Post Medieval Archaeology

It remains a little-known fact that from March 1766 to May 1767 Jean-Jacques Rousseaufleeing from persecution in France and Switzerlandstayed in the remote hamlet of Wootton in Staffordshire. There he composed the first half of his Confessions in a garden hermitage, a structure half natural and half architectural, ever since known as Rousseau's Cave. Our paper records the hermitage in its current state (exposed to the elements); it creates a digital reconstruction of the hermitage as it was in Rousseau's lifetime; and it provides digital access to a monument that is otherwise not generally accessible. Our paper records a modest but fairly typical eighteenth-century garden hermitage and also, with the highest quality digital reconstructions and fly-throughs, provides a new insight into the creation of one of the world's greatest works of literature. The paper contributes substantial new material to the study of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and also contributes to garden history and the phenomenon of the garden hermitage.

Between 2002 and 2004, excavations on the castle of Middelburg (Belgium) revealed ample pottery assemblages dating to the 16th and 17th centuries. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCeMS) analysis of preserved surface residues on these ceramics allowed the identification of biomarkers for animal and vegetal foods, and thermal processing. This paper furthermore reinforces the methodology for examining food residues by GCeMS, particularly in pottery in which highly varied meals were prepared. For example, this study forms the first instance in which dairy signals have been identified in midchain ketones. Moreover, insights are gained in the multiple uses of vessel types and questions arise on the dietary and medicinal practices of the inhabitants of this particular castle site.

Dem Marktflecken Greifswald wird 1250 von Wartislaw III. von Pommern (1210-1264) das Lubecker Stadtrecht verliehen (PUB 514). Die Fischereigerechtigkeit erhalten die Greifswalder Fischer um etwa 1270 von Herzog Barnim I. (1210-1278). Sie erstreckt sich von der Spandowerhagener Wiek bis zur Peene und von dort zum Ruden. Die Fischfangrechte fur die Danische Wiek besasen die Greifswalder bereits (Dahnert, J. C. Pommersche Bibliothek, Bd. 4, 397). Im archaologischen Fundgut finden sich regelmasig Hinweise auf Fischfang und Konsum in Form von Angelhaken, Netzschwimmern, -senkern, Netzflickern, Fischskeletten, Muschel- und Austernschalen, Krebstiere dagegen sind extrem selten. Bei archaologischen Untersuchungen des Landesamtes fur Kultur und Denkmalpflege Mecklenburg-Vorpommern wurde 2012 in der Greifswalder Altstadt ein aus Eichenholz gezimmerter 2,20 m x 2,30 m groser Brunnen entdeckt. Seine Sohle lag bei 0,70 m unter HN und reichte damit in den Grundwasserspiegel. Er wurde 1261 (oder k...

This paper discusses the development of rural markets in medieval Silesia. To begin,
a survey of the current state of knowledge, focused on marketplace locations (chiefly
rural) and their relevance for settlement/colonisation and economic processes, is
presented. In the Early Middle Ages Slavic marketplaces were mostly located in close
proximity to centres of power – strongholds. Little is known about how these markets
operated. The structure of rural trade changed visibly during intensive settlement
under German Law in the 13th century, which gave rise to both ‘market villages’
and to a new legal framework. Nevertheless, many traditional arrangements were
incorporated into the new legal order and survived into later times,. Most of what
is known comes from written sources. To date archaeologists have discovered few
remains of medieval marketplaces in Silesia. These include the surmised marketplaces
in strongholds (Opole, Wrocław) as well as the market that emerged on the left bank
of the Oder River, a part of Wrocław before it was granted a German Law town
charter. Artefacts and features associated to the last example were discovered around
the contemporary Nowy Targ Square in 2011 and 2017. Excavations yielded both
items illustrating the scale of trade – weights, weighting scales, coins and jewellery,
as well as remains of a broad plank road. Dendrochronological analysis points to the
road’s being constructed at the close of the 12th century and used for several decades.
Concentrations of hundreds of sherds from small pottery cups were discovered in
its immediate vicinity, suggesting intensive consumption of beverages (e.g. beer or
mead). It is argued here that these concentrations may be associated with the sale of
beverages at the marketplace. The discovered road formed a section of an important
route crossing the settlement along a north−south axis, leading towards a historical,
important crossing of the Oder.

The early history of the steam engine is dominated by James Watt's invention of the separate condenser in 1765. Unfortunately, this achievement has overshadowed the no less significant improvements made around the same period by fellow engineer John Smeaton, during a series of trials on a prototype steam engine he built at his home near Leeds, UK. This chapter will give an account of Smeaton's trials and the improvements he made, as well as exploring in more detail the methods he used. Since his youth, Smeaton had been perfecting ways of improving scientific instruments, experimental apparatuses and works of engineering. The steam engine trials showcase this approach at its most mature, when Smeaton was at the pinnacle of his career. I argue that Smeaton played a key role in the transformation of engineering from a tradition-based practice that used ad hoc trial-and-error to solve problems, into a methodologically systematic activity based on a universally applicable problem-solving approach based on parameter variation, that tests hypotheses, improves optimization and provides general rules for the functioning of machines.

