History and archaeology

This article investigates the authorised heritage discourse (AHD) through the lens of conservation planning practice. The AHD is characterised as an exclusionary discourse that privileges the physical nature of 'heritage', defined scientifically by 'experts'. Set within the context of wider international trends towards more inclusive heritage practices, the article advances understanding of the contemporary AHD. Using local heritage designation as an investigatory platform, a thesis is developed to explain professional representations of heritage operating in this setting. In doing so, a pervasive, yet nuanced AHD is exposed. At the same time, a complex variety of contextual factors that constrain radical readjustment of the AHD are also uncovered. These include struggles over the subjectivity and operationalisation of social and cultural heritage values in rational planning environments. The conclusions drawn from this research challenge and subtly refine the AHD, and crucially, propose that wider trends in the heritage discourse cannot be adequately implemented within the current legal apparatus and mind-set of traditional rational planning. The article suggests that further research is required to understand how the multiple and diverse layers of heritage meanings can be emplaced and legitimised within planning settings.

During the Lateglacial interval (w15,000e11,500 years ago or 15e11.5 ka) in the middle to high latitudes of the southern hemi-sphere, a warming trend was interrupted by the Antarctic Cold 2006)). New Zealand is one of the few locations in the southern middle latitudes where Lateglacial moraines exist. Many examples of Lateglacial moraines in the Southern Alps of New Zealand have been identified (Porter, 1975b; Suggate, 1990; Fitzsimons, 1997), mapped (Birkeland, 1982; Barrell et al., 2011), and some have been dated (e.g., Turney et al., 2007; Kaplan et al., 2010; Putnam et al., 2010). Transformation of glacier fluctuation records to climate changes is not a trivial process due to several non-climatic influ-ences and is not readily achievable for some types of glacier (e.g.,

This article attempts to understand how present Virtual Reality (VR) environments can contribute to enhancing the communication of cultural heritage by providing an experience of the past that is acceptable for the younger generation and how museums and cultural institutions should adopt and use such technologies. Aspects of acceptance, experience, and expectation of VR with the underlying values are not well understood but are important for the sustainability of the communication of cultural heritage as a bequest to future generations. We conducted a combined quantitative--qualitative study on the participants who have various prior experience with gaming and VR, and different levels of knowledge on the history presented within the virtual environment. This study investigates how participants accept and are stimulated in terms of personal experience and their expectations and ideas for the future of museums if VR is used for enhancing the learning of cultural heritage. Prior gaming...

This conversation with Melody D. Knowles, Centrality Practiced: Jerusalem in the Religious Practices of Yehud and the Diaspora in the Persian Period (Atlanta, SBL, 2006) began in a special session of the Chronicles-Ezra-Nehemiah section that was held at the national meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature in November 2006 (Washington, DC). It includes an introduction by the editor and contributions by Deirdre N. Fulton, David Janzen, Ralph W. Klein and a response by Melody D. Knowles.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

This paper aims to show how in the Marquesas Islands the transmission of the past is a non-linear process and traditional cultural places are in some cases restored or tactically abandoned in the forest. Through the attitude of conserving and turning them into heritage the Marquesan elites manifest the willing to make these places visible and usable for cultural purposes. However, these strategies are opposed by tactics of preserving them in states of voluntary abandonment or oblivion that sometimes represent a way to get in touch or experience several non-human entities that belong to the ‘invisible world’.

Latium is a region along the Tyrrhenian coast of central Italy of utmost interest to test hypotheses concerning human evolution during the Pleistocene and, particularly, in correspondence to crucial stages of transition between different species (and/or subspecies) of the genus Homo. As a matter of fact, our present knowledge about human evolution in the entire Italian peninsula find in Latium great part of the pertinent fossil record (Fig. 1). At the same time, the biochronological setting recently proposed for the Italian Middle Pleistocene large mammal faunas is based on faunal units (FU) that are represented in Latium by many keysites (Gliozzi et al. 1997; Sardella et al. 1998). The scenario of human evolution in Europe overcome the chronological limit posed by the advocates of the so-called "short chronology 59 Transitions in human evolution and faunal changes during the Pleistocene in Latium (Central Italy)

Ti-n-Aschig engravure is located in a southern branch of wadi Sennadar. First described by MORI (1965), it has been recently surveyed by M. Cremaschi. It is composed by several figures of different rock art styles, covered by a different patina. Wild fauna -indicated by heavy line -(Rhinoceros and Bubalus antiquus) displays eroded grooves covered by black desert varnish as the natural surface of the rock. The wild animals are surrounded by several standing human praying figures, in the same physical conditions, which may be attributed to the "Round Heads" style. "Pre-Pastoral" and "Pastoral" giraffe and cattle display a red patina and are indicated by large dotted punctuation and squared pattern. Human figures, camels, giraffes and riding warriors, which may attributed to the "Horse style", have a clear reddish patina and are indicated by dense punctuation. Camels in black have no patina at all and are the most recent figures. The superposition of different animal types, rock art styles in different state of preservation, properly symbolises the changes in environment and human behaviour which took place in the area since the wet very beginning of the Holocene up to the present dry conditions.

