History of Mining and Industry

L’obiettivo del presente studio è offrire uno scorcio su un contesto raramente approfondito: la Siberia, che, dal Cinquecento all’Ottocento, fu oggetto della progressiva conquista da parte dei Russi stanziati a occidente dei monti Urali. Nello specifico, la ricerca si concentra sull’economia e sulle politiche monetarie adottate dall’Impero russo nella colonia siberiana, con particolare attenzione agli effetti sulle popolazioni indigene.
L’elaborato è suddiviso in due sezioni principali, ognuna riguardante un aspetto fondamentale legato all’argomento.
La prima, introdotta da una premessa sulla natura della conquista russa della regione, esamina in senso lato le dinamiche economiche concernenti la Siberia occorse tra XVI e XIX secolo, evidenziando l’impatto spesso invasivo sulle comunità native e sull’ambiente. Vengono sviscerate le caratteristiche fisico-geografiche del territorio allo scopo di comprenderne meglio le ragioni dell’attrattiva economica, il ruolo centrale delle pellicce nell’economia russa dell’epoca e le attività sviluppatesi in seguito al depauperamento della fauna pellicciata a causa dei decenni di sfruttamento incontrollato, quali il commercio di schiavi e l’industria mineraria.
La seconda parte restringe invece il campo, prendendo in esame le politiche monetarie adottate specificatamente in età imperiale (1721-1917) nella Jugra, regione storica localizzata a ridosso del versante orientale degli Urali e abitata principalmente dagli Ob-Ugrici, gruppo etnico annoverante sia Ostiachi che Mansi, e dai Tartari siberiani, soffermandosi sugli effetti distinti che queste misure ebbero sulle due comunità. È stato selezionato proprio tale contesto in quanto recentemente approfondito sotto questo profilo, a differenza di altri scenari siberiani, da parte dei ricercatori delle università locali: l’Università statale della Jugra di Chanty-Mansijsk, l’Istituto Internazionale di Educazione Innovativa e l’Università statale di Tjumen', entrambi con sede a Tjumen'. Oltre a un inquadramento storico, economico e culturale dei due gruppi, sono approfondite principalmente le riforme in campo monetario varate tra fine Seicento e la seconda metà del Settecento – in particolare sotto Pietro I e Caterina II – ma anche quelle che, dalla fine del XVIII secolo, vennero promulgate sino ai primi decenni del Novecento. Su questa base verrà costruita una riflessione, supportata da dati e documentazione coeva, sull’impatto di tali iniziative nei riguardi delle società locali.
In appendice si propone infine un catalogo delle monete emesse specificatamente per la Siberia durante il governo di Caterina II, tematica introdotta nelle sezioni precedenti. Esso è corredato dalle immagini del diritto e del rovescio di tutte le tipologie di monete in questione, ognuna delle quali è accompagnata da schede descrittive riguardanti materialità, iconografia e iscrizioni.
Complessivamente, il lavoro è strutturato per fornire una visione completa dell’argomento, avvalendosi anche di mappe storico-tematiche, che permettono di orientarsi al meglio entro il contesto siberiano, nonché di testimonianze tratte da resoconti e diari di viaggio dell’epoca.
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The aim of the present study is to offer a glimpse into a context rarely explored: Siberia, which from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century was progressively conquered by the Russians settled to the west of the Ural Mountains. Specifically, the research focuses on the economy and the monetary policies implemented by the Russian Empire in the Siberian colony, with particular attention to their effects on the indigenous populations.
The study is divided into two main sections, each addressing a key aspect of the topic.
The first section, introduced by a premise on the nature of the Russian conquest of the region, broadly examines the economic dynamics that occurred in Siberia between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, highlighting their often invasive impact on native communities and the environment. The physical and geographical characteristics of the territory are analyzed to better understand the reasons for its economic attractiveness, the central role of furs in the Russian economy of the period, and the activities that developed following the depletion of fur-bearing animals due to decades of uncontrolled exploitation, such as the slave trade and mining industries.
The second section narrows the focus, examining the monetary policies specifically implemented during the imperial era (1721-1917) in Yugra, a historical region located on the eastern slopes of the Urals, primarily inhabited by the Ob-Ugric peoples – including both the Khanty and the Mansi – and Siberian Tatars. Attention is given to the distinct effects these measures had on the two communities. This context was selected because it has recently been studied in depth from this perspective, unlike other Siberian regions, by researchers from local universities: the Yugra State University of Khanty-Mansiysk, the International Institute for Innovative Education, and the Tyumen State University, both based in Tyumen.
In addition to a historical, economic, and cultural overview of the two groups, the study mainly examines the monetary reforms enacted from the late seventeenth century to the second half of the eighteenth century – particularly under Peter I and Catherine II – as well as those promulgated from the late eighteenth century to the early decades of the twentieth century. Based on this framework, a reflection is developed, supported by period data and documentation, on the impact of these initiatives on local societies.
In the end, an appendix presents a catalog of the coins specifically issued for Siberia during the reign of Catherine II, a topic introduced in the preceding sections. The catalog includes images of both the obverse and reverse of all coin types in question, each accompanied by descriptive sheets detailing material, iconography, and inscriptions.
Overall, the work is structured to provide a comprehensive view of the subject, making use of historical-thematic maps to facilitate orientation within the Siberian context, as well as testimonies drawn from period travel accounts and diaries.

