Interorganizational Relationships

For more than three decades, the notion of temporary organization in general, and the 4 T framework in particular, has informed research on managing projects. In a similarly important way, it has helped to connect this field of scholarly inquiry more closely with management and organization studies. While the 4 T framework with its four dimensions (time, task, team, and transition) has often been referred to, few have criticized or developed it further. In this paper we review the respective literature and propose to focus more on practices and tensions and, in particular, add the tension-ridden concept of project plasticity, which captures the ability of projects to change substantially and yet stay the same in the eyes of those involved. But instead of adding a fifth T, we highlight with this addition the fundamental tension between stability and change. Like the classic and already well-researched tension between organizational autonomy and contextual embeddedness this particular tension is not only extremely relevant for managing temporary organizations, but also cuts across the four classic dimensions and refines our understanding of the dynamic nature inherent to temporary organizations. We illustrate our argument with the example of an interorganizational project from the construction industry.

Often entrepreneurship may be more about the strategic creation of an interorganizational network than of an organization. Based on a revelatory case study from a rather traditional industry in a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem, we argue that once startups replace organization creation by means of network creation they are confronted with a series of tensions that have to be managed in the unfolding process. We analyze how tensions at the beginning of the entrepreneurial journeybeing unknown in the field, lacking an elaborated organization, and facing competitionare tackled under these circumstances with relational practices. Our findings enrich the body of research on entrepreneurship and interorganizational networks by unearthing those relational practices that helpacross analytical levels and timeto address legitimacy, complexity, and reciprocity challenges.

Often entrepreneurship may be more about the strategic creation of an interorganizational network than of an organization. Based on a revelatory case study from a rather traditional industry in a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem, we argue that once startups replace organization creation by means of network creation they are confronted with a series of tensions that have to be managed in the unfolding process. We analyze how tensions at the beginning of the entrepreneurial journeybeing unknown in the field, lacking an elaborated organization, and facing competitionare tackled under these circumstances with relational practices. Our findings enrich the body of research on entrepreneurship and interorganizational networks by unearthing those relational practices that helpacross analytical levels and timeto address legitimacy, complexity, and reciprocity challenges.

Social enterprises may boost their impact by convincing collaborating businesses to contribute to their purposes. However, such enterprises typically lack the leverage to influence mainstream businesses. We investigate to what extent their abundant social resources might enable them to remedy this weakness to some extent. Taking a practice-based perspective, we conduct an ethnographic case study of a social enterprise's collaborative relationships. We discover a collaboration process grounded in social purpose: If a social enterprise's underlying normative aspiration is to put 'purpose before profit' and it practices 'purpose work', its partners may conversely engage in 'purpose borrowing', which involves actions espousing the social enterprise's purpose even if they go against business common sense. We advance research on hybrid organizations by explaining how social enterprises can exert a significant degree of influence on their business partners thanks to their inherent social resources, which are more diverse and powerful than assumed so far. Furthermore, we contribute to inter-organizational collaboration research by identifying a new mode of relational governance founded on social purpose that goes beyond the established modes based on legitimacy, trust, and reciprocity.

Focusing on relational dynamics among collaborating organizations, we ask how inter-organizational projects respond to digitalization and ensure that the dynamics remain manageable. Digital tools, such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the construction industry, can help to manage relational dynamics but may also cause additional ones. Considering the theorizing of stability and change as a duality, the practice-based perspective adopted, and the empirical evidence from two comparable construction projects investigated, these dynamics are not only mitigated, but also maintained, or even mobilized. With its focus on relationally embedded interorganizational projects, and additional relational dynamics triggered and managed by BIM in face of the recursive interplay between stability and change, the study provides a nuanced manageability framework. With this it contributes not only to project management scholarship, but also to management research more broadly, which is increasingly interested in forms of temporary organizing.

