History of Patents

En este libro se analiza la recepción de la enseñanza intuitiva en México, un movimiento educativo transnacional, basado en el pensamiento del pedagogo suizo Johann H. Pestalozzi, que dominó gran parte de la instrucción primaria durante el siglo XIX. Esto a partir del hallazgo de dos caminos divergentes de apropiación: la ruta formalista, transitada por la élite educativa nacional, que intentó instrumentar un escrupuloso método de educación, retomando las ideas de la escuela anglosajona, y la senda inventiva, recorrida por algunos “docentes de salón”, que buscó adecuar el pensamiento pestalozziano a las necesidades locales por medio de la creación de varios inventos educativos.

Así, a través de sus páginas, el lector encontrará una detallada explicación de la conformación internacional de la enseñanza intuitiva, sus canales de introducción en México desde inicios del siglo XIX y las múltiples manifestaciones que detonaron los dos caminos divergentes de significación.

Esta obra, por tanto, no sólo nos invita a conocer el devenir de uno de los movimientos pedagógicos más relevantes en la historia de la escuela primaria, o la peculiaridad que alcanzó en la circunstancia mexicana, sino a reflexionar y ampliar nuestra comprensión sobre las tensiones que históricamente se han producido entre los conocimientos pedagógicos autorizados –aquellos confi­gurados en secretarías de Estado, congresos o sociedades de profesionistas y plasmados en tratados, leyes o programas educativos– y los saberes que se generan al nivel de las experiencias en el salón de clases. Un asunto siempre complejo y paradójico que ha cruzado la dimensión educativa desde la aparición de la pedagogía moderna hasta el presente.

Este volumen aborda la compleja transición que experimentó la protección de los inventos tecnológicos en México, desde los privilegios exclusivos hasta las patentes de invención. A lo largo del texto se analiza la coexistencia de ambas formas de protección en la historia de México. Los privilegios exclusivos fueron parte de las instituciones implantadas bajo el dominio español, mientras que las patentes de invención surgieron con la vida independiente. No obstante, la transición de un sistema a otro no fue un suceso inmediato. Durante la llamada "era de la anarquía" (1821-1876) sobrevino un proceso de vaivenes donde se mezclaron las ideas de ambas instituciones. En medio de las indefiniciones del sistema mexicano de patentes se gestaron dos tendencias. La primera, fomentada por las élites dirigentes, se orientó hacia el apoyo a los empresarios que podían importar tecnología extranjera. La segunda, impulsada por los inventores mexicanos de una heterogénea e incipiente clase media, se encauzó hacia la generación de una tecnología local.

Des Brevets à l'examen. Le rôle du Comité consultatif des arts et manufactures dans la délivrance des brevets au début du XX e siècle Gabriel GALVEZ-BEHAR IRHiS-UNIVERSITÉ LILLE III Objet de droit, le brevet d'invention est facilement classé dans la catégorie des facteurs juridiques favorisant l'innovation, même si ce lien positif a été et demeure contesté. Encore faut-il savoir comment un ensemble de règles, fussent-elles légales, peut produire un tel effet, ce qui suppose de se pencher sur leur mise en pratique. Peut-on, en d'autres termes, se fier à la seule définition formelle du brevet d'invention pour en connaître ou du moins en discerner les usages ? C'est cette question qu'entend aborder cette communication en se limitant à la pratique de l'examen des brevets d'invention par le Comité consultatif des arts et manufactures sous le régime de la loi de 1844 1. Car, en apparence, la loi du 5 juillet 1844 est claire ; son article 11 dispose que : « les brevets dont la demande aura été régulièrement formée seront délivrés sans examen préalable, aux risques et périls des demandeurs,

Publikationsansicht. 57778355. Genèse des droits de l'inventeur et promotion de l'invention sous la Révolution française (2006). Galvez-Behar, Gabriel. Abstract. Cette note de travail se penche sur la genèse des lois instituant ...

HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Copyright Des médiateurs au coeur du système d'innovation : les agents de brevets en France (1870-1914

Dès la fin du XVIIIe siècle, le privilège accordé à l'inventeur est l'un des outils de la mobilisation administrative qui fait de l'invention une « cause nationale »1. En réduisant les risques liés à l'investissement dans les nouveautés, le privilège doit favoriser l'alliance entre novation ...