The project of the mining method for the exploatation Ag-ore on the Rožňava deposit-Strieborná vein This part of monography in a short form deals with the project of the block stoping mining-Open chamber stoping from sublevel drifts. In the paper is described the needs of mining method for tetrahedrite ores in Rožňava-Strieborná vein. The proposal block mining method is a very efficient, because use the LHD-system mechanization. The putting of this mechanization in the block enable relative high stope output achieve. Key words: mining, block stoping, open chamber stoping from sublevel drifts. Úvod Obnovenie ťažby komplexných Fe, Cu, Ag rúd na ložisku Mária-Strieborná žila predpokladá optimálny výber dobývacej metódy. Pre rúbanie zásob prichádzajú do úvahy niektoré varianty základkových, ale tiež bezzákladkových technológií dobývania, tak ako o tom pojednávajú výsledky štúdie "Racionalizácia dobývania Striebornej žily". Pracovníci Katedry dobývania ložísk a geotechniky-auto...

Želba, as, Spišská Nová Ves (bývalé Železorudné bane) pripravuje otvorenie ložiska sadrovca na lokalite Markušovce-Šafárka so zámerom nahradiť v súčasnosti existujúcu, ale už doznievajúcu ťažbu barytov na banskom závode v Rudňanoch. Za týmto účelom bol Želbe, as, určený ...

LACKO, Miroslav: Spomienka na Ing. Mariána Jančuru, CSc., popredného geológa, montanistu a historika Spiša  (* 19. 6. 1952 – † 2. 8. 2024) [In memory of Ing. Marián Jančura, CSc., the leading geologist, mining expert and historian of the Spiš region], in: Z minulosti Spiša 32 (2024), pp. 234-241. ISBN 978-80-974875-1-5.

El presente artículo pretende contribuir al debate sobre la minería informal, lo cual ha experimentado una notable expansión en el sur andino peruano en los últimos años, y analizar los discursos estigmatizantes de ciertos sectores sociales y del Estado peruano, principalmente desde Lima. Después de problematizar los conceptos movilizados para pensar ese fenómeno, buscaremos caracterizar a los actores sociales de la minería informal e indagar en las raíces e impactos que viene teniendo el fenómeno en nuestra zona de trabajo. Se tratará de entender, por un lado, el rol del Estado y la burocracia de sus instituciones, las cuales no logran apoyar adecuadamente al minero informal; y, por otro lado, se examinará el discurso paternalista de cierto sector de la izquierda limeña con respecto a las comunidades indígenas, romantizándolas y presentándolas como eternos protectores del medio ambiente. Si bien tenemos críticas y preocupaciones importantes frente a la expansión de la minería informal en el sur andino, planteamos la necesidad de contar con una comprensión matizada, contextualizada y, sobre todo, libre de prejuicios, de lo que viene significando este fenómeno para los actores y los territorios diversos de nuestro país.

El presente artículo pretende contribuir al debate sobre la minería informal,  la cual ha experimentado una notable expansión en el sur andino peruano en los últimos años, y busca analizar los discursos estigmatizantes de ciertos  sectores  sociales y del Estado peruano, principalmente desde Lima. Después de problematizar los conceptos movilizados para pensar ese fenómeno, se buscará caracterizar a los actores sociales de la minería informal e indagar en las raíces y losimpactos que viene teniendo el fenómenoen la zona de trabajo. Se tratará de entender, por un lado, el rol del Estado y la burocracia de sus instituciones, las cuales no logran apoyar  adecuadamente al minero  informal; y, por otro lado, se examinará el discurso paternalista de cierto sector de la izquierda limeña con respecto a las comunidades indígenas, romantizándolas y presentándolas como eternos protectores del medio ambiente. Si bien tenemos críticas y preocupaciones importantes frente a la expansión de la minería informal en el sur andino, planteamos la necesidad de contar con una comprensión matizada, contextualizada y, sobre todo, libre de prejuicios, de lo que viene significando este fenómeno para los actores y los territorios diversos de nuestro país.

The Duchy of Cornwall as a mineral owner and the the operation of the Stannaries. While primarily concerned with the mining of copper and tin, as well as its china clay and stone quarries, in Cornwall and Devon, it also has a section on the Duchy's coal mining property in Somerset

Review of the book: Jonathan Curry-Machado – Jean Stubbs – William Gervase Clarence-Smith – Jelmer Vos (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Commodity History, Oxford-New York, Oxford University Press 2024, LCCN 2023017665 (print), LCCN 2023017666 (ebook), ISBN 9780197502679 (hardback), ISBN 9780197502693 (epub), ISBN 9780197502686, 734 pp, index, West Bohemian Historical Review XV 1/2025, s. 201-203 (The volume designation in the header is incorrect).

La minería ilegal en el Perú es un problema grave que afecta el medio ambiente y la salud de las personas. Aunque existen leyes para regular esta actividad, como el Código Penal y la Ley General del Ambiente, muchas veces no se cumplen de manera efectiva. Casos como la contaminación en Cerro de Pasco y en los ríos Tambo y Tablachaca muestran cómo la falta de control permite que la minería ilegal siga dañando a las comunidades y al ecosistema. Es urgente que el Estado refuerce la fiscalización y haga cumplir las normas para proteger tanto el desarrollo sostenible como los derechos de las personas.

Crofters and cottagers, as subordinate groups, were integral to the rural societies of Norway and Sweden. Their numbers increased significantly during the 18th and 19th centuries, partly due to population growth and new opportunities to earn a livelihood through various auxiliary economies. Another contributing factor was the growing inequality within rural communities.

This paper investigates the role of crofters and cottagers in industrialized rural communities, specifically those associated with iron works, as well as rural communities dominated by large agricultural estates in Sweden and Norway respectively. Both iron works and agricultural estates provided opportunities for crofters and cottagers to increase their income through auxiliary economies. For instance, they engaged in diverse handicrafts such as shoemaking and carpentry, produced goods like charcoal and wood, and offered services such as transportation. During periods of growth, crofters and cottagers could potentially make substantial economic gains. However, these opportunities were heavily diminished during times of crises.