Burrowing activity is a widely recognized source of site modification. Most taphonomic studies of burrowers emphasize their destructive aspects on the archaeological record. Excavations at Ndondondwane, South Africa, suggest burrowing activity is destructive in some ways, but may also preserve cultural behavior. Drawing on both direct and indirect sources of evidence, we discuss how burrowing activity by rodents, earthworms, and termites can inform about pedogenic and depositional processes at archaeological sites and both preserve and destroy evidence of intra-settlement patterns and early African cultigens. Specifically, we demonstrate the limited effect of earthworms on site stratigraphy, how the localized activity of termites have preserved casts of early African cultigens, and how the ability of archaeologists to distinguish the devastating effects of rodent burrowing from remains of architectural features have permitted important inferences about social and ritual life in early African farming communities.

"Mi ceguera -recordó Borges en su autobiografía-había avanzado gradualmente desde la infancia. No había nada particularmente patético en ella. A partir de 1927 sufrí ocho operaciones quirúrgicas en los ojos, pero al finalizar la década de 1950, cuando escribí mi "Poema de los dones", yo estaba totalmente ciego a efectos de leer y escribir. La ceguera imperó en mi familia; una descripción de la operación realizada en los ojos de mi bisabuelo, Edward Young Haslam, apareció en las páginas de Lancet, la revista médica de Londres." 1 Como le había ocurrido a Homero en "El hacedor", "gradualmente, el hermoso universo fue abandonándolo" 2 . Borges asumió esa pérdida como parte de la herencia recibida de sus antepasados, y, a diferencia de su personaje quien, "cuando supo que se estaba quedando ciego, gritó; el pudor estoico no había sido aún inventado y Héctor podía huir sin desmedro" (II: 159), trató de mantenerse ajeno a los encantos de lo patético. Quizás ese grito de su Homero fue la primera y más evidente concesión, que trató de contrarrestar en el célebre "Poema de los dones" con la constatación de la maestría de Dios, que, "con magnífica ironía", le había dado "a la vez los libros y la noche" (II: 187); eran los primeros ecos de aquella pérdida aún reciente, ecos que pueden rastrearse con frecuencia en prosas y poemas posteriores. Las reiteradas referencias a la ceguera que aparecen en El hacedor ("Blind Pew", además de los textos citados), El otro, el mismo ("El otro", "Una rosa y Milton"), Elogio de la sombra ("Junio, 1968"), "Invocación a Joyce", "Una oración", "Elogio de la sombra"), El oro de los tigres ("El ciego" I y II, "On his blindness", "Lo perdido", "El oro de los tigres"), La rosa profunda ("Un ciego", "1972", "El espejo", "The unending rose"), Historia de la noche ("The thing I am", "Un sábado"), La cifra ("Ronda", "Al adquirir una enciclopedia", "Aquél", "El hacedor", "Yesterdays", "La fama"), Atlas ("Los sueños", "Hotel Esja, Reikiavik") y Los conjurados ("On his blindness", "Posesión del ayer") prueban que esa situación le había afectado profundamente. Conviene recordar al respecto que Elogio de la sombra no es el único título que alude a

segunda mitad del siglo XX. En primer lugar, se relata brevemente la historia del término nihilismo y se explica cómo la violencia se ha convertido en un tema principal para los novelistas que comparten una visión nihilista de la realidad. Para concretar esta idea, se procede después al análisis de cinco novelas escritas por autores norteamericanos durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX:

The current study attempts to identify and describe the geomorphological processes and landforms in the Indus Valley, from Hemiya to Khalsi villages in Leh, Ladakh. The study area under investigation was mapped through a field Survey as well as by using Google Earth images, LANDSAT data, and ASTER DEM data. Mass-wasting, fluvial, glacial, and gravitational processes are recognized as playing a significant role in shaping the landscape of the study area. Twenty-one different resultant landforms of glacial, fluvial, and gravitational origin have been identified and mapped. These processes and landforms are well distributed across 163 long stretches along the northern and southern slopes, with distinct geological structures exposed in some places. The geomorphological map prepared based on field survey, field observations, and satellite data serves the purpose of the study as it gives a detailed and synoptic picture of the current and past geological processes, paleo-landforms, and the vulnerable spots of geological risk and geomorphic hazards.

The Islamic bathhouse; hammām, is a traditional building type which has played an important role in providing a key washing facility for the population living in the North African médinas. It was also used to play important socio-economic and environmental roles within each neighbourhood and was associated with a rich intangible heritage. As a building type, the hammām has evolved from the small Roman Bath or Balnéa and relies heavily on key services such as water distribution and drainage as well as heating systems. The water is traditionally heated in the furnace, the steam is released into the hot room and the smoke and heat from the furnace travel under the floor (through a hypocaust) providing an efficient heating system for the bathing spaces. Architecturally, the Islamic public baths present a rich variety of spaces following a sequential organization of spaces; from cold to warm to hot rooms, passing by intermediate thermal zones. Hammām buildings constitute the perfect illu...