The industry has maintained a strong presence in the region for as long as manufacturing statistics have been kept. In 1860,-40% of medicines, extracts and drugs were manufactured in Philadelphia and New York (Department of Commerce, 1865). While Philadelphia and New York were major industrial centers in 1860, this geographic concentration is greater than the concentration for all manufacturing activity and is proportionately greater than that exhibited for other manufacturing industries.

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Ne connaissant pas de loi sur les brevets d’invention avant 1888, la Suisse du xixe siècle suit une trajectoire originale en Europe de l’Ouest. La première législation exclut les substances et les procédés chimiques par une clause qui ne paraît pas moins singulière : l’exigence que les inventions brevetées puissent être représentées par des modèles tridimensionnels. En retraçant la genèse de cette disposition, ainsi que la manière dont elle est mise en œuvre, cet article dégage les forces qui façonnent la première loi suisse. Se font alors jour les inquiétudes largement partagées quant aux conséquences de la nouvelle institution sur le développement technique, la concurrence ou le nombre de procès, inquiétudes qui héritent des remises en cause des brevets dans l’Europe du milieu du xixe siècle et de l’observation des systèmes de brevets d’autres pays.

This paper argues that historical works in pharmacy are important tools for the clinician as well as the historian. With this as its operative premise, delineating the tripartite aspects of pharmacy as a business enterprise, a science, and a profession provides a conceptual framework for primary and secondary resource collecting. A brief history and guide to those materials most essential to a historical collection in pharmacy follows. Issues such as availability and cost are discussed and summarized in checklist form. In addition, a glossary of important terms is provided as well as a list of all the major U.S. dispensatories and their various editions. This paper is intended to serve as a resource for those interested in collecting historical materials in pharmacy and pharmaco-therapeutics as well as provide a history that gives context to these classics in the field. This should provide a rationale for selective retrospective collection development in pharmacy.

Dalam dunia Metaverse, diperkenalkan aset atau benda yang hampir sama dengan aset atau benda yuang berada dalam dunia nyata. Non-Fungible Token atau yang sering disebut dengan NFT yang merupakan sebuah token digital yang ditautkan dengan sistem besar Blockchain, yang dapat diperdagangkan. Sebagai obyek yang dapat diperdagangkan, maka perlu dicermati sifat kebendaan dari NFT dari sisi hukum perdata. Hal ini berguna untuk menentukan proses peralihan kepemilikan dari NFT itu sendiri. Di sisi lain tiudak semua negara sudah memiliki ketentuan yang mengatur mengenai aset digital. Unidroit Principles on Digital Assets and Private Law memberikan petunjuk dalam mengatur mengenai kepemilikan aset digital yang dilihat dari sisi hukum perdata.

Um instrumento musical pode ser definido de maneira ampla como um dispositivo sonoro usado para fazer música. Há uma enorme comunidade mundial de inventores de instrumentos e um grande número de patentes de instrumentos é depositado a cada ano. Alguns instrumentos podem ser fruto de pura intuição, enquanto a maioria deles é resultado de aprimoramento e implementação de recursos tecnológicos. No entanto, a maioria dos instrumentos recém-desenvolvidos dificilmente se torna disponível e útil para intérpretes e compositores. Este artigo descreve a origem criativa das invenções acusticamente informadas, referindo-se a uma série de inventores e grupos musicais que as utilizam, e considerando sua possível designação como uma composição musical, além de sua característica de propriedade industrial. Dois casos selecionados são analisados, um de um instrumento aperfeiçoado desde o século XVI e outro de um instrumento feito a partir de uma garrafa de plástico, que consiste num Ready Made, dentro da conceituação de Marcel Duchamp. Um determinado exemplar de instrumento é efetivamente registrado como composição no Brasil, e o resultado é avaliado em termos de aplicação musical, direitos autorais e reconhecimento de autoria.

« L’intérêt général de l’industrie suisse s’oppose aux brevets. » Cet avis, exprimé en 1866 dans la Gazette de Lausanne, est alors largement partagé par les élites économiques et politiques du pays. En effet, la Suisse s’industrialise au XIXe siècle sans système de brevets d’invention, c’est-à-dire sans accorder de droits de propriété et d’exclusivité sur les nouveautés techniques. Les informations sur les machines de production ou les procédés chimiques circulent librement, et les fabricants helvétiques ne s’en privent pas pour renforcer leur compétitivité internationale.