Suivant la publication de deux articles en 2014 et 2020 sur les couteaux de table à manche décoré d’un motif foliacé daté entre la fin du XVe et la 1ère moitié du XVIe siècle, des recherches complémentaires dans l’est du Canada (Nouvelle-Ecosse et Labrador) ont permis d’élargir l’inventaire de ce type de couteaux probablement produit dans la moitié nord de la France. En dehors de la redécouverte de nouvelles occurrences venant de fouilles anciennes des années 70 et 80, la présence au Canada de ces couteaux bien datés en France pose de nombreuses questions sur leur diffusion si lointaine et de manière plus élargie sur les échanges transatlantiques. En effet, ces deux couteaux proviennent de contextes datés de la fin du XVIe voire du début du XVIIe siècle, donc plus de 50 ans après leur fabrication. L’un d’eux, à Avonport (Nouvelle-Ecosse), a d’ailleurs été retrouvé en dépôt dans la tombe d’une princesse amérindienne avec de nombreux objets français dont 3 000 perles, une dague, une marmite, un fer de hache et une trentaine de couteaux. De
production soignée, ces couteaux personnels ont probablement joué un rôle particulier dans les relations entre les colons français et les populations locales dans le cadre de la traite des fourrures. Ils ont pu être transmis au sein d’une même famille de colons voire être échangés avec une forte valeur symbolique aux Micmacs afin d’assurer une bonne entente. Datant de la 1ère moitié du XVIe siècle puis conservés durant plus d’un demi-siècle, ces couteaux peuvent être considérés parmi les objets français les plus anciens jamais retrouvés au Canada, arrivés dans le sillage des grands explorateurs comme Jacques Cartier.

Following the publication of two articles in 2014 and 2020 on table knives with handles decorated with a foliate motif dated between the late 15th and 1st half of the 16th century, further research in eastern Canada (Nova Scotia and Labrador) has expanded the inventory of this type of knife probably produced in the northern half of France. Apart from the rediscovery of new occurrences from old excavations in the 70s and 80s, the presence in Canada of these knives, well dated in France, raises many questions about their distribution so far away and, more broadly, about transatlantic trade. In fact, these two knives were discovered in contexts dated to the late 16th and early 17th centuries, more than 50 years after they were made. One of them, in Avonport (Nova Scotia), was found deposited in the tomb of an Amerindian princess, along with numerous French objects, including 3,000 beads, a dagger, a cooking pot, an axe head and some thirty knives. Carefully produced, these personal knives probably played a special role in relations between French settlers and local populations during the fur trade. They may have been passed on within the same settler family, or even exchanged with a strong symbolic value to the Micmacs to ensure good relations. Dating from the 1st half of the 16th century and then preserved for over half a century, these knives can be considered the oldest French objects ever found in Canada, arriving
in the wake of great explorers such as Jacques Cartier.

Rationale: The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in the application of serial sampling of human dentine in archaeology. Rapid development in the field has provided many improvements in the methodology, in terms of both time resolution as well as the ability to integrate more isotope systems in the analysis. This study provides a comparison of two common sampling approaches, allowing researchers to select the most suitable approach for addressing specific research questions. Methods: Two common approaches for sequential sampling of human dentine (micro-punches and micro-slices) are compared in terms of viability and efficacy. Using archaeological deciduous second molars and permanent first molars, this study
demonstrates how the two approaches capture aspects of the weaning process in different ways. In addition, different aspects related to the extraction protocols, such as the thickness of the central slide and the solubilisation step, are also evaluated.
Results: While both approaches show similar intra-tooth isotopic patterns, the micropunches approach is preferable for research that requires a very fine temporal resolution, while the micro-slices approach is best for research where δ34S values are needed, or when the samples are poorly preserved. In addition, the solubilisation step has a large effect on collagen yield, and, to a lesser extent, on isotopic compositions. Therefore, it is important to ensure that only samples that have undergone the same pre-treatment protocol are directly compared.
Conclusions: We present the pros and cons of the two micro-sampling approaches and offer possible mitigation strategies to address some of the most important issues related to each approach.

Odnalezienie w trakcie prac archeologicznych prowadzonych na terenie należącym do pałacu w Wilanowie kafli dekorowanych granatowymi pasami stało się okazją do opracowania wirtualnej rekonstrukcji pieca kaflowego, którego opis znany był z inwentarza pałacowego z końca osiemnastego wieku. Wielotorowa analiza materiałów archi- walnych, zachowanych planów i obrazów przedstawiających pałac, a także znanych osiemnastowiecznych pieców w stylu pomorskim oraz kafli w pasy granatowe ze zbiorów Muzeum Warszawy umożliwiła odtworzenie wyglądu pieca. Opraco- wana na tej podstawie trójwymiarowa wizualizacja pozwala na pokazanie go w ówczesnym Pokoju Myśliwskim także w kontekście znanych z inwentarzy i zachowanych do dnia dzisiejszego elementów historycznego wyposażenia tego wnętrza.

The discovery of tiles decorated with dark blue stripes during archaeological excavations on the grounds belonging to the Wilanów Palace provided an opportunity to develop a digital reconstruction of a tile stove, the de- scription of which was known from the palace inventory dating from the end of the eighteenth century. A multi-faceted analysis of archival materials, surviving plans and paintings depicting the palace, as well as the existing eighteenth-century Pomeranian-style stoves and dark blue-striped tiles from the collection of the Museum of Warsaw facilitated the reconstruction of the appearance of the stove. The three-dimensional visualisation developed on this basis makes it possible to show the stove in the then Hunting Room also in the context of the elements of this interior’s historical furnishings, both those known from inventories and those preserved to this day.

