History of Media

The international business press has been a powerful and influential voice in modern societies and, as its formative years took place during the Cold War, a closer look at the ideologies that were promoted in this part of the press is of interest. Until the 1970s, Farmand was the only Norwegian business magazine of any size and standing. Trygve J. B. Hoff, Farmand's editor from 1935, was part of the Mont Pèlerin Society (MPS), a neoliberal intellectual collective established in 1947 with participants such as Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig von Mises. This article is a study of the ideas that Hoff promoted, particularly in Farmand, from the 1940s to the 1970s.

Entrevista realizada com a historiadora Ana Maria Mauad de Sousa Andrade Essus, professora do Programa de Pós-Graduação de História Social da Universidade Federal de Fluminense (UFF), referência nos estudos em história oral e história visual no Brasil.Ana Maria Mauad, pesquisadora de reconhecida atuação no mètier da história visual no Brasil. Seus estudos acerca de temáticas ligadas à História Oral, História Visual, História Pública, com especial interesse à reflexão crítica sobre fotografia e suas ressonâncias nacionais e internacionais. Pós-doutora em História pelo Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo (USP, 2004), doutora em História Social pela Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF, 1990). Atualmente coordena o Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social da UFF, conceito máximo pela CAPES. É pesquisadora do Laboratório de História Oral e Imagem da LABHOI/UFF, membro da Associação Brasileira de História Oral-ABHO. Ao longo de sua carreira acadêmica publicou mais 50 artigos ...

Karl Popper est un philosophe des sciences du vingtième siècle (Vienne 1902-Londres 1994) Austro-hongrois, Britannique Formation : université de Vienne, université de Cambridge École : philosophie analytique, libéralisme. Il a évolué entre la philosophie et la psychologie. Il fut aussi éducateur entre 1918 et 1937. John Condry, psychologue américain, a enseigné à Cornell University. Il était codirecteur du Centre de recherche sur les effets de la télévision.

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Skizze besteht darin, die kommunikativen Rahmenbedingungen für die Entwicklung der Semantik im frühneuzeitlichen Japan zu ergründen. Dort entstand im zweiten Viertel des 17. Jahrhunderts neben einem marktorientierten Verlagsgewerbe auch die populäre Unterhaltungsliteratur. Im ausgehenden 18. und beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert schritt die Kommerzialisierung der Literatur voran. Zu jener Zeit verkaufte sich ein Titel der Unterhaltungsliteratur bis zu 10 000 Mal, wobei jedes Jahr zwischen 50 bis 70 neue Titel erschienen. Damit einhergehend setzte sich die Gewohnheit der extensiven Lektüre durch. Dies wurde ab den 20er und 30er Jahren des 17. Jahrhunderts durch die Leihbuchhändler erleichtert. Diese Entwicklungen wurden zwar von manchen Kulturhistorikern und Literaturwissenschaftlern berücksichtigt und erforscht, ihre gesellschaftstheoretische Relevanz blieb bislang jedoch in der Soziologie weitgehend unreflektiert. Der Beitrag soll diese Lücke zwischen soziologischer Theorie (der Moderne bzw. Modernisierung) und Empirie schliessen.

On May 12, 1943, Harold Innis delivered a speech entitled “The Crisis in Public Opinion” at the annual luncheon of the Canadian National Newspapers and Periodicals Association, held in Toronto. The address has survived in transcript form in the Innis Papers collection at the University of Toronto Archives. Our paper can best be seen as a companion piece to the edited transcription of Innis’ original speech, which follows in this issue of the Canadian Journal of Communication. Emphasizing the performative nature of the speech, we contextualize “The Crisis of Public Opinion” by examining the correspondence leading up to and following the speech. We argue that Innis’ views on the “crisis of public opinion” in the print media indicate that he understood this particular issue as part of a broader public crisis related to the decline of political and juridical institutions and to shifts in power and influence. His commentary on media in Canada was bound up with his effort to promote colle...