Trust is among the most critical factors in buyer-supplier relationships. In an effort to understand the origins of trust, power has become the focus of a burgeoning body of literature. However, research on the association between power and trust has been plagued by inconsistencies in terms of whose power and trust are being examined, which has led to confusion and hindered cumulative progress. We address this issue by disentangling the effect of the focal organization (actor effect) from the effect specific to its partner (partner effect) and accounting for both simultaneously. We further theorize and show that the partner's level of self-promotion communication about his or her own achievements and credentials moderates both actor and partner effects, thus adding knowledge about a contingency that accounts for a considerable degree of variation in the linkage between power and trust. Using multiinformant, dyadic survey data paired with archival information scraped from firms' webpages, we find that (i) actors low (vs. high) in power tend to place more trust (ii) while simultaneously eliciting higher levels of trust from their partners; however, (iii) these effects differ markedly depending on the partner's level of self-promotion communication. Our study offers a novel, integrative perspective on power and trust, and we elaborate on its important implications for understanding buyer-supplier relationships.

Kosovo is a typical paradigm of international cooperation, after the end of the NATO-led ‘Operation Allied Forces’ in June 1999. Pursuant to UN SC Resolution 1244, UNMIK cooperated with KFOR to coordinate their endeavours for peace and state building. After 2008, UNMIK allocated most of its initial responsibilities to Kosovar authorities and to EULEX, which along with KFOR, became the main international players in Kosovo, albeit, no official arrangement was established between the EU and NATO. 
Despite the two organisations’ long strategic partnership, after 2004 political and strategic institutional cooperation was almost non-existent, leaving space only for informal, non-institutionalised cooperation. That situation started to change after the July 2016 joint declaration, placing their relationship within a new framework.
The aim of this study is to investigate what kind of cooperation, outside the Berlin Plus arrangements, has been developed in Kosovo between the EULEX and KFOR, within this new EU-NATO partnership framework.
My argument is that due to its complexity, the EU-NATO relationship should be viewed as a multi-level phenomenon, where, by drawing on insights from concepts and theories from Inter-Organisational Relations (IOR) in International Relations (IR) in each level, when put together, can provide a more nuanced and holistic picture of the cooperation.
Finally, the article advocates that, after the July 2016 joint declaration, a new type of institutionalised Strategic Partnership is being developed, outside the Berlin Plus arrangements. However, in order to avoid political blockages, some fields of this co-operation, in the international staffs and the operational/tactical levels, are kept away from the Member States’ approval mechanisms and influences, where practical approaches of cooperation have been developed.

Yousef Jalali is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. He received a B.S. and M.S. in Chemical Engineering and M.Eng. in Energy Systems Engineering. His research interests include interaction between critical thinking, imagination, and ethical reasoning, interpersonal and interinstitutional collaboration, diversity, equity, and inclusion, systems thinking, and chemical engineering learning systems. Yousef taught chemical engineering courses for a few years in his home country, Iran, and first-year engineering courses for several semesters at Virginia Tech.

Although the concepts of relational and contractual governance in inter-organizational relationships have attracted academic and practitioner interest over the last decades, to date there have been limited comprehensive and systematic efforts to review, analyse and synthesise extant literature. We review and analyse 1,415 publications identified from a wide range of management disciplines and journals from 1990 to 2018. We deploy bibliographic and content analyses to offer a comprehensive literature analyses and synthesis and subsequently develop and position a multidimensional framework of exchange governance. The proposed framework covers existing conceptualisations of exchange governance and its diverse mechanisms, environmental dimensions influencing the use of exchange governance mechanisms and performance implications. We uncover areas that are currently under-studied and draw out fruitful future research avenues.

