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Latin epitaphs

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Latin epitaphs are inscriptions in the Latin language found on tombstones or memorials, typically commemorating the deceased. They often reflect cultural, social, and religious beliefs of the time, serving as historical documents that provide insights into the practices and values of ancient Roman society.
lightbulbAbout this topic
Latin epitaphs are inscriptions in the Latin language found on tombstones or memorials, typically commemorating the deceased. They often reflect cultural, social, and religious beliefs of the time, serving as historical documents that provide insights into the practices and values of ancient Roman society.

Key research themes

1. How do Latin sepulchral inscriptions articulate and evolve concepts of the soul and immaterial afterlife in pagan and Christian contexts?

This thematic area focuses on the philological and semantic analysis of key Latin terms—anima, spiritus, mens—that denote the immaterial parts of human beings continuing after death, exploring their usage and conceptual development in Latin epitaphs from the Carmina Latina Epigraphica corpus. Understanding these terms reveals how notions of the soul and afterlife were represented across pagan and Christian funerary texts, highlighting continuities and subtle differences in religious thought and funerary poetics in the Roman world.

by Tad Ga
Key finding: Analyzing approximately 1,400 funerary inscriptions within Buecheler's collection, this study finds the term 'anima' occurs about 80 times, 'spiritus' 20 times, and 'mens' just thrice, establishing these as predominant words... Read more
Key finding: Confirming and expanding on earlier work, this paper provides philological evidence that both pagan and Christian inscriptions emphasize the dichotomy between the immaterial 'anima/spiritus' and the physical 'corpus/caro'. It... Read more
Key finding: This philological and literary analysis positions early Roman verse epitaphs as crafted poetic artifacts that simultaneously memorialize the deceased and activate a commemorative dialogue with living audiences. It places... Read more

2. What role do material features of Latin funerary epitaphs play in facilitating ongoing interaction between the living and the dead?

This research theme investigates how the physical design and interactive elements of Latin epitaphs—including libation conduits (infundibula) and epigraphic inscriptions framed as direct address—enable ritual engagement between visitors and the deceased. It sheds light on the performative and sensory dimensions of commemorative practices in Roman funerary culture, emphasizing the role of epitaphs as mediators of social memory and as dynamic thresholds for communication beyond death.

Key finding: This overview examines the dialogic nature of Latin epitaphs, including those addressed directly to the viator (traveler) on Roman roads. It elucidates how epitaphs functioned as performative, spoken texts meant to be read... Read more
Key finding: This paper examines Giovanni Pontano’s funerary tempietto in Naples, characterizing it as a 'written building' where inscribed texts supplant figural arts, creating a printed gallery of maxims (sententiae) on the exterior... Read more

3. How do Latin epitaphs reveal social identity, professional roles, and cultural perceptions in Roman society?

This theme explores Latin epitaphs as sources illuminating the social status, gender roles, professions, and cultural values of the deceased, particularly marginalized or specialized groups such as mime actresses or soldiers. It considers epitaphs not only as memorials but as performative assertions of identity and honor within Roman social frameworks, offering insights into how commemoration articulates power, gender, and socio-professional narratives.

Key finding: Through detailed analysis of epitaphs for mime actresses like Claudia, Arete, and Ecloga, this study reveals how these inscriptions assert professional pride and social authority, countering ancient literary stigmas. The... Read more
Key finding: This epigraphic study reports the only complete Latin funerary inscription for a miles of Legio VI Ferrata, excavated near the legionary base at Legio. The inscription exhibits formal imperial metrological characteristics... Read more
Key finding: Surveying extensive Late Antique epitaphic material from North Africa, this work demonstrates regional variations and evolving funerary customs, noting a shift from individual/familial to collective representation in... Read more