Future changes in sea-level are projected to have significant environmental and social impacts, but we have limited understanding of comparable rates of change in the past. Using comprehensive palaeoenvironmental and archaeological datasets, we report the first quantitative model of the timing, spatial extent and pace of sea-level change in the Sahul region between 35-8 ka, and explore its effects on hunter-gatherer populations. Results show that the continental landmass (excluding New Guinea) increased to 9.80 million km 2 during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), before a reduction of 2.12 million km 2 (or ∼21.6%) to the early Holocene (8 ka). Almost 90% of this inundation occurs during and immediately following Meltwater Pulse (MWP) 1a between 14.6 and 8 ka. The location of coastlines changed on average by 139 km between the LGM and early Holocene, with some areas >300 km, and at a rate of up to 23.7 m per year (∼0.6 km land lost every 25-year generation). Spatially, inundation was highly variable, with greatest impacts across the northern half of Australia, while large parts of the east, south and west coastal margins were relatively unaffected. Huntergatherer populations remained low throughout (<30,000), but following MWP1a, increasing archaeological use of the landscape, comparable to a four-fold increase in populations, and indicative of large-scale migration away from inundated regions (notably the Bass Strait) are evident. Increasing population density resulting from MWP1a (from 1/655 km 2 to 1/71 km 2 ) may be implicated in the development of large and complex societies later in the Holocene. Our data support the hypothesis that late Pleistocene coastal populations were low, with use of coastal resources embedded in broad-ranging foraging strategies, and which would have been severely disrupted in some regions and at some time periods by sea-level change outpacing tolerances of mangals and other near-shore ecological communities.

As a component of archaeological investigations on the central Queensland coast, a series of five marine shell specimens live‐collected between A.D. 1904 and A.D. 1929 and 11 shell/charcoal paired samples from archaeological contexts were radiocarbon dated to determine local ΔR values. The object of the study was to assess the potential influence of localized variation in marine reservoir effect in accurately determining the age of marine and estuarine shell from archaeological deposits in the area. Results indicate that the routinely applied ΔR value of −5 ± 35 for northeast Australia is erroneously calculated. The determined values suggest a minor revision to Reimer and Reimer&#39;s (2000) recommended value for northeast Australia from ΔR = +11 ± 5 to +12 ± 7, and specifically for central Queensland to ΔR = +10 ± 7, for near‐shore open marine environments. In contrast, data obtained from estuarine shell/charcoal pairs demonstrate a general lack of consistency, suggesting estuary‐s...

In completing this thesis I have been fortunate in having the support of many friends and family whose love and encouragement pulled me through. I thank all of you for enduring my ep isodic mood swings, social absences, general distractedness and much, much more. Finally, I owe much to Jules for her support, encouragement and understanding throughout the growth of the ideas presented in this thesis. Taken together, [the] evidence does indeed seem to suggest that "something happened" in Australia about 2000 BC. But when each piece of evidence is examined individually, the apparent pattern becomes blurred (White 1994:225). In Chapter Seven I conclude the thesis with a summation of the main findings of my research and, finally, I consider the implications of this research for present and future archaeological investigations in this region and elsewhere.

Reconstructing the patterns of expansion out of Africa and across the globe by modern Homo sapiens have been advanced using demographic and travel-cost models. However, modelled routes are ipso facto influenced by migration rates, and vice versa. It is therefore timely to combine these two intertwined phenomena in reconstructing the migratory history of our species. We applied such an approach to one of the world’s earliest peopling events in Sahul covering the period from 75,000–50,000 years ago by combining recently published models producing highest-likelihood ‘superhighways’ of movement with predictions of expansion based on a demographic cellular automaton. The superhighways-supervised model approximately doubled the predicted time to continental saturation (~ 10K years; 0.4–0.5 km year-1) compared to that based on the original, directionally unsupervised model (~ 5K years; 0.7–0.9 km year-1), suggesting that rates of migration need to account for topographical constraints in a...

Anatomically Modern Humans (AMHs) dispersed rapidly through island southeast Asia (Sunda and Wallacea) and into Sahul (Australia, New Guinea and the Aru Islands), before 50,000 years ago. Multiple routes have been proposed for this dispersal and all involve at least one multi-day maritime voyage approaching 100 km. Here we use new regional-scale bathymetry data, palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, an assessment of vertical land movements and drift modeling to assess the potential for an initial entry into northwest Australia from southern Wallacea (Timor-Roti). From ~70,000 until ~10,000 years ago, a chain of habitable, resource-rich islands were emergent off the coast of northwest Australia (now mostly submerged). These were visible from high points close to the coast on Timor-Roti and as close as 87 km. Drift models suggest the probability of accidental arrival on these islands from Timor-Roti was low at any time. However, purposeful voyages in the summer monsoon season were very likely to be successful over 4e7 days. Genomic data suggests the colonizing population size was >72e100 individuals, thereby indicating deliberate colonization. This is arguably the most dramatic early demonstration of the advanced cognitive abilities and technological capabilities of AMHs, but one that could leave little material imprint in the archaeological record beyond the evidence that colonization occurred.