Southern Africa faces a chronic infrastructure funding deficit that continues to constrain economic growth, social equity, and sustainable development. Traditional public financing mechanisms have proven insufficient to meet the region's escalating infrastructure demands, prompting increased interest in alternative modalities such as Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). This study critically examines the efficacy of PPPs as a strategic response to infrastructure financing challenges in Southern Africa, drawing comparative insights from mature PPP ecosystems in the United Kingdom, United States, Germany, and Canada. Adopting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology, the research is situated within an interpretivist paradigm and employs a qualitative design to synthesise scholarly discourse, empirical evidence, and policy evaluations. A purposive sample of peer-reviewed articles, institutional reports, and case studies was analysed using NVivo software, enabling structured thematic coding and comparative analysis across jurisdictions. Thematic clusters were derived using Braun and Clarke's six-phase framework, revealing five dominant dimensions: institutional coherence, procurement transparency, risk allocation, stakeholder engagement, and sustainability integration. Findings indicate that while PPPs offer promising avenues for mobilising private capital and technical expertise, their success in Southern Africa is contingent upon the presence of robust legal frameworks, predictable regulatory environments, and inclusive governance structures. Comparative lessons from high-income countries underscore the importance of contractual clarity, performance-based incentives, and lifecycle costing models, which remain underdeveloped in many Southern African contexts. The study highlights the need for context-sensitive regulatory adaptations, capacity-building initiatives, and regional knowledge platforms to localise global best practices. Ultimately, this research contributes to the evolving discourse on infrastructure finance by offering a nuanced understanding of PPP dynamics and proposing actionable recommendations for policymakers, development finance institutions, and private sector actors seeking to strengthen PPP implementation in Southern Africa.

The contracting process is a crucial step in alliance development and its success. However, the existing literature reveals surprisingly little investigation into how organizational learning relates to the process of contract making. The authors therefore conducted an in-depth longitudinal study of the alliance contracting process in the animated film industry. First, the study’s findings suggest that during the contracting process, firms can learn about the way to deal with the contracting process, about themselves and their partner, and about the transaction features. Second, the case analysis indicates a combination of experiential, vicarious and inferential learning mechanisms. Combining these insights into the objects and the mechanisms of learning during the contracting process, the authors discuss how contracting and learning processes are related and analyse the role of the contracting process in supporting organizational learning. The findings show that the drafting of cont...

Over recent decades, the area of marketing interorganizational relationships (IORs) has received increasing attention from both academics and practitioners, even if a comprehensive portrayal of past research is still lacking. Hence, the aim of the present paper is to review the literature on marketing IORs in order to develop a framework meant to organize the different contributions in this area and suggest new paths for future research. The analysis suggests that three main streams of research can be identified with regard to the type of relationship between variables investigated by each article. Moreover, taking into account the purpose of the IOR, common patterns within each stream may be identified. A critical analysis of articles grounded on both the streams and the purpose of marketing IORs suggests there are still substantial gaps in knowledge, which open new paths for future research regarding both methodological issues and hot topics.

This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the European Security and Defence College (ESDC) and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union.

This service learning collaboration combines community service with academic learning. With that purpose, a collaboration network was created between the University of Valencia and Escola Gavina, a preschool, primary and secondary school. The objective was twofold, first, it attempts to give postgraduate students the opportunity to carry out a diagnostic of the inter-organizational relations of Escola Gavina. This objective is pursued through collaboration between different entities, which is one of the basis of service learning. Inter-organizational relationships are crucial in today’s society, they are becoming more frequent, and allow some organizations to achieve objectives that would not otherwise be possible. Second, it allows to provide academic and professional orientation to students of secondary school, while stimulating the development of linguistic competences, autonomy, and social interaction. Twenty students from the master's degree and twenty-seven from secondary ...