Due to their subordinate status, limited or complete lack of access to various resources, and dependence on landowners, crofters and cottagers developed different strategies in response to expansion and crises within agricultural estates and iron works. These strategies often involved changes in resource utilization and auxiliary economies, encompassing social and gendered agencies.

Sudeckiego z górnictwem metali. Na przełomie XII i XIII w. w Europie Środkowej doszło do przekształceń w zakresie praw i zasad, w oparciu o które prowadzono eksploatację złóż metali i formowania się zasad wolności górniczej (Bergfreiheit) 1 . Pozyskanie nowej grupy wolnych pracowników, miało wpływ na rozwój podejmowanych prac, tak w aspekcie przestrzennym jak i ilościowym. Jednocześnie wraz z zagospodarowywaniem nowych obszarów, fundacjami klasztorów, kolonizacją na prawie niemieckim, obserwować można wzrost liczby założeń obronnych, gwarantujących, początkowo przede wszystkim monarchii, egzekwowanie należnych jej dochodów. Stopniowo, za zgodą panującego, dochodziło do odstępowania uprawnień do eksploatacji kolonizowanych terenów, w tym również eksploatacji złóż metali. Niniejszy tekst powstał w celu bliższego scharakteryzowania przedmiotowych związków, wielokrotnie sugerowanych literaturze 2 . Są one elementem problematyki (wciąż słabo poznanych) związków zaplecza gospodarczego z działalnością inwestycyjną śląskich książąt. Na podstawie dostępnych nam danych spróbujemy odpowiedzieć na pytanie, w jakim stopniu "opieka" nad terenami działalności górniczej stanowiła czynnik decydujący o samej budowie warowni, wyborze lokalizacji, czy jej późniejszej ewolucji. W odniesieniu do których obiektów zasadnym będzie twierdzenie, o dominacji górnictwa nad pozostałymi gałęziami gospodarki nowo tworzonych ośrodków władzy terytorialnej? W pierwszej kolejności dokonamy przeglądu wybranych, dobrze udokumentowanych związków obiektów obronnych z górnictwem rud metali. W dalszej kolejności chcielibyśmy podjąć próbę scharakteryzowania grupy obiektów dostępnych naszym badaniom jedynie poprzez pośrednie informacje źródłowe, obserwację form terenowych czy kontekst ich funkcjonowania.

i Muzeum w Chrzanowie im. Ireny i Mieczysława Mazarakich PROGRAM 11 marca 2025 r. wtorek 9.3o -Rozpoczęcie konferencji • 10.oo -10.2o -Przemysław DUDZIK (Jaworzno), Adrian RAMS (Jaworzno) Ołów w zbiorach Muzeum Miasta Jaworzna. Poszukiwania, badania i popularyzacja. 10.2o -10.4o -Kamil BOGUSZ (Chrzanów) Zabytki z ołowiu w Muzeum w Chrzanowie im. Ireny i Mieczysława Mazarakich. Nowa koncepcja wystawiennicza.

LACKO, Miroslav: Malokarpatské baníctvo do konca 16. storočia [The Little Carpathians Mining until the Late Sixteenth Century], in: Studia Historica Nitriensia 28 (2024), No. 2, pp. 372-387. ISSN 1338-7219 [SCOPUS; EBSCOhost; The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (CEJSH); Central and Eastern European Online Library (ceeol); ERIH PLUS].

This paper examines the cultural heritage constructed for floating extracted wood: the Rakytovo Water Channel by Dolný Harmanec. This channel is the forestry-created technical monument from the 19th century in the original environment of the Veľká Fatra Mountains and it is used for floating fuel wood. It is a very unique monument documenting the forestry patterns of the past and the skills of the forestry workers. Herein, we assess the localisation and construction elements of the channel and the methods employed in floating the wood. We then describe the developments of the city forests from 1255 which enabled their use and the modes of wood-transportation. This development relies heavily on the activities of their owner city of Banská Bystrica and the manager of the Mestské Lesy Banská Bystrica cultural heritage company which presided over its rescue. The reconstruction of this channel was completed in 2006 and it has been used in tourism since 2007. Finally, the characteristics o...

En esta edición virtual presentamos el volumen 25 N° 1 (2020) de la revista del Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, que tiene como nombre ´Pensamiento Crítico´. En este número los autores tratan una variedad de temas, destacando estudios en el ámbito financiero y desarrollo económico de gran relevancia para el debate académico; asimismo, se proponen recomendaciones de solución a problemas nacionales. Los autores hacen uso de distintas herramientas metodológicas para la contrastación de hipótesis. Estos autores son parte de nuestra institución; sin embargo, se cuenta con la colaboración de una mayor participación de colaboradores externos

Ks. Grzegorz Augustynik (1847-1929) był znanym duszpasterzem diecezji kieleckiej. Jest on autorem wydanej anonimowo broszury pod tytułem Ciekawa historia. O księżach katolickich. Została napisana jako odpowiedź na zarzuty mariawitów kierowane wobec duchownych rzymskokatolickich. Wydanie broszury wiąże się z polemiką wyznaniową, jaka toczyła się na początku XX wieku na terenie Zagłębia Dąbrowskiego, a w  szerszym zakresie na obszarze Królestwa Polskiego, pomiędzy katolikami a mariawitami.