IN his classic monograph on Slavonic accentuation, G. S. Stang concludes that the so-called neo-circumflex Intonation is not Common Slavonic. 1 1 think that this is correct and that we have to date the rise of the neo-circumflex after the dissolution of the Slavonic linguistic unity. Elsewhere I have put forward my views on the development of Slavonic accentuation from Indo-European times up to the end of the Proto-Slavonic period. 2 In this article I intend to discuss the chronology of the subsequent accentual developments in Slovene and the conditions under which the new long falling vowels originated. Unlike H. Jaksche, 3 I think that in the majority of cases the neo-circumflex arose phonetically. Indeed, I consider it a major source of information about post-tonic quantity in Slavonic. As I have pointed out in my study of Proto-Slavonic accentuation, the lengthening of short falling vowels in monosyllables, e.g. bog, and the shortening of vowels under the old acute Intonation, e.g. brät, are Common Slavonic developments and must be dated before the dissolution of the Slavonic linguistic unity. 4 The former development was evoked by the loss of distinctive pitch on short vowels in polysyllabic words äs a result of Dybo's law, and the latter must be

When looking at something as delicate as the concept of intellect, many people carry the connotation that a higher IQ is better and perfect intelligence is the highest achievable IQ for humans. However, this ideology is flawed in the idea that a higher IQ equates to a more perfect intellect. People with higher intelligence often struggle with social assimilation because of the non-alignation of their mental characteristics and kin with other people. This is because although people with high IQ have a better understanding of things and application of knowledge, they may still lack social awareness and dogma understanding. Although IQ accounts for logical reasoning, and linear thinking, this doesn't take into account the abstract nature and non sequentialist nature of the human mind and how that applies to social settings. What does account for applicational intelligence in reference to the human mind and nature is Emotional Intelligence or EQ. Used for tracking emotional intelligence, like, recognizing emotions in other people, influence of emotions in other people, and managing emotions in yourself. A caveat however with an extremely high EQ is a tendency of social burnout and manipulation. When it comes to the question of perfect intelligence, you must take into consideration a person's IQ and EQ. So if both high IQ and EQ lead to social ignorance and an average of both lead to social overassimilation what is the perfect of both? The question lies within the structure of the definition of perfection. What is perfection? Perfection is defined by being the state of completeness and flawlessness. Humans in nature are flawed and aren't perfect within themselves. However, perfection is subjective in the sense that being complete depends on the ultimate goal which varies per person. So because of the goal there needs to be an objectively agreeable plane to determine the true perfect intelligence. To find the most perfect plane of objectivity for the subjectivity of perfection in the guise of intellect, it would be efficient to return back to the roots and see why humans are considered the smartest animal. Humans seemingly evolved over millions of years of trial and error processes that asserted us above and allowed us to be the most logically coherent and sound beings on the planet. Humans have dominated through evolution despite their size. Humans didn't used to be the fastest or the strongest but they had a couple of advantages. One the obvious one, was sweating. Humans being able to perspire allowed for them to be efficient in a practice called persistence hunting. Along with this, humans adhered to many practices like weaponry and social enclaves giving them an advantage in survival. Appealing to the base precedent set by perceived evolution, for the purpose of this article, the basis of objectivity for perfection will appeal to survival in the guise of evolution. Obviously, humans have modernized themselves to the point where they are capable of not needing things that humans back in the day needed to do. For example, humans now have access to grocery stores and mass farming not necessitating hunting anymore. The most potent part of evolution that led to humans being where they are today happened during the Middle and Late Pleistocene Era around 800,000 to 12,000 years ago. So if we were to want to determine the perfect intellect based on

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Во последните години дизајнирани се повеќе системи контролирани преку интернет, како и решенија за надгледување на вградливи системи, најчесто сензорски системи. Интернет базираното управување на системи е актуелно со оглед на се поголемата примена на сензорските мрежи во различни области, како полјоделство, заштита на животната средина, здравствена заштита итн. Овој труд претставува практично решение со кое се овозможува преку опрема со релативно ниска цена на чинење да се добие квалитетно надгледување и управување на системи на далечина

This work studies the mediating role of amyloid PET imaging quantitative traits (QTs) in the relationship between genetic risk, measured by the Polygenic Hazard Score (PHS), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis. Data are obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), including 559 participants classified as Normal (NL), early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI), late mild cognitive impairment (LMCI), or AD. Thirteen amyloid QTs from AV45 PET scans are examined as potential mediators between PHS and diagnostic outcomes using mediation analysis, Chow tests, and mixed-effects models. Results indicate partial mediation for all QTs in multiple diagnostic comparisons, with both direct and indirect effects being statistically significant. These findings suggest that amyloid PET measures explain part, but not all, of the link between genetic predisposition and AD diagnosis.

