimum were recorded (4.57 cm) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded maximum number of fruits (22.50) per plant while the minimum was recorded (20.89) with Rajshree. Maximum fresh weight of fruit was recorded with TO 848 (72.27 g) and the minimum was recorded (65.00 g) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded maximum fruityield per plant (1.63kg), and fruit yield (60.23q/ha) while the minimum was recorded (1.36 kg) and (50.29 g/ha) with Rajshree. Maximum T.S.S.(° brix) of recorded with Rajshree (7.53)and minimum was recorded with JK Nanadini (5.60). Maximum acidity (%) of fruit was recorded TO 848 (0.84 %) and minimum was recorded (0.70 %) with Rajshre. Maximum ascorbic acid (mg/100g pulp) of TO 848 (35.09 mg/100g pulp) and minimum was recorded (25.81 mg/100g) with Rajshree. Maximum intensity of leaf curl virus (%) of plant

Where, CV = Coefficient of variation in %, SE= Standard error, SD= Standard deviation able1. Descriptive statistics of the 11 quantitative traits of 108 wheat lines under sodic soil. Table1. Descriptive statistics of the 11 quantitative traits of 108 wheat lines under sodic soil. genetic variability for all the eleven traits. The magnitude of genetic variability for days to heading was ranged from 73- 94 days with the mean value of 80 days and coefficient of variation 4.00 % (Table1). The frequency distribution varied from 70 - 95 days (Fig 1). Two entries HD 3027 and NWL 9-25 have minimum number of days to heading and only one entry CA MM had longest days of heading. The magnitude of genetic variability for days to maturity trait was ranged from114-126 days with the mean value of 120 days and coefficient of variation 1.96% (Table 1). The frequency distribution varied from 114-128 days (Fig 2). Two entries PBW

Table1. List of hybrids with their fertility status

Table3. Pattern of fertility restoration by different inbred lines on the C MS- sources Table2. List of completely fertile hybrids

lines except NDR 4, R45, RHA 43-5 and PS 1070 that restored the fertility partially. The fertility restoration on CMS 17A was found to be complete by most (nine) of the lines tested. But, lines SCG 37 and RHA 43-5 restored the fertility partially

Table 2. M ean food intake of school going children

Table 3. Mean daily nutrient intake of school going children

(41.43) and the minimum no. of fruit per plants was showed in genotypes ITV RTO 12 (21.96) followed by ITV RTO 5 (22.63) and IIVRTO (23.46). Themaximum radial diameter (mm) was noted in genotypes ITV RT 0 12 (75.04) followed by ITV RTO 17 (66.14) and IIVRT0 11 (66.00 mm) and minimum radial diameter was showed in genotypes ITV RT 0 02 (26.17) followed by ITVRT0 3 (33.44mm) and IIV RTO 01 (36.14 mm). The maximum polar diameter was found in genotypes IIVRTO 12 (60.91 mm) followed by ITV RTO 09 (53.01) and IIVRT0 11 (50.53) and the minimum polar diameter was showed in genotypes ITV RTO 074 (26.48) followed by IIV RT 0 04 (27.04 mm) and IIVRT0 02 (31.15). The maximum TSS (OBrix) was observe in genotypes IIV RTO 17 (6.46) followed by ITV RTO 16 (6.06) and ITVRT0 09 (5.20) and the minimum TSS (OBrix) was showed in genotypes IIVRTO 11 (3.13) followed by ITV RTO 12 (3.13) and ITV RT0 2 (3.26). The maximum vitamin C was observed in genotypes IIV RTO-17 (41.51) followed by Arka Vikas (36.73) and IIV RTO 16 (36.27) and the minimum vitamin ‘C’ was showed in genotype ITV RT 0 13 (26.09) followed by ITV RTO 8 (28.03) and IIV RTO 6 (28.29) mg/100g). The maximum fruit weight was observe in genotypes ITV RT0 5 (61.35) followed by ITVRTO 11 (58.48) and ITV RTO 10 (56.21) whereas minimum fruit weight was found in genotype ITV RT0 02 (30.24) followed by ITV RTO 13 (31.21) and Arka Vikas (32.29). The maximum yield per plant was noticed in genotypes IIV RTO 17 (2298.93) followed by IIVRTO 8 (1991.53) and IIVRTO 7 (1783.73) and ITVRTO 7 (1783.73) and whereas minimum yield / plant was observed in denotvnes ITV RTO 12 (782.66) followed bv ITV RTO 2 (1033.00(q) may LV EAL VY LEU EE] CEE EAE A VU Je dt 2a Seda wey WwW 50% flowering was showed in genotypes IIVRTO 1 (46.5) followed by ITV RTO-14 (55.93) and ArkaVikash (58.38) where as maximum days to 50% flowering were found in ITVRT0 6 (75.96) followed by ITV RTO 10 (75-960 and IIV RT0 7 (75.50). The maximum Number of cluster was showed in genotypes ITVRT 0 17 (20.36) followed by ITVRO 13 (17.90) and IIV RTO 9 (17.40) whereas minimum number cluster plant was found in genotype ITV RTO-11 (68.63) followed by ITV RTO 15 (9.86) and ArkaVikash (11.83). The maximum flower plant was showed in genotype ITV RT 0 17 (110.50) followed by ITVRT0 5 (104.10) and Arka vikash (99.20) and the minimum number flower per plantwas noticed in genotype ITV RT 03 (63.76) followed by ITVRTO 1 (65.03) and IIV RT0 4 (70-73).The maximum fruit set (%) was \ observed in genotypes ITV RT0 17 (62.63) followed by ITVRT0 13(53.33) and ITVRT0 16 (51.03) and the minimum fruits set (%) was observed in genotypes ITV RTO 12 (20.83) followed by IIVRTO 11 (27.46) and IIVRTO 10 (28.93). The maximum leaf curl incidence was noticed in genotypes ITV RT0- 17 (11.28%) followed by ITV RT0-16 (14.20%) and ITVRT0 7 (40- 20) whereas leaf curl incidence was observed in maximum ITVRTO 12 (54.77) genotypes followed by H 86 (50.48) and ITVRT0 4 (49.67). The minimum leaf curd intensity was showed in genotypes ITV RT 0 17 (6.86) followed ArkaVikas (9.43) where as maximum leaf curd intensity was found in genotype ITV RTO 12(54.47) followed by H 86 (46.86) and ITV RT0 4 (43.87). The maximum no of leaf fruits per plant, was noted in genotypes ITV RTO 17 (45.03) followed by ITV RTO 13 (42.93) and IIVRT08 SINGH AND PRASHAD, Variability Patern in Agromorphological Characters in Tomato Genotypes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) 759

Table2. Mean performance of different genotypes various character in Tomato genotypes. In the direct and indirect contributions of component traits towards fruit yield, selection on the basis of horticultural traits viz., number of fruits per plant, and average fruit weight would be paying preposition in the genotypes included in the study.

Table1, Estimation of better parent heterosis and standard heterosis for 9 characters in sunflower

Table2. Heterosis for top three hybrids for different characters in sunflower cent (CMS 234A xRHA 43-5). Among all hybrids only one hybrid CMS 234A xRHA 43-5 recorded significant positive heterosis over mid parent, where as none of the hybrids superior compared to the best commercial checks. Similar results were reported by several workers viz., Naresh, et al., 1996, Gill and Punia, 1996 and Alone, etal., 2003. Most of the hybrids recorded positive heterosis over mid parent indicating non- additive gene action for oil yield. None of the hybrids recorded significant positive standard heterosis.

Tablel. Effect of grafting time and environment on the graft success of G uava (Psidium guajava) under wedge grafting The minimum days was taken to graft sprouting in 15" April under controlled environment, where as the maximum per cent graft sprouting was recorded 15" February grafting under controlled environment and minimum per cent graft sprouting was recorded in 15" January under natural environment. The maximum per cent graft survival was recorded 15" February grafting under controlled environment while minimum per cent graft survival was noted in 15" January grafting under natural environment. Percent graft mortality was minimum in 15" March under open field.

NS - Non significant ‘able2. Economic analysis of pigeonpea genotypes as influenced by planting geometry

NS - Non significant Table1. Seed yield, Husk yield and Availability of Nitrogen in pigeonpea genotypes as influenced by planting geometry

*, ** significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively Table1. Analysis of variance for combining ability for different characters in rice.

*, ** significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively fable2. Estimation of general combining ability effects of parents for different characters in rice.

* ** significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively Table3. Estimation of SCA effects for various characters in rice under coastal saline soil.

* Average of the three replications. ** Figures in parenthesis are angular valu Table3. Effect of different systemic and non-systemic fungicides on the incidence of wilt of brinjal

* Average of the three replications. ** Figures in parenthesis are angular values. Table2. Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporium by after 7 day of incubation at 25+1°c

blel. Fungicides used to test their efficacy against Fusarium oxysporium in vitro and pot conditions The treated seeds were planted in pots sterilized soil. Untreated inoculated seeds served as control. Each treatment was replicated thrice. After seven day and twenty days of incubation in green house the observation was recorded for seed germination. Pre and post emergence mortality and percent disease control calculated.

First spray was given at 20 days after transplanting (DAT) and remaining 3 sprays were given at 20 days interval between two successive sprays. Observations on per cent disease incidence, leaf curl index thrips and mites and population were taken 10 days after each spray. Scoring Leaf curling forindividual plants of each treatment were rated using the following scale (Niles, 1980).

{ANYAM AND BYADGI, Status of Chilli Murda Disease in Northern Karnataka and Its Management

Values in parenthesis are angular transformed values DAT- Days after transplanting Table2. Effect of chemicals against the incidence of chili murda disease in the field

Note : AP- Aphids, TH-Thrips, M-Mites, WF- Whitefly

Values in parenthesis are [x4 0,5 transformed values. DAT- Days after transplanting Table3: Effect of chemicals against thrips and mites population in the field

* Figures in the parentheses indicate arc sine transformed values Table2. Influence of fungicides on plant height, 100 grain weight and shelling percentage

* Figures in the parentheses indicate arc sine transformed values Table1. Field efficacy of fungicides for the management of maydis leaf blight Table1. Field efficacy of fungicides for the management of maydis leaf blight RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tablela. Field efficacy of fungicides on avoidable loss, yield and disease control

Advances in molecular biology have laid the foundation forisolation of valuable genes and their transfer to target plants through noveltransgenic approach. Chitinases, 8-1, 3- glucanases and proteases are the best studied antifungal proteins. Chitinase encoding genes are being used to improve plant defence against fungal pathogens. These enzymes arecapable of degrading 4-N-acetyl- Dglucosamine,the main cell wall component of most phytopathogenic fungi,showing strong inhibitory activity in vitro on spore germination and Conidiospores of 8 days old culture of T. viride were used for mutagenesis. Spore suspension of T. viride was treated with Ethyl methyl sulphonate (EMS) and Hydroxylamine (HA) @ 50 il/ml, 100 il/ml, 150il/ml, 200il/ml incubate at 28°C in orbital shaker for 30 minutes.Then keptin centrifuge machine at 5000 rpm to remove the chemical traces,centrifuge it for three times and then washed with distilled water.Suspension was spread on to the surface PDA medium and incubated at 28 °C for 72 hrs.Same procedure was done for 45 minutes and 60 minutes. In each treatment maintained three replications. A fter incubation colonies were transferred on fresh PDA medium and grown up to six generations to check the stability of Tichoderma viride mutants.

SURYAWANSHI et al., Enhancement of Chitinase Enzyme Producing Ability of Trichoderma viride

Table 1. Chitinase enzyme units in Trichoderma viride mother culture and mutants. fable 1. Chitinase enzyme units in Trichoderma viride mother culture and mutants.

* Figures in parenthesis are square root transformed values

Chitinase assay of Trichoderma viride mutants revealed statistically significance in respect to enzyme units (Table la). All the Trichoderma viride mutants possesses chitinase enzyme units while highest has existed in TV ME 4ci.e. 0.63 units which was at par with TV ME 4b, TVME 3cand TVMH Aa i.e. 0.62, 0.62 and 0.61 enzyme units respectively, followed by TVME 3a, TVMH 4c, TVMH 4bi.e. 0.59, 0.58, 0.57. The lowest chitinase enzyme units were estimated in TV ME 1ci.e. 0.29 enzyme units/mg of protein.

Per cent growth inhibition of Fusarium solani by T. iride mother culture and mutants is given as follow: ble2. Efficacy of Trichoderma viride mother culture and mutants againstF usarium solani (per cent growth inhibition) at 7 DAI

* Figures in parentheses are arc sin transformed values Table2a. Efficacy of Trichoderma viride mutants against Fusarium solani (per cent growth inhibition) at 7 DAI

Figure in parenthesis () are angular transformed value Table2. Evaluation of the Bio-efficacy of fungicides as potato tuber treatment against Black Scurf disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. LITERATURE CITED Previous studies indicate that use of disease free seed combined with seed treatment with the systemic fungicides such as, benomyl, thiabendazole, corboxin, or soil treatment of benomyl or PCNB can effectively reduce the disease inoculum (Hooker, 1986; singh, 1995).

Table 2. Growth inhibition of F. solani by different fungal antagonists after seven days of incubation at 30°C

Table 1. Different fungal antagonists and their respective collection places Perusal of data revealed that all the isolates showed impressive results. All the isolates inhibited above 60 % growth of the test fungus. Among all antagonists Trichoderma viride- II (96.21%) gave highest inhibition with typical clear zone. This was followed by T. harzianum- II (90.58 %). The T. harzianum- I was also found better with 85.00 per cent inhibition of pathogen followed by T. viride- I with 72.84 per cent inhibition. Minimum inhibition of test fungus was observed in presence of Aspergillus niger (60.44 %). Aspergillus niger elicited moderate antagonism. The results obtained in present investigation confirmed the findings of Dayaram, etal., 2004, Singh and Verma, 2005 and Hukama, 2010. They reported that T. viride showed strong antagonistic activity toward F. solani under in vitro study.

Table 2. Incidence of bacteria from G anga water 12(12.50%). Total incidence of E.coli 18(18.75%) (Table 2 and Fig. no. 2&3). Sousa and Souza, 2001, conducted a bacteriological study on water from Congonhas River, Sertaneja (22°58’ S; 50°58’ W), Parana State, Brazil. In the water, the bacterial groups detected were Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillus and Flavobacterium, from which Flavobacterium and Acinetobacter were the most abundant. Vagarali, et. al., 2011, also studied on total of 30 drinking water samples. Out of 30 samples 10(33.33%) were contaminated with either one or more than one type of organisms, results of most probable no test (MPN) showed 4(13.33%) were unsatisfactory. Pseudomonas was the common cause of contamination about 6(20%) while SINGH et al., Bacterial Surveillance Associated with Water from River Ganga

Table 1. Microbial load in water sample In the study the population of bacteria in Ganga river from three different city viz, Kanpur, Allahabad and Varanasi. Highest Bacterial population was found in water sample from Kanpur (Downstream 5.3 x 10° cfu/ml) while least bacterial population was found in Varanasi (Upstream 3.62 x 10° cfu/ ml) However the results when analyzed statistically were found to be non significant [P>0.05].(see Table no.1 and Fig no.1) Baghel, etal. 2005, collect water samples from 21 different sites moving downstream from the glacier, which is the source of river Ganges, during winter, summer and monsoon seasons taken for the analysis of total viable count, Total viable counts were found in the range of 2 x 10? to 40 x 10? ml" in winter, 7 x 10? to 40 x 10? ml in summer and 2 x 10? to 40 x 10? ml in monsoon. Sousa and Souza, 2001, conducted a bacteriological study of water from Congonhas River, Sertaneja (22°58’ S; 50°58’ W), Parana State, Brazil. The numbers of cfu/ml of water varied from 3.1 x 10? to 1.0.x 10°.

* Growth difference between control and treatment expressed in optical density (O. D. ) Indicates Bacterial Activity. Table, Effect of Scent Components on bacterial growth: Hydrocarbons: Undecane, the hydrocarbon compound from the metathoracic scent glands of C oridius janus (Srinivasulu and Janaiah, 2012) was in effective against Bacillus mycoids, while it was mild toxicity on Rhodococcus sps. n-dodecane from the abdominal scent glands of C. purpureus (Janaiah, 1978) was mild toxicity on both Rhodococcus sps. and B. mycoids. n-tridecane reported from the abdominal scent glands of C. purpureus(janaiah, et al., 1988) and Halys dentatus(Srinivasulu et al., 1996) had mild bactericidal effect on Bacillus mycoids and while it was high toxic on Rhodococcus sps. n-tetradecane, the scent secretions of the heteropteran bug Caura rufiventris (Prestwitch, 1976) showed no effect on Rhodococcus sps. while B. mycoids was inhibited only to a limited extent. Pentadecane present in the scent secretion of metathoracic glands of female Chlorochroa bug (Hsao-Young Ho and Jocelyn, 2001) caused the growth inhibition of both the bacteria understudy. n-hexane a scent component from the metathoracic scent glands of coreoid bugs, stimulate the growth of both bacteria of Rhodococcus sps. and B. mycoids.