Als ik met vakantie in het Groothertogdom Luxemburg ben, staat een bezoek aan "Het Kasteel Vianden"op de eerste plaats. Dit kasteel bevindt zich op een berg boven de stad Vianden en werd van de 11 e tot de 14 e eeuw op de fundamenten van een Romeins kasteel en een Karolingisch refugium gebouwd. Na 1820 verviel het Kasteel. Na de overname door de staat Luxemburg in 1977 werd het kasteel in zijn oude glorie hersteld en behoort tegenwoordig tot de belangrijkste monumenten van Europa. Om het kasteel te bezoeken moet een sterk oplopende weg worden begaan, de hoofdstraat van Vianden. Om één van de hulzen die langs deze weg staan handelt dit artikel. In de gevel van nummer 94 zit vrij hoog een fraaie gevelsteen voorstellende: een anker, touw, tabak, tabakspijpen en enige letters en cijfers. Boven de voordeur bevindt zich de tekst: Aurora Must Samiga en het jaartal 1782. De gevelsteen echter dateert zeker uit de 17 e eeuw en is waarschijnlijk tijdens de nieuwbouw of restauratie van het huis in 1782 in de gevel gezet. De gevelsteen uit Vianden. De steen Is In werkelijkheid mooier don deze afbeelding

This study examines plot divisions and units of measurement in regular medieval new towns in Central Europe, with a particular focus on historical Silesia. By applying the cosine quantogram method alongside GIS-referenced cartographic sources and modular analysis, the research reconstructs the spatial organization of urban layouts. The results reveal the diversity of measurement systems used in town planning. By integrating historical records with digital approaches, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of medieval metrological practices and demonstrates the method's effectiveness in reconstructing spatial structures and its potential for broader applications in historical urbanism. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

This book is dedicated to Lloyd Cotsen, a benefactor and friend to archaeologists around the world. When Lloyd agreed to make a major contribution to the then UCLA Institute of Archaeology, he catapulted the Institute into the top ranks of archaeological research centers throughout the world. It will take time and much energy for the newly named Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA to achieve the goals it has set for itself. But it is clear that Lloyd has provided UCLA with a wonderful gift that will allow the Institute to build on the strengths it has already developed. Lloyd Cotsen's gift will fund much of the basic infrastructure of the Cotsen Institute. In addition, his largess will support a variety of new programs, including the development of annual or semi-annual Advanced Seminars. The latter were conceived of as a gathering of ten to fifteen leading scholars who would meet at UCLA to examine a critical issue or issues in the study of the past. This volume publishes the first Cotsen Advanced Seminar, held in Los Angeles from March 23 through 25, 2000. The seminar, originally cast as a workshop, was largely limited to the participants and moderators and began as a discussion among many members of the Cotsen Institute about what topic we might choose. We wanted to highlight, first of all, the enormous breadth and diversity of the UCLA archaeological community. The Cotsen Institute brings together archaeologists from many different departments-and disciplines-in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Anthropology, Art History, Classics, Germanic Languages, History, and Near Eastern Languages and Cultures), who work in various countries of the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Europe. We also wished to bring to the fore not only Lloyd's gift but his own diversity of interests. In the end, we decided to focus upon one geographic area-a region of almost constant study and (re)assessment over the course of centuries-the Mediterranean, and more particularly, the Aegean. This region ignited Lloyd's own interests in archaeology and in the past. We decided, however, to move away from a purely regional conference as we identified areas of study or broader themes and thus included responses from New World archaeologists. The goal was to focus discussion not only on issues related to the Mediterranean but also to the broader assessment of archaeological methods and theory throughout the world. The combination of both a regional-Old World-focus with responses and ideas from the New World created, we believe, a most exciting intellectual dialogue over the two days of the gathering. Lloyd Cotsen came to all of the sessions and gatherings, commented on the discussions, and produced voluminous notes from each session. We hope that this is a fitting volume to thank Lloyd for his generosity, together with his interest in the archaeological present and the distant past. It is also a fitting volume to initiate what we hope will be a long series of important publications based upon future Advanced Seminars of the Cotsen Institute.

When some of your relatives came from Ulster and you find out an extended family member was riding the white horse as King Billy in the Twelfth of July parades in Toronto how should you feel? This happened during the 1930s when thousands of marchers participated and hundreds
of thousands watched. As it was part of my cultural heritage I was interested to learn more.

To better comprehend the dietary practices of past populations in the Eastern Baltic region we have created temporally and geographically restricted baselines for the time period of 200–1800 CE. In this multi-isotopic analysis, we report new δ13C, δ15N and δ34S values for 251 faunal bone collagen samples from various archaeological contexts in Estonia representing the most comprehensive set of Iron Age, Medieval and Early Modern Period faunal stable isotope values to date. The results map out the local carbon and nitrogen baselines and define isotopic ranges of local terrestrial, avian and aquatic fauna. We also demonstrate the potential application of sulfur stable isotope analysis in archaeological research. The results demonstrate a clear distinction between δ13C and δ34S values of marine and terrestrial species, however, freshwater fish display notable overlaps with both marine and terrestrial ranges for both δ13C and δ34S values. Herbivores show variation in δ34S values when gr...