Fr. Grzegorz Augustynik (1847-1929) was a renowned priest in the Kielce diocese. He is the author of an anonymous brochure entitled “An interesting story. On Catholic priests.” It was written as a response to accusations formulated by Mariavites against Roman Catholic priests. The publication of the brochure is related to the religious conflict and denominational pole-mics of the early 20th century between Catholics and Mariavites in Dąbrowa Coal District.

Iron and “memory”. Anina medals from the collection of the National Museum of Banat in Timișoara (the end of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century).
The items presented are four medals cast from an alloy in which iron predominates, with a diameter between 80 and 104 mm and a weight between 200 and 400 grams, preserved in the collection of medals at the National Museum of Banat in Timișoara (MNaB). These medal items suggest an interesting story being produced in Banat, at the Iron Works, Anina, which belonged to the Railroad Company, StEG (K. K. privilegierte Österreichische Staats Eisenbahn Gesellschaft). At Anina they used to make cast items intended for commercialization; at this foundry they produced from the finest decorative items, dishes and stoves, to the heaviest components for industrial machinery. 
The medals are presented in chronological order: medal - the 7th general meeting of the Association of Primary Teachers in Caraş-Severin county (June 29, 1901), unknown provenance; medal - commemorating the consecration of the Roman-Catholic Church from Anina (1901), unknown provenance; two medals dedicated to dr. Leitner Miksa/Max, the chief physician of Caraş-Severin county (September 29, 1907) on the anniversary of 25 years of activity (1882-1907), one of which was donated to the museum by Lendvai Sándor in 1908. Although they have the same representations on the obverse and reverse, the two medals differ not only in terms of execution, but also in the alloy’s composition. 
In the collection of the MNaB, there was another item like those mentioned above, which is currently in the collection of the National History Museum of Romania in Bucharest, having been definitively transferred in 1974: medal - in memory of the trip to Anina of the participants in the Mining Congress (September 18, 1885). The medal was donated to the Museum from Timișoara in 1889 by Franz Blaskovich (1864-1937) from Timișoara, an important personality of the Swabians in Banat.
Starting from documents preserved in archives and the information found in mining magazines and the newspapers of the time, one can find details about each of the events marked by these medals: the 7th general meeting of the Association of Primary Teachers in Caraş-Severin county, held at Anina in June 29, 1901; the consecration of the Roman-Catholic Church at Anina în 1901; the anniversary in 1907 of dr. Leitner Max (1856-1934), the chief physician of Caraş-Severin county and biographical information about him; the Congress of mining, metallurgy and geology held in Budapest between September 14-16, 1885, and the trip to Anina in September 18, 1885.
It is possible that medals for other mining centres were also ordered at Anina, or in certain cases the medals cast at Anina might have represented models for other medals of this kind. Two examples are presented: a medal from the mine in Borod (located east of Oradea), dated June 11, 1901, and the series of medals dedicated to the Feast of St. Barbara, December 4, made in Pécs between 1891 and 1899.
Medals cast at Anina, found in the collections of other museums in Banat, are mentioned (the Mountainous Banat Museum in Reșița: a medal - AVT - Aninai Vasut Társaság / the Railroad Company, Anina, October 10, 1885, an almost unknown variant); in private collections: in Anina (the Mosoroceanu collection) and Timișoara or those appeared in recent years in the context of online auctions.
At the same time, reference is also made to the decorative art objects produced in the fine/artistic foundry workshop in Anina: statuettes with hunting scenes (for the shooting associations in the mountaineous Banat in the second half of the 19th century), decorative plates with mythological scenes (for collectors), presse-papiers, imperial busts, candlesticks etc. The iron decorative art objects, cast in Anina, found in the collection of Ormós Zsigmond (1813-1894), the founder of the museum in Timișoara, as well as those found in the collection of decorative art of the Museum in Timișoara in 1909, are also mentioned. Some were related to the donations of Ormós Zsigmond, Lendvai Sándor and Molnár Lajos, some others were purchased by the museum in 1902 directly from the artistic foundry in Anina for the price of 109 crowns. All the items were exhibited for the public in the permanent exhibition at the first headquarters of the museum in Timişoara, Lonovics street, no 8 (today Augustin Pacha street).
Medalist Anton Rudolf Weinberger (1879-1936), a refined portraitist of many personalities (some from Banat), born in Reșita, later settled to Vienna, also spent a lot of time in this artistic foundry workshop.
The medals presented certify both the technical and artistic level of those who created them, as well as the activity at the artistic foundry in the second half of the 19th century until the World War I. The special documentary value of these medals is noteworthy, recalling special events in the life of the local community (gatherings, trips, anniversaries, church consecrations) or local personalities connected to a period of time so well described by the following words: “coal, steam, iron and steel“.

This article elaborates on the stipulation and administration of the compensation law, in the Indian coalfield of Raniganj, between 1923 and 1971. It shows
how enacting the Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1923–24 formed a major
social insurance scheme in colonial and post-colonial India. Notwithstanding
this, the litigious and antagonistic administration became its defining feature.
This feature lowered the utility of the compensation law as a restitution
measure for grieving families, and as an incentive for investment in workers’
safety, during its half- century-long operation. Grief-stricken families regis￾tered an increasing number of claims to avail of compensation benefits from
the later 1920s. Concomitantly, the number of employers’ contestation
against workers’ claims also remained significantly high till the 1950s. The
cumbersome procedure of law enforcement for administering compensation
benefits, alongside an array of discursive-cum-legal techniques devised by the
colliery management, caused hurdles in the workers’ attempt to secure their
claims. The favourable turnaround in workers’ effort to secure compensation
benefits from the late 1950s resulted from an enabling simplification and
streamlining brought to the compensation law. However, the complication
and expenses of the legal procedure that workers endured in the
Compensation Office and Civil Courts generally added to their miseries.