Table2. Effect of different farming methods on soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes at different growth stages of maize S P: Subash Palekar Absolute control: without NPK fertilizers and FY M DAS: Days after sowing

Table1. Effect of different farming methods on yield attributes, grain and stover yield of maize. Absolute control: without NPK fertilizer and FY M

Means followed by the same lower case letter/s in a column do not differ significantly by DMRT (P= 0.05), DAS-Days after sowing

Means followed by the same lower case letter/s in a column do not differ significantly by DMRT (P= 0.05), DAS-Days after sowing. Table 2. Green forage and dry matter yield of oat genotypes as influenced by nitrogen level and cutting interval.

‘able3. Effect of different organic manures on growth and yield of Garlic (Allium sativum) under teak based agroforestry

able 2. Effect of different organic manures on growth and yield of Garlic (Allium sativum) under open conditions

Table 1. Details of treatment combinations: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

LITERATURE CITED The results showed that the natural enemies population were highest recorded in normal and late planting in comparison to very late planting. SINGH et al., Effect of Planting Dates on Incidence of Insect-pests and Their Predators in Rice Field Spiders, damselflies, dragonflies and ground beetle were maximum population observed in normal planting with 4.00 and 3.50, 1.50 and 1.25, 0.75 and 1.00, 1.75 and 1.50 in perfive sweeps, respectively, both experimental years at vegetative stage followed by late planting.

five seedling with the help of a scale in cm after 10 days of incubation), Plumule radicle length ratio (The ratio was obtained by dividing the length of plumule by length of radicle from each marked seedling on which earlier plumule and radicle lengths were taken on 10" day) and Dry matter weight (All the tagged seedling of each genotypes were pooled across replication in a butter paper bag and dried in the hot air plant dryer at 70 +5°C for 24-27 hours and then weight was recorded in grams). KUMAR, et al., Effect of Salinity on Germination and Early Seedling Growth Stages of Urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) Germination and early seedling evaluation:

()=Figures in parentheses are square root transformed value, DAS= Days after spraying, NS=Non significant *Mean based of 2 observations, ** Mean based of 3 observations, *** Mean based of 6 observations, * Mean based of 18 observations

Table:2 Effect of insecticides treatment on population of natural enemies of cotton Aphid (Pooled of two year ) ()=Figures in parentheses are Arcsine-transformed value, DAS= Days after spraying, NS=Non significant , *Mean based of 2 observations, ? Mean based of 6 observations

Table: 3 Seed cotton yield and economics of different insecticides treatment (Pooled of two year ) LITERATURE CITED

Table1. Influence of different hosts on biological parameters of M. boninensis (in days) standard laboratory host, the eggs of rice moth. The aphids were collected from the field of Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India from different crops viz; cowpea, cotton, sorghum. The crops sown plots were maintained untreated and the aphids were collected daily from those plots with the help of camel hair brush in plastic vials which were further utilized for feeding. The larvae and pupae of Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura and Earias vitella were collected from bio control laboratory of Central Institute of Cotton Research (CICR), Nagpur. These larvae and pupae were reared in the laboratory to obtain F1 progeny, neonates thus obtained were utilized for feeding. boninensis was significant when fed with various hosts and eggs of C. cephalonica was found to be superior overall the treatments. The total larval period, pupal period when larvae fed with neonate of S. litura was 15.60, 13.57 days, neonate of E. vitella, 16.39, 14.91 days and neonate of H. armigera, 16.95, 12.32 days respectively. Mani and Krishnamoorthy, 1989 and Ramkumar, et al., 2005 who reported 9 to 10, 9.25 and 10.79 days of larval period, 8.5 to 9.5, 8.35 +0.68, 5.63 days of pupal period, respectively. Kabissa, et al., 1995 reported that the total larval and pupal period of M. desjardinsi on nymphs of Aphis gossypii was 14.98, 14.75 days). Elsidding, et al., 2006 reported that the total larval, pupal period of M. boninensis to the extent of 8.0 +0.09; 9.0 +0.16 days when reared on eggs of C. cephalonica. Nehare, et al., 2004 reported that the total

larval, pupal period of M. boninensis was 11.13, 12.00 and 8.55; 10.46, 10.63 and 10.73 days on Aphis gossypii and A. craccivora and inactivated eggs of C. cephalonica, respectively at 26 + 2p C temperature and 65 + 5 per cent relative humidity. Sirimachan, et al., 2005 reported the pupal period of M. boninensis was observed to be 9.12 +1.13 days when fed on A. craccivora at 25 +2p C temperature and 75 + 5 percent relative humidity. le2. Influence of different prey hosts on fecundity of M. boninensis (eggs/female) NAGAMALLIKADEVI et al., Biology of Mallada boninensis (Okamoto) [Chrysopidae: Neuroptera]

Table2. AST by agar cup method on MHA plate of bark hot and cold crude extract In order to determine the exact concentration of the extracts that inhibits the growth of the test cultures, a 96 well Microtitre plate assay was performed using serial two-fold dilutions of extracts. The results are as follows.

Table 3. (MIC) and (MBC) of the crude extracts by Microdilution method

Table6. Results of HPTLC and bioautography of acetone and methanol fraction of bark extracts obtained on fractionation

able5. Results of photochemical tests of bark acetone and methanolic fraction obtained on fractionation, by tube method. Table4. Resultsof AST of bark after fractionation

able7. Consolidated results of Phytochemical analysis on basis of HPTLC and Bioautography Isolation of the Bioactive component

Table9, Presenting percentage of C,H, N,S and O. FTIR Analysis: To know the possible functional group present in the compound, FTIR analysis was carried out in SAIF, IIT Bombay with the help of FTIR analyzer MANGA 550. The result revealed that the unknown compound may be ‘aromatic’ in nature, probably contained ‘amino’ and ‘chloro’ group.

Note: Prevailing price of Bt cotton in the market Rs. 2,700 pe quintal DAS - Days after sowing NS - Non significant ble2. Economics (Rs. ha") of Bt cotton as influenced by nutrient management practices fable2. Economics (Rs. ha‘) of Bt cotton as influenced by nutrient management practices

Fig. 1). Among sub-plot treatments, significantly higher seed cotton yield per hectare was recorded in 150 % RDF (2295.78 kg ha™) which was followed by RDF + seed treatment with Azospirillum @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg per ha (2152.42 kg ha‘). RDF + seed treatment with Azospirillum @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg per ha was on par with RDF + seed treatment with Azotobacter @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg per ha (2117.33 kg ha‘), RDF + seed treatment with Phosphobacteria @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg perha(2116.90 kg ha?) and 125 % RDF (2087.22 kg ha 1), Significantly lower seed cotton yield per hectare was recorded in 100 % RDF (1879.00 kg ha"). The present results are conformity with findings of Gidnavar, et. al.,1992; Biradar,

DAS - Days after sowing NS - Non significant Table 1. Seed cotton yield (kg ha) and Uptake of NPK (kg ha") of Bt cotton as influenced by nutrient management practice

Table1. Efficacy of various insecticides against rice stem borer during kharif, 2011. More than hundred insect species have been reported To assess the field efficiency of newer insecticides against yellow stem borer, Scerpophaga incertulus an experiments was executed under randomized block design (RBD) with three replication and eight treatment with each plot size measuring 5 x 3.9 sqm. during Kharif, 2011 and 2012 at Crop Research Station, Masodha of N.D.U.A.T., Faizabad.

Table2. Efficacy of various insecticides against rice stem borer during kharif, 2012. Cartap hydrochloride 75 SG (375 g a.i./ ha) and Fipronil 5 SC (75 ga.i,/ ha). Sahithi and Mishra, 2006; Lal, 2006 and Singh, et al., 2010 have also reported that Cartap hydrochloride 4G was most effective insecticide to check the stem borer infestation. Panda, etal., 2004 also reported Fipronil 5 SC @ 750 ga.i//ha as effective insecticide to check the stem borer incidence. The 25 days old seedling of improved Pb 1 rice variety was transplanted on II" fortnight of July in both experimental years. All the agronomical practices were adopted to raised a good crop.

Table 1. Experimental designs for the study. Measurement of working parameters

Table2. Characterstics of wastes at different stages of in- vivo treatment.

Table3. Physiochemical properties of bioremediated distillery effluent using fungal strains of Aspergillus niger and Curvularia andropogonis (and effect of carbon source). 3.3. Effect on COD (Chemical oxygen demand) maximum reduction in COD was observed in CWOG (Curvularia andropogonis without glucose) where as A. niger show very good reduction with and without glucose (seen in AWG and AWOG) shown in fig. 3. Similar results was observed by Pant, and Adholeya, 2010 they observe 65% reduction a novel fungal consortium and the results were also supported by the studies performed by Ohmomo, et al., 1987; Miranda, et al., 1996; Jimnez, etal., 2003) which shows 70-90% reduction in COD by using different fungul strains. The process of bioremediation is generally understood with higher percentage of reduction accompanied with COD. These values were noted in control as well as for samples of distillery effluent inoculated with two different fungus species namely Aspergillus niger, and Curvularia andropogonis. Significant reduction in COD values were noted i.e. 86.54, 74.36, 44.38 and 88.25% inAWG, AWOG, CWG and CWOG respectively. So accordiang to the data shown in table 3 SHARMA et al., Bioremediation and Decolorization of Distillery Effluent by Aspergillus niger and A Novel Fungal Strain

Table 2. Population structure of Bacterivore and Fungivore nematodes in mango orchards of district Dehradun

Table 1. Soil Parameters of Mango orchards in district Dehradun total number of the samples collected. Relative density (RD %) is the Mean density of the genus X 100/sum of mean density of all nematode genera. Identification of Nematode genera:

Table 4, Community relationship between Bacterivore and nematodes [M ean + SD (range).]

Table3. Summary of Bacterivore and Fungivore Nematode diversity indices in Mango orchards of Dehradun district RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table2. The fat percentage in C ontrol and Experimental Chhana

Table1. The moisture percentage in Control and Experimental Chhana

*Table "t" value at 5% level 2.262. Table5. Per cent moisture, fat and yield and fat loss in whey during filled chhana preparation:

Table 6: Sensory score of chhana * Average of 10 replications. t- Value (table) at 5% level is 2.262.

fable 4. Show the fat losses of C ontrol and Experimental Chhana whey

Table3. Show the yield in percentage of Control and Experimental C hhana:

quantitative traits clearly suggests the richness of variability in existing collection and scope of improvement over existing checks. check varieties during Kharif 99 . Whereas, during Zaid 99, the character days to maturity where the minimum days (77.00) was observed in ShU 9622 which was significantly earlier than the earliest check (Type 9 (80.67 days)). This was a collection from village Arva in Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh. For the characters pods per plant and the seeds per pod, the upper limit of the range was 68.0 and 7.33, respectively. In Zaid 99, for seed yield per hectare, the high yielding genotypes like ShU 9511, ShU 9632, ShU 9532 and ShU 9503 with yields, 2375 kg, 2250 kg, 2200 kg and 2115.20 kg, respectively were indicative of the facts that higher yielding germplasm are still available and there is ample scope of land race improvement. Similarly, in Kharif 99, forthe character seed yield per hectares, the high yielding genotypes were ShU 9511, ShU 9536, ShU 9525 and ShU 9503 with yields 1756.94 kg, 1580.55kg, 1395.82kg and 1309.02 kg respectively. Further testing of such genotypes in wide areas will be needed. The evaluation data for Table1. Passport data of collected/acquired urdbean accessions

Table2. Phenotypic correlation between seed yield and its components in urdbean germplasm in preliminary yield trial Zaid 99. * ** Significant at 5% and 1% level, respectively.

Table3. Phenotypic correlation between seed yield and its components in urdbean germplasm in preliminary yield trial Kharif 99.

Figure given in parenthesis are transformed value ble3. Effect of fungicides on disease intensity of cercospora leaf spot of mungbean under green house condition

Figure given in parenthesis are transformed value Table2. Effect of fungicides against C. canescens on per cent mycelial inhibition in vitro at 21 days after incubation

each other, however Copper oxychloride, Topsin-M, Mancozeb and Thiram were statistically differed to each other (Table 1). fable1. Effect of fungicides against C. canescens on mycelial growth in vitro at 21 daysafter incubation

Table1. Total spikelets and unfilled spikelets (panicle’) in rice genotypes as influenced by moisture stress at harvest exhibited greater spikelet sterility due to moisture stress at flowering. Total number of grains per panicle was drastically reduced when drought stress occurred at flowering this reflected the reduced crop growth. Limitations of assimilate supply particularly during reproductive stage affected spikelet number per panicle and filled spikelets percentage. Reduction in leaf water potential at anthesis caused poor panicle exertion and this might be the reason for less number of grains due to pollination abnormalities. the genotypesi.e. 0.120 to 0.241 gm?(Table3). Such genotypic differences for grain yield under aerobic condition were reported by (Nieuwenhuis, et al., 2002 and Bouman, et al., 2002). NLR 3010 recorded highest grain yield of 240.9 gm? compared to other genotypes followed by NLR 40059 (0.234 g m?) NLR 33671 (0.232 gm?) NLR 34242 (0.232 gm*), MTU 1010 and NLR 145 recorded moderate seed yields of 0.185 and 0.183 g m* respectively. Lowest seed yield recorded in NLR 30491 (0.120 g m?), NLR 40058 (0.121g m7), and NLR 40054 (0.165 kg.m?) NLR 40070 (0.160 gm), NLR 40064 (0.183 gm?) shows moderately (Fig. 4.15). The genotype NLR 3010 recorded highest straw yield (0.314 gm") followed by NLR 40059 (0.320 gm"), NLR 34242 and NLR 33671 on par. The genotype MTU 1010 recorded (0.295 gm") fallowed by NLR 145 (0.310 gm"). Under aerobic system of rice production most of the genotypes evaluated have produced straw yield to a range of (0.300 to 0.380 gm) only which denotes the straw yield was not much affected compared to other yield parameters yield in both pot and field study (Table 3).

Table2. Spikelet sterility (% ) in rice genotypes under aerobic condition

Table1. Details of the top ten lines with high Iron and Zinc concentration

‘able2. Phenotypic values of the grain traits in mapping population ple2. Phenotypic values of the grain traits in mapping population Statistical analysis for Grain quality traits: Average, mean and range for the phenotypic values were calculated using Standard Excel program of Microsoft Office. Correlation between character pairs were computed at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 in Microsoft Excel using trait averages. Correlation coefficients were determined for iron and zinc concentration and grain weight and dimensions for each BC,F, line. Significance of correlation coefficients (r) at P =0.05 or 0.01 is indicated by * or **, respectively.

e3. Pair wise correlation among grain traits, iron and zinc concentration in BC ,F population derived from a cross between an indica rice cultivar Samba M ahsuri and the wild relative Oryza rufipogon

Values on wet weight basis; Note: * spoiled product; Parenthesis values indicates standard deviation, n=3. Stored at refrigerated temperature (6 + 2°C ) during summer season

fable6. Effects of varying temperature on sensory attributes of the smoked Mackerel

Table4. Effects of varying brine concentration on sensory attributes of the Smoked Equipment:

Table5. Effects of varying brine concentration on sensory attributes of the Smoked Phenol:

able8. Effects of varying time on sensory attributes of the smoked Mackerel

able9. Effects of varying time on sensory attributes of the smoked Pink perch le9, Effects of varying time on sensory attributes of the smoked Pink perch

Table7. Effects of varying temperature on sensory attributes of the smoked Pink perch

able 10. Estimation of varying salt up take in saturated brine with different time (min) of dip treatment at a reference temperature of 70°C along with different smoking hours for mackerel

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TRENDS IN BIOSCIENCES JOURNAL 6-5 OCTOBER 2013 ISSUE

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Induced Viable Mutation Studies in M2 Generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 526 R. Sellammal and M. Maheswaran 9. Effect of Allwin Top and Allwin Wonder on Growth, Yield and Quality of Cardamom 529 (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) P.... more

however, the bees appeared excited, briefly left the feeding table in a hectic flight, alighted on it again, flew up and landed on nearby blades of grass or sticks, and finally left in the direction of the nest. On their return flight they again landed on leaves or sticks at intervals of 1- 2 m. About 8 m before reaching the nest they usually turned around and flew back to the food. Occasionally, a forager also entered the nest, presumably to alert and recruit nestmates. The hectic behavior displayed by the foragers is clearly connected with the deposition of scent marks that are subsequently used by the recruits to find the food: When the nest and feeder were placed

Chemical Structures of Trail Pheromone Compounds: on the opposite sides of a small lake, denying the bees any solid substrate for the deposition of pheromones, no newly recruited bees found the food resource (Lindauer and Kerr, 1960). Recruitment took place, however, when the foragers were provided with a substrate in the form ofa rope decorated with twigs and leaves tightened over the water surface, where they could land and deposit pheromone marks on their way back to the nest.

Relative water content (RWC) was more or less same in normal condition but it significantly reduced under drought stress condition (Fig.1). SarjooS2showed 28.57% reduction while N22 11.11%. Drought stress reduced cellular water content high in susceptible varieties whereas tolerant ones accumulate compitableosmolytes in cells and create osmotic pressure for absorption of water from less negative water potential to more negative potential (Wang et al, 2010). Relative water conent is considered as a measure of plant water status that reflecting the metabolic activity of plant tissues. It is usually uses as one of the most meaningful idexes for dehydration tolerance in wide variety of plant.