Brief alcohol interventions (BAIs) are one of only a small number of empirically-supported interventions designed specifically for the primary care setting. Behavioral health providers integrated in primary care can serve as a useful resource to primary care providers and staff by helping to deliver and support the implementation of BAIs. This is especially important as greater numbers of primary care settings implement the recommended routine screening for hazardous alcohol use. However, lack of provider training has been identified as a barrier to implementation of BAIs (

As governments become poorer or less willing to tax, or as policy about what government ought to do changes, the expectation grows that the private sector will take on what had been the provision of public services. Social spending in Japan-both public and privateas is the case with other East Asian countries, is very low compared to similar OECD nations. The years between 1990 and 2005, however, saw a relatively large jump in the amount of voluntary private social expenditure, even though the Japanese national commitment to social policy went relatively unchanged or increased slightly. This is in conflict with the fact that public and private social spending are negatively correlated (Campbell 2007). Through historical analysis and process tracing, this study sets out to discover what other factors might explain the increase in voluntary private expenditure. The findings are that in addition to variables identified by previous research, the emergence of international corporate social responsibility norms championed by reputable international governance institutions like the ISO, UN and the OECD should be considered as a causal factor, but has been largely ignored by earlier scholarly investigations.

Today, organizations face a range of known and unknown risk factors that threaten their operations, including industrial accidents, natural disasters, and cyberattacks. In this ambiguous and complex environment, business continuity management (BCM) offers an approach to prepare for diverse risks and uncertainties. This article reviews the second edition of the book Business Continuity Management: A Crisis Management Approach by Dominic Elliott, Ethné Swartz, and Brahim Herbane. The core of the book is a four-stage process for initiating, planning, implementing, and operationally managing BCM. The book achieves its goal of repositioning BCM from a reactive, technical discipline to a proactive, strategic process that is embedded in organizational culture. However, the book occasionally lacks transferable and actionable details, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises and non-Western contexts. Nevertheless, the book is a valuable resource for scholars and practitioners alike, and is also suitable for classroom use. I recommend the book to anyone who wants to deepen their understanding of BCM as a strategic approach to risk and crisis prevention.


Gauer, Kolja, Business Continuity Management: A Crisis Management Approach (February 19, 2025). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=

As markets become increasingly complex it is more and more important that we understand their underlying market networks. While much research has been conducted into the inter-relationships and impacts between the firm and the network, less attention has been paid to the study of the whole network itself. Understanding the origins, structures, and potential futures of whole market networks is vital to the understanding of whole markets. This is particularly the case in light of the multiplicity of societal and institutional conditions attached to an increasingly globalized economy. The insertion of technology into incumbent markets such as finance or healthcare causes market and network evolutions that firms must understand if they are to navigate them safely. Traditional business research methods are, however, often locked to the firm perspective through case study approaches, or quantitative network analyses. Despite some recent methods that take a more situated, biographical appr...

In my doctoral thesis, I examine the public and political activities of social organisations - circles, associations, congregations of Mary - linked to the Roman Catholic Church, and their impact on their narrower and wider environment. The timeframe is the two world wars, but it is also necessary to look at the period of dualism, when a significant number of these associations were founded. My point of departure is Szeged, one of the centres of Hungarian Catholicism, with the inclusion of national points of reference. Already at the beginning of my research, it became clear that it is not easy at all to give contours to this complex category of associations. A good part of the historical studies on the subject do not even bother with the complex problem of separation. The majority of authors do not situate the associations under study in the social space, do not describe their relationship to the state, the legal environment or other organisations, and their typification is generally confused. The political, legal and social sciences have examined the issue in greater depth, producing a multitude of articles and volumes on the various forms of association of individuals, not only or mainly non-church associations. In my own work, too, it would be more convenient to examine only the relationship of the associations in question to the churches. But this would give the distorted impression that they have little to do with society as a whole. They were governed by secular laws, not to mention the fact that the relationship of the churches themselves to the state was also governed by law. The organisations in question are inseparable from the complex web of society, while at the same time being fundamentally different from other associations. In my presentation, I will illustrate the complexity of the issue from several perspectives, first of all with regard to the established denominations of the Horthy era, with a focus on the Roman Catholic Church. I will show that the larger churches had relatively clear rules on the possibilities and conditions of association. I will compare this with the position of secular legislation and then, drawing on social science findings, show why it is a mistaken historiographical practice to conflate social organisations linked to churches with associations most often called civil. My conclusion is that the latter are social organisations, mostly non-profit, nongovernmental, but also non-civil society. They can be divided into two broad categories, separated by the requirement of secular official approval. The classification within the two broad categories is problematic, however, and cannot be standardised, at best we can think in terms of flexible umbrella categories.