Les choses changent à la fin du siècle. En 1888, le Parlement adopte la première loi fédérale sur les brevets. Le changement ne s’explique pas seulement par les accusations de piraterie exprimées par les industries d’autres pays, mais aussi par les positionnements et les intérêts des acteurs suisses eux-mêmes. L’ouvrage de Nicolas Chachereau cherche à comprendre quels groupes socio-économiques ont voulu la loi et pourquoi − et lesquels d’entre eux ont ensuite pu en tirer parti. Alors que beaucoup espéraient que les inventeurs modestes profitent des brevets, ceux-ci se révèlent bien plus importants pour les multinationales, notamment dans la fabrication de machines. Loin des discours actuels de célébration de l’innovation, ce livre dresse ainsi le portrait d’une institution en phase avec les évolutions générales du capitalisme helvétique de la même époque.

The beginning the photographic activity of Carlos Relvas (1838-1894) is closely connected to stereoscopic photography. This fact has not always been quite clear since Carlos Relvas’s stereoviews have remained one of the least known sides of his photographic work. The dispersion of his stereo cards among several public and private collections, as well as the long period of inaccessibility to his archive of negatives, hindered the perception of the meaningful work that Carlos Relvas carried out in the production of stereoscopic views of Portugal. One of the main challenges of the 21st-century studies of photography lies in the opportunity to publish online images from early photography collections. Digital media can enhance these collections and expand their reading. Among the main beneficiaries will be photographic negatives, which will gain new heuristic importance in this new environment of mediations. That was our intuition by developing a digital catalogue for the collections of ...

En este texto se muestra la relevancia de las patentes de invención como fuente de información y germen de nuevas interpretaciones históricas en la rama de la Historia de la Construcción. Además de abordar la evolución histórica de las patentes, su composición documental y la información que proveen, se proponen dos vertientes heurísticas que proveen las patentes para la Historia de la Construcción: las patentes como fuente para una historia técnica de la construcción y las patentes como fuente para una historia sociocultural de la construcción. Por último, se describen brevemente las relaciones de comunicación, intercambio y circulación de conocimientos técnicos  que se tejieron entre México y España, en la última década del siglo XIX y primera del XX, a través de las patentes de invención.

En este articulo se examina la circulacion de saberes tecnologicos desde dos episodios de la invencion de maquinas desfibradoras de henequen. En estos eventos se analiza la importancia de la movilidad de los actores sociales y del desplazamiento de los conocimientos para la configuracion de nuevos artefactos. Asimismo, se pone enfasis en las condiciones sociotecnicas y en los complejos de orientacion que definieron el rumbo de esta tecnologia. Por ultimo, mediante ambos estudios de caso, se muestran algunas transformaciones industriales que experimento Yucatan durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX y el Porfiriato como resultado del auge henequenero.

Durante el último cuarto del siglo XIX y la primera década del XX, un periodo que en la historiografía mexicana se conoce como Porfiriato, en el país se presentaron grandes transformaciones sociales, políticas y culturales bajo el signo de la ciencia, el progreso y la modernización de la sociedad tradicional. En esta atmósfera, la esfera educativa como espejo del estado de la sociedad estuvo envuelta en un proceso de renovación. A partir de la década de 1870 comenzó una rápida adopción del modelo educativo de la enseñanza objetiva cuya premisa nodal era que el alumno desarrollara gradualmente sus facultades intelectuales mediante la observación, la manipulación y el análisis de las cosas que lo rodeaban, para lo cual se trabajaba con los objetos mismos o imágenes de ellos. Durante todo el Porfiriato este método se mantuvo vivo en la escuela nacional, se convirtió en una corriente dominante en la enseñanza primaria donde participaron muchos educadores, dándose el caso de un número importante de profesores que se involucraron íntimamente con su contenido y decidieron idear, construir y patentar una serie de invenciones para implementar en el aula sus principios fundamentales.

The second half of the 19th century was a period of revolutionary change in the biomedical sciences. The development of the germ theory of disease and the establishment of fields such as bacteriology, pharmacology, and physiological chemistry laid the groundwork for significant advances in medicine and pharmacy. The

for the purposes of comparison. In order to give you some idea of the drug therapy of that day, however, we can examine one of the textbooks of materia medica and therapeutics of the period. John Neill and Francis Gureny Smith's A HandBook of Materia Medica and Therapeutics is a good choice because it just happened to be published in the same year and city in which the American Pharmaceutical Association was established, namely, 1852 in Philadelphia. 4 Table II shows the classification scheme for remedies used by Neill and Smith, a classification that was not unlike that of many other books on materia medica of the period, such as George B. Wood's A Treatise on Therapeutics and Pharmacology, or Materia Medica. 5 TABLE II Classification of Remedies (Neill and Smith, 1852) General Remedies Local Remedies