Imperiale e Reale] ibid. [ibidem: op. citata in nota precedente] id. [idem: autore citato in nota precedente] ID. [identificazione] ill. [illustrazione/i] inf. [infra: nel seguito del testo] ins. [inserto/i] inv. [inventario] ivi [testo citato nell'ultima nota] Min. Int. [Ministero dell'Interno] Ms.

In 2005, the "Piast" Mine, one of the most advanced mines in the world, celebrated its 30th anniversary. It was a unique opportunity to honor the employees whose efforts and dedication had built its reputation over the past three decades. Between 1975 and 2005, Poland underwent significant economic, social, and industrial transformations, which also left their mark on the 30-year history of the "Piast" Mine. 
During the jubilee celebrations, reflections focused on the "Piast" history and the people who shaped it. It was a time for a shared journey through the mine's story—from its founding to the present day. On this occasion, a special Jubilee Album was published, serving as a guide to the mine's past and its vision for the future. 
Gratitude was extended to the current staff for their hard work, focus on quality, and commitment to safety. Wishes for health, success, and the protection of St. Barbara were expressed to all. Heartfelt thanks were also given to miners' families, collaborators, business partners, and institutions for their support and fruitful cooperation. The jubilee brought joy and pride in the mining heritage.
W 2005 roku Kopalnia „Piast”, jedna z najnowocześniejszych kopalń na świecie, obchodziła jubileusz 30-lecia swojej działalności. Była to wyjątkowa okazja, by uhonorować pracowników, których wysiłek i zaangażowanie przez trzy dekady budowały jej renomę. Wiele wydarzyło się w Polsce w latach 1975-2005. Zachodzące w tym czasie zmiany gospodarcze, ekonomiczne i społeczne odcisnęły swoje piętno również na 30-letniej historii kopalni „Piast”. 
Podczas jubileuszu wracaliśmy do „Piastowskiej historii” i ludzi, którzy ją tworzyli. Była to okazja do wspólnej podróży przez dzieje kopalni – od jej powstania po współczesność. Przy tej okazji wydano specjalny jubileuszowy Album, będący przewodnikiem po historii i przyszłości kopalni. 
Wyrazy uznania kierowano do obecnej załogi za ich pracowitość i dbałość o jakość oraz bezpieczeństwo. Życzono wszystkim zdrowia, sukcesów i opieki św. Barbary. Serdeczne podziękowania składano także rodzinom górników, współpracownikom, partnerom biznesowym i instytucjom za wsparcie i owocną współpracę. Nastrój jubileuszu przyniósł radość i dumę z górniczego dziedzictwa.

A pesar de las muchas similitudes, la fiebre del oro que golpeó los países andinos en 2004 provocó respuestas estatales diferentes en Bolivia, Colombia y Perú. Inicialmente, hubo una falta de implementación de regulaciones contra la minería informal, pero, con el tiempo, Colombia primero (2009) y luego Perú (2011) implementaron regulaciones con resultados dispares; por su parte, Bolivia no ha implementado tales regulaciones. En un principio, esto podría parecer un asunto de capacidad estatal; sin embargo, una mirada más detallada revela diferentes motivaciones detrás de estas acciones (o falta de acciones) estatales. Este artículo plantea que la naturaleza de los actores sociales (o la falta de estos) que se beneficiaron del auge del oro, además de la presión nacional e internacional, son un factor crucial que determinó las diferentes respuestas gubernamentales. Se explora este planteamiento a través de un análisis de los casos antes y durante la fiebre del oro usando una combinación de investigación de archivos y entrevistas con actores gubernamentales clave. Estos resultados nos permitieron distinguir de manera empírica entre formas de falta de acción estatal — posición distante y tolerancia— con distintas consecuencias políticas.

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Una simpática anécdota introduce al lector en el tema que ha ocupado al autor de este libro a lo largo de ocho años de su vida. La visita a la cámara acorazada del Banco de España, y el hallazgo en ella de un lingote de oro con la firma N.M. Rothschild & Sons, permite a López Morell anunciar rápidamente cuál es el objetivo de su investigación: acercarse a la figura de los Rothschild para estudiar su influencia y su aportación a la economía española a largo plazo. Una contribución, la de la inversión extranjera, protagonizada en este caso por la familia de banqueros, necesaria para una economía atrasada como la España del siglo XIX pero, obviamente, no gratuita. El trabajo responde, a lo largo de doce capítulos, a cuatro cuestiones esenciales: en primer lugar, trata de determinar cuándo se produjeron las principales entradas de capital por su iniciativa, qué intensidad tuvieron y a qué sectores afectaron. A continuación, se busca cuantificar cuál pudo ser la importancia de estas inversiones y actividades financieras y qué peso tuvieron en el sector público, la empresa y los mercados españoles y, así mismo, sobre el conjunto de las inversiones extranjeras en cada periodo. Por otro lado, el autor destaca cuáles fueron las pautas de actuación y los medios de los que se dotó la casa Rothschild para alcanzar el éxito en cada uno de sus negocios. Finalmente, se analizan las consecuencias de este fenómeno en el crecimiento real de la economía española contemporánea, tanto a escala general como sectorial. Al igual que en su tesis, que es la base de este libro, López Morell ha preferido no abandonar el hilo temporal de los acontecimientos para que la propia evolución interna de las inversiones sea la que marque el relato, al menos en los diez primeros capítulos del trabajo. Para llevarlo a cabo, el autor ha tenido acceso a las fuentes originales. En una ardua labor investigadora, se han explorado los propios archivos de las ramas británica y francesa de los Rothschild, cuyos fondos han sido contrastados con documentación de la Administración española (Archivo Histórico Nacional y Archivo de la Administración Civil del Estado), de instituciones financieras claves en el periodo (Archivo Histórico y del Registro del Banco de España) y con la de otras administraciones extranjeras entre las que se deben destacar los ministerios franceses de Exteriores, Economía y Finanzas y Comercio. Los fondos documentales que se conservan en las propias empresas controladas en su día por la familia en España