International audience[in English]Résumé en anglaisMichel Rocard is often seen as the incarnation of political rigour. However, we can highlight his use of slang during his career. The intense preparation of his broadcastings with many communication advisers shows that this use of slang words is part of a general strategy. Thus he tries to transform his image and to appear more likeable and closer to the citizens. We can distinguish different period in this use of slang words. In a first time during the 1970’s, this use is particularly intense in rise power context for him. But during his ministerial carrier (1981-1983: minister of economic plan, 1983-1985: agriculture minister, 1988-1991: prime minister), he tries to avoid the use of slang words in order to build the image of statesman

In How Machines Came to Speak Jennifer Petersen constructs a genealogy of how legal conceptions of “speech” have transformed over the last century in response to new media technologies. Drawing on media and legal history, Petersen shows that the legal category of speech has varied considerably, evolving from a narrow category of oratory and print publication to a broad, abstract conception encompassing expressive nonverbal actions, algorithms, and data. She examines a series of pivotal US court cases in which new media technologies—such as phonographs, radio, film, and computer code—were integral to this shift. In judicial decisions ranging from the determination that silent films were not a form of speech to the expansion of speech rights to include algorithmic outputs, courts understood speech as mediated through technology. Speech thus became disarticulated from individual speakers. By outlining how legal definitions of speech are indelibly dependent on technology, Petersen demon...

The largely unregulated early years of Canadian radio were vital to development of broadcasting policy. The Report of the Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting in 1929 and American broadcasting both changed the direction of Canadian broadcasting, but were mitigated by the early, largely unregulated years. Broadcasters operated initially as small, independent, and local broadcasters, then, national networks developed in stages during the 1920s and 1930s. The late adoption of radio broadcasting policy to build a national network in Canada allowed other practices to take root in the wake of other examples, in particular, American commercial broadcasting. By 1929 when the Aird Report recommended a national network, the potential impact of the report was shaped by the path of early broadcasting and the shifts forced on Canada by American broadcasting and policy. Eventually Canada forged its own course that pulled in both directions, permitting both private commercial networks and public...

Dinge sind deren kulturelle Artefakte. Über eine damit verbundene Unterrichtspraxis zu sprechen bedeutet, diese Dinge als materielle Träger von Bedeutung in spezifischen Gebrauchskontexten zu begreifen und deshalb zugleich die mit ihnen verbundenen Handlungen und Routinen, etwa in der Zerlegung eines Modells oder der Inszenierung eines Schulwandbildes im Klassenraum, zu untersuchen. Damit ist historische Lehrmittelforschung zugleich auch eine Medienarchäologie in dem Sinne, dass nicht nur die erhaltenen Artefakte inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet werden, sondern auch versucht wird, die historischen Praktiken des Gebrauchs und der Überlieferung zu berücksichtigen. Dieser Beitrag wird anhand des Gegenstandsbereichs 'Apfel' die

In the last decade, the development of small, remotely operated multicopters with cameras, so-called drones, has made aerial photography easily available. Consumers and institutions now use drones in a variety of ways, both for personal entertainment and professionally. The application of drones in media production and journalism is of particular interest, as it provides insight into the complex interplay between technology, the economic and legal constraints of the media market, professional cultures and audience preferences. The thematic issue Journalism from Above: Drones, the Media, and the Transformation of Journalistic Practice presents new research concerning the role of drones in journalism and media production. The issue brings together scholars representing a variety of approaches and perspectives. A broad selection of empirical cases from Finland, Spain, Sweden, the UK and the US form the basis of an exploration of the changing relations between the media, technology and ...

Née en Italie entre la Seconde Guerre mondiale et l'immédiat après-guerre, la Vespa devient vite si populaire que la marque remplace dans le langage courant, pendant des décennies, le mot générique « scooter ». Si la Vespa a de profondes racines italiennes, elle s'européanise néanmoins très tôt et déploie même une véritable trajectoire globale, grâce à la fois aux exportations et, surtout, aux investissements directs à l'étranger. Le succès de la Vespa repose aussi largement sur la communication de l'entreprise, Piaggio, qui a forgé au fil des ans un imaginaire devenu partie intégrante de l'identité culturelle de l'Europe. Bien que les performances économiques de la Vespa diminuent à partir des années 1980, on peut encore déceler quarante ans plus tard les traces de l'identification entre la Vespa et l'Europe dans les produits de l'industrie culturelle, à l'instar de séries Netflix.