Strontium isotopes (87 Sr/ 86 Sr) are increasingly used as a provenance tool in multiple disciplines. Application to biological materials requires knowledge of the variation in bioavailable 87 Sr/ 86 Sr across the landscape, potentially in the form of an isoscape (a quantitative model of spatial isotopic variability). This paper summarizes and provides advice on our current understanding of the main concerns in creating and interpreting isoscapes of bioavailable 87 Sr/ 86 Sr. Isoscape creation approaches include domain mapping, geostatistical contour mapping and machine learning, the last becoming more readily achievable with the availability of software packages. It is critically important to develop isoscapes at a resolution appropriate for addressing the research questions. Choice of sample materials depends on the research questions and availability: plants or fauna with small ranges are favoured, with some analytes (snails, soil leachates) posing challenges. Interpreting 87 Sr/ 86 Sr in biological tissues requires considering Sr metabolism and the timing of tissue formation, thus far underappreciated. The numerous sources of error involved in developing and applying isoscapes must be recognized to avoid over-interpreting data and spurious provenance precision. We hope this paper will help researchers investigating provenance, mobility, landscape use and migration to develop the most appropriate isoscapes for their purposes, and possible future use by others.

A series of scientific methods (X-ray analyses, optical and electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and thermal analyses) was used to research the ceramic bodies and glazes of forty vessels from Renaissance Prague. The set of Early Modern Age archaeological glazed ceramics contained tableware, kitchenware and technical ceramics. The main aim was to characterise ceramic materials and glazes used over two centuries. Attention was also paid to the identification of defects and corrosion products of the glazes. The research was conducted with an emphasis on the context of the original use of the ceramic artefacts and the environment of the waste pits from which they were excavated. The archaeological finds include three technical ceramic vessels (a rectifier, a bowl and a jar), which together could have formed a distillation apparatus. Since these vessels represent a rare finding, they were subjected to a detailed investigation. Based on the similarity of ceramic bodies and glazes, it w...

Archäologen gelten oft als Schatzsucher, doch gelingt es nur den wenigsten während ihres Berufslebens tatsächlich einmal einen Münzschatz zu finden. Auch die vielen ehrenamtlichen Bodendenkmalpfleger, die mit Metalldetektoren auf der Suche nach Hinterlassenschaften unserer Vorfahren sind, entdecken zumeist nur einzelne Münzen, die aber mit ihren oft lesbaren Prägedaten oder den Lebensdaten der jeweiligen Münzherren wichtige Hinweise zur Datierung von Fundkomplexen geben können. Ohne Fundzusammenhang geborgen, ist der Aussagewert der zumeist aus Silber- und Kupferlegierungen geprägten Münzen eingeschränkt.
Fast immer handelt es sich um kleine und kleinste Nominale, die versehentlich verloren gingen, manchmal auch als Opfergaben unter den hölzernen Fußboden des Gestühls in den Kirchen gerieten.
Höherwertige Silbermünzen legte man als Spargeld beiseite und bildete einen
Kapitalstock für die Zukunft. Goldmünzen hingegen waren fast ausschließlich
von der Oberschicht gebraucht und werden selten gefunden. Verborgen wurde
das Vermögen in Krisenzeiten, Kriegen und Belagerungen, insbesondere in den
Wirren des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1618-1648). War die Gefahr vorüber holte
man das Geld üblicherweise wieder aus dem Versteck. Manchmal aber nahm der
Besitzer das Wissen um die versteckte Barschaft mit ins Grab, so dass sie erst
Jahrhunderte später wieder zutage kam.

Excavations in the Main Town quarter in Gdańsk (19–23 Długi Targ, 1–7 Powroźnicza St.) provided over a dozen thousand fragments of pottery
dating back to the modern and contemporary periods (ca. 1550-1950) coming from at least 1408 vessels. The central location of the investigated area within the historic part of Gdańsk resulted in numerous
transformations and developments which, over the years, have caused damage to cultural layers and significantly limited the area of exploration. In consequence, the ceramic material was acquired mostly from sunken features and structures such as cesspits, wells, and garbage dumps, as well as from levelling layers and backfills of construction pits, but
even in these cases the context of the studied objects was
destroyed by contemporary construction works.
The uploaded chapter presents ceramic finds from 3 phases: 1550–1650, 1650-1750, and 1750-1950 in terms of technology, provenance, function, and the completeness of preserved assemblages in comparison with available sources.

In 2008, skeletal remains of individuals dated to the Post Medieval were found in a structure identified as an underground structure with galleries due to the corridor arrangements under a wooden house located in İsmet Paşa Mahallesi, block 60, parcel 1, Niksar district, Tokat province and a rescue excavation was initiated under the direction of Tokat Museum Directorate in the same year. The paleodemographic distribution of the 69 adult individuals recovered from this area is as follows: 18 females (26.09%), 26 males (37.68%) and 25 individuals of undetermined sex (36.23%). As a result of the paleopathological analysis of the material examined to obtain information about the general health status and lifestyle of the individuals, metabolic diseases (porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia, osteoporosis), infectious formations (periostitis), traumas, tumors (button osteoma), degenerative joint lesions (osteoarthritis) and Schmorl's nodules were observed in these individuals. Porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia suggest anemia due to iron deficiency. Osteoporosis observed in a trunk vertebra of an adult individual was associated with advanced age (45 years and older). No specific infectious disease was observed in individuals. The occurrence of periostitis particularly affected the lower leg bones of the individuals. Trauma was in the form of healed fractures of the bones of the body, with two skulls having depression fractures thought to be caused by a blunt object. One male individual presented with a button osteoma, a benign tumor formation probably caused by trauma. Colles, i.e. fall fractures, are present in the radius and ulna, and healed fracture scars observed in the clavicle are also probably due to a fall. The healed fracture of the left 5th metacarpal bone, known as boxer's fracture in the literature, is thought to have been caused by hitting a hard object with a clenched fist or a blow or impact to this part of the hand. Osteoarthritis has affected the knee and elbow joints, hip region and vertebrae in the body bones. Osteoarthritis and Schmorl's nodule formations suggest intensive agricultural activities in this region whose livelihood is mainly agriculture.