From the Prehistory until the Late Middle Ages wood was the most important construction material for buildings in Flanders. With the exception of wet contexts, the wooden posts of the structures are not preserved anymore. Because of this, these buildings are difficult to date. Charcoal or charred grains preserved in these postholes are a dating option, although the origin of these materials is not always clear. To tackle this problem of reliability, a strategy is to date several samples from the postholes of the same structure. A pattern of contemporaneous 14 C-data will give us insight in the age of these structures and outliers can be eliminated. To verify the results of the 14 C-dating a comparison is made with the fragments of material culture recorded in the infill of the postholes. This method has resulted in the recognition and dating of buildings types during Protohistory and in the Roman period in Flanders and the adjoining regions.

This short paper reports on the absolute dating of a bone tool found in the Late Glacial Moervaart lake, NW Belgium (Crombe et al., 2012). A collagen sample, which was pretreated by means of a cross flow nanofiltration, yielded a radiocarbon date of 8671 ± 43 BP (RICH-20191). This situates the bone artifact in the first half of the 8th millennium cal BC, when the Moervaart area was densely occupied by Early Mesolithic hunter-gatherers.

Voorafgaand aan de bouw van een nieuwe stuwsluis op de Boven-Schelde te Kerkhove 1 werden twee werkputten archeologisch onderzocht, meer bepaald WP1 (7500 m²) en WP2 (1000 m²) (fig. ). Beide werkputten hebben een rechthoekige vorm en bevinden zich in het Scheldealluvium, in de zone tussen de Schelde en de Rijt op ca. 180 m van elkaar. Voorafgaand paleolandschappelijk en archeologisch booronderzoek 2 wees uit dat zich in deze zone een afgedekte oeverwal bevond, parallel met de Schelde, met bewoningssporen uit -naar later bleek -het mesolithicum. 3 In de afdekkende veenlaag werd in één boorstaal Romeins aardewerk aangetroffen. Ook tijdens de bouw van de vlakbij gelegen oude stuw rond 1920 werden archeologische voorwerpen aangetroffen waaronder een hertshoornen hak, vuurstenen artefacten, een bronzen lanspunt en dierlijk botmateriaal. 4 Net buiten het alluvium werd ter hoogte van de werkputten in de jaren 1970 en 1980 opgravingen verricht waarbij sporen aan het licht kwamen van de steentijd tot de middeleeuwen. 5 De belangrijkste sporen dateren echter uit de Romeinse tijd, meer bepaald een gebouwencomplex dat wellicht als een Romeinse baanpost (mansio) kan aanzien worden. Dit administratief-logistiek centrum ontwikkelde zich vermoedelijk rond het midden van de 1ste eeuw aan het kruispunt van de Schelde met enkele belangrijke landwegen. Na een ingrijpende herstructurering in de late tweede eeuw werd het complex herbouwd doch in het derde kwart van de 3de eeuw werd deze nederzetting verlaten. Rond het einde van de vijfde eeuw vestigde een Frankische gemeenschap zich op de noordoostelijke rand en net buiten de vroegere Romeinse nederzetting,

This volume explores the final phase of the West Roman Empire, particularly the changing interactions between the imperial authority and external &#39;barbarian&#39; groups in the northwest frontiers of the empire during the fourth and fifth centuries. The contributions present valuable overviews of recent archaeological research combined with innovative theoretical discussions. Key topics include the movement of precious metals, trajectories of imperial power, the archaeology of migration, and material culture in relation to debates about ethnicity.

During archaeological excavations of the Castle of Middelburg (Belgium), a 16th century ceramic vessel containing a greasy substance was found. A wide range of chemical techniques was applied on what was presumed to be an ointment to reveal its nature and function. The organic fraction, constituting about 24 wt.%, was analyzed by chromatography and mass spectrometry and consists of beeswax next to smaller amounts of a triglyceride lipid source. Infrared analyses indicated the presence of calcium carboxylate soaps. The inorganic ingredients represent about 30% of the total mass. While calcium, lead and iron were detected by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction revealed calcium sulfate (gypsum) and lead sulfate as major minerals. Detailed study by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of lead as a divalent species. Altogether, these results point to a medicinal formulation of a lead plaster, used for treating bruises, mixed with beeswax, which was added for easy application on the skin. It is further assumed that lead carboxylates, originally present in the sample, reacted with gypsum, resulting in the formation of calcium carboxylates and lead sulfate. Gypsum could have been added to whiten or to strengthen the plaster. Hence, the analyses confirm the presumed medicinal nature of the find and add it to the list of very rare finds of preserved historical ointments.