‘ig. 5. Effect of drought stress on grain yield plant'(g) in rice. The Sarjoo52 showed high grain yield (21.5 g) under normal condition but it also showed high reduction (47.4%) under stress condition (fig.5). Grain yield is governed by multigenic factors. The drought tolerance rice variety adapted various metabolic mechanisms under stress condition and showed persistency in yield stability over susceptible ones. Drought stress significantly reduced the RWC, total Chlorophyll and yield in rice varieties. Tolerant rice variety N22 had high water potential due accumulation of proline and other osmolytes, high catalase activity under drought stress condition. Consequently it showed less reduction in chlorophyll and yield in comparison to Sarjoo52.

KUMAR et al., Characterization of Drought Tolerance Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Drought stress significantly increased the proline content irrespective of rice varieties (fig.4). The high proline content was recorded in N22 (20 %) than Sarjoo52 (7 %) at the termination of drought. Water stress induces the synthesis of proline in the plant. It acts as aosmolytes and create osmotic pressure in the plant cells for absorption of water. Accumulation of proline depends on the intensity and duration of drought stress and it acts as drought stress indicator (Cha-Um, et al., 2010).

Fig. 1. Fruits, leaves and spines of Flacourtia jangomas Flacourtia jangomas(Lour.)Raeusch commonly known as Coffee plum, belongs to family Flacourtiaceae is very important fruit crop of Gorakhpur region and indigenous to North-Eastern Terai region of U.P.,Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra, Bengal and Orissa and some parts of South India. They are tropical rain forest trees. The crop has not gained popularity among the farmers due to lack of awareness of its cultivation, nutritional value and standard methods to make processed products. This is a multipurpose useful plant having both the nutritional and medicinal properties so its cultivation should be encouraged. The leaves and young shoots, which taste like rhubarb, are astringent and stomachic. The fruits are eaten to overcome biliousness nausea and diarrhoea. Powered dried leaves are employed to relieve bronchitis and coughs. The leaves and bark are applied on bleeding gums and aching teeth. Pulverized roots are poultice on sores and skin eruptions and held in the mouth to soothe toothache. The biomolecules present in it are 4-carotene, anthocyanin, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenolic compoundswhich proves its good antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity.(Shown in Fig. 1.)

able 1. Determination of salt tolerance and phosphate solubilization in Pseudomonas isolates from wheat rhizosphere (Table 1). For phosphate solubilization the culture of each isolate was spot inoculated on Pikovskaya’s agar medium (Pikovskaya 1948) and incubated at 28 °C up to 5 days. Phosphate solubilization activity was determined by development of clearing zone around bacterial colony (Wahyudi et al., 2011). study, a total 22 Pseudomonas isolates were have obtained from the rhizosphere of wheat. The isolates were characterized on the basis of physiological, biochemical, morphological features. Isolates of Pseudomonas species from rhizosphere of different crops were widely studied by Valverde et al., 2003, Ahmad, et al., 2008. Rawat and Abrar, 2011,

*Mean of four replications #Maximum toxicity index = 400.0 1. Carbendazim 50 wp + Mancozeb 75 wp A=500, 2. Iprodine 25 wp + Carbendazim 25 wp B=1000, 3. Cymoxanil 8 wp + Mancozeb 64 wp C=1500, 4. Carbendazim 12 wp + Mancozeb 63 wp (Saff) D=2000, 5. Carbendazim 50 wp + Thiram 75 wp, 6. Carbendazim 50 wp + Chlorothalonil 75 wp, 7. Control

I. Carbendazim 50 wp + Mancozeb 75 wp, 2. Iprodine 25 wp + Carbendazim 25 wp, 3. Cymoxanil 8 wp + Mancozeb 64 wp, 4. Carbendazim 12 wp + Mancozeb 63 wp (Saff), 5. Carbendazim 50 wp + Thiram 75 wp, 6. Carbendazim 50 wp + Chlorothalonil 75 wp, 7. Control Result revealed the systemic fungicides carbendazim to be the most effective in inhibiting growth of the test fungus even at lowest concentration (500 ppm) and lowest active ingredient.These result are in line with finding of Sugha et al. (1995), who found carbendazim (50 WP and 25 SD) and thiram either alone or in combination as highly effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri in vitro.

YADAV AND ANADANI, Antagonistic Effect of Fungal Bioagents Against Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Ciceri in vitro |. Trichoderma harzianum -I, 2. T. harzianum -Il, 3 T. hamatum, 1. T. koningii, 5. T. viride, 6 Check (Control)

1. Trichoderma harzianum -I, 2. T. harzianum -I, 3 T: hamatum, 4. T. koningii, 5. T. viride, 6 Check (Control)

The relative efficacy of seven different non-systemic insecticides were tested at their 250, 500, 1500 and 2000 ppm concentrations to inhibit growth of Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. ciceri was evaluated, using poisoned food technique. The observations regarding per cent inhibition of linear growth are presented in Table 1, Fig. 1. Data presented (Table 1)

Fig.l. Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri on PDA supplemented with non-systemic insecticides.

‘ig. 1. Proximate composition of soybean genotypes used in preparation for tofu Figure | shows the proximate biochemical composition of different soybean varieties. The moisture contents of different soybean varieties were between 3.9 % to 10.0%. On a dry weight basis, the protein content of different varieties ranged from 31- to 36%. There was no clear relationship between tofu yield and soybean protein content; however, the firmness of tofu prepared from these varieties decreased as the protein content of the soybean decreased. These results are in general agreement with other findings, wherein it has been reported that soybean varieties high in protein content produced tofu with high yield and firmer texture (Shen, et al., 1991).

Fig. 2. Effect of coagulants on physic-chemical parameters of discharge tofu whey The pH of the whey was found to affect with increases in coagulant concentrations with soybean genotypes. The change was slower after most of the protein bodies had coagulated. The pH of tofu whey was not dependent on the

TIGGA AND TANDEKAR, Genetic Divergence for Yeild and Quality Components in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) 55 Fig. 1. Diagrammatic presentation of intra and inter cluster distances in cowpea

Developed method for the production of cham-cham from buffalo milk

HEMALATHA AND CHELLAMUTHU, An Improved Way to Optimize Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements of Sugarcane

Fig. 2. Effect of Dimethoate on ACP in the liver of zebrafish Fig. 1. Effect of Dimethoate on ACP in the gill of zebrafish

ANSARI AND ANSARI, Effect of Dimethoate on the Activities of Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases

Fig. 3. Effect of Dimethoate on ALP in the gill of zebrafish

Fig. 4. Effect of Dimethoate on ALP in the liver of zebrafish

Fig. 1. Ova diameter frequency polygon in Nemipterus japonicus

2. Size at first maturity of Nemipterus japonicus using cumulative frequency method

(Fig 3). The GS.I values ranged between 0.32 and 0.93 in case of male. The lowest GS.I, value was recorded in April while the highest was in October. The GS.I. values gradually decreased from November, 2009 to February, 2010. In case of female, the GS.I. values fluctuated between 2.32 and 4.48. The lowest GS.I. value was in January, while the highest was recorded in the month of October. The GS.I. values gradually decreased from November onwards up to February, again increased in March April. Zacharia and Nataraj, 2003 estimated that the GSI values during different months for N. mesoprion and reported that it increased from August and attained a peak in October — November and decreased in February indicating September — December as the main spawning period.

‘ig. 1. Influence of different weather factors on the population of lady bird beetle (Pooled) PATEL et al., Population Dynamics of Coccinella septumpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellideae) in Cotton Ecosystem

Y=0.814 -0.870X, +1.063X, +0.241X, -0.032X, +0.209X, - 1.340X, +0.007X,-0.554X, (R2=0.795)

Although correlations are very useful in determining components of population of LBB but they do not provide complete understanding of relative importance of direct association of the component character/ factors towards the low pest population. In such situation whereas more variable are included in correlations studies, the indirect association becomes complex. The path coefficient analysis has been useful in finding out the direct and indirect causes of association of specific force acting to produce a given correlation coefficient. The observations revealed that minimum temperature had positive and high direct effect (1.6592) followed by morning relative humidity (0.1972), rainfall (0.1535), sunshine hours (0.1519) and evening relative humidity (0.016) respectively. Path coefficient effect revealed that the positive indirect effect of high magnitude of minimum temperature was obtained via rainfall (0.0854), sunshine hours (0.0514) and evening relative humidity (0.0006) respectively. The positive indirect effect of morning relative humidity was recorded via wind velocity (0.1308), rainfall (0.0414), sunshine hours (0.0177), evening relative humidity (0.0008) and maximum

ig. 1. Growth (mm) of Chrysosporiumsp. on five different media after seven days.

‘ig. 3. Growth (mm) of non-keratinophilus fungi on five different mediaafter seven days. GUPTA et al., Effects of Different Culture Media on Colony Growth of Keratinophilic and Non-keratinophilic Fungi

A dose-response relationship was found in the DPPH radical scavenging activity. The activity increased with an increase in the concentration (from 4 to 20 mg/ ml) of each individual leaf extract.M. koenigii had free radical scavenging activity ranging from 27.31% to 80.54%, 7) foenum-graecum from 23.64% to 72.39%, S. oleracea from 18.42% to 68.18% and A. cepafrom 3.12% to 18.23%. ig 1. Free radicle scavenging activity of varying concentrations of leaf extracts

g. 2. Relation between probit of mortality of Channa punctatus at 48h and dose of mercuric chloride ig. 1. Relation between probit of mortality of Channa punctatus at 24h and dose of mercuric chloride

3. Relation between probit of mortality of Channc punctatus at 72h and dose of mercuric chloride ig. 4. Relation between probit of mortality of Channa punctatus at 96h and dose of mercuric chloride

Fig. 1. Prevalence of E.coli in urine samples Sharma, et al., 2007 in study concluded this fact ofhigher incidence of E.coli at unnatural sites in human intestine which can cause variety of infections including UTI showing 39.5% incidence of E.coli in urine samples. Similarly Gupta, et al., 2001 also reported the higher percentage of E.coli as uropathogens among the other members of Enterobacteriaceae.

Ho, et al., 2000 reported that at an inter disc with of 25mm allows another 20 isolates to be detected giving a sensitivity of 97.9%. They also told that double disk synergy test is most widely used as it is simple and reliable option. In the present study the double disc method was found to be the best method due to its simplicity and ease of interpretation (Ho, et al., 2000). In conclusion, the fairly higher incidence of ESBL producing E.coli being found in urine samples of patients is quiet alarming, as these organisms are being resistance to Extended Spectrum cephalosporins. It is the major threat to the use of many classes of antibiotics particularly cephalosporins. Hence the comparison was done between the different methods according to the sensitivities, specificities, PPV (positive predictive value) and NPV (Negative predictive value) for the detection of Extended Spectrum 4 Lactamases in the above study and was found that double disc method with highest sensitivity value is the

x 1. Habit wise percentage of ethno-medicinal forest genetic resources ANAND et al., Ethno-medicinal Forest Genetic Resources of District Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh

Fig. 1. Growth behaviour of different strain of A. bisporus The present study showed the confirmative results with finding of Mehta (1991) were studies on behaviour growth of different strains of A. bisporus. The six strains of A. bisporus strains S 649, RAL 89 and TM 7 were gradual yielded, strains

Fig. 2. Yield potential of different strain of A. bisporus

Table1. Present areas of Agriculture activities in the field of Nanotechnology

Table 1. Insects used in Indian traditional medicine

Table 2. Number of edible insect species reported in the world Geographically, Ramos-Elorduy (2005) identified the Americas and Africa as recording the highest number of insect species eaten as food. However, when the Pacific countries are combined with Asian countries, the region registers more than 500 insect species consumed for food. It is likely that the total number of species eaten in Asia is considerably higher than this number, as research on the subject appears to have been less rigorous in Asia and the Pacific compared with work conducted and published in Africa and the Americas (Table 3).

Table 3. Number of edible insects per continent and number of consumer countries

Table 4. Protein content of common insects on a dry weight basis Insects represent rich sources of protein for the improvement of human diet, especially for individuals suffering from poor nutrition because of a protein deficit (Table 4). Gram for gram, insects often contain more protein and minerals than meat. In fact, nutritionists represent the leading group of researchers in food insects, motivated by a desire to remedy the problems associated with protein-deficient diets (De- Foliart, 2008).

Table1. Spectrum of viable mutants in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB 33 in both Rathu Heenati and PTB33. It is, therefore, concluded that the chlorophyll mutations do not have any economic value due to their lethal nature, such a study could be useful in identifying the threshold dose of a mutagen that would increase the genetic variability and number of economically useful mutants in for future breeding programmes.

able 2. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency based on viable mutations in M, generation for Rathu Heenati and PTB33 [able2. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency based on viable mutations in M, generation for Rathu Heenati and PTB33 LITERATURE CITED

Table 1. Composition of Aliwin Top and Allwin Wonder

Table. 2. Effect of Aliwin Top and Allwin Wonder on yield of cardamom var. Njallini green gold

Table.1. Effect of Aliwin Top and Allwin Wonder on growth and yield of cardamom var. Njallini green gold

able 1. Nutrient composition of ripe fruits of Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch

Thus ethno biologically, ripe fruits of Flacourtia jangomas are important source of antioxidant and nutrient supplement in the form of carbohydrates, protein, sugar, vitamins and minerals needed for good health of human beings. fable2. Amount of Some secondary metabolites of Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch

Table1. Effect of different combinations of systemic and non-systemic fungicidesagainst Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri it vitro

* Average of four replications, ** Antagonism index, ++++ = Severe antagonism, +++ = Moderate antagonism, ++ = Weak antagonism, —= No antagonism. blel. Per cent growth reduction of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri in vitro and antagonism index by biocontrol agents

*TVC: Total Viable Count; TC: Total Coliform; HB: Heamolytic Bacteria Table1. Bacterial load of gills and skin of fish Channa straitus.

Table 2. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern in 15 bacterial isolates *Average zone of inhibition (including disk diameter 6 mm), - = no inhibition (resistant), + = inhibitory zone between 5-15 mm, ++ = inhibitory zone between 16-25 mm, +++ = inhibitory zone between 26 — 35.

able2. Effect of irrigation schedule, weed and integrated nutrient management on number of stolons, number of tubers and tuber yield of potato crop

fable 1. Effect of irrigation schedule, weed and integrated nutrient management on plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight of shoots plant' at 60 days after planting and CGR at 40-60 DAP of potato crop

Table1. Effect of different of non-systemic insecticides against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri in vitro. revealed that all the non-systemic insecticides were capable of inhibiting the growth of test fungus at different concentration as compared to the control. Among these, profenofos proved to be the most effective in inhibiting the (100%) growth of the test fungus even at lowest concentration (250 ppm) withhighest toxicity index of 400. It was followed by chlorpyriphos (77.81%), endosulfan (71.84 %), spinosad (65.83 %), cypermethrin (64.98 %), novaluron (52.03 %) and indoxacarb (32.30 %) with toxicity index of 311, 287, 262, 259, 208 and 129 respectively.

Table.1. Yield, physicochemical properties and organoleptic characteristics of soymilk prepared from different soybean varieties* *Results are the means of triplicates

*Results are the means of triplicates Table. 2. Optimum coagulating conditions for tofu yield in soybean varieties*

*Results are the means of triplicates e.3. Physico-chemical analysis of Tofu whey prepared by using different coagulants*

fable. 4. Texture analysis of Jofu prepared from different coagulants* *Results are the means of triplicates

able1. Clustering pattern of cowpea genotypes on the basis of Mahalanobis D’ statistics.

PPP = Plant population per plot. PL = Pod length. SD = Seed density SI= Swelling index 100 ble2. Mean performance of different clusters for seed yield and its component traits along with quality characters

Table 3. Contribution of each character to divergence.

able 4. Intra (Bold and diagonal) and Inter cluster distance values in cowpea.

Table1. Effect of weed management on growth, yield attributes of maize.

Table2. Effect of weed management on weed density, weed biomass and weed control efficiency.

able3. Effect of weed management on yield of maize, Maize equivalent yield, Cost of cultivation, Gross return, net return, benefit: cost ratio. LITERATURE CITED middle Gujarat conditions. Indian Journal of Weed science, 38(1 and 2): 54-57.

able 1. Larval population of pod borer, Maruca vitrata or different genotypes of pigeonpea. *square mt values

Table1. Effect of nitrogen levels and different varieties on the incidence leaf folder and stem borer in basmati rice with earlier results (Gill, et al., 1992 and Sarao and Mahal, 2008). RANDHAWA AND AULAKH, Effect of Nitrogen Levels and Varieties on the Incidence of Leaf Folder and Stem Borer

Table1. Effect of different proportions of Maltodextrin and sucrose on the sensory characteristics The variations in the sensory scores were highly significant (Pd’0.01) amongst different proportions studies (Table 2) which might be attributed to the varying degree of sweetness of the drink. Overall acceptability also showed a significant variation among trials, which may be due to experimental errors.

le3. Effect of different stabilizers like CMC, sodium alginate and Isabgol at different concentration on the viscosity of whey based geriatric health drink Sensory scores given by seven trained judges are shown in Table 5. The variation between lowest and highest values were 0.94,2.50,2.66 and 2.01 respectively, for the said sensory characteristics. Comparatively lower sensory scores for colour and appearance in case of Isabgol may be attributes to the presence of fibre content. Statistical analysis was based on the mean values for each sensory characteristic given by seven judges.