Inter-firm relationship governance is becoming increasingly fragmented and complex in industrial marketing and management. There is a need to develop an integrative framework, which describes the nature of the relationship (complementary or substitutes) between economic and sociological governance mechanisms, and their relative effectiveness in explaining ex-post transaction costs and relationship commitment. Building on transaction cost economics (TCE) and social exchange theory (SET), we investigate the varying roles of economic (i.e., contract completeness and symmetric dependence) and sociological (i.e., trust and communication) governance mechanisms. The deductive-nomological framework is tested by employing a nonparametric technique (i.e., partial least squares -PLS) to structural equation modeling (SEM) and semi-partial correlation. The analysis of data from 170 buyer-supplier relationships established by Finnish SMEs indicates that sociological mechanisms function as substitutes with contractual governance and complementary with symmetric dependence in relation to ex-post transaction costs and relationship commitment. Further, economic governance mechanisms have a more effective role in minimizing ex-post transaction costs, whereas sociological governance mechanisms are more powerful in enhancing relationship commitment.

The study aimed at evaluating the Logistics Outsourcing Strategies of the Oil and Gas companies in the Niger Delta. The study adopted a cross sectional research design; the population of interest for this study was drawn from oil and gas companies operating in Niger Delta; a total of fifty one (51) oil and gas companies were identified. The data collected for this study was analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS analysis tools. The study revealed that, the challenges exist between major oil and gas companies and logistics service providers in the Niger Delta; the challenges identified were lack of appropriate technology, lack of appropriate business process, the quality of service by logistics service provider not matched to the firm's standards, increase in the level of risk associated with logistics outsourcing between oil and gas companies and service providers, delays in service provision by logistics service provider, lack of appropriate business process and there is lack of tools to optimize the use of logistics service provider. The study concluded that strategies employed by oil and gas companies in the Niger Delta in logistics outsourcing with logistics service providers were key in influencing their operation positively and in view of sustainable oil and gas companies, more improve mechanism or strategies must be in practice. The recommendations are made base on the study findings; the study suggest that outsourcing strategies should be improve and existing ones modified to accommodate current environmental externalities. Such as full or complete outsourcing to service providers, complete risk should be shouldered by service providers, and service providers (LSP) should present a strong capital base and that just-in-time concept or approach, payment duration, welfare approach and sustainable communication channels should be included in the measurement of oil and gas companies in logistics outsourcing process.

The aim of the paper is to develop a competence-based taxonomy of supplier firms of the automotive industry. Two different theories, the resource based theory of the firm and the customer value approach, are linked and applied in order to develop this taxonomy. Competences are interpreted as complex groups of specific customer value dimensions and their aligned capabilities (and sub-capabilities), that create product and service packages, seen coherent, acceptable and assessable by the customer. Based on a qualitative research carried out in Hungary, specific customer value dimensions have been identified. Those capabilities and sub-capabilities have also been revealed, which enable supplier firms to create these identified customer value dimensions and overall customer value. The competence-based taxonomy of automotive supplier firms has been developed and a comprehensive description of different competences has been given on the basis of these results.

The literature presents mixed contributions about the economic conditions under which cartels form and collapse, and about how stable they are across firm-specific and industrywide business cycles. The relationship between cartel life cycles and business cycles has not been sufficiently analyzed to date. In this paper, we study in depth whether collusion is pro-cyclical or counter-cyclical. We analyze the relationship between cartel startups/breakups and economic cycles using a dataset of sanctioned cartels by the European Commission that were active between 1997 and 2012, after the leniency program had already been introduced. We also double check whether this relationship has changed with respect to the pre-leniency period from 1991 to 1996. Our results show that cartels are more likely to be formed in upturns, but that cartels tend to breakup also in booms. Upturns in economic cycles appear to cause cartel turnovers: existing cartels die while new ones are set up. Collusion appea...