Inter-hemispheric asynchrony of climate change through the last deglaciation has been theoretically linked to latitudinal shifts in the southern westerlies via their influence over CO2 outgassing from the Southern Ocean. Proxy-based reconstructions disagree on the behaviour of the westerlies through this interval. The last deglaciation was interrupted in the Southern Hemisphere by the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR; 14.7 to 13.0 ka BP (thousand years Before Present)), a millennialscale cooling event that coincided with the Bølling-Allerød warm phase in the North Atlantic (BA; 14.7 to 12.7 ka BP). We present terrestrial proxy palaeoclimate data that demonstrate a migration of the westerlies during the last deglaciation. We support the hypothesis that wind-driven out-gassing of old CO2 from the Southern Ocean drove the deglacial rise in atmospheric CO2 . We present empirical palaeoclimate data that demonstrate a northward shift of the southern westerly wind during the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR) that drove antiphase west-east environmental responses across the island of Tasmania. Stronger westerly wind flow over Tasmania during the ACR drove wetter conditions on the western (windward) slopes of the Tasmanian mountains that dampened regional fire activity and drove regional vegetation change toward more cold tolerant plant communities. Stronger westerly wind flow over Tasmania during the ACR drove increased evaporation on the eastern (leeward) side of the Tasmanian mountains. Our results support that millennial scale climate variability involves global reorganisation of ocean and atmospheric circulation and heat transport.

The northern Upper Rhine Graben (Germany) contains a complex, quasi-continuous Quaternary record, but constraining its chronology is challenging. This study presents the first application of amino acid geochronology for this region using Bithynia opercula to establish a relative dating framework. Intra-crystalline protein decomposition (IcPD) results from opercula have allowed their horizons to be statistically grouped into clusters of equivalent age. Independent chronological evidence associated with these clusters was evaluated to refine the sediment chronology. This framework both constrains the ages of key lithostratigraphic units and facilitates cross-correlation of sediments across the graben, therefore providing a reference regional aminostratigraphy, which has also been extended to help constrain the age of nearby Palaeolithic sites. This approach shows the value of combining the multiparameter datasets from IcPD with other chronological evidence to cross-correlate boreholes, hence creating a reference dataset for Quaternary deposits for a given region.

Research shows that especially the young and better-educated are more likely to leave the church. The process of apostasy also differs substantially between denominations. Using a lifo history perspective we examine the social mechanisms that might explain these three empirical regularities. Using a general theory, incorporating modernization and integration theory, we predict that people leave the church either for cognitive, social or moral reasons and that these effects interact. we test these hypotheses with the 1998 Family Survey of the Dutch Population. The results show that social integration indicators explain a large part of the denominational differences. Denominational differences no longer exist, whereas in the past Catholics and liberal Protestants were more likely ~o leave their church compared to orthodox Protestants. The results show fUrthermore that being raised in a financially deprived environment, possession of technical toys, general reading and left-wing preferences of the parents increase the risk of leaving the church in later lifo. Social context effects suggest that an increasingly educated population and having many non-religious people in one's environment, rather than being surrounded by few people of the same denomination, make it more likely for individuals to leave their church. Interaction effects show that after people have left the parental home (1) church attendance of the parents no longer decreases the risk of leaving the church; (2) Catholics have a lower chance of leaving the church than orthodox and liberal Protestants; (3) the impact of education becomes stronger. De kenmerken die varieren over de tijd zijn gemeten voor elke leeftijd waarop de respondent in de analyse hetrokken is. Kenmerken van individuen: Opleidingsniveau: Wanneer een respondent geen opleiding meer volgt, krijgt hij of zij de score van de hoogst afgeronde opleiding: (1) lager onderwijs; (2) lho; (3) mavo; (4) kort mho; (5) havo; (6) mho; (7) vwo; (8) hho; (9) wetenschappelijk onderwijs; (10) promotie. Verlaten ouderlijk huis: (O) thuiswonend; (I) ouderlijk huis verlaten. Leeftijd bij overlijden ouder: (O) heide ouders leven nog; hij overlijden de leeftijd van de respondent. Scheiding: (0) respondent ongehuwd ofgehuwd; (1) respondent gescheiden. Geboorte eerste kind: (O) geen kind (1) een of meer kinderen. Huwelijk: (O) niet gehuwd (I) gehuwd. Kenmerken van de ouders: Overlijden van een ouder: (0) heide ouders leven nog; (I) een of heide ouders zijn gestorven. Leeftijd ouder bij overlijden: (O) heide ouders leven nog; hij overlijden de leeftijd van de hetreffende ouder op het moment van overlijden. Scheiding ouders: (0) ouders gehuwd; (I) ouders gescheiden. Kenmerken van de partner: Kerklidmaatschap partner: De denominatie van de partner geven we met drie dummyvariahelen aan: een keer op het moment van trouwen of samenwonen en een keer op het moment van kennismaken: geen partner, partner kerkelijk en partner onkerkelijk: (1) ja; (0) nee. Kenmerken van de school: Opleidingsrichting: (1) wiskunde/technisch; (0) anders. Wanneer een respondent geen opleiding meer volgt, krijgt hij of zij de score van de richting van de hoogst afgeronde opleiding. Vakkenpakket: Van de hoogste opleiding in het voortgezet onderwijs is het vakkenpakket hekend. De indeling is: (1) natuur-/wiskunde (O) anders. Na afloop van de opleiding hehoudt de respondent diens score. Kenmerken van de omgeving: Gemiddeld opleidingsniveau van het intredende arbeidscohort per provincie per jaar. Deze variahele geeft het gemiddelde opleidingsniveau van het cohort dat de arheidsmarkt hetreedt. De gegevens hiervoor zijn afkomstig van de volkstelling in 1960, van de arheidskrachtentellingen van 1977 en 1985 en van de enquete heroepshevolking van 1992 en 1996. 8 Helaas zijn geen gegevens heschikhaar voor de gehele hevolking op een hepaald tijdstip. Percentage onkerkelijken per provincie per jaar: Afhankelijk van het jaar en de provincie waarin respondenten op dat moment wonen krijgen respondenten de waarde van het percentage huitenkerkelijken voor die provincie en voor dat jaar toegekend. De gegevens tussen 1930 en 1971 zijn gehaseerd op de volkstellingen. Per provincie is voor de hevolking ouder dan 20 het percentage huitenkerkelijken herekend.