*Significant at pd’0.05 ** Significant at pd’0.01

Table 1. Effect of N levels on the available N content of the soil at different crop growth stages DAS= Days after sowing

DAYS = Days after sowing Table 4. Effect of N levels on N content in trash at different crop growth stages

DAYS = Days after sowing Table 3. Effect of N levels on N content in green tops at different crop growth stages

Table 5. Effect of N levels on yield parameters of sugarcane Table 6. Effect of N levels on Juice quality

** Significant at pd”0.01 le 4. Anova for the effect of three different stabilizers like CMC, sodium alginate and Isabgol at three different concentration viz. 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% on the viscosity of whey based geriatric health drink in this investigation. Further, significant variation amongst the levels may be due to increase in functional characteristics with the increase in their level. Compares to CMC and Sodium Alginate, Isabgol showed only marginal variation, hence could be used even in its highest level i.e.0.15%.

e 6. Anova for the effect of three different stabilizers viz. CMC, sodium alginate and Isabgol at three different concentrations 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% on the sensory characteristics of prepared whey based geriatric health drink

Table 1. Average sensory scores of different parameters in control and treated sample of Carrot Balu Shahi. Table shows significant result, it is desirable to compare all possible combinations of two treatments at a time for which CD test has been applied. Difference between two treatments mean have been compared against the CD value.

fable2. Average sensory scores of different parameters in control and treated sample of Carrot Cookies. Table shows significant result, it is desirable to compare all possible combinations of two treatments at a time for which CD test has been applied. Difference between two treatments mean have been compared against the CD value.

Table of treatments and replication of Carrot Balu Shahi and Cookies. 1. Control (T,): Control T, was prepared without incorporating Carrot Flour.2. Treatment T,: In This treatment 10 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 90 percent Whole Wheat Flour. 3. Treatment T,: In This treatment 20 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 80 percent Whole Wheat Flour. 4. Treatment T,: In This treatment 30 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 70 percent Whole Wheat Flour. 5. Treatment T,: In This treatment 40 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 60 percent Whole Wheat Flour.

Table 4. Nutrient Composition (per 100g.) in control and treated sample of Carrot Cookies.

Table 3. shows the nutrient content of the prepared product Carrot Balu Shahi with or without incorporation of Carrot Flour (Carrot Flour and Whole Wheat Flour). Table 3. Nutrient Composition (per 100g.) in control and treated sample of Carrot Balu Shahi. Calculation of Nutritive Value of Prepared Products:

ble1. Influence of crop age on incidence of purple blotch on garlic and apparent infection rate of disease development. *Average of observations on 100 plants replicated thrice.

Residual factor = 0.0933,Bold figures indicate direct effects Table3. Direct and indirect effect of different characters on seed yield per plant in faba bean under irrigated condition

*Significant at 5% probability level, ** Significant at 1% probability level Table2. Estimates of simple correlation coefficients between different characters in faba bean under irrigated condition

*Significant at 5 % probability level,** Significant at 1 Yoprobability level able 1. Analysis of variance for eleven characters in Faba bean under irrigation condition

[able 1. Yield attributes and yield of castor as influenced by intra-row spacing and N levels. due to increased food production as a result of increased growth parameters like number branches plant', number of leaves plant' and increased nutrition with reduced competition for resource consumption. Singh, 2003, Porwal, et al., 2006 and Rana, et al., 2006 also observed the significant improvement in yield attributing characters. However, reverse order of (60 > 90> and 120 cm) intra-row spacing was observed in case of yield parameters i.e. seed and stalk yield on unit area basis. Among intra row spacing S, i.e., 60 cm recorded significantly higher values of 3142 kg ha‘! during 2011-12, 3048 kg ha" during 2012-13 and 3095 kg ha" in pooled analysis as compare to 90 and 120 cm spacing. The mean seed yield advantage under 60 cm intra-row spacing was 9.05 and 3.99 per cent over 120 and 90 cm, respectively (Table 2). This may happened due to higher plant population in unit area, which compensate the growth and yield attributes produced by individual plants under wider intra-row spacing treatments. However, the oil yield was variated considerably and produced significantly higher values in closer intra-row spacing of 60 cm over 120, but closely followed by 90 cm.

Table 2. Nutrient uptake, oil content and oil yield as influenced by intra-row spacing and N levels. Interaction effect and control vs rest analysis: N ha but closely followed by 120 kg N ha"! (Table 1). Such positive and significant effect of N on yield attributing characters were also reported by Patel, et a/., 2005 and Rana, et al., 2006. The seed yield per plant was not influenced significantly due to N levels but found in higher side with N,, N, and at lower side with N,. Among N levels N, i.e., 60 cm recorded significantly higher seed and stalk yield of castor during all the cases as compare toN, i.e. 80 kg N ha" and was remained on same bar with N, i.e. 120 kg N ha’. Higher N levels increased the stalk yield significantly. Nitrogen played an important role in plant metabolism by virtue of being an essential constituent of diverse type of metabolically active components, like amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, co-enzymes and alkaloids which are important for higher growth and yield. The plant characters like number of branches, number of spikes plant" and test weight contribute directly in the yield of crop. The result collaborative the early findings of Patel, 2006, Tank, et al., 2007 and Hadvani, et al., 2010.

Table 1. Distribution of 36 rice genotypes into different clusters. (Table 2). Inter cluster distance was higher than intra cluster distance indicating wider genetic diversity among the genotypes. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster HI and VII (89.57) followed by between cluster I and cluster V (85.01 ) and between cluster III and VI (79.73 ) indicating wider genetic diversity among the genotypes between the groups (Subudhi, ef a/., 2009). The hybrids developed from the selected members of these clusters would produce highly variable population in the segregating generations. The minimum inter cluster distance was found

Table2. Intra (diagonal) and inter-cluster average distances (D’) in rice Table3. Cluster mean of different yield characters in 36 rice genotypes

Table 2. Genetic variability for tuber yield and its components.

Table 1. Analysis of variance for tuber yield and its components * and** indicate significance at 5 % and 1% levels, respectively.

Table 3. Phenotypic correlation coefficient for tuber yield and its traits in potato. * &** indicate significant at 5 % and 1% levels respectively.

Table 4. Genotypic correlation coefficient for tuber yield and its traits in potato. * &** indicate significant at 5 % and 1% levels respectively.

able 4. Percentage of contribution of each character towards total divergence index and grain yield per plant. Based on the per se performance of the best genotypes within the clusters, they may be directly selected or may be used as potential parents in hybridization programme.

Tablel. ‘t’’ value for uniformity test of Wr, Vr for eleven characters in Indian mustard * Significant at 5 per cent level; ** Significant at 1 per cent level.

Table2. Estimates of variance components and related parameters for eleven characters in F, and F, generation of Indian mustard D = Additive genetic variance; H, = Dominance variance; Hj = H, [1-(u-v)"] where u and v are the proportions of positive and negative genes, respectively in the parents; p = expected environmental component of swotionenes F = mean of Fr over the array, where Fr is the covariance of additive and dominance effects in a single array; = dominance effects; (yb) = Average degree of dominance; Hy4f, = The proportion of genes with positive and negative effects in the parents; (apn)? a FADE) — F = Proportion of dominant and recessive genes in the parents; i? Be A = Number of groups of genes which control the characters and exhibited dominance; and r = correlation coefficient. * Significant at 5 per cent level; ** Significant at 1 per cent level.

RDF: 80k N/ha, 30kg P/ha [able3. Effect of application of enriched slurry on growth of mustard under pot house condition

Table 1. Chemical properties of slurry enriched with SMS along with Trichoderma viride Changes in various components were also analyzed as compare to control slurry.

Table 2. Changes in various components of slurry enriched with SMS along with Trichoderma viride. The above process could be explained that inoculation of Trichoderma viride, cellulolytic fungi to the compost hastened the process of decomposition. Since this is a lignocellulolytic fungi which secrete many enzymes which reduced the time of composting, which simultaneously reduced the rate of loss of nutrients therefore the above combination had more amount of plant nutrients than control slurry. It is reported similar observation with Trichoderma viride during composting of crop residues, straw and banana leaves within 8-10 weeks with reduction in bulkiness of compost by 5-10%.

RDF: 80k N/ha, 30kg P/ha able 4. Effect of application of enriched slurry on yield of mustard (RH 30) in field condition

The ANOVA for the effect of temperature of coagulation on the sensory scones (Table 2.) would indicate that lowering of coagulation temperature brought about significant changes in flavour, body and texture, and also the overall acceptability of the product at 1.0 per cent level of significance. However, the variation between replicates, Judges and interaction between treatment and judges were not significant.

Table3. Effect of pH of coagulation of buffalo milk on the sensory quality of cham-cham The sensory comments for cham-cham prepared form chhana obtained at pH 5.2 were favorable as soft, spongy and succulent (Table 3.). The sweet carried more uniform sized pore as compared to the samples prepared from chhana at pH 5.5; which was reported to be having weak fibers. The balls also get flattened during cooking and lacked in sponginess. At pH5.1, the samples of cham-cham developed strong fibers and chewy texture. The maximum average sensory scores of 8.2, for both body and texture and overall acceptability of sweet, were recorded at pH 5.2 as compared with average scores of 7.09 and 7.30 for body and texture, and 7.3 and 8.0 for overall acceptability at pH values of 5.5 and 5.1, respectively.

Table5. Effect of coagulant on the sensory quality of cham- cham The sensory quality of sweet prepared from the above samples is presented in Table 5. Cham-cham samples prepared from calcium lactate chhana were soft and fragile which broke into pieces when pressed between palate and tongue. These samples also lacked chewiness and not much increase in voluminosity was observed during the cooking of cham-cham balls in syrup. The samples of sweet prepared from chhana obtained from citric acid and sour whey were soft with uniform pore size, spongy and had optimum chewiness. Increase in voluminosity of chhana balls during cooking was also found to be satisfactory.

le4. ANOVA for the effect of temperature of coagulation of buffalo milk on the sensory characteristics of cham-cham ~ Significant at 1.0 percent level

lable2. ANOVA for the effect of temperature of coagulation of buffalo milk on the sensory characteristics of cham-cham

Table7. Effect of fat level in buffalo milk on sensory attributes of cham-cham The buffalo milk samples were standardized to 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 percent fat by the addition of buffalo skim milk and coagulated at 70°C using 2.0 percent citric acid solution (70°C). Table 7. Shows the effect of fat percentage of milk on the quality of chhana and whey. It may be noticed that at 3.0 percent fat level, although the moisture content in chhana was the highest (60%), the chhana was least soft.

Significant at 1.0 percent level. able 8. ANOVA for the effect of fat level in milk on sensory characteristics of cham-cham

The samples of sweet prepared from sour whey and citric acid score maximum ratings for body and texture (8.35 and 8.15, respectively) but these scores for the sweet prepared from calcium lactate chhana were the lowest. Cham-cham also scored least in overall acceptability, when it was made using calcium lactate as coagulant. ible 6. ANOVA for the effect of type of coagulants on the sensory quality of cham-cham

Fertilizer application Nitrogen as urea, phosphorus (62.5 kg ha‘') as single super phosphate and potassium as muriate of potash (112.5kg ha’') were applied. The variation in the nitrogen dose was shown in all treatments but for the dosage of phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients were maintained same the all the treatments. The entire quantity of phosphorus @ 62.5 kg ha‘! was applied as a basal dose, while potassium was applied through fertigation in thirteen splits at fortnightly interval. The micronutrient mixture of 50 kg ha’! was applied through fertigation as per the recommendation. Except phosphorus all the fertilizers were applied through fertigation using the automated fertigation unit.

Table2. Effect of N levels on N content in cane at different crop growth stages DAYS = Days after sowing

CR- character ranking; LV- least variable (<8%); MV- moderately variable (8-12%); HV- highly variable (>12%) Table3. Morphometric characters of second stage juveniles (j2) in 4 populations M. graminicola [Mean +SD+SE;(range);C.V%],n=5

CR- character ranking; LV-least variable, (<12%); MV- moderately variable (12-20%); HV- highly variable (>20%) Table 1. Morphometric characters of mature females of 4 populations of M. graminicola [Mean+SD+SE; (range);C.V%o]|,n=5

Table 2. Morphometric characters of perineal pattern in 4 populations of M. graminicola [mean+SD+SE; (range); C.V%],n=5 CR- character ranking; LV-least variable, (<12%); MV- moderately variable (12-20%); HV- highly variable (>20%)

able 4. Comparison of the gross range of morphometric data recorded for 4 populations of M. graminicola with the given byPokharel et al.(2007) LITERATURE CITED KAUR AND ATTRI, Morphological and Morphometrical Characterization of Meloidogyne graminicola (Golden & Brichfied) 611

‘able2. Month wise percentage occurrence of gonads in different stages of maturity in NV. japonicus V. In December except stage VII all stages were encountered with dominance stage V. During January and February all stages were present with dominance of stage II (Table 3).

fable3. Month wise percentage occurrence of gonads in different stages of maturity in N. japonicus Acharya and Dwivedi, 1984 observed that the main spawning period of N. japonicus from August to Novembre off Bombay coast. Murty, 1984 studied that the spawning period of N. japonicus at Kakinada extended from August to April. The spawning in this species extend from June to March in Madras (Vivekanandan and James, 1986).

* Significant at 5 % Table 5. Sex - ratio of N. japonicus LITERATURE CITED For the study of sex ratio, total of 565 specimens (male, 296 and female, 269) were examined ranging in total length from 80 - 260 mm. Data on the sampled number of male and female in different months are given in the Table 5. Chi-square test was applied in order to ascertain any significant difference in sex — ratio in the monthly sample. The Chi-square values at 5% probability level showed that there was significant difference in the months of April, May, September, 2009 and January, 2010. The pooled sex-ratio (M: F) was found to be 1: 0.90. According to Murthy (1984), the annual sex ratio showed predominance of male in 1977 and 1979, whereas in 1978 the ratio was 1:1. The sex-ratio for N. japonicus from Veraval coast was |: 1.01 where the female outnumbered the male in the commercial catches (Manojkumar, 2004)

Table2. Path coefficient of abiotic factor on LBB, Coccinella spp. population on cotton ecosystem Residual=0.3645, *& ** Showed significant at 5% & 1% level of significance respectively, The bold figures denote the direct effect of different factors on population of insect

*& ** Showed significant at 5% & 1% level of significance respectively. ible 1. Correlation (r) and simple regression (Y) of lady bird beetle,Coccinella septumpunctata population with environmental factors (2005-07 and Pooled)

able 1. Estimates of genetic parameters for different quantitative and physiological traits MST-Mean Sum of Square due to Treatment. *Significant at 5% level of significance **Significant at 1% level of significance

Tablel. ’t?' values for uniformity test of Wr, Vr for ten characters in pigeonpea. The estimates of genetic parameters, their relation from seed yield and its component are presented in Table 2. The estimates of additive genetic component (D) were significant for days to flower, days to maturity, hundred seed weight and protein content in both generations, whereas for character plant height in F, generation only. The non additive genetic component (H,) were significant for all the traits indicating importance of both additive and dominance components in the inheritance of these traits. While the magnitude of dominance gene effect (H,) and (H,) was higher than their respective additive (D) gene effects for all the characters except

*, Significant at 5% level of significance; ** Significant at 1% level of significance fable 2. Estimates of various components and related parameters for 10 characters in 5 parent diallel cross in pigeonpea.

*, ** Significant at 5 per cent and 1 per cent levels of significance, respectively ible 1. Analysis of variance of generation means of three crosses for various characters in cowpea.

*, ** Significant at 5 per cent and | per cent levels of significance, respectively Table 2. Estimation of scaling tests and gene effects for different characters in cowpez

Table 1. Growth (mm) of Chrysosporium species on five different media after seven days After seven days, the effect of different growth media on mycelium of keratinophilic and non-keratinophilic fungi was determined on colony diameter of keratinophilic fungi and non-keratinophilic fungi was estimated on plate containing five different media i.e., SDA, PDA, CPA, CZA and MEA. Out of these media, SDA, found the best for all Chrysosporiumcarmichaelii, C. georgii,C. indicum, C. keratinophilum, C. merdarium, C. pannicola, C. pannorum, C. pruinosum, C. queenslandicum and C. tropicumfollowed by PDA for all except Chrysosporium georgii, followed by

fable3. Growth (mm) of non-keratinophilus fungi on five different media after seven days. ble3. Growth (mm) of non-keratinophilus fungi on five different media after seven days.

le 2. Growth (mm) of Trichophyton sp., Malbranchea, Epidermatophyton, Histoplasma, Microsporum sp.and Sporothrix schenckiion five different media after seven days.