This article investigates media coverage of 19th and early 20th century river activism and its effect on federal policy to control the Mississippi River. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ “levees-only” policy—which joined disparate navigation and flood control interests—is largely blamed for the Great Flood of 1927, called the largest peacetime disaster in American history. River activists organized annual conventions, and later, professional lobbies organized media campaigns up and down the Mississippi River to sway public opinion and pressure Congress to fund flood control and river navigation projects. Annual river conventions drew thousands of delegates such as plantation owners, shippers, bankers, chambers of commerce, governors, congressmen, mayors and cabinet members with interests on the Mississippi River. Public pressure on Congress successfully captured millions of federal dollars to protect property, drain swamps for development, subsidize local levee districts and influe...

Kontexte der Wissensproduktion 207 Rhetoriken der Beweisführung 211 Regulation statt Kontrolle 217 Die sozialhygienische Institution als Ort der Wissensproduktion 222 Justierung des Experimentalsystems 232 2 Formatierung der Wissensordnung 235 Von der Gewalttat zum alltäglichen Normverstoß 239 Dispersion des gefahrliehen Mediums 252 a) Fernsehen als Messproblem 254 b) Korrelation in Zeitsprüngen 255 c) Muster der Rezeption 261 Die Überwachung gewalttätiger Mediennutzer 263 3 Diffusion des Wissens 271 Die Irrwege publizierter Daten 274 Staatspolitische Handlungsohnmacht 280 Schließung des Forschungskreislaufs 290 Rezeptionspolitiken 295 Die Offenheit der Mediengewalt-Frage 301 Killerspiele verbieten: Die Sackgasse der Restriktionen 303 Schau hin! Der Appell an autonome Subjekte 309 Literaturverzeichnis 313 VORBEMERKUNG Bei der vorliegenden Studie handelt es sich um die gekürzte und leicht überarbeitete Fassung meiner Dissertation, die ich im Februar 2007 an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln eingereicht habe. Die Arbeit hat sehr profitiert von dem Kontext, in dem sie entstanden ist. Ich möchte an erster Stelle Professor Irmela Schneider danken, die das Projekt intensiv betreut hat. Mein Dank gilt des Weiteren Professor Lutz EHrich für sein Zweitgutachten und der Studienstiftung Niessen für die Unterstützung der Publikation. Ganz herzlich möchte ich meinen Kolleginnen und Kollegen am kulturwissenschaftlichen Forschungskolleg Medien und kulturelle Kommunikation, am Institut für Theater-, Film-und Fernsehwissenschaft und den Teilnehmern des Doktorandenkolloquiums von Irmela Schneider für zahlreiche Diskussionen und Anregungen danken. Besonders hervorheben, weil sie mir in entscheidenden Situationen zur Klärung verholfen haben, möchte ich Christina Bartz, Christoph Neubert und Gabriele Schabacher. Mein Dank gebührt außerdem meinen Eltern Hanna und Winfried Otto, die den Prozess dieser Arbeit mit Interesse verfolgt und mir dadurch stets Rückhalt gegeben haben. Danken möchte ich auch Familie Arends für ihr beständiges Interesse. Ganz besonders danke ich Nicole Spekat für ihren vielfaltigen und humorvollen Beistand. Schließlich gilt mein Dank Anna Bienefeld, Daniela Franke, Tobias Haupts, Katharina Otto und Tanja Weber für ihre Hilfe beim Korrekturlesen.