Organizations make ample use not only of temporary employment and contract work but also of projects, perhaps the most popular form of temporary organizing. This trend will nevertheless not herald the end of organizations as we know them. In order to be effective, most forms of temporary organizing rely on complementary permanent organizational or interorganizational structures. The paper discusses this role of context not only for project-based and project-supported organizations but also for interorganizational projects and project networks.

Marketing and operations integration is an important research topic that has gained attention the field of Administration since the 1970s, especially because the two functions are directly responsible for creating or adding value to what is delivered. The issue is clear in practice and identified as a topic of discussion by theory. Service characteristics that are different from goods, such as intangibility, inseparability and customer participation at runtime increase the complexity and the need for better interface between the marketing and operations functions. A functional perspective of marketing and operations functions was taken, instead of a departmental division of the two areas. This dissertation seeks to contribute on the identification of the interdependence between marketing and operations functions, and investigate the relationship between greater integration and operational performance of the service. To develop the proposal the study first identified interdependence, integration and performance constructs. A survey was conducted in educational services context and focus on two services conducted by a university: Vestibular and Matrícula. 51 respondents, representing the networks of actors involved in conducting marketing activities and operations in the implementation of the analyzed processes, participated on a survey. Data were analyzed based on the use of Social Network Analysis that allowed centrality of the network evaluation, confirming the existence of interdependence on the implementation of the processes. It also allows the evaluation the network integration and the analysis of the intensity of the relationships between actors to perform the tasks. Based on the results, trust on the information, understanding on the other's activity and are important factors in improving integration. So that, besides the limitations of this study, there is an interdependence between functions, however, greater integration between functions is not responsible for better performance. So it cannot be said that increasing integration impacts on better performance, but it can be seen that better integration generates better performance.

KUTI ÉVA Döntéshozók és döntési mechanizmusok a nonprofit szektor finanszírozásában A nonprofit szektor finanszírozásának hazai és nemzetközi vizsgálata az eddigiek ben elsõsorban a bevételek forrásaira (költségvetés, piaci szektor, nonprofit szektor, külföld, lakosság) összpontosított, s lényegében megelégedett a "látható" pénzmoz gások regisztrálásával. A szerzõ új megközelítést alkalmaz: a nonprofit szervezetek finanszírozásában meghatározó szerepet játszó döntési mechanizmusoknak öt nagy csoportját különbözteti meg (1. törvényben rögzített elosztási mechanizmusok, 2. az állami és a magánszférában hozott újraelosztási, 3. részvételi, kapcsolódási jellegû és 4. fogyasztói, vásárlói döntések, 5. pénzpiaci mechanizmusok), szisztematikusan áttekinti egymáshoz való viszonyukat, s kísérletet tesz súlyuk és jelentõségük szám szerûsítésére.* * Részlet a szerzõ készülõ könyvébõl.

Croatia is a transition country with the prospect of joining the European Union, the biggest challenge for the country since the war for independence (1991-1995). Much of the manufacturing sector disappeared during that period and only the most efficient companies survived and managed to cope with the abrupt disappearance of the exYugoslav market. Having lost part of their “domestic market” as a result of the war, Croatian companies need to focus more than ever on achieving competitive advantage which would ensure a necessary market share. We argue that Supply Chain Management (SCM) can be a source of competitive advantage for Croatian companies. Engaging in supply chain networks will enable Croatian companies to compete on an equal basis with foreign competitors. In order to do so, we argue that Supply Chain Management should be raised to a strategic level so the focus of our study would be the strategic aspects of SCM. Our study is based on a research of Supply Chain Management pr...