Dall'analisi di contesti stratigtafici lucchesi databili al volgere tra XVIII e XIX secolo emerge la progressiva sostituzione della pentola di tradizione toscana con la marmitta, tipo di importazione francese. L'evoluzione è perfettamente parallela a quella degli usi culinari, con la progressiva affermazione della cucina francese.

Northeastern Archaeological Associates Ltd. was contracted by D.G. Biddle and Associates in the spring of 2011 to conduct an Archaeological Assessment in part of Lot 24, Concession 6 in the Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Ontario, at the location of a proposed land severance of approximately 1.9 ha. The property currently forms part of the
Brooklin Heritage Conservation District, and is the former location of the James B. Bickell farm and mill. Stage 1 research indicated that the property is of high archaeological potential, as outlined by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, due to its proximity to areas of historic development, existing watercourses, and to several known archaeological sites. A residential dwelling and barn are present on the property, as well as a section of Lynde Creek. The creek and associated flood plain will be assumed by the Municipality and were not assessed for this report.
All Stage 2 testing on this property took place at a high potential (5 meter) interval. The proposed development lands consist of lawn surrounding an existing home and barn at 68 Way Street. The development area of the property was assessed using shovel test-pitting in accordance with
MTCS 2011 Standards & Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Stage 2 testing was conducted under clear and warm conditions in May of 2011, and Stage 3 testing was conducted in clear and mild conditions in September and October of 2011. This survey resulted in the
discovery of a historic artifact scatter on the property. Stage 3 excavations were completed in order to determine the extent and age of this material. During this excavation, a small amount of pre-contact lithic material was also recovered from disturbed deposits in two of the units near the
northern edge of the scatter. Given the comprehensive nature of Stage 3 excavations and the uniform extent of observed disturbance within the site, it is the recommendation of Northeastern Archaeological Associates Limited that the development property be cleared for development. If
any further archaeological resources should be discovered during the course of development, all excavation must stop immediately and an archaeologist must be contacted.

Strontium isotopes (87 Sr/ 86 Sr) are increasingly used as a provenance tool in multiple disciplines. Application to biological materials requires knowledge of the variation in bioavailable 87 Sr/ 86 Sr across the landscape, potentially in the form of an isoscape (a quantitative model of spatial isotopic variability). This paper summarizes and provides advice on our current understanding of the main concerns in creating and interpreting isoscapes of bioavailable 87 Sr/ 86 Sr. Isoscape creation approaches include domain mapping, geostatistical contour mapping and machine learning, the last becoming more readily achievable with the availability of software packages. It is critically important to develop isoscapes at a resolution appropriate for addressing the research questions. Choice of sample materials depends on the research questions and availability: plants or fauna with small ranges are favoured, with some analytes (snails, soil leachates) posing challenges. Interpreting 87 Sr/ 86 Sr in biological tissues requires considering Sr metabolism and the timing of tissue formation, thus far underappreciated. The numerous sources of error involved in developing and applying isoscapes must be recognized to avoid over-interpreting data and spurious provenance precision. We hope this paper will help researchers investigating provenance, mobility, landscape use and migration to develop the most appropriate isoscapes for their purposes, and possible future use by others.

The use of tobacco was introduced in the Principality of Transylvania in the second half of the 17th century and by the turn of the next century the habit of smoking had become widespread in all social classes. Facing a growing number of customers, craftsmen began to mass-produce pipes, but at the same time they diversified the decoration for those who wanted to distinguish themselves from the mass of smokers. The study discusses some clay pipes from the collection of the Deva Museum (Hunedoara County, Romania) that can be classified as Baroque pipes. These clay pipes stand out for their phytomorphic ornamentation. Two types of such pipes were identified during the 2013 archaeological research: a white paste pipe fragment with plant decoration in low-relief, fine arched stems ending in stylised floral elements, and three fragmentary red clay pipes completely covered with acanthus leaves, in relief – almost sculptural, were identified exclusively in the territory of Transylvania. All of these clay pipes were discovered in archaeological contexts and can be dated to the 18th century. If in the case of the white pipes the decoration has similarites to Western Baroque pipes, a source of inspiration for the plant decoration of the red pipes could have been repoussé dishes.

This paper provides an assessment of the excavation of an apparently ordinary space in Bristol (UK) in 2009. Although the space appears unremarkable to most passers-by, it is unusual in being a place used routinely by many of the city's street-drinking and homeless community. Homeless people were 'colleagues', involved in excavation, fi nds processing and interpretation. The collaborative nature of this project goes further than merely attempting to represent social groups who have traditionally been excluded from heritage practice and interpretation -it lays methodological foundations for praxis.