The international business press has been a powerful and influential voice in modern societies and, as its formative years took place during the Cold War, a closer look at the ideologies that were promoted in this part of the press is of interest. Until the 1970s, Farmand was the only Norwegian business magazine of any size and standing. Trygve J. B. Hoff, Farmand’s editor from 1935, was part of the Mont Pèlerin Society (MPS), a neoliberal intellectual collective established in 1947 with participants such as Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig von Mises. This article is a study of the ideas that Hoff promoted, particularly in Farmand, from the 1940s to the 1970s.

O projeto iluminista subentende que a educação humana, escapando ao controle das autoridades eclesiásticas e políticas, tornaria o acesso ao pensamento racional irrestrito. Um dos instrumentos de divulgação da pedagogia iluminista foram os jornais, considerados uma epístola regular entre homens de letras que gradualmente vão sendo destinadas a parcelas mais amplas da população. Dentre os mais importantes representantes das Luzes em Portugal está o jornalista José Liberato, autor de dois jornais publicados em Londres entre 1813 e 1821. O autor compreendeu o seu papel de introduzir os portugueses na Era da Razão e, para tanto, imbuiu-se de uma pedagogia que respeitava tanto a religião quanto a monarquia. A proposta deste artigo é investigar os ideais letrados de Liberato, sua proposta pedagógica e, mais importante, como o seu exercício jornalístico construiu uma utopia voltada para pensar o futuro português.  Palavras-chave: História do jornalismo; Iluminismo; Utopia política; José Li...

Tilman Bechthold-Hengelhaupt arbeitet am Beispiel des Neumagener Schulreliefs (180 n. Chr.) heraus, dass Unterrichtsmedien immer schon in einem Medienensemble verwendet wurden. Er plädiert dafür, unter diesem Begriff die Gesamtheit der für eine Unterrichtssituation zur Verfügung stehenden Medien zusammenzufassen.

Dr. Anne Kaun’s book, <em>Crisis and Critique: A Brief History of Media Participation in Times of Crisis</em> (London: Zed Books, 2016, 131 pp., ISBN: 978-1-78360-736-5), is a concise but comprehensive analysis of the changing media practices and technologies in protest movements. The book overviews the topic within the context of major economic crises and scrutinises three richly detailed case studies in the United States: (a) the unemployed workers’ movement during the Great Depression in the 1930s, (b) the tenants’ rent strike movement of the early 1970s, and (c) the Occupy Wall Street movement following the Great Recession of 2008. Kaun begins her book with an introduction to economic crises and protest movements and highlights the relationship of crisis and critique to media practices. She goes on to investigate historical forms of media participation in protest movements from three different perspectives: (a) protest time, (b) protest space, and (c) protest speed. ...

In the last decade, the development of small, remotely operated multicopters with cameras, so-called drones, has made aerial photography easily available. Consumers and institutions now use drones in a variety of ways, both for personal entertainment and professionally. The application of drones in media production and journalism is of particular interest, as it provides insight into the complex interplay between technology, the economic and legal constraints of the media market, professional cultures and audience preferences. The thematic issue Journalism from Above: Drones, the Media, and the Transformation of Journalistic Practice presents new research concerning the role of drones in journalism and media production. The issue brings together scholars representing a variety of approaches and perspectives. A broad selection of empirical cases from Finland, Spain, Sweden, the UK and the US form the basis of an exploration of the changing relations between the media, technology and ...

La collezione donata dalla fotografa Marcella Pedone (1919) al Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci di Milano nel 2017, consistente in una banca di immagini documentarie di 170mila scatti e dell’intera attrezzatura di macchine e accessori utilizzata per produrli, è una testimonianza significativa dell’intero ciclo di vita della fotografia editoriale nel XX secolo, dalla sua produzione al suo uso e circolazione. Nel dialogo tra l’istituzione museale, orientata alla valorizzazione della cultura scientifica e tecnologica, e la volontà della donatrice di preservare la propria memoria professionale, la collezione Pedone si configura come una fonte per una storia della fotografia che vada oltre la cornice estetica dei singoli scatti, integrando le storie della tecnologia e della cultura visuale, tramite l’evidenza dei loro aspetti materiali e produttivi.