In an empirical study of the North American lodging industry, we investigate the efficacy of influence strategies for managing opportunism in marketing channels. We posit that the effects of influence strategies upon opportunism are moderated by the extent to which relational norms characterize the channel exchange. The results support this moderating effect. In particular, we find that relational norms have an asymmetrical effect across coercive and noncoercive influence strategies. With high relational norms in the relationship, a channel member's use of noncoercive influence strongly limits partner opportunism whereas the use of coercive influence exacerbates partner opportunism. In contrast, noncoercive influence intensifies and coercive influence mitigates partner opportunism under conditions of low relational norms. These findings offer first insights for curbing opportunism in marketing channel relationships with the simultaneous use of different socialization mechanisms.

For many firms, designing governance structures for their inter-organizational relationships is a key strategic challenge. Strategic management and other management scholars have successfully applied concepts from sociology, economics, and organization theory to analyze this challenge. Despite their attention to the relational dimension of governance, however, these scholars have drawn very little from a stream of economics research that directly addresses relational governance and has become established in that field: namely, the economics of relational contracts. In this essay, we discuss what the economics of relational contracts can add to management studies of the governance of interorganizational relationships. We explain how the economics of relational contracts sheds light on the relative roles of, and interactions between, the shadow of the past and the shadow of the future in supporting interorganizational collaboration. In so doing, we suggest how economic models of relational contracts can radically change the interpretation of observations that management scholars have made about collaborative relationships they have studied. We also show how the economics of relational contracts literature can contribute to the extended debate about whether and when contracts are substitutes or complements for unwritten agreements. Finally, we discuss implications for the ways in which the economics of relational contracts can help us to better understand the governance of inter-organizational relationships.

This research examines the value of developing procedural and distributive fairness under a variety of favorable and adverse transacting conditions in R&D collaborations. The parties in these collaborations have symmetrical power and make significant investments in joint activities. A survey of approximately 300 R&D collaborations indicates that while procedural and distributive fairness facilitates performance outcomes, these forms of fairness are also able to improve performance under favorable transacting conditions (e.g., knowledge of the transformation process) and mitigate the negative effects of adverse transacting conditions (e.g., asymmetric inputs and transacting hazards). Interestingly, we also find evidence that the development of fairness can undermine performance, particularly when credible commitments of collaboration (e.g., joint transaction-specific investments) are in place. Implications for the development of interorganizational relationships and the management of...

McNamara and Schleicher (2024) have identified four principal paths for contributing to the Journal of Management (JOM): theoretical insights, phenomenon-driven research, research methodologies, and review papers. This editorial focuses on phenomenon-based research, emphasizing its potential for enhancing management knowledge by offering a nuanced understanding of real-world phenomena. Unlike traditional approaches, phenomenon-based research prioritizes the complexity of phenomena over the immediate generation of theoretical contributions. Grounded in established theory, phenomenon-based research utilizes the phenomenon itself as the primary source of insight, facilitating the development of relevant organizational frameworks. We propose a multistep framework encompassing phenomenon selection, framing, data collection, and study constraints, highlighting criteria—Pertinence, Reach, Insightfulness, Magnification, and Expediency (PRIME)—to guide scholars in identifying meaningful phenomena. Additionally, we discuss constraints that may limit research, including cultural, logistical, ethical, academic, and resource-related challenges (CLEAR). By addressing these considerations, we encourage management scholars to explore diverse and impactful phenomena, ultimately aiming to position JOM as a leading platform for phenomenon-based research and its contributions to real-world organizational challenges. This editorial advocates for a balanced approach that values both theory-driven and phenomenon-driven research in advancing management scholarship.

Inter-organizational projects have become common forms of organizing in various industries such as construction, advertising, music, film making etc. The unique structural nature of Interorganizational projects coupled with the fact that they carried out through the participation of multiple organizations, raises issues of coordination. Particularly when it comes to creative industries, coordination is challenged by demand and transactional uncertainties. In order to understand how inter-organizational projects achieve coordination in such situations, it is important to study their interior processes putting in consideration their environmental context.