Table 2. Phytochemical screening using ethanolic extract

Table 1. Phytochemical screening using aqueous extract the presence of all the phytochemical constituents analyzed except flavonoid in both the extracts. Phytochemical screening of M.koenigii leaves showed the presence of glycosides, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and quinone. The presence of alkaloids in M. koenigii was very prominent in both the extracts (aqueous and ethanolic). The steroids and saponins showed greater intensity of their presence in ethanolic extract. The colour intensity for the presence of flavonoids was maximum in aqueous extract than ethanolic extract. Glycosides showed their presence only in aqueous extraction while tannins and quinones in ethanol only. All the

Table 3. Estimation of Total phenolic compounds The antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds is mainly due to redox properties, which allow them to act as reducing agents, hydrogen donors, singlet oxygen quenchers, heavy metal chelatorsand hydroxy radical quenchers (Rice- Evans,et al., 1995). Kaur and Kapoor, 2002 reported the total phenolic content of 7’ foenum-graecum to be 217.5 mg of catechol/100 g of fresh vegetable.The total polyphenol contentof some common Indian leafy vegetables was found to bein the range of 5—69.5 mg of tannic acid/g of extract (Shyamala,et a/., 2005).Phenolic compounds present in plant extracts are reported to have beneficial effects on other chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease (Foresterand Waterhouse,2009). The total polyphenol content of four green leafy vegetables were estimated by Gupta and Prakash in 2009. The plants were found to have varying levels of polyphenols, ranging from 150 mg tannic acid/100 g sample for Centellaasiatica to 387 mg of tannic acid/100 g for M. koenigii. Tfoenum-graecum and Amaranthussp. had similar amounts of total polyphenols (158.33 mg of tannic acid/100 g). Thetotalphenoliccontents in extracts obtained from the stems and leaves of coriander,mintandparsley arestudied by Al- Juhaimi and Ghafoor, 2011. The highest contents (1.24mgGAE/ 100ml)were observedin extract of mint (Menthaarvensis) leaves followed by parsley (Petroselinumcrispum) leaves

Value showed in parenthesis is Arc sign value

Table2. Grading of different okra varieties based on fruit infestation (Gupta and Yadav, 1978)

able1. Total free amino acid content in field bean varieties, tolerant/susceptible to pod borers H. armigera and A. atkinsoni during growth under ambient field conditions. *. Average of five replications in oven-dried sample *_ Significant

Table 1. As far as sensory quality concerned the product prepared from cow milk and coconut milk in 3:2 ratio was also of good flavour, body&texture, and almost similar to cow milk sandesh.30% sugar was added to the product to get the required sweetness. The amount of sugar added exerted no significant influence on the colour and appearance of the product with the increase in sugar level.The fat protein and ash content in the finished product decreased. The coconut milk sandesh (3:2) with 30% sugar and treated with 0.1% sorbic acid was stored at (30+ 1°c) for 6 days and at (7+1p c)for 16 days. The product (3:2) also showed maximum sensory ratings at (7 + 1°c).It was found that the moisture content reduced around 11%in both conditions.The chemical analysis was discontinued after 4" and 6" days onwards in the treated samples under ambient storage temperature as there was profuse surface growth which enabled proper sampling of the product. The refrigerated samples were not affected with surface growth, but the hardness and grittiness in body and texture and development of off-flavours lead the treated samples to become unacceptable after 12" to 16" days. Hence the chemical analysis was carried out up to the respective days of storage till the product kept well. The sensory evaluation was conducted on zero day and on the last respective day the product kept well. This was done to correlate the chemical changes with changes in organoleptic quality during the storage of sandesh. The chemical changes were absorbed in moisture content (%), titrable acidity (“lactic acid),Free fatty acid (% Oleic acid), HMF content (micromoles/ 100g), Tyrosine content(mg/100g). There were also changes taken place in sensory characteristics as flavour, colour and appearance, body & texture and overall acceptability. The changes in chemical constituents (Table 1) in cow and coconut mix milk sandesh (3:2) were noted during the storage period at ambient & refrigeration temperature. A gradual decrease in moisture content (%) was observed throughout the storage period. The initial moisture content of mixed sandesh 25.58% had decreased to 22.49% after 6 days and 16 days at ambient & refrigeration temperature respectively. The titrable Acidity of mixed sandesh (3:2) 0.51% (% lactic acid) had increased to determined by Rose-Gottlieb method.The protein of the product was estimated by Rowland’s method, 1938. The total carbohydrates were calculated by difference. The HMF value content in the sample was estimated by Keeney and Bassette, 1959. The tyrosine value was estimated according to the method of Juffs(1973).Further different ratio of coconut milk and cow milk were fortified to prepare the sandesh and these products were evaluated for different sensory characteristics bynine point hedonic scale(BIS, 1981).The prepared sandesh from (3:2) ratio of cow milk and coconut milk were evaluated for different sensory characteristics by nine point hedonic scale (BIS, 1981).The prepared sandesh(3:2) were kept at ambient and refrigeration temperature for storage to evaluate the chemical changes.

Table 2. Estimation of components of variance and genetic parameters for 13 quantitative characters in pigeon pea genotypes

Table 1: Analysis of variance for thirteen quantitative characters in 27 genotypes of pigeon pea DIF-Days to Initial Flowering, DFF-Days to 50% Flowering, PH-Plant Height, NPBPP-Number of Primary branches per Plant, PPP-Pods p lant, PPC-Pods per Cluster, PL-Pod Length, DM-Days to Maturity, GPP-Grains per Pod, SI-Seed index, BYPP-Biological Yield per Plat dI-Harvest Index, GYPP-Grain Yield per Plant ** significant at 1% level of significance.

Table 1. Ehno- medicinal uses of plant genetic resources of Vindhyan zone

ANAND et al., Ethno-medicinal Forest Genetic Resources of District Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh

‘able 2. Family wise number of forest genetic resources having ethno-medicinal uses resources, about 32 plants were herbaceous in nature, while 14 plants were climber, 19 were shrub and 47 were tree in nature. Figure | explicated that 41.96 % of the documented plants is tree, which shows that local people have more ethno- medicinal use of trees/ tree products in comparison to herb, shrub and climber. It may be because of permanent/perennial nature, more abundance and easy identification of trees. Table 2 revealed that among the plant families, Fabaceae(18) have higher number of ethno-medicinal plants followed by Euphorbiaceae (7), Astaraceae (6), Liliaceae (5) and Poaceae (5). The plant parts have different role in the disease treatment. Therefore, the percentage of plants in regards to plant parts used were calculated and presented in table 3. Table 3 explicated that the highest percentage of use of leaves were recorded in 41.96 % of documented plants followed by root (23.21%), bark (16.96 %) and fruits (13.39 %). Whereas, use of bulb in the treatment of various ailments and diseases was recorded only in 0.89 percent of documented plants. It clearly indicates that leaves have more medicinal property in most of the plant in comparison to other plant part.

ible 2. Mean, range, genotypic, phenotypic and environmental variance, GCV, PCV, H? (broad sense) and GA as percent of mean for different characters in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.| Cl= 75 days to harvest, C2= 90 days to harvest

Table 3. Genotypic (r,) and phenotypic (r_) correlation coefficient of seed yield with quantitative characters

fable 4. Path co-efficient analysis showing direct (bold) and indirect effects in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.]

ble 1: Total protein content in field bean varieties infested by the pod borers H. armigera and A. atkinsoni during growth under ambient field conditions.

Table1. Analysis of variance for different characters in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.| The research was carried out during Rabi 2009-2010 at Main Potato Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University. The 24 diverse genotypes were obtained from Potato research station, SDAU, Deesa and CPRI, Shimla. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications during second week of November and grouped into two sets viz., 75 days and 90 days harvest. Each genotype was represented by four rows plot of 2.5m X 3 m size. The inter and intra row distances were 50 cm and 20 cm, respectively which accommodated 60 plants per plot. The observations were recorded for plant height (cm), number of stem per plant, number of tubers per plant, Average weight of tubers (g), Tubers dry matter (%),Total tuber yield (q/ha), Marketable yield (t/ha), Chip color, Reducing sugar and Total Soluble Solids (TSS). Analysis of variance was calculated on the method suggested by Panse and Sukhatme, 1978. Correlation Coefficient Analysis (Al- Jibouri et al., 1958). Path Coefficient Analysis (Dewey and Lu., Potato crop has wide adaptability and can be grown in a wide range of agro-climatic conditions throughout the year. India is the major potato producing country in the world. Globally, India ranks 4" in area, 3" in production and 10" in productivity. About 82 per cent potatoes are grown in plain areas during short winter days from October to March, 10 per cent in the hill areas during long days from April to September

Table2. Mean, range, genotypic, phenotypic and environmental variance, GCV, PCV, H? (broad sense) and GA as percent of mean for different characters in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.|

fable 3. Genotypic (r,) and phenotypic (r,) correlation coefficient of seed yield with quantitative characters

C2 = 100 days to harvest RSQUARE= 0.9874 RESIDUAL EFFECT = 0.1122 Table 4. Path co-efficient analysis showing direct (bold) and indirect effects in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.|

+++=shown maximum growth ++= shown medium growth shown poor growth - = Shown no growth able2. Determination of antibiotic sensitivity (Tetracycline) of Pseudomonas isolates from wheat rhizosphere

Compost Preparation: Compost was prepared by long method of Mantel 1972. Wheat straw was spread on cemented floor and wetted thoroughly by sprinkling water. This moistened straw was mixed with other ingredients and again with water. A heap

Table 1. Comparison of growth behaviour of the three strains of A. bisporus

Table 1. Estimation of components of variance and genetic parameters for different characters in wheat

Table 2. Estimation of genotypic (rg) and phenotypic (rp) correlation coefficient for different quantitative characters in bread wheat * and ** Significant at 5% and 1% level of significance respectively.

Table3. Direct and Indirect effects at genotypic and phenotypic level for different quantitative characters on gain yield. Days to 50% flowering, Days to maturity, tillers per plant, tillers per square meter, grains per spike and biological yield. direct effect on grain yield per plot was contributed (Table 3) mostly by test weight (0.688) followed by spike length (0.638), grain per spike (0.349). On the other hand maximum negative direct effect was exhibited by effective tillers per plant (-0.120) followed by biological yield (-0.370) and flag leaf length (- 0.419). The rest of the traits showed moderate to low positive or negative direct effect on grain yield per plot.

ble3. Effect of gamma rays on panicle length in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33

jle2. Effect of gamma rays on number of productive tillers per plant in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 10.27 (150Gy) to 17.80 (100Gy). The mean number of productive tillers was found to be lesser at 300Gy (12.07) and 350Gy (11.83). The range across the individuals of M, families at different doses of Rathu Heenati varied from 24.00 to 35.40 cm. The maximum mean value of 32.50 cm for panicle length was found to be with 200Gy. The mean values recorded for panicle length across the irradiated families (29.53-32.50 cm) were found to be more than the control (29.07 cm) (Table 3). In case of gamma irradiated families of PTB33, the mean values showed no significant difference between the families. However, the mean values for panicle length of irradiated families (22.38- 25.50 cm) were lesser than the mean value of non-irradiated PTB33 (27.60 cm) did not show much variation from control. In case of Rathu Heenati, the mean number of grains per panicle was found to be 146.20 with families derived from

Table1. Effect of gamma rays on plant height in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 observed to the maximum across the families derived from the seeds irradiated with higher doses in both the accessions. The mean plant height of 142.40, 142.00 and 152.00 cm were observed in families of 300Gy and 350Gy and non-irradiated Rathu Heenati respectively. The same trend was observed with irradiated families and non-irradiated PTB33. Reduction in mean number of productive tillers was observed with all the families derived with gamma ray irradiation. The mean values in number of productive tillers ranged from 6.54 (250Gy) to 8.87 (200Gy). The mean number of productive tillers with non- irradiated Rathu Heenati was found to be 15.20. Though the same trend was observed with PTB33 and its irradiated families, the mean number of productive tillers was found to be higher when compared to Rathu Heenati (Table 2). The mean number of productive tillers across the irradiated families ranged from

able 6. Effect of gamma rays on single plant yield in M generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 Amirthadevarathinam, et al., 1990, Gupta and Sharma, 1994 and Siddiqui and Sanjeeva, 2010. The experimental findings under reference suggested that the induced variability measured as coefficient of variation increased in the treated population as compared to the respective controls of these traits in both the varieties. In general, it was found that the relationship between increase in variability and doses was not linear (Nallathambi and Raja, 1990). Conclusively, the mean values for Different traits shifted either to positive or negative direction away from the control due to mutagenic treatments. Further advancement and advanced studies will be helpfull to select the better genotypes with BPH resistance as well as photoperiod insensitive.

IJIVNY UTaaglauon OF PalniMa Tays. 1LNe NUMOEY OF praiNs per panicle ranged from 28.00-245.00 in individuals observed across the M, families of Rathu Heenati (Table 4). Across the M, families of PTB33, the mean values for the number of grains per panicle ranged from 27.00 (250Gy) to 186.70 (200Gy). In case of spikelet sterility maximum percentage was 31.62 at 300Gy of gamma ray. Spikelet sterility percentage was found to be higher in all the families derived from gamma ray irradiation. In PTB33, mean spikelet sterility percentage 29.83 was observed with families derived from 250Gy of gamma rays. The spikelet sterility was found to be of higher in the gamma ray irradiated families than the control (Table 5). The mean single plant yield across the M, families of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 were found to be lower than the respective controls. The highest mean value of 18.86 g was recorded in families derived from 250Gy of gamma ray irradiation in Rathu Heenati (Table 6). In PTB33, the maximum mean single plant yield was found to be 20.26 g in families derived from 300Gy of gamma ray irradiation. The comparative analysis made on the means and variances for these traits in M, and M, generations indicated profound influence of the gamma rays on the traits viz. 1) number of grains per panicle, 2) spikelet sterility and 3) single plant yield. There was a significant reduction in the number of grains per panicle and single plant yield with the increase in the dose of gamma rays. All the three traits showed the same pattern with PTB33. In both Rathu Heenati and PTB33, the number of grains per panicle was found to be increased in M, generations of all the doses (Appendix I and II). Similar observations were made by Fu, ef a/., 2008 and Babai et al., 2010. The extent of variability was higher in M, generation. Invariably, the variability increased significantly in both the varieties, irrespective of increase or decrease in the mean values. Similar results were reported by

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TRENDS IN BIOSCIENCES JOURNAL 6-4 AUGUST 2013 ISSUE

by TRENDS IN BIOSCIENCES JOURNAL

2013, TRENDS IN BIOSCIENCES JOURNAL

"We invite you to submit high quality of research papers in all areas of Life Sciences for the publication in & Trends in Biosciences & Advances in Life Sciences”. Dr. S. S. Ali, Editor – in- Chief , Trends in Biosciences Journal... more

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New Challenges of the Atlantic: An Approach from Portugal

by Pedro Borges Graca and

The movement of strategic reorientation for the sea in Portugal has been given fruits since it was launched almost one generation ago. The proposal for the extension of continental shelf before the United Nations is surely its most... more

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Isolating bioactive compounds from marine organisms

by Ricardo Riguera

2000

The strategies used for isolation and structural elucidation of pharmacologically active metabolites from marine organisms are discussed, with examples of cytotoxic and antihistaminic compounds from marine equinoderms, sponges,... more

Fig. 1. Essential steps in the search for pharmaceuticals from natura sources.

Fig. 2. Separation of the crude extract into fractions of low, medium and high polarity.

Fig. 3. Procedures for the isolation of bioactive compounds from low/ medium and high polarity fractions.

Fig. 4. Main methods and techniques used in structural determination.

Fig. 6. Holothurinosides, triterpenoid saponins, from the holothurian Ho- lothuria forskalii. Fig. 5. Lefevreiosides, triterpenoid saponins, from the holothurian Cucu- maria lefevrei.

Fig. 7. Santiagoside, steroidal saponin, from the starfish Neosmilaster georgianus.

Fig. 8. Sarasinosides, triterpenoid saponins, from the sponge Asteropus sarasinosum.

Fig. 9. ‘°C NMR spectra of holothurinoside A (5)

Fig. 11. Villagorgin A and B, alkaloids from the gorgonian Villagorgia rubra. Fig. 10. Euryspongiols, polyhydroxisecosteroids, from the sponge Eury- spongia sp.

Fig. 13. Sesquiterpene quinones from the sponge Dactylospongia elegans. Fig. 12. Amino acid derivatives from the ascidian Leptoclinides dubius.

Fig. 16. ‘3C NMR spectra of onchidin, 43 (bottom), and onchidin B 44 (top) Fig. 15. Onchidin and onchidin B, cyclodepsipeptides from the mollusk Onchidium sp.

Fig. 14. Onchitriols, polypropionate pyrones, from the mollusk Onchidiun sp.

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Genetic Linkage Maps of the Guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ): Assignment of RAPD Markers to Multipoint Linkage Groups

by Gideon Khoo

2003, Marine Biotechnology

Genetic linkage maps of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) were constructed from independent crosses between the Tuxedo strain and a feral line (Wildtype). Segregation patterns of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and... more

Figure 1. RAPD profiles of 20 F, (F,) and 22 F, (F,) offspring of the Wildtype $¢ x Tuxedo 99 cross as revealed by primer GEN2-

and the type of mapping population used is thus important populations, and F, populations can be maintained. A disadvantage of RAPD markers is that they are dominant, 4m 86s rs as @k «4 populations, and F, populations can be maintained. A

Table 1. Summary of RAPD Primers and Size Range of Markers Used for Linkage Mapping of the Guppy Poecilia reticulata female (n = 5) genomic DNA (Khoo et al., 2002). Twenty- two primers were selected (Table 1): GEN1-50-10, GEN1-60- 07, GEN2-60-12, GEN4-60-38, GEN1-70-10, GEN4-70-33, GEN4-70-36, and GEN3RE-24 (Genosys Biotechnologies, The Woodlands, Tex.); NUSZG3, NUSZG6, NUSZG9, and $269] (Dinesh et al., 1993); TAA1 and TAA2 (donated by Professor Manfred Schartl, Dept. of Physiological Chem- istry I, University of Wirzburg, Germany); Labrax9a (Garcia de Leon et al., 1995); and OPA03, OPB17, OPI11, OPJ04, OPM06, OPM12, and OPP11 (Operon Technolo- gies, Alameda, Calif.).