A partir d’une enquete de terrain melant entretiens, observations, questionnaires et analyses de bases de donnees de brevets, cette these rend compte du parcours d’inventrices/inventeurs autonomes en France et au Quebec. Ces projets d’invention s’inscrivent dans un moment de passage, de chevauchement, d’encastrement, de flou entre les etapes de la vie ou les domaines d’activites des individus. La premiere partie de la these s’attache a mettre en perspective la notion d’inventeur et le terrain de l’invention. Le processus d’invention fait ensuite l’objet d’une analyse en trois phases : engagement, formalisation et cheminement. Des aller-retour se produisent entre les differentes phases du processus, puisqu’une invention ne cesse de se jouer et de se rejouer au fil du temps. Ce travail est l'occasion d'insister sur les interactions entre les differentes spheres de l'existence et de montrer l'apport d'une analyse qui apprehende la sphere professionnelle en articulat...

The industry has maintained a strong presence in the region for as long as manufacturing statistics have been kept. In 1860,-40% of medicines, extracts and drugs were manufactured in Philadelphia and New York (Department of Commerce, 1865). While Philadelphia and New York were major industrial centers in 1860, this geographic concentration is greater than the concentration for all manufacturing activity and is proportionately greater than that exhibited for other manufacturing industries.

The industry has maintained a strong presence in the region for as long as manufacturing statistics have been kept. In 1860,-40% of medicines, extracts and drugs were manufactured in Philadelphia and New York (Department of Commerce, 1865). While Philadelphia and New York were major industrial centers in 1860, this geographic concentration is greater than the concentration for all manufacturing activity and is proportionately greater than that exhibited for other manufacturing industries.

Studies of innovation have focused on the effects of patent laws on the number of innovations but ignored effects on the direction of technological change. This paper introduces a new data set of close to fifteen thousand innovations at the Crystal Palace World's Fair in 1851 and at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876 to examine the effects of patent laws on the direction of innovation. The paper tests the following argument: if innovative activity is motivated by expected profits, and if the effectiveness of patent protection varies across industries, then innovation in countries without patent laws should focus on industries where alternative mechanisms to protect intellectual property are effective. Analyses of exhibition data for twelve countries in 1851 and ten countries in 1876 indicate that inventors in countries without patent laws focus on a small set of industries where patents were less important, while innovation in countries with patent laws appears to be much more diversified. These findings suggest that patents help to determine the direction of technical change and that the adoption of patent laws in countries without such laws may alter existing patterns of comparative advantage across countries.

Studies of innovation have focused on the effects of patent laws on the number of innovations, but have ignored effects on the direction of technological change. This paper introduces a new dataset of close to fifteen thousand innovations at the Crystal Palace World's Fair in 1851 and at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876 to examine the effects of patent laws on the direction of innovation. The paper tests the following argument: if innovative activity is motivated by expected profits, and if the effectiveness of patent protection varies across industries, then innovation in countries without patent laws should focus on industries where alternative mechanisms to protect intellectual property are effective. Analyses of exhibition data for 12 countries in 1851 and 10 countries in 1876 indicate that inventors in countries without patent laws focused on a small set of industries where patents were less important, while innovation in countries with patent laws appears to be much more ...

Studies of innovation have focused on the effects of patent laws on the number of innovations but ignored effects on the direction of technological change. This paper introduces a new data set of close to fifteen thousand innovations at the Crystal Palace World's Fair in 1851 and at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876 to examine the effects of patent laws on the direction of innovation. The paper tests the following argument: if innovative activity is motivated by expected profits, and if the effectiveness of patent protection varies across industries, then innovation in countries without patent laws should focus on industries where alternative mechanisms to protect intellectual property are effective. Analyses of exhibition data for twelve countries in 1851 and ten countries in 1876 indicate that inventors in countries without patent laws focus on a small set of industries where patents were less important, while innovation in countries with patent laws appears to be much more diversified. These findings suggest that patents help to determine the direction of technical change and that the adoption of patent laws in countries without such laws may alter existing patterns of comparative advantage across countries.