In 2017, the photographer Marcella Pedone (1919) donated an image bank of 170k documentary pictures to the Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, together with the whole set of cameras and accessories used to produce them. This is a relevant account of the whole editorial photography’s life cycle in the 20th Century, from production to use and consumption. In the dialogue between the Museum, specialized in the scientific and technological culture, and the photographer, willing to preserve her professional memory, this collection set itself as a valuable source to narrate the history of photography beyond the aesthetics of single images; it allows to integrate the histories of technology and visual culture, thanks to the evidence of their material and productive aspects.

The great doyen of journalism, John Thadeus Delane, was the Editor of The Times (of London) in the 1850s. He published a famour Editorial in 1852 which laid out in effect the role and ethics of the journalist and the duty of the Press. This is an essay based on a course I taught to trainee journalists using Delane's Editorial.

During the period of the 1940s to the 1970s, the number of media and their influence were continually expanding. New media-film technology and television-developed and started to occupy people's everyday lives. A history of visual media shows that early on images took the form of drawings, paintings, sculptures, caricatures, and posters and then expanded through photography, press, cinema, television. Images were experienced rarely, at first, later were more often published in newspapers, journals, leaflets, and posters to become an everyday consumption in the form of the television. Initially, broadcasting took only a few hours in the evening and on one channel only ; later it expanded to all day programming on multiple channels. Television replaced other sources of information, offering the public more and more news from the world. This fact has lead us to the pivotal question of what creates the experienced reality and how ? How was the everyday human experience shaped, and what was the role of the visual media in it ? In order to find answers to these questions, we have to look at the characteristics of the particular kinds of visual media.

Eine etwas andere Mediengeschichte. Anmerkungen zur Entstehung der vegetarischen Publizistik des 19. Jahrhunderts im preußisch-thüringischen Nordhausen, in: Holger BÖNING, Hans-Werner HAHN, Alexander KRÜNES und Uwe SCHIRMER (Hrsg.): Medien – Kommunikation – Öffentlichkeit. Vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. Festschrift für Werner GREILING zum 65. Geburtstag, Wien/Köln/Weimar 2019, S. 51 67.

This manuscript was discovered among Harold Innis's unpublished writings in his papers at the University of Toronto Archives (B72-0025/025). It bears the title and description given above, and is six and one-half single-spaced pages in length in a 10-point font. The manuscript is not accompanied by any material explaining its context and origins. However, a number of letters referring to it were located within Innis's correspondence (B72-0025/002 and B72-0025/003). (Details on these letters are provided in an article by Buxton and Dickens in this issue of CJC.) Aside from the adjustment of the pagination (the original page breaks have been indicated with consecutive numbers in square brackets) and the justification of the text, the only major change made to the typescript of the address has been the addition of endnotes (there are no references listed in the original transcript). These not only indicate (as far as possible) the sources that Innis used for his quotes, but provide information about persons, journals, organizations, events, and various other phenomena referred to by Innis, many of which would not be familiar to the contemporary reader.