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A Review of the Functionality of Probiotics in the Larviculture Food Chain

by Kristof Dierckens

2008, Marine Biotechnology

During the past two decades, the use of probiotics as an alternative to the use of antibiotics has shown to be promising in aquaculture, particularly in fish and shellfish larviculture. This article reviews the studies on probiotics in... more

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Hepatoprotective effect of the fucoidan from the brown seaweed Turbinaria tricostata

by Daniel Robledo

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in initiating and promoting several hepatic diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the in vitro hepatoprotective effect and antioxidative activity of the fucoidan extract from Turbinaria... more

Cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective effect of the FTt on HepG2 cells

Fig. 3. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the fucoidan extracts from Turbinaria tricostata (FTt) obtained by two extraction procedures: P1 (water extraction) and P2 (salt extraction CaCl,). Data are expressed as means+standard deviation (n=3). *p<0.05, P1 vs. P2 In the present study, a CM-H,DCFDA staining method was applied to examine whether the FTt was able to inhibit ROS production in HO,-treated HepG?2 cells and results are shown in Fig. 5. HO is produced endogenously by several The hepatoprotective activity of the fucoidans may be attrib- uted to two main factors: its direct antioxidant activity and the mechanism by which they regulate cell antioxidant defense system.

Fig.5 ROS inhibition of the fucoidan extracts from Turbinaria tricostata (FT?) obtained by two extraction procedures, P 1 (water extraction) and P2 (salt extraction CaCl,), on HepG2 cells treated with HO . Cells were simultaneously treated with four concentrations of the FTt (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg mL‘) and 100 mM H,0, during 30 min. ROS generation was monitored by fluorescent probe CM-H,DCFDA. Results are expressed as means+standard deviation (n=3), normalized with the negative control. *7<0.05, °»<0.01 vs. H,O>. *p<0.01; P1 vs. P2. Cells treated only with H,O, were the damage control group, and cells treated with 1 mM NACT + HO, were the protection control group The exposure of HepG2 cells to 400 mM EtOH reduced GSH levels (53 %) in relation to the negative control (referred as 100 % of GSH inhibition), while the pretreatment with silymarin 0.05 mg mL! avoided GSH inhibition (Fig. 6). Pretreatment with the FTt (0.5 and 1 mg mL’) extracted by P1 showed a decrease on GSH inhibition by 54 and 30 %,

Fig. 4 Hepatoprotective effect of the fucoidan extracts from Turbinaria tricostata (FTt) obtained by two extraction procedures, P1 (water extrac- tion) and P2 (salt extraction CaCl,), on H2O>-induced damage on HepG2 cells. Cells were pretreated with four concentrations of the FTt (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg mL"') during 24 h after damage was induced with 1 mM HO, for 3 h (damage control group); the cellular viability was determinate by the ATP assay. Results are expressed as means+standard deviation (n=3), normalized to the negative control. *p<0.05, °p<0.01, “p<0.05, and “p<0.01 vs. H,O>. *p<0.01; P1 vs. P2. Cells treated only with H,O, were the damage control group, and cells treated with 1 mM NACT + HO) were the protection control group

Fig. 6 Intracellular concentration of glutathione (GSH) in EtOH-treated HepG2? cells pretreated with the fucoidan extracts of Turbinaria tricostata (FT?) obtained by two procedures: P1 (water extraction) and P2 (salt extraction CaCl,). Cells were pretreated with two concentrations of the FTt (0.5 and 1 mg mL‘) during 24 h. After EtOH 400 mM for 24 h, damage was induced and glutathione levels were determined. Results are expressed as means+standard deviation (n=3), normalized to the nega- tive control. No significance difference was observed between FTt vs. EtOH and between both extraction methods. Cells treated only with EtOH were the damage control group, and cells treated with silymarin 0.05 mg mL! (Sm) + EtOH were the protection control group

Fig. 7 Catalase (CAT) activity in ethanol-treated HepG2 cells with the fucoidan extracts of Turbinaria tricostata (FT?) obtained by two proce- dures: P1 (water extraction) and P2 (salt extraction CaCl). Cells were pretreated with two concentrations of the FTt (0.5 and 1 mg mL‘) during 24 h. After ECOH 400 mM for 24 h, damage was induced and catalase activity was determined. Results are expressed as means+standard devi- ation (n=3), normalized to the negative control. “p<0.01 vs. EtOH. *n<0.001; **p<0.0001; P1 vs. P2. Cells treated only with EtOH were the damage control group, and cells treated with silymarin 0.05 mg mL’ (Sm) + EtOH were the protection control group

Table 1 Yield, chemical composition, and biological activities of the fucoidans from tropical algal species extracted under different conditions

TPC total phenolic content *n<0.01, **p<0.0001, P1 vs. P2 Table 2 Yield and chemical composition (% of dry weight+standard deviation) of the fucoidan extracts from Turbinaria tricostata (FTt) obtained by two procedures: P| (water extraction) and P2 (salt extraction CaCl)

Table 3 Cytotoxicity of crude fucoidan from Turbinaria tricostata (CFTt) obtained by two procedures: P1 (water extraction) and P2 (CaCl, extraction). Docetaxel was included for comparison Enzymatic and nonenzymatic endogenous defense systems are commonly used by cells to protect against ROS. In order to investigate whether the antioxidant properties of the FTt ex- tracts are related to the induction of nonenzymatic and enzy- matic defense system, the effect of the FTt (0.5 and

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Antiherpetic (HSV-1) activity of carrageenans from the red seaweed Solieria chordalis (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) extracted by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE

by Daniel Robledo

Carrageenan yield, physicochemical properties, and antiviral activity of the carrageenan from Solieria chordalis (Rhodophyceae, Solieriaceae) harvested at the Brittany coast (France) were investigated. S. chordalis carra-geenan was... more

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Antifouling Activities of N-Substituted Imides: Antimicrobial Activities and Inhibition of Mytilus edulis Phenoloxidase

by D. De La Broise and

2002, Marine Biotechnology

Although a total ban on the use of TBT coatings is not expected in the short term, there is a growing need for environmentally safe antifouling systems. A search for new non-toxic antifoulants has been carried out among marine macroalgae.... more

Fig. 1. Percentage mortality of oyster larvae at different concentrations (1—-1000 pg/ml) of algal extracts

Fig. 2. Percentage mortality of sea urchin larvae at different concentrations (1-1000 pg/ml) of algal
extracts.

Bioassay for the bactericidal activity of algal extracts*

Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

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THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AQUACULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

by HARRISON TIGHIRI

The paper reviews some relevant approaches to the use of biotechnology for aquaculture development in Nigeria. Such approaches include: biotechnology through genetic manipulations, selective breeding, hybridization, molecular marker... more

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It s all about the marine carbohydrates

by Inbakandan Dhinakarasamy and

Marine environments offer plenty of resources and varieties of natural products for human benefits; researches on marine carbohydrates are constantly increasing to discover their novel properties to utilize in various industrial... more

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MARINE ALGAL STEROL HYDROCARBON WITH ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANTICANCER AND ANTI-OXIDANT PROPERTIES

by Eman A Ibrahim

Important ingredients, various bioactivities, biomaterials are derived from marine algae which are used in many products, such as cosmetics and drugs for treating cancer and other diseases. The present research deals with studying the... more

Data representing as MeantSD % of three replicates. Statistical analysis is carried out using Co-state computer program, where unshared letter is significant at p<0.05. IaANIC Antioxidant activity of sterol fraction of T. atomaria assessed by DPPH and ABTS free radical

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Marine Biofilms as Mediators of Colonization by Marine Macroorganisms: Implications for Antifouling and Aquaculture

by Sergey Dobretsov

2007, Marine Biotechnology

In the marine environment, biofilms on submerged surfaces can promote or discourage the settlement of invertebrate larvae and macroalgal spores. The settlement-mediating effects of biofilms are believed to involve a variety of biofilm... more

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Comparison of Ecklonia cava, E. stolonifera, and Eisenia bicyclis for phlorotannin extraction

by Muhammad Chowdhury

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Current research in biotechnology: Exploring the biotech forefront

by Atanas G Atanasov and

2019, Current Research in Biotechnology

Biotechnology is an evolving research field that covers a broad range of topics. Here we aimed to evaluate the latest research literature, to identify prominent research themes, major contributors in terms of institutions,... more

Fig. 1. Publication count of different document types.

Fig. 2. Term map of biotechnology publications. There were 411 terms that appeared in >1% (n = 124) of the 12,351 publications published in 2017-2019 (until May) and extracted from Web of Science. The bubble size reflects how frequently a term was mentioned in the included publications (multiple mentioning in one publication counted as one only). The bubble color reflects how frequently a publication mentioning the term was cited on average. The distance between two bubbles reflects how frequently two terms were mentioned in the same publications. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering stood out as the most productive journal, having contributed to 4.0% of all publications, more than double of the contribution by the 2nd journal (Biotechnology and Bioengineering; con- tributing 1.8%). This is different from other recently analyzed sets of liter- ature in which no single journal clearly outperformed the others, e.g., in the research fields of dietary natural products (Yeung et al., 2018a), curcumin (Yeung et al., 2019b), resveratrol (Yeung et al., 2019c), and neuropharma- cology (Yeung et al., 2018b). While the reasons for this observation are not entirely clear, it is apparent that Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering (2018 journal impact factor of 2.03; publishing original full-length research papers, reviews, and Letters to the Editor) might currently represent a plat- form preferred by authors for publishing biotech-related articles (factors such as broadness of scope, diversity of article types, and acceptance rate can certainly be of importance in the context of this observation). In terms of journal category, we could also show that the dominating category was Biotechnology applied microbiology, having three-fold more contribu- tions compared to the 2"¢ category. On the other hand, by examining the top 20 categories, one could appreciate the diversity of biotechnology re- search, which overlapped with the areas of biology, chemistry, engineering, plant sciences, microbiology, pharmacology, genetics, nanoscience, and management (Table 2). This wide spectrum is illustrative for the highly in- terdisciplinary nature of biotechnology-linked research that expands be- yond the life sciences to cover scientific works from fields such as engineering or management. In management journals, for example, rele- vant publications often analyzed biotechnology cases to investigate how knowledge advancements and maturation could be adopted as product in- novations (Capaldo et al., 2017; Moeen and Agarwal, 2017). Along the same lines, biotech startup companies have become popular in recent years, propelled by collaborations between the industry and academia via contaminant chromium (Vendruscolo et al., 2017), and the use of microalgae and cyanobacteria to biofix carbon dioxide emitted from coal power plants (Duarte et al., 2017). Among the most cited Indian publica- tions, the oxidase laccase was one of the common themes. Notable exam- ples included a study that optimized the production of laccase from a fungus under solid state fermentation (Chenthamarakshan et al., 2017), and a demonstration of biodegradation of toxic textile dyes mediated by laccase produced by bacteria (Kuppusamy et al., 2017).

Fig. 3. Structures of selected natural products with biotechnological relevance.

The top 5 most productive institutions, countries/regions, and journals. Table 1

The publication count and citation per publication of the top 20 most productive journal categories. Table 2

The top 25 recurring terms from titles and abstracts. Table 3 Table 5

The top 25 recurring keywords added by Web of Science (Keywords Plus).

The top 25 recurring author keywords. Table 4

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Comparison of Thraustochytrids Aurantiochytrium sp., Schizochytrium sp., Thraustochytrium sp., and Ulkenia sp. for Production of Biodiesel, Long-Chain Omega-3 Oils, and Exopolysaccharide

by Carol Mancuso Nichols

2014, Marine Biotechnology

Heterotrophic growth of thraustochytrids has potential in coproducing biodiesel for transportation, as well as producing a feedstock for omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid... more

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Genetic Diversity Within and Among Feral Populations and Domesticated Strains of the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) in Singapore

by Gideon Khoo

2002, Marine Biotechnology

Genetic variability within and among feral populations and cultured strains of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) was investigated by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting. Feral guppies were collected from 6 isolated... more

Figure 1. Geographic locations (A) of the 6 feral populations and 2 guppy farms in Singapore (BT, Bukit Timah; NS, Nee Soon; TS, Taus; MF, Mount Faber; KR, Kranji; LI, Lab.-Inbred; TX, Tuxedo strain; GV, Green Variegated strain) Scale bar = 10 km. Figure 1. Geographic locations (A) of the 6 feral populations and

Variegated (GV) from 2 guppy farms. Lane M1, ADNA/BstEII digest (Sigma), and lane M2, 100-bp DNA ladder (Gibco) mo- lecular size standard. Lane N, negative control without template DNA. Figure 2. RAPD fingerprints generated using primer GEN1-60-09 for guppies collected from feral populations in Bukit Timah (BT), Nee Soon (NS), Tuas (TS), Mount Faber (MF), Kranji (KR) and Lab.-Inbred (LI), and cultured strains Tuxedo (TX) and Green Figure 2. RAPD fingerprints generated using primer GEN1-60-09 lectrophoresis (urea-dSDS-PAGE) gels consisting of 3% tacking layer (0.125 M Tris-HCl, pH 6.8) and 9% resolving ayer (0.375 M, pH 8.8). Urea (7 M) was added to the esolving layer to improve the resolution of separated ,APD fragments (Dinesh et al., 1995a). Laemmli’s (1970) yuffer system containing 0.025 M Tris-HCl and 0.2 M ‘lycine was used during electrophoresis. PCR products of 3 to 15 pl were mixed with 2 ul of PCR dense dye (0.5% sromophenol blue, 0.5% xylene cyanol FF, 20% sucrose, 2.5% Ficoll, and 30% glycerol) prior to gel loading. Am- ification products were separated in Sturdier SE410 ver- ical electrophoresis units (Hoefer Pharmacia Biotech, San ‘rancisco, Calif.) at 170V for 14 hours or until the dye front eached the end of the gel. Molecular size standards were 00 bp DNA Ladder (Gibco BRL, Rockville, Md.) and .DNA/BstEII Digest (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.).

Genetic Distance and Cluster Analyses of Guppy Individuals

[%P & H], across all primers was highest for feral guppies from KR followed by the LI feral line. In contrast, the TS population had the lowest [%P & H] estimates (Table 3), which could be due to its small population size and a higher level of inbreeding. Furthermore, there is restricted gene flow between TS and the other sites owing to its isolated location (data not shown). Mean %P for the 6 feral populations (>54%) is higher than that reported by Chen

Table 1. Six Feral Populations and Two Domesticated Guppy Strains Used for RAPD Fingerprinting, and their Sources in Singapore Table 2. Summary of RAPD Primers and the Number of Fragments Detected for Each Primer within a Range of 300 to 1500 bp.

and TAAI1 and TAA2 (donated by Professor Manfred Schartl, Dept. of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Wurzburg, Germany), were selected to amplify guppy DNA (Table 2). RAPD-PCR reactions were carried out in a 40-1 reaction volume comprising 1 xX PCR buffer, 3.0 mM, MgCl, 100 to 150 ng of genomic DNA, 2.0 1M primer, 200 uM of each dNTP (dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP), and 1.5 U Taq DNA polymerase. Amplifications were performed for 30 cycles using a GeneAmp PCR System 9600 (PerkinElmer Cetus, Wellesley, Mass.) with an initial denaturing step at 98°C for 5 minutes and a final extension of 72°C for 10 minutes. The 3 temperature profiles for each PCR cycle were 1 minute denaturation at 94°C, 1 minute low-stringency annealing at 36°C, and 1 minute primer extension at 72°C. Negative controls without template DNA were carried out for all amplifications. PCR reaction components, except primers, were from Promega Corp. (Madison, Wis.). caudal fin with a mosaic pattern of black spots. The GV females show olive-brown wild-type female body colora- tion and grayish-brown variegated patterns on a yellowish translucent tail. The variegated tail pattern of the GV strain is due to the Var color pattern gene (Khoo et al., 1999a,c). Five males and 5 females were randomly selected from each population and strain, and frozen at —80°C prior to use. caudal fin with a mosaic pattern of black spots. The GV

Table 3. Estimates of RAPD Variation in Six Feral Populations and Two Cultured Strains of the Guppy* *The percentage of polymorphic loci (%P) and average gene diversity or heterozygosity (H) (Nei, 1987) are listed for each primer. Mean popula- tions = average for each primer for 8 guppy populations. Across populations = actual value for each primer across 8 populations. Mean primers = average for each population for 7 primers. Across primers = actual value for each population across 7 primers. Sample size, n = 10 individuals per population or strain. BT, Bukit Timah; NS, Nee Soon; TS, Tuas; MF, Mount Faber; KR, Kranji; LI; Lab.-Inbred; TX, Tuxedo strain; GV, Green Variegated strain.

Table 4. Estimations Within and Among Six Feral Populations and Two Domesticated Strains of the Guppy” A. Nei and Lei’s (1979) Genetic Similarity Index’ B. Nei’s (1987) Genetic Distance (below diag.) and Unbiosed Genetic Distance (above diag.)

*BT, Bukit Timah; NS, Nee Soon; TS, Tuas; MF, Mount Faber; KR, Kranji; LI, Lab.-Inbred; TX, Tuxedo strain; GV, Green Variegated strain. TS values in parentheses denote genetic similarity within each population.