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Le soin s'organise dans des institutions ou des réseaux que l'on a considérés ici comme des organisations. On s'est intéressé dans ce colloque aux processus de coordination et de communication au sein et entre les organisations qui composent le système de soin. Des caractéristiques de ces activités de communication dépendent en effet bien souvent la capacité du système à assurer un soin de qualité et à moindre coût.

The paper introduces the economic significance of civil societies in Hungary, especially in Hajdú-Bihar county. It concisely delineates some definitions concerning the nonprofit sector and civil organisations. Moreover, it clarifies which phenomena are applied in the research. The conceptual clarification is followed by the presenting of the most important indicators-change of number, number of employees, income, activity-of the Hungarian civil sector. The data was collected from the database of the KSH and different other studies. After the introduction of the national aspect the economic aspects of the civil sector in Hajdú-Bihar county will be outlined. Eventually, in order to establish the foundations of future research some basic ideas and hypotheses will be drafted about the management characteristics of the civil organisations. Qualitative data from secunder research is used for this essay.

My study analyses the operation of Civil Organizations, which is a controversial field in the financing world. The target group of my former and future research is this particular sphere. The social and economical importance of these organizations is incontrovertible and this is the main reason why I chose this organizational form to study and to work at. My survey presents the status of COs in Hungary. The number of Civil Organizations increased sixfold since the democratic transformation in 1989, which is a significant change. My study is on the Hajdú-Bihar county located CO's. Nearly 3000 CO operates in the 72 settlements of this county, a sufficient number to contact and to support the study. Up to the present I surveyed their budget and sources by asking them filling out questionnaires. In order to substantiate or refute the results of the survey, I made in-depth interviews with superior bodies.

After the change of the former regime – corresponding with the social needs – numerous civic organizations were established, through the constantly changing legal environment and social structures. Regarding the volume of the sphere, it neither seems to be raising nor declining. Owing to latest changes and the effect of the new Act on Civic Organizations, their number may also decrease, and as a prelude some try to stabilize their positions beside the new conditions and other step out and leave their formerly established organizations. In this manuscript we would like to illustrate such resources and prospects beside the constraint factors, which equally mean dilemma for the sustainability of civic organizations

The paper introduces the economic significance of civil societies in Hungary, especially in Hajdú-Bihar county. It concisely delineates some definitions concerning the nonprofit sector and civil organisations. Moreover, it clarifies which phenomena are applied in the research. The conceptual clarification is followed by the presenting of the most important indicators-change of number, number of employees, income, activity-of the Hungarian civil sector. The data was collected from the database of the KSH and different other studies. After the introduction of the national aspect the economic aspects of the civil sector in Hajdú-Bihar county will be outlined. Eventually, in order to establish the foundations of future research some basic ideas and hypotheses will be drafted about the management characteristics of the civil organisations. Qualitative data from secunder research is used for this essay.

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As estrategias de relacionamento entre empresas de TI da Regiao Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, dentre outras questoes, sao analisadas neste trabalho, que tem por principal objetivo descrever como a forma de relacionamento entre estas empresas altera as dinâmicas de competicao, cooperacao e aprendizagem organizacional. Para apoiar a construcao do trabalho, aplicou-se um modelo hipotetico adaptado, a fim de verificar as varias hipoteses formuladas sobre redes interorganizacionais. Este modelo trabalha com os construtos atuacao em redes, cooperacao, politica de relacionamento, aprendizagem relacional, fortalecimento da rede e competicao, que sao correlacionados, utilizando as medidas da teoria de analise de redes sociais: tamanho, densidade, reciprocidade, cliques, graus de entrada e saida, intermediacao e proximidade. Estas medidas foram obtidas a partir do software UCINET, com base em dados coletados por meio de questionarios aplicados aos gestores das empresas de TI selecionadas, ...