En esta obra se analiza la historia de las patentes de invención mexicanas desde la consumación de la independencia hasta la culminación del Porfiriato. Un extenso recorrido histórico que permite identificar las distintas condiciones del contexto sociotécnico que configuraron el devenir de las patentes nacionales. De este modo, se aborda el tema de la invención patentada como un fenómeno socialmente configurado. Para conseguirlo se consideran tres variables clave: el orden institucional encargado de regular las patentes, los grupos sociales relevantes que las solicitaron y los campos de invención que fomentaron los inventos mexicanos. Igualmente, esta investigación ayuda a comprender un conjunto de procesos más amplios de la historia nacional, como la naturaleza de las políticas de fomento industrial, las dinámicas de circulación de los saberes técnicos en la sociedad y la fisonomía que adoptó la cultura tecnológica del país. En suma, este libro ofrece una profunda perspectiva de las conexiones existentes entre la sociedad, la tecnología y la industria mexicanas del siglo XIX y el Porfiriato. Cabe destacar que por su calidad y originalidad, el presente trabajo obtuvo el Premio Nacional "Francisco Javier Clavijero" del INAH en 2015.

Originally published in 2013 on the website TIGHAR.org, this document was the joint effort of a team of two archaeologists of renown, a world-class research chemist, and a data analyst with an occasional skill at writing. The article documents an attempt to use science and data to characterize a small, luminous jar found on the island of Nikumaroro in 2010. Here we attempt to answer the question of whether the jar was once owned by explorer, author, aviator, and trailblazer Amelia Earhart, and whether this might indicate a possible answer to the question of her disappearance somewhere in the Pacific Ocean on July 2, 1937, as she and navigator Fred Noonan attempted to complete a journey around the globe at the equator.

Originally published in 2013 on the website TIGHAR.org, this document was the joint effort of a team of two archaeologists of renown, a world-class research chemist, and a data analyst with an occasional skill at writing. The article documents an attempt to use science and data to characterize a small, luminous jar found on the island of Nikumaroro in 2010. Here we attempt to answer the question of whether the jar was once owned by explorer, author, aviator, and trailblazer Amelia Earhart, and whether this might indicate a possible answer to the question of her disappearance somewhere in the Pacific Ocean on July 2, 1937, as she and navigator Fred Noonan attempted to complete a journey around the globe at the equator.

U uvodnom dijelu rada ukratko se izlažu prethodne spoznaje o početcima izumiteljskog djelovanja Fausta Vrančića, a potom se predstavlja sadržaj triju do sada nepoznatih dokumenata nastalih između 1588. i 1590. godine, očuvanih unutar fonda »Obitelj Draganić-Vrančić« u Državnom arhivu u Zadru. Posrijedi su izvornik ugovora sastavljena u Grazu, kojim Vrančić i njegov poslovni partner otkupljuju licenciju za korištenje patenata mlinova i pila, za što je njihov izumitelj, barun Hans Friedrich Hofmann, prethodno u Veneciji bio ishodio povlasticu, zatim prijepis molbe kojom Felice Vero (Faust Vrančić) od mletačkog dužda traži povlasticu za vlastite izume mlinova te, naposljetku, prijepis duždevskog proglasa o povlastici kojom se Feliceu Veru (Faustu Vrančiću) na teritoriju mletačke države jamče patentna prava za izumljene mlinove. U raspravi o kontekstima nastanka i značenju tih spisa poglavito se nastoji ocrtati ranonovovjekovni, sveeuropski fenomen umnožavanja broja tehničko-tehnoloških inovacija i s njima povezanih povlastica, što svoj vrhunac doživljava upravo u Veneciji u drugoj polovici 16. stoljeća. U zaključnom dijelu rada preliminarni rezultati istraživanja razmotreni su s obzirom na teze o naravi izumiteljskog opusa Fausta Vrančića, iznošene u starijoj i novijoj historiografiji. U prilogu se donose faksimili i integralne transkripcije dokumenata.