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Biotechnology for Sustainability

by Subhash J Bhore

World Environment Day (WED) is a biggest global annual event celebrated each year on June 5 to promote the awareness about the importance of preserving the environment. This book was published to commemorate the world environment day-2017... more

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Molecular Detection, Quantification, and Diversity Evaluation of Microalgae

by VINITHA EBENEZER

2012, Marine Biotechnology

This study reviews the available molecular methods and new high-throughput technologies for their practical use in the molecular detection, quantification, and diversity assessment of microalgae. Molecular methods applied to other groups... more

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Microarray Analyses of Shrimp Immune Responses

by Sasimanas Unajak

2011, Marine Biotechnology

Shrimp aquaculture is one of the major foodproducing industries in the world. However, it is being impacted by several problems including diseases, antibiotic use, and environmental factors. The extent of the effects of these problems in... more

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Desarrollo de Herramientas para Inmunodetección: Generación de Anticuerpos Policlonales, Monoclonales y Bibliotecas de Fagos

by Susana Magadan and

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Promotion of biotechnology amongst students by university departments in South Africa

by Nelius Boshoff and

University departments (including schools and centres) with a direct or indirect link to biotechnology were identified. Representatives at these entities were surveyed to establish what measures South African universities are undertaking... more

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ALZHEIMER'S AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF TAONIA ATOMARIA

by Eman A Ibrahim

The present research aims to identify the phenolic and flavonoid composition as well as the biological effects of the Taonia atomaria different extracts as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's and anticancer activities against... more

ata represented as MeantSD % of three replicates in each group, statistical significant is carried out using SPSS computer program and -0-State computer program, where unshared letter is significant at p $0.05.

Data represented as MeantSD % of three replicates in each group, statistical significant is carried out using SPSS computer program and Co- state computer program, where unshared letter is significant at p<0.05.

Anticancer activity of different fractions of T. atomaria ethanolic extract against cancer cell lines (HePG2, A549, HCT116 and MCF7) Table 8 Table 7 FREE renee A a rete nce uence en Mg ecisoneren even mern rman he finite miners renee ee ees ta Data represented as Mean tSD of three replicates in each group, statistical significant is carried out using SPSS computer program and Co- state computer program, where unshared letter is significant at p $0.05.

DISCUSSION decline LDL oxidation (low density lipids) in vitro. The second is the flavonoids interact with cell membranes, induced membrane changes that may affect the oxidation rate of the membrane lipid and/or protein. The separation of some flavonoids in the hydrofobic core of membranes may decrease the access of oxidants, protecting structure and function of membranes. *° Moreover, a phenolic compound can be oxidized into a quinoid compound that is similar to vitamin K, participating in the redox reaction. By chemical and/or ezymatic oxidation, quercetin, which is the most representative flavonoid, is converted into ortho- quinone leading to quinone-methides by isomerisation, reactive intermediates which alkilate the DNA. In addition, the interference of flavonoids with NO- synthase activity is another way to remove ROS. *'The anti-inflammatory effect of 7. atomaria may be not reported and may be explained on the basis of the presence of phenolic and flavonoid in T. atomaria may have the potential to inhibit or minimize tissue injury and maintain homeostasis in the immune system in a dose dependent manner. It’s’ well-known _ that, inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection and plays a pivotal role in many diseases. 2 NO is considered as one of the factors leading to inflammation in macrophages. NO also, plays an important effect in body functions, but its over- production in macrophages, can cause an inflammation and autoimmune diseases. *° COX-2 is involved in NO The present results reveal the presences of vanillic acid 4968.78yg/100g), benzoic acid (6286.57 yg/100g) and pyrogallol (1531.04ug/100g) in 7. atomaria phenolic composition. In addition, high contents of epicatechein 447.971g/100g), caffeic (382.19 97 "g/100g), ferulic 380.3497g/100g) and saiycilic (653.9397"g/100g) as well as flavonoids were detected. While, the flavonoid composition of T. atomaria revealed the presence of high contents of hisperdin and hespertin (228.61 and 269.0697ug/100g, respectively). Also, high content of narengin, rutin and luteolin were found (108.11, 109.19 and 104.01yg/100g, respectively). In addition to, rosmarinic, quercetin, kampferol, apegenin and /7- hydroxyflavone were also detected. Flavonoids are Known as nature’s tender drug since it is having numerous biological and pharmacological activities. Recent findings regarding the activities of flavonoids such as_ antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, antithrombic, anticarcenogenic, hepatoprotective and cytotoxic have generated interest in researches of flavonoids. '® The presence of various secondary metabolites in brown algae seaweeds is a clear indication of their pharmaceutical potential. One of the confirmed properties of flavonoids is their ability to act as anti-oxidants. Flavonoids react directly with the free radicals lead to free radicals inactivity. Through, eliminating the free radicals, flavonoids Data represented as MeantSD % of three replicates in each group, statistical significant is carried out using SPSS computer program and Co-state computer program, where unshared letter is significant at ps0.05.

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Journal of Research in Biology - Volume 5 Issue 4.pdf

by Journal of Research in Biology (JRB)

This is Volume 5 - Issue 4 of the Journal of Research in Biology. Journal of Research in Biology is an international scientific journal committed to the development and spread of research in Biological sciences. It accepts research... more

Fig.5. Evolution of the turbidity of different ponds during cycle testing between June and November 2013.

Flavonoids Fig 1. The number of the species in relation with the pathologies found in EL Hajeb

Fig 2. The different species that are used for the treatment of dermatoses

Free anthraquinones Fig 3. The different species that are used for the treatment for diseases of the digestive tract

Figure 1: Percentage of response to treatment in the batch of cows experienced in the area of N'Djamena (Chad).

Figure 2: Responses (%) treatment between primiparous cows and multiparous cows in the area of N'Djamena (Chad) in duration of postpartum anoestrus. The heifers cows that

Figure 3: Treatment response according to the body condition of cows calving in the area N'Djamena (Chad) treatment.

Fig.1. Evolution of potential hydrogen from water ponds during different cycle testing between June and November 2013

Fig.2. Evolution of the temperature of the water in different ponds during cycle testing between June and November 2013.

Fig. 7. Evolution of the concentration of nitrate in water from different ponds during cycle testing between June and November 2013.

Fig. 8. Evolution of the average body weight of Oreochromis niloticus with different experimental diets (PP, MS, MS+PP, T1, T0)

Legend. (1) Entry of water; (2) Water outlet; (3) Plate of the pond; (4): Composter; (5) Basin water retention; Pp: Pennisetum purpureum; Ms Musa sapientum; Cm: Chicken manure; Nt: No treatment

Legend. (A): Water outlet; (B): Dike; (C): Composter

Table 2: Antimicrobial capacity according to the direct contact method The antibacterial effect was found bactericidal or Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is carried

The results were presented in Table 1: Antimicrobial effect by the method of direct contact: The results of antimicrohial effect is oiven in the followino ta TS ee ee ee ee eee eS ee a See ee The results of antimicrobial effect is given in the following tabl

Table 1: Distribution of cows selected according to the batch and parity for experimentation in the area of N'Djamena (Chad)

Table 1: Heat return rate of local cows based lots in the area N'Djamena (Chad)

Note: SS: Suspended Solids; pH: potential of hydrogen. (Mean + SEM); PP: Pennisetum purpureum, MS : Musa sapientum, T1 : positive control, TO : negative control. Table1: Physico-chemical characteristics of ponds recorded during the second cycle, from June to November 2013

PP :Pennisetum purpureum, MS : Musa sapientum, T1 : positive control, TO : negative control; Dg: Daily growth; Faw: Final average weight; Fas: Final average size. Iaw: Initial average weight; Ias: Initial average size The heterogeneity between the average weight is not significant at 5%. Table 2: Zootechnical performance of different ponds Oreochromis niloticus fed three diets during 180 days of experimentation the second cycle. The results are expressed as: Mean + SEM.

1 Averages followed by the same letter in small caps in rows, and large caps in columns, do not differ according to the Tukey test (P<0.05). 2 Original averages. For statistical analysis, data were transformed into .

1 Averages followed by the same letter in small caps in rows, and large caps in columns, do not differ according tc the Tukey test (P<0.05). 2 Original averages. For statistical analysis, data were transformed into SQRT (X+1). 3 Original averages. For statistical analysis, data were transformed into log (X+1).

Table 4. Average 4) damage caused by caterpillars of Spodoptera frugiperda by tillage system.

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SCREENING ON THE POTENTIAL BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY IN SOFT CORAL COLLECTED FROM SOUTH BANGKA ISLAND WATERS AND LAMPUNG BAY

by Rozirwan Rozirwan and

Soft corals contain bioactive compounds that can be used as a marine natural product. The puposes of this study was to determine of the soft corals inhibition potential for antibacterial activity. The methodology in this study included... more

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Characterization of Carrageenan Extracted from Hypnea bryoides in Oman

by Ahmed Al-alawi

2011, Marine Biotechnology

Carrageenophyte red seaweed from Oman, Hypnea bryoides, extracted using three different processes: an aqueous, a mild alkaline, and a more vigorous alkaline extraction was investigated. The resulting extract precipitated by alcohol was... more

Fig. 1 Overlay FTIR spectra taken for raw Hypnea bryoides (A), sigma k-carrageenan (D) and carrageenan extracts extracted by KOH treatment (B), aqueous treatment (C) and NaOH treatment (£) FTIR spectra of H. bryoides plant and carrageenan extract extracted by the three treatments are shown in Fig. 1. The spectra show many characteristic bands that are attributed to a number of structural information in carrageenan (Pereira et al. 2003; Reis et al. 2008). Bands at 872 and 842 cm | in the raw Hypnea are attributed to the presence of C-O-SO, group on C6 and C-O-SO, on C4 of galactose, respectively, which indicates the presence of u form of carrageenan, the precursor of k-carrageenan. Spectra—B, C, and E—in Fig. | represent spectra of carrageenan extracted by KOH, aqueous, and NaOH treatments, respectively. Complete conversion of carrageenan to Kk form involves both elimination of 6-sulfate group and formation of 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose bond which is

Fig. 2. Chromatograms of sigma k-carrageenan (C) and carrageenan extracts extracted by aqueous treatment (4), KOH treatment (8), and NaOH treatment (D) as eluted by size exclusion chromatography Rheological Behavior To establish good characterization of K-carrageenan extract, it was essential to investigate the effect of extraction treatments on molecular weight as well as molecular weight distribution in the final extract. Size exclusion chromatog- raphy analysis showed that the aqueous treatment produced a higher molecular weight carrageenan compared with rest of the treatments and to the reference k-carrageenan (Fig. 2). Yet, this observation could perhaps be explained due to lack of alkali in aqueous extraction; therefore, breakdown in carrageenan chains would be limited. The second highest molecular weight after the aqueous extrac was the KOH alkali treatment. This result together with ne ne ne

Fig. 3 DSC thermograms of extracted k-carrageenan (dotted line) and sigma carrageenan (/ine) powders.

Fig. 4 Temperature variations of G’ and G” for 1.5% k-carrageenan, 30 mM KCl extracted from Hypnea as a result of cooling from 80°C to 45°C at 1°/min and frequency of 1 Hz

“Sample dry weight > Data are mean values of three determination +SD Table 1 Proximate composition (g/100 g DW*) of Hypnea bryoides”

Table 2. Percentage yield and proximate composition of carrageenan? extracted by different treatments (g/100 g DW’) ~ Sample dry weight > Data are mean values of three determination +SD

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Disruption of Bacterial Cell-to-Cell Communication by Marine Organisms and its Relevance to Aquaculture

by Natrah Ikhsan (F.M.I Natrah)

2011, Marine Biotechnology

Bacterial disease is one of the most critical problems in commercial aquaculture. Although various methods and treatments have been developed to curb the problem, yet they still have significant drawbacks. A novel and... more

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Rapid Isolation of DNA from Fresh and Preserved Fish Scales for Polymerase Chain Reaction

by Laszlo Orban

2001, Marine Biotechnology

We developed a simple and inexpensive method to extract DNA from fresh and preserved fish scales. The procedure is based on boiling the scales in 5% Chelex 100, followed by digestion with proteinase K and subsequent absorption of genomic... more

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Purification and characterization of a thermostable intra-cellular [beta]-glucosidase with transglycosylation properties from filamentous fungus Termitomyces clypeatus

by Samudra Prosad Banik

2010, Bioresource …

An intra-cellular b-glucosidase was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and HPGPLC from mycelial extract of Termitomyces clypeatus in the presence of the glycosylation inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose. CD... more

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Patterns of Gene Expression in a Scleractinian Coral Undergoing Natural Bleaching

by Francois Seneca

2010, Marine Biotechnology

Coral bleaching is a major threat to coral reefs worldwide and is predicted to intensify with increasing global temperature. This study represents the first investigation of gene expression in an Indo-Pacific coral species undergoing... more

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Functional characters evaluation of biscuits sublimated with pure phycocyanin isolated from Spirulina and Spirulina biomass

by Eman A Ibrahim

The aim of the present work is to study the effect of incorporation of biomass and phycocyanin extracts of Spirulina platensis growing in define media at large scales (300 liters, limited in nitrogen and high salinity) to traditional... more

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Bioprocess Intensification for Production of Novel Marine Bacterial Antibiotics Through Bioreactor Operation and Design

by Taek-Kyun Lee

1999, Marine Biotechnology

There is a lack of research into bioreactor engineering and fermentation protocol design in the field of marine bacterial antibiotic production. Most production strategies are carried out at the shake-flask level and lack a mechanistic... more

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Disruption of Bacterial Cell-to-Cell Communication by Marine Organisms and its Relevance to Aquaculture

by Tom Defoirdt

2011, Marine Biotechnology

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BIOTECNOLOGI

by ADE IBRAHIM

MARINE NATURAL PRODUCT

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Protection of Shrimp Penaeus monodon from WSSV Infection Using Antisense Constructs

by Rakesh Mishra

2014, Marine Biotechnology

White spot syndrome caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most threatening diseases of shrimp culture industry. Previous studies have successfully demonstrated the use of DNA-and RNA-based vaccines to protect WSSV... more

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Principles of Biofouling Protection in Marine Sponges: A Model for the Design of Novel Biomimetic and Bio-inspired Coatings in the Marine Environment?

by ronald osinga

2013, Marine Biotechnology

The process of biofouling of marine structures and substrates, such as platforms or ship hulls, proceeds in multiple steps. Soon after the formation of an initial conditioning film, formed via the adsorption of organic particles to... more

copper nanoparticles (see Kiaune and Singhasemanon 2011), novel organic bioactive compounds (see Fusetani 2004), the bastadins (Ebada and Proksch 2012) or isoquinoline deriva- tives (Bringmann et al. 2012), all having anti-biofouling activity.

sensing cell-to-cell communication and provides the ground for (step 4) the formation of “hard macrofouling” based on small (step 4a) and larger eukaryotes, invertebrates, and plants (step 4b). The steps sketched in this figure do not imply that the biofouling process is linear and consecutive. In the /ower panel, possible intervention strategies are outlined Fig. 2 Stages of biological biofouling process. Initially, a conditioning layer is formed (step /) that (step 2) allows the adsorption of bacteria and/ or diatoms (“microfouling”). Step 3, With the growth of the microorganismic layer in the (three-dimensional) space and with time, the bacterial community becomes dynamically organized by quorum

(Maldonado et al. 1999), but high enough for the enzyme to perform the enzymatic reaction (Miller et al. 2008). Hence, during the course of the enzymatic poly-bio-silica formation, orthosilicate can be “scavenged” out of the aqueous environ- ment and deposited as polymer, bio-silica, on the surface of the animals (Fig. 4a). The enzyme silicatein exists not only within the spicules, in their axial filament, but also on their surface and within the extra-spicular space around the spicules (Miiller et al. 2005). Since the density of spicules is especially high within the subsurface region of sponges, it is reasonable to suppose that also in this tissue layer silicatein exists abun- dantly as well; in turn, the enzymatically driven bio-silica formation can occur. Assuming that the formed bio-silica is deposited at the interphase between the animal and its sur- rounding environment, a second biochemically driven mech- anism should be proposed that converts the fluffy, soft enzymatically formed bio-silica into a semi-hard consistency (Fig. 4a).