Strontium isotopes (87 Sr/ 86 Sr) are increasingly used as a provenance tool in multiple disciplines. Application to biological materials requires knowledge of the variation in bioavailable 87 Sr/ 86 Sr across the landscape, potentially in the form of an isoscape (a quantitative model of spatial isotopic variability). This paper summarizes and provides advice on our current understanding of the main concerns in creating and interpreting isoscapes of bioavailable 87 Sr/ 86 Sr. Isoscape creation approaches include domain mapping, geostatistical contour mapping and machine learning, the last becoming more readily achievable with the availability of software packages. It is critically important to develop isoscapes at a resolution appropriate for addressing the research questions. Choice of sample materials depends on the research questions and availability: plants or fauna with small ranges are favoured, with some analytes (snails, soil leachates) posing challenges. Interpreting 87 Sr/ 86 Sr in biological tissues requires considering Sr metabolism and the timing of tissue formation, thus far underappreciated. The numerous sources of error involved in developing and applying isoscapes must be recognized to avoid over-interpreting data and spurious provenance precision. We hope this paper will help researchers investigating provenance, mobility, landscape use and migration to develop the most appropriate isoscapes for their purposes, and possible future use by others.

The fauna is described from a refuse layer, excavated at Fort Frederik Hendrik on the island of Mauritius and dating to the last quarter of the 17 th century AD. The animal remains enable the reconstruction of the food procurement strategies of the Dutch inhabitants of the fort and document the fauna at a time when the island's original fauna had apparently already suffered heavily from human interference and from the negative impact of introduced species. The animal remains do not include any bones from the dodo, or other endemic birds, and neither is there evidence for the exploitation of the large, endemic terrestrial tortoises, also now extinct. Dugong, which are locally extinct nowadays, and marine turtles were also exploited as food, but the major meat providers were the introduced mammals: cattle, pigs, and especially, goat and Java deer. Fish was also a regular food resource and must have been caught in the local lagoon and estuaries. The absence of parrotfish and the relatively small size of the groupers suggest avoidance of these food items, probably out of fear of fish poisoning.

Etruria contained one of the great early urban civilisations in the Italian peninsula during the first millennium BC, much studied from a cultural, humanities-based, perspective, but relatively little with scientific data, and rarely in combination. We have addressed the unusual location of twenty inhumations found in the sacred heart of the Etruscan city of Tarquinia, focusing on six of these as illustrative, contrasting with the typical contemporary cremations found in cemeteries on the edge of the city. The cultural evidence suggests that the six skeletons were also distinctive in their ritualization and memorialisation. Focusing on the six, as a representative sample, the scientific evidence of osteoarchaeology, isotopic compositions, and ancient DNA has established that these appear to show mobility, diversity and violence through an integrated bioarchaeological approach. The combination of multiple lines of evidence makes major strides towards a deeper understanding of the role of these extraordinary individuals in the life of the early city of Etruria.

Etruria contained one of the great early urban civilisations in the Italian peninsula during the first millennium BC, much studied from a cultural, humanities-based, perspective, but relatively little with scientific data, and rarely in combination. We have addressed the unusual location of twenty inhumations found in the sacred heart of the Etruscan city of Tarquinia, focusing on six of these as illustrative, contrasting with the typical contemporary cremations found in cemeteries on the edge of the city. The cultural evidence suggests that the six skeletons were also distinctive in their ritualization and memorialisation. Focusing on the six, as a representative sample, the scientific evidence of osteoarchaeology, isotopic compositions, and ancient DNA has established that these appear to show mobility, diversity and violence through an integrated bioarchaeological approach. The combination of multiple lines of evidence makes major strides towards a deeper understanding of the role of these extraordinary individuals in the life of the early city of Etruria.

In de zomer wordt veel gezwommen. In zwembaden, meren, plassen en in de zee. Hoe was dat vroeger? Vanaf ongeveer 1890 worden (overdekte) zwembaden gebouwd. In de twintigste eeuw ontstaan zwemplassen, op plaatsen waar eerder zandwinning plaatsvindt. Tot ver in de twintigste eeuw kunnen veel inwoners van Nederland niet goed zwemmen. Maar er wordt wel degelijk recreatief gezwommen. Schrijvers over de geschiedenis van zwemles en zwemmen in Nederland putten vaak uit krantenartikelen. Ook in kinderboeken kun je informatie vinden over zwemmen. Over de historie van zwemles en zwemtechnieken bestaan talloze boeken en brochures. De meeste bronnen dateren uit de twintigste eeuw. Een oudere bron over zwemmen lijkt tot nu toe over het hoofd gezien: de volksprent.

Excavations in a Quaker burial ground at Kingston-upon-Thames uncovered the remains of 360 individuals buried between 1664 and 1814. Historical records combined with the evidence from the excavations have provided an insight into burial rites and undertaking practices of an early Nonconformist community. The archaeological evidence suggests that the simplicity and plainness of Quaker lifestyle were to a large extent reflected in burial. A detailed osteological analysis indicated a healthy, thriving community.