All papers in Latin epitaphs

El presente artículo resume los objetivos y principales resultados de la investigación que desarrollamos en nuestra tesis doctoral, Estudio de la mujer a través de los epitafios. Rituales y honores funerarios en la Colonia Tárraco. En... more
Alberto MONTANER, «La mora Zaida, entre historia y leyenda (con una reflexión sobre la técnica historiográfica alfonsí)», en Historicist Essays on Hispano Medieval Narrative in Memory of Roger M. Walker, London, Maney Publishing for the... more
Il testo contiene alcune considerazioni sulla figura di Spartaco e, in generale, sulla condizione degli schiavi nelle campagne e nelle città romane, scaturite in particolare dalla lettura dell'epistola 47 di Seneca a Lucilio.
Amtropos heu letum livida rupit opus! Huic ingrata tulit tristem Florentia fructum, 10 exilium, vati patria cruda suo, quem pia Guidonis gremio Ravenna Novelli gaudet honorati continuisse ducis, mille trecentenis ter septem Numinis anni,... more
"L’epigrafia funeraria cristiana in versi a Milano ha un illustre iniziatore: il più antico epitaffio metrico, databile al 377-378, è quello dedicato da Ambrogio al fratello Satiro. Se la tradizione che lo vuole autore non ha conferme,... more
Исходным пунктом для доклада служит феномен «читабельности» кладбища, которая в европейской культуре стала остро осознаваться с XVII в., когда возникла мода на кладбищенские прогулки и на чтение надгробных памятников. В эту эпоху... more
Il presente lavoro, incentrato sulla storia del lavoro e dei lavoratori nel mondo romano, si propone di ricostruire, attraverso l'epigrafia monumentale, l'identità e il profilo socio-economico di alcuni individui vissuti a Mutina o nel... more
En el siguiente trabajo, se explicarán aquellas estelas funerarias romanas que incluyan representaciones zoomorfas, acompañando al difunto o en solitario.
When Michelangelo died in Rome in 1564, his body was transported back to his native Florence for an honourable state funeral. The event was an extravagant multi-step affair because of the deep sentiments many Florentines genuinely felt... more
Il patrimonio epigrafico lapidario modenese, che attualmente comprende circa 300 iscrizioni, ha restituito più di 160 menzioni relative a schiave, liberte e ingenuae vissute a Mutina e nell'ager Mutinensis tra la seconda metà del I secolo... more
L’Afrique du Nord présente une densité d’épitaphes tardo-antiques élevée, uniquement comparable à celle de l’Italie. Cette contribution donne un bilan des problèmes et des progrès de la recherche funéraire tardive en Afrique pendant les... more
I'll be delivering a short version of this draft paper at CAMWS 2018, and discussing this longer version at the Chicago Regional Workshop organized by Alexander Loney later this month, in preparation for a volume on Vergil and Elegy... more
Embedded within the transition from life to death, epitaphs reveal aspects about important boundaries in life, and for Roman women in Late Antiquity this boundary was between childhood and womanhood. Early Christianity accepted girls into... more
L'obiettivo della ricerca è quello di ricostruire, attraverso l'epigrafia e l'iconografia funeraria, l'identità sociale di alcune donne e bambine mutinensi vissute tra l'età augustea e il IV secolo d.C.
Un esempio di ambizione sociale e orgoglio professionale da Mutina: la stele del tonsor Lucius Rubrius Stabilio Primus -Luogo di ritrovamento: Modena, via Emilia Est -via Pelusia (1999). -Contesto di riferimento: necropoli orientale di... more
In this paper the scholar offers the first really critical edition of the Epitaphium Leandri, Isidori et Florentinae (ICERV 272), founded on all existing manuscripts. He examines too the textual tradition of this work and analyzes his... more
A study of fictive orality in the Republican epitaphs of the CLE reveals that two categories of fictive orality are especially rare, and moreover limited to a specific situation: in a corpus of forty-nine inscriptions, only two (CIL I²... more
A short paper containing some thoughts about the epitaphs in honour of composer John Dunstaple.
Nec minus interea Misenum in litore Teucri flebant et cineri ingrato suprema ferebant. principio pinguem taedis et robore secto ingentem struxere pyram, cui frondibus atris 215 intexunt latera et feralis ante cupressos constituunt,... more
Sobre el epitafio de La istòria de Leànder y Ero de Joan Roís de Corella y otros textos parecidos de su producción.
"During recent rescue excavations conducted on Petra Zoranića square in Zadar, the remains of an earlier-known church were discovered, which has been identified as the Church of St. Peter of the Windlass mentioned in medieval... more
Tous droits réservés pour tous pays. Aux termes du Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle, toute reproduction ou représentation, intégrale ou partielle, faite par quelque procédé que ce soit (photocopie, photographie, microfilm, bande... more
The article proposes the documentation relating to the epitaphs that adorned the lost grave of King Alfonso II of Aragon in the Cathedral of Messina. These texts are analyzed both under the historical aspect and in relation to their... more
In this part of the lecture we will examine the identity value of work for three lower-class children: Pagus (goldsmith), C. Vettius Capitolinus (embroiderer) and Quartulus (miner).
L'epigramma III, 59 di Marziale offre lo spunto per riflettere sul ruolo delle categorie sociali subalterne nelle città romane, con particolare riferimento a Bononia e a Mutina, dove un ciabattino e un lavandaio, dice il poeta, offrirono... more
This paper examines Latin epitaphs which particularly focus on the career of mime actresses. These epitaphs have a personal attachment to the mimes and give us an opportunity to look at their lives in a different direction. While... more
In this short paper the author presents the first transcription and the analysis of the text of Sidonius Apollinaris’ epitaph as it is transmitted by a manuscript of a private collection. The author proposes also a reconstruction of the... more
This article presents an analysis of the neo-Punic funerary inscriptions construed with the verb ṭnʾ - traditionally translated as “to erect.” A new etymology and meaning of this verb is presented. Furthermore, other morpho-syntactic... more
Edition, translation and commentary of Hidalgo's epitaph, printed in 1604 in his Thesaurus of True Surgery. It was written in a baroque style by his son-in-law, a professor of Medicine at the University of Seville. He erroneously placed... more
This paper studies the use of writing in the Roman province of Aquitaine, a province that can be described in several senses as bipartite. Like our province, our work is made up of two parts: the first examines the appearance and... more
L'articolo è dedicato allo studio del raro gentilizio Purpurarius, noto dalla metà degli anni '80 del secolo scorso e attestato finora solo a Mutina. Il presente contributo rappresenta anche l'occasione per confermare, a partire dalle... more
La stele modenese del tonsor L. Rubrius Stabilio Primus si rivela una fonte preziosa per riflettere su varie problematiche legate alla considerazione del lavoro nel mondo antico. Molto interessante e complessa è anche la storia familiare... more
Tutti i diritti riservati Proprietà artistica e letteraria riservata per tutti i Paesi Ogni riproduzione, anche parziale, è vietata Stampa Tipografia S. Giuseppe srl, Pollenza (MC) Questo volume è stato pubblicato con il patrocinio del... more
Il saggio è dedicato ad alcune figure professionali del mondo romano legate alla lavorazione e alla vendita dell'oro e di manufatti realizzati con questo metallo prezioso. Nel testo si analizzano in particolare le testimonianze... more
In this paper I intend to study a particular variant of Latin inscriptions, that is to say, the epitaphs devoted to Dean Pedro Bencomo (1749-1828) and also provide their edition and translation. As all of them were written in the 19th... more
The visible use of spolia in late antique Rome seems comparable to the way classical remains are reused more broadly in late antique culture, whether that be classical motifs in art, or classical texts in poetry. In the same way that... more
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