with the corresponding sequences from the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica (MUCIN4_AMPHI, XP_003389333.1) and the nidogen and EGF-like domains comprising protein from Sus scrofa (NIDOGEN_SUS; XP_003133861.2). Residues conserved (identical or similar with respect to their physicochemical properties) in all three sequences are shown in white on black; those which share similarity to at least two residues are shown in white on gray. The nidogen domain is marked (wavy lines); within this segment, the secondary structure predic- tion [helix (A), strand (S), and coil (straight lines)| has been performed and the potential Ca**-binding aa [aspartic acid (D) and glutamic acid (£)] within the sponge region are highlighted (p/us signs). d Formation of bio- silica mesoscopic gelatinous flocs from bio-silica sol. After addition of the nidogen-like/mucin-like protein from S. domuncula, the fluffy silicatein-formed bio-silica undergoes progressively hardening to a solid gel (d-a to d-c) Fig. 4 Proposed function of bio-silica as surface sealing/surface coating and as a cytotoxic layer against the biofilm-producing bacteria, S. mutans. a Schematic outline of surface sealing/surface coating by bio-silica. This polymer is enzymatically synthesized by silicatein that is accumulated under the pinacoderm layer of the sponge, in the extracellular space. Based on experimental data, we assume that bio-silica is released to the sponge surface. There, a nidogen-like/mucin-like protein is released from the sponge, facilitating hardening, aging of bio-silica, a process during which bio-silica forms a protection layer. If biofilm-producing bacteria settle onto the bio-silica, they are killed by the polymer. b Biofilm- producing S. mutans bacteria (b), growing on blood agar. After exposure to bio-silica which is placed into a hole (bs), the bacteria are killed, which is seen by the spreading of the growth inhibition zone (iz). c The nidogen- like/mucin-like protein (VIDOGEN-I_SUBDO, accession no. HE971726), deduced from the respective S. domuncula cDNA, is aligned

melanogaster (BH61_DROME; CAA22836.1), and human (KIAA1358_HUMAN; XP_166485.3) have been used. The yeast Sac- charomyces cerevisiae hypothetical protein Yjl200cp (ORF _YEAST: NP_012335.1) served as an outgroup. Numbers at the nodes are an indication of the level of confidence for the branches as determined by bootstrap analysis (1,000 bootstrap replicates). ¢ Antibodies were raised against the sponge tachylectin and used to stain the surface (su) layer, as well as the surface of the spicules (sp), of S. domuncula; images at two different magnifications are given. d Regional distribu- tion of the two compounds aeroplysinin-1 and the related dienone within a tube of the sponge A. aerophoba. In contrast to the dienone, aeroplysinin-1 is accumulated at the surface regions of tube-like branch, both that one directed to the oscular, the water exhalant channel system, and that one directed to the outer region that is perforated by the inhalant pores. Extracts were prepared and separat- ed on a TLC plate. The spots, representing aeroplysinin-1 and _ the related dienone, are highlighted Fig. 5 S. domuncula tachylectin/lectin LEC_SUBDO. a The deduced sponge sequence of LEC_SUBDO is aligned with the most closely related sequence from horseshoe crab, the galactose-binding protein (GBP) from T tridentatus (GBP_TACTR; AAF74773.1). Identical amino acids are in white on black. The positions of the potential disulfide linkages are marked (+S-S+). The transmembrane region and the six internal tandem repeats are indicated. b Phylogenetic analysis of these two sequences and other identified lectins in the horseshoe crab: tachylectin-P (7PL-P_TACTR; BAA88574.1), lectin L6 (LEC6_TACTR; 82151), and tachylectin-1 (7PL-1_TACTR; BAA90326.1). Additionally, the sequences from the Mycetozoa Physarum polycephalum [tectonin-1 (TCT1_PHYPO; 061063) and tectonin-2 (TCT2_PHYPO; 061064)] were included. The distantly related sequences from the fish Carassius auratus (PMP_CARAU; AAK0O1372.1), the GBP from Danio rerio (GBP_DANIO; AAM21310.1), the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (PNS- Pr_CAEEL, accession no. NP_493440.1), the insect Drosophila

Fig. 6 Biological activity of the S. domuncula ASABF-type peptide. a The sponge ASABF peptide (ASABF_SUBDO), deduced from its cDNA, has been aligned with the most related sequence from the database, the ASABF-y peptide from A. suum (ASABFg ASCSUU; BAC00498.1) and the distantly similar sequence, the ASABF-related peptide from the Baikalian sponge L. baicalensis (ASABFr_LUBAI, HE573030). Residues conserved (identical or similar with respect to their physicochemical properties) in all sequences are shown in white on black; those which share similarities to at least two residues are in black on gray. The borders of the signal peptide and of the mature peptide are given. In addition, the eight Cys moieties that are involved in disulfide bridge formation are indicated (C). b Schematic outline of the elimination of apoptotic tissue from the sponge S. domuncula after induction with the Fe’ chelator Dip or at low oxygen pressure or bacterial overgrowth. At day 1 the expression of the HAD gene is increased, resulting in the formation of quinolinic acid, a metab- olite synthesized via the HAD/kynurenine pathway. The metabo- lite attracts the gastropod Bittium sp. that eliminates the apoptotic tissue. Finally (after days 4 and 5), parallel with the maximal synthesis of the ASABF-type peptide, the settling microorganism and also the gastropods and the bacteria are eliminated. e Grazing of the Bittium sp. on the surface of the sponge, undergoing apoptosis. d The recombinant ASABF-type peptide (ASABF) was assayed in cultures with the biofilm-producing S. mutans bacteria (b) and found to inhibit bacteria growing, as seen on the expan- sion of the growth inhibition zone (iz)

Fig. 7 MDR pump (schematic representation) and an inhibitor of it. a Function of the MDR pump: (1) passive influx of the xenobiotic(s) from the extracellular to the intracellular space; (2) efflux of the xenobiotic(s) via the MDR pump, parallel to the activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK); (3) inhibition both of the RTK and the MDR pump by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (7KJ) aeroplysinin. It is postulated that this compound inhibits both the RTK (by inhibition of the intrinsic enzyme) and the MDR pump (inhibition of the substrate binding pocket). b Effect of 10 ug/mL of Caulerpa extract (CE) or of caulerpin (Cau), as well as of 10 or 1 pg/mL of (+)-aeroplysinin-1 (Aero) on the accumulation of rhodamine B in gills. Six independent experiments have been performed per mean value (+SD) given. *P<0.05

polyP: bacterial efflux pump inhibitor Fig. 8 Schematic outline of the synergistic effect caused by copper in combination with polyP/bisphosphonate on bacteria cells. This bioinspired concept implies that copper (Cu), taken up from the solid phase onto which the bacteria are in the process to attach, is imported into the cells and displays its toxicity there. In a parallel detoxification process, polyP, which is either formed intracellularly or taken up by the polyP-3-hydroxybutyrate-Ca”* pump, undergoes enzymatic hydroly- sis by exopolyphosphatases (ExoP’ase) under the formation of ortho- phosphate. In turn, orthophosphate forms with copper an intracellular salt that is exported from the bacterial cells. The ExoP’ase inhibitor, a bisphosphonate, blocks the enzyme and, by that, prevents the accumu- lation of orthophosphate and, in turn, the formation of copper salt. In a parallel mode of action, polyP extracellularly attaches to the bacterial membrane and removes Ca” from the membrane with the conse- quence of microbial cell death Sponges are known to produce high levels of polyP, espe- cially the demosponges, e.g., Zethya Iyncurium (Lorenz et al. 1994, 1995). In addition, these animals contain polyP- catabolizing enzymes, exopolyphosphatase(s), an enzyme that has been identified by our group (Lorenz et al. 1995). In an attempt to elucidate the potential usefulness of polyP as an antifouling agent, combination experiments of polyP together with copper have been performed using the biofilm-producing S. mutans (Miller et al. 2012). It was found that exogenously added polyP, as well as the non-hydrolyzable analogue, the bisphosphonate dichloromethylene diphosphonic acid (DMDP), causes a strong synergistic effect on copper- induced toxicity on S. mutans cells. This potentiating effect on copper-induced toxicity was not shown by the defensin- related S. domuncula toxin, ASABF. Furthermore, it was found that prior to be functionally active, the intracellular, bacterial metabolite polyP has to be hydrolyzed to orthophos- phate. The liberated phosphate monomers then intracellularly bind copper and export the toxic compound out of the bacterial cell (Fig. 8); this reaction contributes to a reduction of the copper-mediated toxicity for the bacteria. In order to avoid

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Cell Cultures from Marine Invertebrates: New Insights for Capturing Endless Stemness

by oka beli

2011, Marine Biotechnology

Despite several decades of extensive research efforts, there is yet no single permanent cell line available from marine invertebrates as these cells stop dividing in vitro within 24–72 h after their isolation, starting cellular quiescence. This ubiquitous quiescent state should be modified in a way that at least some of the quiescent cells will become pluripotent, so they will have the ability to divide and become immortal. Following the above need, this essay introduces the rationale that the discipline of marine invertebrates’ cell culture should gain from applying of two research routes, relevant to mammalian systems but less explored in the marine arena. The first is the use of adult stem cells (ASC) from marine organisms. Many marine invertebrate taxa maintain large pools of ASC in adulthood. Ample evidence attests that these cells from sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms, and ascidians play important roles in maintenance, regeneration, and asexual cloning, actively proliferating in vivo, resembling the vertebrates’ cancer stem cells features. The second route is to target resting somatic cell constituents, manipulating them in the same way as has recently been performed on mammalian induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. While “iPS cells” are the outcome of an experimental manipulation, ASC are natural and rather frequent in a number of marine invertebrates. Above two cell categories reveal that there are more than a few types of seeds (cells) waiting to be sowed in the right soil (in vitro environmental conditions) for acquiring stemness and immortality. This rationale carries the potential to revolutionize the discipline of marine invertebrate cell cultures. When cultured “correctly,” ASC and “iPS cells” from marine invertebrates may stay in their primitive stage and proliferate without differentiating into cells lineages, harnessing the stem cell’s inherent abilities of self-replication versus differentiated progenies, toward the development of immortal cell lines.

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THE WORK OF THE WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION (WIPO) AND ITS POSSIBLE RELEVANCE FOR GLOBAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE

by Claudio Chiarolla

This contribution to the IMO-IMLI Comprehensive Study on Effective and Sustainable Global Ocean Governance addresses the following key questions: Is there a place for intellectual property (IP) considerations in regard to global ocean... more

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Seasonal variation of antifouling activities of marine algae from the Brittany coast (France) Peer reviewed article

by Y. Le Gal

The antifouling activity of extracts (aqueous, ethanol, and dichloromethane) of 9 marine macroalgae against bacteria, fungi, diatoms, macroalgal spores, mussel phenoloxidase activity, and barnacle cypris larvae has been investigated in... more

Table 1. Effect of Positive Controls (TBTO and CuSO,) and Ulvophyceae Extracts on Inhibition of Development of Fouling Organisms”?

Nd, not determined. * Number 1 indicates E. intestinalis; 2, U. lactuca; 3, C. rupestris. > Results are presented as [—] for no inhibition, [+] for 1% to 30% inhibition, [++] for 31% to 59% inhibition, and [+++] for more than 60% inhibition; F1-F3, marine fungi; B1-B3, marine gram-positive bacteria; B4—B6, marine gram-negative bacteria; D1-D3, diatoms; M1—M3, macroalgae. A, aqueous fraction; B, ethanol fraction; C, dichloromethane fraction. Table 1. Continued

Table 2. Effect of Phaeophyceae Extracts on Inhibition of Development of Fouling Organisms®”

*“ Number 4 indicates A. nodosum; 5, S. muticum; 6, E. siliculosus. > Results are presented as [—] for no inhibition, [+] for 1% to 30% inhibition, [++] for 31% to 59% inhibition, and [+++] for more than 60% inhibition. F1-F3, marine fungi; B1-B3, marine gram-positive bacteria; B4—B6, marine gram-negative bacteria; D1-D3, diatoms; M1—M3, macroalgae. A, aqeuous fraction; B, ethanol fraction; C, dichloromethane fraction. Table 2. Continued

“Number 7 indicates C. crispus, 8, L. pinnatifida; 9, P. lanosa. > Results are presented as [—] for no inhibition, [+] for 1% to 30% inhibition, [++] for 31% to 59% inhibition, and [+++] for more than 60% inhibition. F1-F3, marine fungi; B1-B3, marine gram-positive bacteria; B4—B6, marine gram-negative bacteria; D1-D3, diatoms; M1—M3, macroalgae. A, aqeuous fraction; B, ethanol fraction; C, dichloromethane fraction. Table 3. Continued

Table 4. Summary of Type of Activity (seasonal or yearly)*” * F1-F3, marine fungi; B1—B3, marine gram-positive bacteria; B4-B6, marine gram-negative bacteria; DI1—D3, diatoms; M1—M3, macroalgae. a, aqueous fraction; b, ethanol fraction; c, dichloromethane fraction. > Results are presented as number | indicates Enteromorpha intestinalis; 2, Ulva lactuca; 3, Cladophora runestris; 4, Ascophyllum nodosum; 5, Sargassum muticum; 6, Ectocarpus siliculosus; 7, Chrondus crispus; 8, Laurencia pinnatifida; 9, Polysiphonia lanosa. [—] for nonactive; S, seasonal variation; Y, activity all year long.

* F1-F3, marine fungi; B1—B3, marine gram-positive bacteria; B4-B6, marine gram-negative bacteria; D1—-D3, diatoms; M1—M3, macroalgae. a, aqeuous fraction; b, ethanol fraction; c, dichloromethane fraction. > Results are expressed by the month when the maximum antifouling activity was recorded (3, March; 5, May; 7, July; 9, September); Number 1 indicates Enteromorpha intestinalis; 2, Ulva lactuca; 3, Cladophora rupestris; 4, Ascophyllum nodosum; 5, Sargassum muticum; 6, Ectocarpus siliculosus; 7, Chrondu: Table 5. Period of Year Leading to Maximal Activity for Combination of Extract and Strain Subject to Seasonal Activities*?

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Phospholipids of some marine microalgae: Identification, antivirus, anticancer and antimicrobial bioactivities

by Eman A Ibrahim

Phospholipids (PL) of five species of marine macroalgae (two species of Rhodophyta (Laurencia popillose, Galaxoura cylindriea); one specie of Chlorophyta (Ulva fasciata), and two species of Phaeophyta (Dilophys fasciola, Taonia atomaria)... more

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Diversity of Antibiotic-Active Bacteria Associated with the Brown Alga Laminaria saccharina from the Baltic Sea

by Johannes F Imhoff

2009, Marine Biotechnology

Bacteria associated with the marine macroalga Laminaria saccharina, collected from the Kiel Fjord (Baltic Sea, Germany), were isolated and tested for antimicrobial activity. From a total of 210 isolates, 103 strains inhibited the growth... more

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Allometric Relationship in the Adult Population of the Malaysian Horseshoe Crab (Tachypleus tridentatus; Leach)

by Dr. Siddhartha Pati

Mature pairs of the horseshoe crab migrate regularly towards the beaches for breeding purpose. The continuous depletion of the population of horseshoe crab in several places is also directly related to the degradation and... more

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Genetic Analysis of Neoplasia Induced by N-Nitroso-N-methylurea in Xiphophorus Hybrid Fish

by Anthony Pedroza

2001, Marine Biotechnology

Interspecific crosses within the genus Xiphophorus have historically been used to study the genetic aspects of melanoma formation. Melanomas typically occur as a result of deregulation of polymorphic, naturally occurring macromelanophore... more

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Assessing the Health of Grass Shrimp ( Palaeomonetes pugio ) Exposed to Natural and Anthropogenic Stressors: A Molecular Biomarker System

by Cheryl Woodley

2001, Marine Biotechnology

We developed a molecular biomarker system (MBS) to assess the physiological status of Palaomenetes pugio (grass shrimp) challenged with exposure to heat stress, cadmium, atrazine, and the water-accommodating fraction of either diesel fuel... more

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Biosurfactant Production by Azotobacter chroococcum Isolated from the Marine Environment

by Ibrahim M Banat

2009, Marine Biotechnology

Preliminary characterization of a biosurfactantproducing Azotobacter chroococcum isolated from marine environment showed maximum biomass and biosurfactant production at 120 and 132 h, respectively, at pH 8.0, 38°C, and 30‰ salinity... more

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Intraperitoneal Germ Cell Transplantation in the Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

by Anna Octavera

2014, Marine Biotechnology

Germ cell transplantation offers promising applications in finfish aquaculture and the preservation of endangered species. Here, we describe an intraperitoneal spermatogonia transplantation procedure in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis... more

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Enhanced Bacterial Disease Resistance of Transgenic Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Possessing Cecropin Genes

by Rex Dunham

2002, Marine Biotechnology

The cecropin B gene from the moth Hyalophora cecropia, driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter, was transferred to the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Transgenic individuals (P1) were mated to produce individuals (F1) that exhibited... more

truly effective vaccines are not available for many common catfish diseases or for enteric septicemia.

Table 1. Oligonucleotides Used to Assemble the Pre-procecropin B Sequence Table 2. Oligonucleotides Used to Generate the Catfish Immunoglobulin Leader Cecropin B Coding Sequence*

Table 3. Enhanced Resistance to Bacterial Disease Demonstrated by Transgenic Channel Catfish Containing Cecropin Genes in a Natural Epizootic and an Artificial Tank Challenge *Transgenic mean was higher than control mean (P < 0.005, ° contingency). Transgenic mean was higher than control mean (P < 0.01, y*° contingency).

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Bacterial Exopolysaccharides from Extreme Marine Environments with Special Consideration of the Southern Ocean, Sea Ice, and Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents: A Review

by Jean Guezennec and

2005, Marine Biotechnology

Many marine bacteria produce exopolysaccharides (EPS) as a strategy for growth, adhering to solid surfaces, and to survive adverse conditions. There is growing interest in isolating new EPS producing bacteria from marine environments,... more

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A Candidate Gene Association Study for Growth Performance in an Improved Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Culture Line

by David Hurwood and

2014, Marine Biotechnology

A candidate gene approach using type I single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers can provide an effective method for detecting genes and gene regions that underlie phenotypic variation in adaptively significant traits. In the absence... more

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Marine BioTechnology

Key research themes

1. How can cellular agriculture and engineering biology revolutionize sustainable seafood production?

2. What roles do marine microorganisms and their metabolites play in advancing industrial, pharmaceutical, and environmental biotechnologies?

3. How do marine macroorganisms and algae contribute to the discovery of biomolecules and biomaterials for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and biotechnological applications?

4. What frameworks and strategies enhance sustainable growth and governance in marine (blue) biotechnology sectors?

Related Topics

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