The development of graffiti studies during the last couple of decades highlighted the relevance and potential of graffiti as a complementary source for understanding different aspects of past societies. Moreover, the availability of digital documentation techniques crucially increased data production, showing the widespread presence of graffiti in Medieval and Early Modern contexts across Europe. However, the approach to historical graffiti has not been yet structured. Guidelines, specific analytical tools, and descriptors are still missing due to various reasons. First, graffiti are a multiform and multimodal graphic expression, so texts, signs, and images must be considered together despite their different communicative nature. Secondly, due to their variety in forms and contents, graffiti have been studied from many perspectives (e.g., epigraphy, palaeography, history, art history, maritime studies), following the specific interests of each scholar. Consequently, the numerous and...

Clásico no es un libro (lo repito) que necesariamente posee tales o cuales méritos; es un libro que las generaciones de los hombres, urgidas por diversas razones, leen con previo fervor y con una misteriosa lealtad. Frente a un libro que hoy se proponga recuperar desde las ciencias sociales latinoamericanas el pensamiento de Georg Simmel, es probable que la primera reacción sea de sorpresa o desconcierto (y, por qué no, de ambos). Contemporáneo de Durkheim y Weber, colega e interlocutor del segundo, fundador junto con él de la Asociación Alemana de Sociología en 1909, Simmel corrió una suerte intelectual muy diferente a la de estos célebres contemporáneos. Con un lugar

In this introduction to the Journal of Finnish Studies theme issue entitled The Making of Finland: The Era of the Grand Duchy, the editors outline, in broad strokes, the years when Finland was part of Russia. The second part of the chapter consists of a discussion of the eight chapters that make up this article collection. The contributors approach the topic of the Grand Duchy of Finland from multiple-and even surprising-perspectives, showing how, in addition to the important cultural events that contributed to Finland's quest for independence, ordinary aspects of daily life, such as food culture, were also part of this path, as was hunger, poverty, and illness.

A few speeches have thunderous applause, wide reach, and be cherished for long. On the 80 th UN General Assembly concluded recently, the PM of Barbados Mia Mottley made a scathing and powerful speech that millions across the world said that she elevated through her speech she said that "They make a desert and call it peace'. This is the phrase that she took for Calgacus in his work Agricola.

Archaeological objects, even minute beads, are not mere objects simpliciter, rather they have layers of signification across many planes, be they archaeological, technological, scientific, relating to material culture, and the like. The book, Stone Beads of South and Southeast Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections, is based on the proceedings of an interdisciplinary workshop on History, Science and Technology of Stone Beads at the Archaeological Sciences Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, with leading experts in South Asian archaeology. Objects or artefacts as archaeological markers partake of many aspects such as the processes that produce, the things they use every day, analysing the economic and social history of the objects as also their relevance to the material culture, and, consequently, the people whose form of life they are part of. In archaeological reports, the Introduction to the book comments, beads, courtesy 'their smallness', tend to be overshadowed by showier and larger objects such as pottery and terracotta. However, it is their very size that allows beads to be portable, and thus their study is of salience for global connections of cultures, in this case of South Asia with the world. The book has four sections. Of these, the first discussing the importance of and literature on beads is perhaps the most comprehensible to non-specialists in so far as it enumerates Sanskrit and Tamil literary and epigraphic references to the bead-making industry and its social and ritual significance. Kishore K. Basa's chapter, 'Small Find, Immense Impact: Importance of Bead Studies', is an overview of the research undertaken on stone beads in South Asian contexts and also in terms of beads as markers of four interrelated phenomena: typology, technology, trade and exchange, and symbolic value, which also define the parameters of the themes discussed in the rest of the articles.