The introductory part of this paper summarizes the existing knowledge of the beginnings of Faust Vrančić’s activity as an inventor and proceeds to present the contents of three hitherto unknown documents dating between 1588 and 1590, recently discovered among the Draganić-Vrančić family papers at the Zadar State Archives. The first document is contract drafted in Graz, whereby Vrančić and his business partner buy the licence to use the patents for mills and saws, for which their inventor, Styrian nobleman Baron Hans Friedrich Hofmann, had previously obtained the patent privilege in Venice. The second document is the draft of a supplication for privilege to the Duke of Venice by Felice Vero (Faust Vrančić) for the mill mechanism, whereas the third document is a transcript of the ducal proclamation regarding the privilege granted to Felice Vero, which guarantees him patent rights for the mill mechanism he invented on the whole territory of the Venetian Republic for the subsequent 25 years. The significance of these documents is analyzed within the context of an early modern, pan-European phenomenon of ever-growing number of technical and/or technological innovations and patents, which reached its peak precisely in Venice in the second half of the sixteenth century. In the concluding chapters, the preliminary research results are discussed in relation to existing hypotheses on the nature of Faust Vrančić’s invention oeuvre. The appendix contains facsimiles and transcripts of the documents.

This paper argues that the development of early-modern science was strongly influenced by prevailing legal practices. This argument goes back to the work of Barbara Shapiro, who explored in a number of publications how the concept of 'fact' was first fleshed out in a legal context prior to becoming part of scientific understanding. However, Shapiro and others have mainly examined general debates about certainty on the English mainland. The claim of this paper is that the widespread practice of granting privileges to inventors provided a distinct working model for how to arrive at truth claims through the use of experimental method.

Buning, Marius. “Inventing Scientific Method: The Privilege System as a Model for Scientific Knowledge-Production.” Intellectual History Review 24, no. 1 (2013): 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496977.2013.841381.

Buning, Marius. “Between Imitation and Invention. Inventor Privileges and Technological Progress in the Early Dutch Republic (c. 1585–1625).” Intellectual History Review 24, no. 3 (2014): 415–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496977.2014.891175.

This article was originally published online as The Burmese Piano Music of U Ko Ko, Ethnomusicology Online. World Wide Web Multimedia Journal for Ethnomusicology (Refereed journal) Vol.1 No. 1.October 1995.  THe web site is no longer available.

This study integrates the early history of pharmaceutical manufacturing in London within a broader history of industrial development and highlights the important dynamic that existed between wholesale drug production in the UK and the worldwide market for drugs. Expansion in terms of site, workforce and product range, combined with the scaling up of existing apparatus, was central to the sector’s development. Meanwhile the increase in demand for medical drugs to supply the Army, Navy and East India Company and the ability to utilise the resources of empire, whilst responding to its demands, provided a major stimulus for growth.

“Milling the bread of salvation: art, patronage and technology in the de Lazara altarpiece in Padua,” co-authored with Catherine Puglisi, in Artistic Practices and Cultural Transfer in Early Modern Italy, Nebehat Avcioğlu and Allison Sherman, eds. (Farnham: Ashgate, 2015), pp. 149-174

Cesare Maffioli (Hrsgg.): Arte e scienza della acque nel Rinascimento. (Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna) Venedig: Marsilio Editori 2003. XIX und 301 Seiten mit 24 (größtenteils farbigen) Bildtafeln zwischen den Seiten 84 und 85. ISBN 88-317-8329-7.

Parmi les moyens qu’emploient au XIXe siècle les sociétés professionnelles d’architectes pour revendiquer l’honorabilité de leur métier, défendre le titre et construire une confraternité corporative, les publications tiennent une place dont l’apparente importance mérite d’être analysée. Dans cette perspective, il s’agit ici d’examiner les liens entre le projet institutionnel de ces sociétés et le lectorat escompté de leurs multiples publications. Dans quelle mesure, la volonté – explicite ou implicite – de toucher un public élargi dépassant leurs membres et même les seuls architectes contribue-t-elle à construire l’identité de la profession non seulement à l’intérieur de la corporation, mais aussi au-delà ?

in Etudes de lettres, "Profils d'architectes", Dave Lüthi (dir.), 2017 / 1, p. 51-68.

In 1896, bodybuilder Eugen Sandow submitted a patent for a portable projection device to British officials; this “novel and effective portable method of advertising” radically engages with and reconceptualizes pressing contemporary issues of mobility, technology, consumption, and urban spectacle. The patent revolutionizes our understanding of the history or narrative of “screen practice” by proposing a mobile screen borne on the body of a pedestrian, meant to circulate through the city at night. Although it doesn’t seem to have entered production, it raises important issues for our understanding of the turn-of-the-century’s imagined urban dweller and the possibilities that 19th-century people foresaw for street life and visual consumption. This hybrid man-machine himself becomes a spectacle, luring potential consumers to the changing images and to his own strange contraption, transforming himself into a technologically-enhanced sandwich man, a cyborg of capital.