Artykuł omawia historię i stan zachowania kopalni magnezytu "Anna" w Masywie Brzeźnicy, niedaleko Ząbkowic Śląskich. Kopalnia powstała na pocz. XX w. i szybko się rozwijała. Była udostępniona szybem Josef, który został prawdopodobnie wysadzony w okresie działań wojennych na Dolnym Śląsku w 1945 r. Po II wojnie światowej, na przełomie lat 40. i 50. prowadzono tu dalsze prace udostępniające złoża magnezytu, jednak ostatecznie zrezygnowano z dalszej eksploatacji i kopalnię zamknięto, a otwór szybu zabezpieczono stalowymi blachami. Przeprowadzone w latach 2008-2009 badania terenowe wykazały dość dobry stan zachowania głównych wyrobisk kopalni udostępnianej po 1945 r., w których odnaleźć można liczne elementy dawnego wyposażenia.

EmprEsas y EmprEsarios En la minEría murciana contEmporánEa miguEl a. lópEz-morEll y miguEl a. pérEz dE pErcEval vErdE universidad de murcia Resumen: La minería murciana contemporánea comienza en 1840, con la extracción a gran escala de los minerales de la sierra de Cartagena-La Unión y concluye, de algún modo, con el cierre de las labores en la misma sierra al comienzo de la década de 1990. Durante ese periodo se va a formar un empresariado minero, con unas características especiales, al calor de las posibilidades que ofrecía este negocio. Destaca la gran dispersión del laboreo, en una multitud de empresas propietarias y arrendatarias. Paulatinamente se va a producir un proceso de concentración y de introducción de sociedades extranjeras.

„Das Mittelalter war die Zeit des Holzes“ – prägnanter hätte
es Jacques Le Goff nicht formulieren können. Unweigerlich
verdeutlicht diese Aussage die zentrale Bedeutung der Georessource
Holz in vorindustrieller Zeit. Dem Holz kam nicht nur
die Funktion des alleinigen Energie- und Wärmelieferanten zu,
vielmehr war es in nahezu sämtlichen Lebensbereichen der mittelalterlichen
Gesellschaft omnipräsent. Ob als Werk- und Bauholz,
in veredelter Form als Holzkohle oder als grundlegendes
Ausgangsmaterial von Werkzeugen und Arbeitsgerätschaften:
Spricht man von der Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Mittelalters, so
spricht man zurecht vom „hölzernen Zeitalter“.2
Dieser Beitrag widmet sich der Bedeutung von Holz für die
Montanindustrie in der frühen Neuzeit. Als Fallbeispiel wurde
hierfür die Versorgung der 1463 gegründeten landesfürstlichen
Schmelzhütte Brixlegg durch die Holzwirtschaft im Brandenbergertal
im Nordtiroler Unterinntal im heutigen Bezirk Kufstein
untersucht.


English:

In the Middle Ages and the early modern period, forests were among
the most important geo-resources for the general population as the
economy expanded. The Middle Ages are sometimes referred to as the
‘age of wood’. Not only was wood needed to meet constant demand
for construction and commercial materials and provide a supplementary
basis for food production, but above all wood was the sole
source of energy and heat. In the Tyrolean region, with its wealth
of ore deposits, the boom in mining at the start of the modern era
delivered a major new customer for biomass materials like wood and
charcoal. Large-scale mining and the subsequent melting of mineral
ores devoured enormous amounts of mine timber and firewood which
first had to be laboriously felled in the forests of the County of Tyrol
and transported to the valley.
Alongside the Haller saltworks, it was the furnaces of the sovereign
smelting works of Brixlegg (Unterinn valley in Tyrol) that had
to fire ceaselessly to sustain economic activity. Much of the wood
needed for this purpose was sourced from the Brandenberg Valley.
This paper aims to offer an insight into the importance of wood as a
geo-resource. Starting with a definition of a ‘forest’ and examining
various legal terms from history and the interests of economic policy,
this paper describes the process of timber production and timber
rafting over flowing waters, thereby considering associated problem
areas and the divergent interests of various parties. The study also
addresses questions of what quantities of wood were actually required,
what strategies were adopted by the timber industry and how
the relevant rulers acted.

Bohaterem naszej opowieści jest okręg zagłębiowski (nazywany też dąbrowskim, a w II RP – sosnowieckim) Towarzystwa Gimnastycznego Sokół. Był to okręg ze wszech miar wyjątkowy o dużym znaczeniu dla całej organizacji. W aneksie fragmenty pamiętników Srokowskiego dotyczące historii Sokoła w ogóle: 1. Dwuwładza w Sokole; 2. Rozmowy z Czechami i Rosjanami; 3. Słabości Sokoła galicyjskiego; 4. Początki harcerstwa w Dąbrowie; 5. Srokowski a legiony.

1. OZAWA Takeshi p.2
The drainage project at the Clausthal mine in the 17th century and the contributions of the Japanese mining engineer, Peter Hartzing (1637-1680)
2. YAMADA Toshihiro p. 9
Diary Discovered: Mochizuki Katsumi (1905-1963), His Hidden Contributions to the History of the Geosciences in Japan

En esta investigación, se ofrece un panorama histórico de la enseñanza del cálculo desde que se expuso la primera clase de la disciplina en el Real Seminario de Minas, a fines del siglo XVIII, hasta la época en que se promulgó la ley de Educación Pública, el 2 de diciembre ...