On May 12, 1943, Harold Innis delivered a speech entitled " The Crisis in Public Opinion " at the annual luncheon of the Canadian National Newspapers and Periodicals Association, held in Toronto. The address has survived in transcript form in the Innis Papers collection at the University of Toronto Archives. Our paper can best be seen as a companion piece to the edited transcription of Innis' original speech, which follows in this issue of the Canadian Journal of Communication. Emphasizing the performative nature of the speech, we contex-tualize " The Crisis of Public Opinion " by examining the correspondence leading up to and following the speech. We argue that Innis' views on the " crisis of public opinion " in the print media indicate that he understood this particular issue as part of a broader public crisis related to the decline of political and juridical institutions and to shifts in power and influence. His commentary on media in Canada was bound up with his effort to promote collective engagement as a corrective to the biases in power that he had detected. The 1943 speech is thus significant not simply as a " missing link " between Innis' writings on Canada and his later work on communication theory; it is a clear and compelling distillation of the engagement , enactment, and performance that were the abiding features of his work as an intellectual. Résumé : Le 12 mai 1943 à Toronto, Harold Innis a prononcé un discours intitulé « The Crisis in Public Opinion » au déjeuner annuel du Canadian National Newspapers and Periodicals Association (« Association canadienne des journaux et périodiques nationaux »). La transcription de ce discours a été conservée dans la collection des écrits d'Innis aux Archives de l'Université de Toronto. Notre article se veut un pendant à la transcription éditée du discours original d'Innis qui suit dans ce numéro du Canadian Journal of Communication. Tout en soulignant son caractère performatif, nous replaçons « The Crisis in Public Opinion » dans son contexte par l'examen de la correspondance qui l'a précédé et suivi. Nous soutenons que la manière dont Innis percevait la « crise de l'opinion publique » dans la presse écrite indique qu'il comprenait que cette question faisait partie d'une crise publique plus vaste correspondant au déclin d'institutions politiques et juridiques et à des transferts de pouvoir et d'influence. Ses commentaires sur William J. Buxton is a Professor of Communication Studies at Concordia University. Risa Dickens is an MA student in Media Studies at Concordia University, a contributing editor to Worn Fashion Journal, and editor in chief of Open.touchbasic.com.

This manuscript was discovered among Harold Innis's unpublished writings in his papers at the University of Toronto Archives (B72-0025/025). It bears the title and description given above, and is six and one-half single-spaced pages in length in a 10-point font. The manuscript is not accompanied by any material explaining its context and origins. However, a number of letters referring to it were located within Innis's correspondence (B72-0025/002 and B72-0025/003). (Details on these letters are provided in an article by Buxton and Dickens in this issue of CJC.) Aside from the adjustment of the pagination (the original page breaks have been indicated with consecutive numbers in square brackets) and the justification of the text, the only major change made to the typescript of the address has been the addition of endnotes (there are no references listed in the original transcript). These not only indicate (as far as possible) the sources that Innis used for his quotes, but provide information about persons, journals, organizations, events, and various other phenomena referred to by Innis, many of which would not be familiar to the contemporary reader. Résumé : Ce manuscrit a été découvert parmi les écrits inédits d'Harold Innis compris dans ses documents aux Archives de l'Université de Toronto (B72-0025/ 025). Il comporte le titre et la description indiqués ci-dessus, et compte six pages et demie à simple interligne dans une fonte de 10 points. Aucun matériel qui en expliquerait le contexte ou les origines n'accompagne le manuscrit. Cependant, quelques lettres y faisant référence ont été trouvées dans la correspondance d'Innis (B72-0025/002 et B72-0025/003). (L'article de Buxton et Dickens dans ce numéro du CJC fournit des détails sur ces lettres.) Le seul changement majeur apporté au manuscrit, hormis un ajustement de la pagination (avec des chiffres entre crochets indiquant la division en pages originale) et la justification du texte, a consisté à ajouter des notes en fin d'ouvrage (le texte original ne comportant aucune référence). En plus d'indiquer (dans la mesure du possible) les sources qu'Innis a utilisées pour ses citations, ces notes fournissent des informations sur les personnes, les revues, les organismes, les événements et divers autres phéno-mènes auxquels il s'est rapporté, y compris plusieurs qui seraient étrangers au lecteur contemporain.

Following the Chomsky-Herman theory, because tv channels “sell” public to advertisers, these latters can conditionate tv programms. Evoiding mechanical effects, I reflected about consequences on education of a whole generation, employng many sociological surveys and studies of this time (in particular Casetti, Bentivegna, Morcellini, Tullio-Altan, Pilati, Gabriele Calvi) and exploiting the interpretation of a protagonist (Carlo Freccero). Many pages discuss about the commercial, cultural and political strategy of Berlusconi.
There are also two chapters about the history of education in united Italy (ch. 3 and 4), and a long interview with two education psychologists (Oliverio Ferraris e Giani Gallino) and a sociologue of aducation (D’Amato) about influence of tv (ch.7).