This preliminary annotation is going to provide a brief description of the restorations made inside the monastic complex of San Giuseppe in Brescia, the seat of the Diocesan Museum, some years ago.
The lucky discovery of more than 2000 glass fragments took place during the setup of the paving and the flowerbed of the medium cloister and the large cloister of the monastic complex.
The first analyses have clearly showed that the recovered furnishings in the medium cloister are related to pharmacy glass vessels (flacons, little bottles, bottles) and dated back to the second half of the 1800 and the first half of the following cen- tury. A very small number of vitreous artifacts were found in the large cloister. These glass objects are different in function and shape because they are related to the early 20th century daily life.
Parole chiave - Keywords
Brescia; Museo Diocesano; Flaconi; Bottiglie; Bicchieri; Farmacia. Brescia; Diocesan Museum; Flacons; Bottles; Glasses; Pharmacy.

In July 2012, during trenching work for the erection of palisade fencing around their depot in Bergville, the Department of Transport came across an ammunition cache of unspent cartridges. They immediately sent for the South African Police Service (SAPS) in Bergville to investigate the find and the munitions were, at first, destined to be destroyed. Amafa, the provincial heritage resources agency, issued a stop order. An initial inspection by a staff member determined that this discovery dates to the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). The site is located on the Department of Transport's depot lot, adjacent to the Bergville Primary School. During a subsequent site visit, the authors were puzzled by the large number of river pebbles among the exposed cultural artefacts. After visiting the existing blockhouse in town it was proposed that the ammunition cache might be located on the site of yet another British blockhouse which formed part of a line of fortifications during the War, set along the Tugela River. This resulted in a rescue archaeological investigation of the site which was conducted during a three day period in

Мета статті: На підставі аналізу історичних джерел (насамперед картографічних)
із залученням сучасних ГІС-технологій переглянути усталену періодизацію та сформулю-
вати власний порядок військово-адміністративних
центрів запорозького козацтва другої
чверті XVII – третьої чверті XVIII ст. Методи дослідження: загальнонаукові (аналіз та
синтез), спеціальні історичні (картографічний). Використано геоінформаційні технології
(ГІС-технології) для аналізу місцевості, зіставлення картографічних даних із реальними
географічними об’єктами та уточнення локалізації козацьких укріплень. Наукова новизна
полягає в ревізії усталеного порядку існування Запорозьких Січей, що стало можливим
за рахунок залучення широкого кола картографічних матеріалів і сучасних технологій.
Основні результати: у ході пошуково-дослідної
роботи переосмислено та запропоно-
вано власний порядок існування Запорозьких Січей: 1) Романківська (1635–1638 рр.);
2) Микитинська (1638–1652 рр.); 3) Чортомлицька (1652–1709 рр.); 4) Стара Камʼянська
(1709–1711 рр.); 5) Олешківська (1711–1728 рр.); 6) Чортомлицька (1728–1730 рр.); 7) Нова Кам’янська (1730–1733 рр.); 8) Яськівська (1733–1735 рр.); 9) Підпільненська
(1735–1775 рр.). Стосовно інших відомих січей (Хортицька, Томаківська, Базавлуцька)
підтримано твердження про їх відповідність табору-кочовищу
або ж про міфічність іс-
нування саме як «січі». Важливим стало уточнення місця розташування Микитинської
Січі, пропозиції щодо введення до наукового обігу невідомої до сьогодні Яськівської Січі,
а також визначення поділу Кам’янської Січі на два різних за локацією укріплення – Старої
та Нової Кам’янської Січі. Висновки. Нове прочитання відомих джерел, розширення
картографічної бази дослідження, залучення новітніх методик дає можливість здолати
стереотипні уявлення про Запорозькі Січі, виявляючи невідомі козацькі військові центри
та укріплення чи уточнюючи знання про відомі. Дискусії та обговорення пропозицій
сприятимуть деміфологізації історії козацтва і кращому її розумінню.
Ключові слова: Микитинська Січ, Нова Кам’янська Січ, Олешківська Січ, Підпільненська
Січ, Романківська Січ, Стара Кам’янська Січ, Чортомлицька Січ, Яськівська Січ, карто-
графічні джерела.

ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to apply pubertal stage estimation methods to a sample from a rural community: the post‐medieval Dutch skeletal collection from Middenbeemster. Puberty is a key developmental period involving transition to physical adulthood with broad societal relevance through its impact on fertility, morbidity, and mortality.Materials and methodsIndividuals (n = 55), including 27 of known sex and age‐at‐death, between the ages of 8 and 25 years were assessed for six skeletal markers indicative of pubertal growth spurt. Recent novel osteoarchaeological methods from Shapland and Lewis are used to reconstruct the timing and duration of pubertal stages.ResultsPubertal acceleration occurred earlier in females (10.38 years, n = 8) than males (13.30 years, n = 6), whereas maturation occurred later in males (21.36 years, n = 11) than females (19.30 years, n = 5). Onset appears earlier and completion later compared to other archaeological skeletal samples with oste...

Over the years, an impressive number of research programmes have been conducted on major archaeological sites in Québec City. These programmes have been implemented by large research teams affi liated to several institutions. Both individually and collectively, these initiatives have generated considerable new knowledge on the early modern period in the New World. They have also created a research context which is unique in Canada, not only because of the number of individuals involved but also the scale and quality of the results. This introduction gives a brief overview of these programmes, whose fi ndings are generally published only in French.