The essential goal of ethnomusicological field trips has been to document immaterial musical mementoes whose source is the cultural memory of local inhabitants, and collect all that still remains tangible. New technological possibilities make collecting musical materials much easier today. This constitutes perhaps the most groundbreaking and visible change.
Apart from the obvious differences resulting from technological progress and the passage of time, one cannot ignore also the less noticeable changes, i.a. the increasingly frequent redefinition of research on musical materials in the field into analyses which supplement the sight-centric field records and recordings of folk informants with audial aspects focused on the performance qualities in vocal and instrumental practice, where the performers are asked about how they sing, about the qualities and styles of their performance. This inconspicuous methodological shift may bring about a change in the perception of the field as an ethnographic area, resulting in a need for re-defining borders established a long time ago. It may contribute to the creation of musical micro-regions which have not been given attention in literature before. The shift towards aurality in field studies, as presented in this text, is a methodological option which – in the author’s opinion – allows to explore a still vibrant area from an audial perspective.

Archaeological research on the construction site
of the second metro line.

Archaeologists rarely delve beneath the surface of modern cities. They have more freedom when exploring abandoned ancient cities, old-time settlements and cemeteries. In modern cities, they generally conduct rescue research at places of ongoing
investments. Their goal is to identify, document and explore historical objects at risk of destruction as a result of the works.
Archaeological supervision of construction works related to the construction of sections of the 2nd metro line, investor: Metro Warszawskie S.A. has entrusted to the State Archaeological Museum. The extent of the construction site, the long construction
period and the degree of its complexity placed the highest demands on the team of researchers conducting the supervision.
The first stage, preceding every archaeological research, is a query of historical and cartographic sources covering the research area. For orientation in the historical space of old Warsaw, plans, maps, aerial and satellite photos – including contemporary ones – were essential. An interesting source of information in the first phase of archaeological supervision were geological drillings
performed before the actual earthworks began.
Archaeological supervision was carried out on a continuous basis by teams corresponding to the organisational divisions of investment. Depending on the changing research tasks, the State Archaeological Museum was supported by other archaeological institutions, associations and specialised private companies with specialised equipment and appropriate permissions
and knowledge. During the earthworks, the process of extracting the excavated material was observed, and then photographic documentation was made of: architectural details, finds, plans and trenches profiles. The features and layers revealed after analysis were documented descriptively. A permanent element of supervision was the inspection of the area using metal detectors.
During almost six years of research, approximately one thousand items related to the history of the city were obtained. Several of them were presented in developed essays against the background of the events they witnessed.
The largest category of artefacts were fragments or whole vessels, including ceramics – mainly porcelain and faience. Clay stove tiles were also found very often. The oldest fragments of vessel pottery date from the mid-17th century and have been preserved in typical settlement archaeological features discovered on the construction site of the C16 metro station – Szwedzka.
Glass vessels were commonly found, including: a set of apothecary bottles from the vicinity of the C7 metro station – Młynów, which will be discussed later. A set of enamel vessels dating back to the interwar years came from the area of the C8 metro
station – Płocka. Several intact glass bottles were also found at the stations C4 Bemowo and C5 Ulrychów.
The collection of vessels is complemented by numerous metal jugs, pots and pans associated with farms operating on the outskirts of Warsaw, both on the right and on the left side of the Vistula.
Military items, including ammunition, were numerous finds. Starting from rifle shells a few centimeters long, to almost meter-long artillery shells found at the C5 metro station – Ulrychów. The bomb disposal service was called to secure most of the ammunition fragments and unexploded ordnance. Other military items include helmets from World War II, gas masks, weapon fragments, including a gun body, bayonets and parts of military vehicles, including: a German light tank used in September 1939.
Discovered were also shells from the period of the Kościuszko Uprising and of the November Uprising.
The rarest were discoveries of human remains. During archaeological research, a few individual fragments of human bones and one almost complete human skeleton were identified. All fragments were secured, and after testing for the possible presence of pure DNA, they will be buried at the Warsaw Insurgents Cemetery at Wolska Street.
Animal bones, however, were much more numerous. In addition to the ubiquitous remains of farm animals, undoubtedly related to the waste layer of the 19th and 20th century cities, a wonderful collection of Pleistocene fauna was discovered on the lowest levels of the stations being built, inhabiting the area of today’s Warsaw in the period from 135 to 8 thousand years ago. In addition to the bones of a forest elephant (Palaeoloxodonantiquus), already popularised in the media and present in corpore in the exhibition
on level -1 of the C8 station – Płocka, the collection of discoveries includes fragments of mammoth tusks (Mammuthus), the C19 metro station – Zacisze, remains of deer animals, e.g. reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and giant deer (Megaloceros giganteus), and – the most numerous – bones of extinct cattle: aurochs (Bos primigenius) and steppe wisent (Bison priscus) – stations C20 Kondratowicza and C21 Bródno.
The special significance of all these finds does not lie in their museum or material value. First of all, they were discovered in the context of their depositing and therefore carry specific content about places, events or people related to the past of the city and the areas in which it develops.

Peru is experiencing a boom through growing mine operations and projects. This has created expectations among the benefi ts that activity may create for the mines’ neighboring communities. Although in most cases results have not been very encouraging, this paper seeks to demonstrate whatever progress has been made in the mining companies’ social management, and the scope of their proposals for improvement by presenting and comparing successful social investment models used in Peru in recent years. It also examines the issue of the mining industry’s voluntary contributions, social contributions and social trust funds, and explains how the money is allocated.