Your use of this work indicates your acceptance of these terms. Dear Readers, This special issue on Caribbean literatures is a first for ESLA. Thematically speaking, it represents the first issue dedicated entirely to literary expressions of the Caribbean, a region often misunderstood in Chile, but which is nevertheless historically and culturally connected to the country, as it is to the rest of Latin America. Lest we forget, Gabriela Mistral once wrote that Puerto Rican Spanish reminded her of the Spanish she grew up speaking in northern Chile's Elqui Valley. 2 Such observations can help guide us across artificial national borders to recognize the cultural similarities between geographically distant points of the continent. The issue also introduces readers to the linguistic heterogeneity of the Caribbean by showcasing work that deals with and emerges from the Anglophone, Hispanophone, and Francophone Caribbean, as well as the various Creoles spoken throughout the region. In this respect, we are especially excited to print poetry written in Guadeloupean Creole, alongside the author's own English translation. Finally, this issue is one of the largest that ESLA has published to date, including six articles, four non-fiction essays, and six bilingual poems. 1 This special issue has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 823846, Connected Worlds: the Caribbean, Origin of Modern World. 2 "En Puerto Rico, me reencontré con mi español de Elqui, siglo XVI, y me dio gusto saber con prueba que hablo lo mío más legítimo y entrañable" (In Puerto Rico, I rediscovered my Spanish from Elqui, 16 th century, and I was pleased to know for certain that the language I speak is the most legitimate and endearing) (1943).

The Jiroft valley, situated on banks of the Halil Rud developed as an important agricultural and trading center during the Early Bronze Age. Known for its famous steatite sculptures and clay pottery, the first settlement in Konar Sandal collapsed around 3rd millennium BCE. A second shorter, but major phase of occupation in the settlement occurred towards the end of 2nd millennium BCE. A 250-cm long peat sequence near the archaeological complex at Konar Sandal was investigated to reconstruct the humanenvironment history using palynological, sedimentological and geochemical data. With a basal age of 4 ka, the core traces the hydroclimatic changes and human activities that started just after large scale abandonment of Konar Sandal and extends from the late Bronze Age to the Mongol invasion. The results show that Jiroft had an arid dry climate dominated by the Saharo-Sindian open pseudo-savanna vegetation. However, due to human clearance and intensified agro-sylvo-pastoral activities, and climatic factors, the land-cover shifted from open xeric scrublands to a more open degraded landscape. The principal human occupation was cereal cultivation and herding. However, it is likely that during the more arid periods, communities retreated and abandoned agriculture, facilitating successional processes. Such droughts occurred around 4.0e3.8 ka and 3.4e2.8 ka and are related to the Siberian Anticyclonic system. Declining Artemisia and shrubs indicate milder climates ca. 3.8e3.4 ka and 2.8e0.6 ka. The latter period that started with the rule of the Persian empires (550e650 BCE), and continued through the Islamic era, coincides with intensive human activities, and the highest degradation of vegetation.

We describe the stratigraphy, age, constituent geochemistry and phenocryst thermobarometry of a closely spaced Holocene tephra couplet from Volc an Melimoyu (VMm), located in the Northern Patagonian Andes. The lower tephra unit (La Junta Tephra, Mm-1) is distinctly banded comprising a dominant lower layer of rhyodacitic (~70% SiO 2 ) pumiceous ash and lapilli (Mm-1p) that abruptly transitions to a subordinate upper scoriaceous layer (Mm-1s) of basaltic andesite composition (~53% SiO 2 ). This bimodality within Mm-1 contrasts significantly with the closely overlying Santa Ana Tephra (Mm-2) that has a homogeneous trachyte-dacite (~63% SiO 2 ) composition and is intermediate between the two magmatic end members of Mm-1. We propose a genetic affiliation between Mm-1 and Mm-2, and that the latter event likely represents a hybridised-remnant of those discrete magmas involved in the earlier Mm-1 eruption. To test this hypothesis we applied whole rock elemental mixing and fractional crystallisation model to reproduce the composition and crystallinity of Mm-2. Results indicate that Mm-2 can be reproduced by mixing ~70% Mm-1p with ~30% Mm-1s, with subsequent ~13% fractional crystallisation of plagioclase, and minor amphibole, orthopyroxene, magnetite and biotite. Equilibrium P-T conditions calculated from Mm-1p phenocrysts point towards magma residency at moderately shallow depths (200e290 MPa, ~7e10-km depth, 850e1000 C), whereas Mm-1s phenocrysts indicate higher overall P-T conditions (240e480 MPa, ~8.5e17-km depth, 1080e1150 C). P-T conditions determined for Mm-2 (~290 MPa, ~10-km depth, 930e1000 C) are similar to those of Mm-1p. There is no physical and/or geochemical evidence of mafic magma involvement in the Mm-2 eruption. Similar compositionally bimodal tephra are known from other Northern Patagonian Andean centres (i.e. Playas Blanca-Negra Tephra, Antillanca; Lepue Tephra, Michimahuida; Ho and H3 eruptions of Hudson) suggests that the intrusion of mafic magma into more silicic magma bodies is a common occurrence throughout this Andean sector. These widely dispersed, compositionally bimodal tephra not only provide key insights into pre-eruptive magmatic conditions and triggering processes, but can also be readily identified geochemically, and thereby be more fully utilised within future hazard-and paleoenvironmental-related studies.