Quebec City has a rich archaeological heritage. Major projects over the past few decades have documented the city's colonial past and been a model of urban archaeology, but have not addressed the question of colonialism or the instrumentalization of heritage for political legitimization. Archaeology in Quebec has yet to consider the nationalist character of research. Two recent projects illustrate the consequences of colonialist ideology on decisions made by archaeologists and authorities. Analysis at the project level shows that site interpretation has been integrated into a continental honors list of "first" sites associated with the city's UNESCO World Heritage status. A postcolonial approach is emerging, but the amendments made to the Cultural Heritage Act indicate that archaeological practice is still influenced by a neoliberal, colonialist ideology. I suggest that a postcolonialist approach should include a reevaluation of the province's history in order to develop collaborative and inclusive heritage practices.

Aan de Oudendijk in Oud Gastel werd waarschijnlijk kort na 1675 een klein landhuis gebouwd door de erfgenamen van Jan Sijmonsz., landmeter van de ‘Gastelse kaart’ uit 1565. Dit landhuis werd in de periode 1694-1720 uitgebreid door de drossaard Adriaen van der Zevender. Het bleef in de handen van (rijke) bestuurders tot 1749, hierna woonden er tot de afbraak (1869-1873) een Gastelse koopman, twee dokters en (rijke) boeren. De naam Nachtegaaltje duikt voor het eerst op in 1741, verder stond het ook bekend als de ‘Doctors stee’, omdat er dokters hebben gewoond van 1755 tot 1816. Sinds kort zijn er drie nieuwe huizen gebouwd en wordt de boerderij op de plek van het Nachtegaaltje afgebroken, hier komt een openbare groene ruimte. Er zijn hier verdere plannen voor de bouw van 86 woningen onder de projectnaam Hoftuin.

Anni e anni di scavo, dapprima negli Orti, a levante del convento, e poi nello stesso complesso conventuale, integrati da saggi nella chiesa, hanno offerto dati di rilievo per la storia del monumento, permettendo contemporaneamente di seguire i fasci di luce aperti sulla vita conventuale, soprattutto con l'evidenza delle ceramiche e dei sepolcreti, e nella storia di ambienti e strutture. Grazie a questi è emersa la storia di quest'area suburbana di Lucca dall'età romana fino alle soglie del Duecento, quando la fondazione del convento segna un punto di svolta che rivoluziona il rapporto fra la città e questo tratto di campagna. È proprio il rapporto tra città e convento a tracciare uno dei fili che legano i vari contributi archeologici, ed è seguendo questo filo che se ne può proporre in questa sede un'asciutta sintesi.

Historical archaeology -a phrase used by archaeologists to describe the archaeology of the period from around AD 1500 up to and including the present -is unusual in its emergence as a new field of enquiry since the 1950s. This collection of contrasting chapters aims to capture the energy and diversity of contemporary anthropological historical archaeology, and to open up this material, which remains virtually unmentioned in conventional accounts of archaeological thought (e.g. Trigger 1990), to a wider archaeological and interdisciplinary readership. For some, the notion of 'historical archaeology' will appear tautological. Archaeology is often seen as the search for the remains of distant, prehistoric societies, or of Classical or Near Eastern civilisations. For others, the fact that archaeologists have neglected the most recent past -the periods studied most commonly by other disciplines, and from which massive quantities of materials survive -will appear perverse. Our commitment to this editorial project, however, derives from our understanding of archaeology as a contemporary project with a distinctive bundle of methods and practices, which works on the material remains of human societies from all periods. The volume is offered as an open-minded and varied contribution to those interested in the role of material things in human social life, and in what survives from the recent past. We view the diversity of anthropological historical archaeology as a principal strength of the field, and therefore do not wish in an introduction to summarise the complex, sophisticated and sometimes contrasting arguments and approaches of our contributors. Instead, in this short introductory chapter we want to present some brief thoughts that have emerged during twelve months of editorial exchanges between the American east coast and the English west country. From this partial perspective, we consider how 'the place of historical archaeology' looks from here, underlining the creative and hybrid nature of this field 1 www.cambridge.org

The Cambridge Companion to Historical Archaeology provides an overview of the international field of historical archaeology (c. AD 1500 to the present) through seventeen specially commissioned essays from leading researchers in the field. The volume explores key themes in historical archaeology including documentary archaeology, the writing of historical archaeology, colonialism, capitalism, industrial archaeology, maritime archaeology, cultural resource management and urban archaeology. Three special sections explore the distinctive contributions of material culture studies, landscape archaeology and the archaeology of buildings and the household. Drawing on case studies from North America, Europe, Australasia, Africa and around the world, the volume captures the breadth and diversity of contemporary historical archaeology, considers archaeology's relationship with history, cultural anthropology and other periods of archaeological study, and introduces alternative conceptions of the field. This book is essential reading for anyone studying or researching the material remains of the recent past. www.cambridge.org

Dieses Werk als Ganzes ist durch das Urheberrecht und bzw. oder verwandte Schutzrechte geschützt, aber kostenfrei zugänglich. Die Nutzung, insbesondere die Vervielfältigung, ist nur im Rahmen der gesetzlichen Schranken des Urheberrechts oder aufgrund einer Einwilligung des Rechteinhabers erlaubt

Archaeological excavation in 2007 on the site of a late 18th-century brewery and associated pump-house at Royal Clarence Yard, Gosport uncovered an assemblage of pottery within the backfi ll of the latter structure. This was one of a small number of Admiralty victualling yards responsible for the provisioning of ships and shore establishments of the Royal Navy at home and overseas. Analysis of the pottery and other fi nds, supplemented by documentary research, has provided an opportunity to study items distributed by the yard to the messes of ships of the Royal Navy in the early 20th century.