The South African mining industry, despite being the world's fifth-largest mineral reserve, is facing various challenges that prevent it from contributing to the economy to its fullest potential. These challenges include inflationary pressure, extreme nationalism, political instability, civil unrest, poor infrastructure, and inefficient regulatory practices, which have discouraged foreign investments. Although the government has developed legal frameworks to address uncertain circumstances, the lack of follow-up and transparency are key drawbacks contributing to the persistence of these issues. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of open strategy as a strategic management method in the South African mining industry can foster innovation and growth while showcasing how open strategy can benefit both established and emerging mining entities. The study highlights the importance of adopting a mutually beneficial approach, which can unlock the full potential of the mining industry and lead to more innovative and competitive business strategies. The study used a mixed methodology, which means both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. The research included interviews with 20 highly knowledgeable participants and a survey that received 205 responses. To identify the right individuals to participate in the research, the snowball research technique was used. It helped in creating a relevant chain sampling and selecting individuals based on their knowledge, relationships, and expertise regarding the research subject. According to the study's results, there is a favorable attitude toward open strategy, which is reinforced by the growing demand for inclusive communication as an effective means of engaging stakeholders. The results also revealed that the South African mining sector lacks formalized strategies and employee engagement methods. The research determined the value of the current strategic processes in South Africa's mining sector and generated an approach to how open strategy can be a successful process for mining companies.

История похода отряда, возглавляемого албазинским казачьим десятником Гаврилой Фроловым на реки Хамун и Быстрая, состоявшемся в 1682 году, неоднократно привлекала к себе внимание историков. Всего в состав отряда вошло двадцать восемь Албазинских казаков, нерчинский казак Любим Барабанщик и тридцать два человека промышленных людей. Большую часть имен Албазинских казаков, участвовавших в этом походе, помогли установить «Имянные пречневые выписки Албазинским служилым людем», составленные Албазинским воеводой Алексеем Толбузиным 20 и 21 ноября 1684 года. Вопрос о том, по какому маршруту албазинские казаки достигли рек Быстрая и Хамун остается открытым. Установить его помогли тексты ясачных книг составленных Г. Фроловым. Они приведены в приложении к исследованию. По результатам похода Г. Фролова тунгусы жившие в бассейне реки Быстрой, а также верхнем и среднем течении реки Хамун были приведены в русское подданство и включены в состав ясачных волостей Албазинского острога. Для обеспечения своих действий Албазинскими казаками в этом районе были поставлены Быстренское, Усть-Бачанское и Усть-Дукинское ясачных зимовья. Только активизация действий маньчжурского государства по вытеснению русских из Приамурья не позволила уже в восьмидесятых годах XVII века закрепить все левобережье Амура за Русским государством.

The article deals with the interrelationship between state policy and the development of metallurgy in the Szopienice settlement and the impact of industry on the environment. The Szopienice settlement was part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526. In 1742 it was annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia, and in 1922 to the Second Polish Republic. Back in the Habsburg times, the state granted Georg von Giesche a monopoly to exploit calamine deposits in Upper Silesia (1702). Calamine was initially used to produce brass, but in the late 18th century, zinc production using calamine began in Upper Silesia. Expanding its road and rail infrastructure, the Prussian state contributed to establishing new smelters by private capital in the 19th century. The “Wilhelmine” zinc smelter was established in 1834 by the Giesche concern in Szopienice. In the 1860s, a lead smelter was also established next to the zinc smelter. Both smelters had a disastrous impact on the environment and residents’ health, which...

Fiume városi közlekedéséről eddig alig voltak alapos ismereteink. Belátható, hogy a város gyorsütemű fejlődésével, lakosságszámának látványos növekedésével párhuzamosan a helyi közlekedés fejlesztése fontos kérdés volt. A város polgársága és vezetése, a helyi társadalmi-vállalkozói elit fogékony volt a tömegközeledés fejlesztésére. A város Magyarországhoz történő visszacsatolása után nemcsak az omnibuszközlekedés indult el, de rövidesen lóvasúti tervek születtek, melyet gyorsan felváltott a villamos megépítésének ötlete és megvalósítása. Az ipar mellett az idegenforgalom fejlődésével a városi közlekedés fontos infrastruktúrává vált. A város környéki közlekedésben pedig már elsősorban utóbbi táplálta a villamosvonal bővítésének osztrák és horvát területek felé történő meghosszabbításának gondolatát, és ez volt az egyik fő mozgatórugója a Quernero-öböl (Kvarner-öböl) kikötői közötti hajójáratoknak, sőt még az első környéki autóbuszjáratok kialakításának is. Igaz, hogy a villamosmegnyitás körül helyi politikai színezetű botrányokra is sor került, ez inkább a központi magyar kormányzat és a város közötti korábbi jó viszony megromlásának egyik tünete. A város nemcsak várta a villamosvonal kiépítését, de a közterek képének javításával, egy nyereséges üzem létrehozásával nyert is vele, ahogyan az idegenforgalomban érdekeltek és a gyárak dolgozói is jól jártak. A villamossal a korszak legkorszerűbb városi közlekedési rendszere érkezett meg az akkori osztrák–magyar tengerpartra és ezen belül is elsőként Fiume városába 1899-ben. A korszerű tömegközlekedés megjelenése mellett is megmaradt a korszak végéig a lóvontatás (omnibuszok, bérkocsik, teherkocsik) szerepe. Az ekkor corpus separatumként Magyarországhoz tartozó kikötőváros korszakbeli fejlődésére jól rámutat, hogy a mai Horvátország területén először itt indult el omnibuszközlekedés és villamosközlekedés is.