H.264 SVC

Video is the key element for the growing trends in the mobile industry. Reducing the amount of video data that can be transmitted over a connection is strongly recommended to meet out the bandwidth requirements. Video compression is a coding technique which reduces the actual number of bits than the original data and hence the bandwidth is increased. In this work, a detailed study is done on video compression and proposed a new technique, Modified Dictionary Based Coding (MDBC) for video compression. The MDBC module is coded in Verilog, simulated in Modelsim 10.2c and synthesized in Xilinx ISE compiler. Field Programmable Gate Arrays are reconfigurable hardware devices which are cost effective, the proposed algorithm for video compression is implemented in FPGA.

Internet radio broadcasting emerged as a dynamic media that enables the delivery of audio content through various devices and network conditions. This paper investigates the technical foundations of Internet radio, focusing on the critical role of audio encoding in optimizing bandwidth usage, listener experience, and device compatibility. Major audio codecs like MP3, AAC/AAC+, Opus, Ogg Vorbis, and FLAC are systematically reviewed and are analyzed by their suitability for various genres and various scenarios. Through comparative tables and academic diagrams, it is demonstrated that AAC+ offers superior performance for low-bitrate classical streams, while Opus excels in adaptive environments and talk formats. The study provides actionable recommendations for internet radio stations by emphasizing codec selection that can be changed and chosen by the content type and needs of audience.

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) supporting modern streaming multimedia applications constitute a very challenging and rapidly changing field of research. Towards implementing effective multimedia wireless networks, the IEEE has published the "state of the art" IEEE 802.11e standard, which introduced a QoS-aware MAC-layer along with a series of efficiency enhancements. However, it has been proven inadequate in handling multimedia traffic optimally in periods of congestion. For the efficient support of multimedia applications in high load situations, numerous mechanisms have emerged, most of them focusing on altering the static nature of resource allocation specified in IEEE 802.11e. Nevertheless, traffic characteristics must be taken into consideration in order to achieve the highest gains. In this paper, an application-aware MAC-layer mechanism is developed that exploits multimedia frame semantics and existing MAC-layer enhancements to adequately cope with high congestion situations in IEEE 802.11e infrastructure networks. The proposed algorithm makes use of existing acknowledgment policies and adaptive resource allocation techniques depending on multimedia frame significance. The effectiveness of the algorithm is proven by means of simulations, where its functionality is evaluated and compared with other existing schemes.

This thesis proposes to model the relay selection decision in cooperative relay assisted routing as a Multi Objective Decision Making (MODM) problem. Therefore, a variant of the Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol is proposed named Cooperative GPSR (CO-GPSR). Subsequently, through simulations, we prove that CO-GPSR is more reliable compared to GPSR. Relay isolation is a major practical problem which Slotted Amplify and Forward (SAF) protocol will face in vehicular communications. Therefore, we propose a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) based relay isolation mechanism for the SAF protocol, to be used in urban intersections. A detailed Diversity Multiplexing Trade-off (DMT) analysis is carried out to verify the validity of the proposed mechanism. The diversity gains of most cooperative protocols are expected to be suboptimal in vehicle-to-vehicle communications, due to the nature of the wireless channel. Therefore, to understand the achievable diversity gains of cooperative diversity protocols at operational Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR), we perform comprehensive Finite-SNR DMT (FDMT) analysis on selected protocols for different vehicular communication scenarios. The analysis investigates the sub-optimality of the achievable DMT of these protocols compared to their asymptotic values which quantifies the additional SNR requirements at operational SNR regimes.

Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) is a transformative approach to delivering audio and video services through high-speed Internet networks, enabling direct access to television content via home computers or set-top boxes. Despite its promising advantages, including flexibility, interactivity, and bundled services such as triple play (voice, Internet, and TV) and quadruple play (adding mobile services), IPTV is still in its development phase. Key challenges include achieving a Quality of Service (QoS) comparable to traditional broadcasters, addressing limited bandwidth, and overcoming a lack of standardization among service providers.
This paper explores the technical, operational, and consumer-oriented aspects of IPTV. It discusses data compression techniques, protocols like IGMP and RTSP, and the role of advanced codecs like H.264 in ensuring efficient data transmission. The study also examines the distinctions between IPTV and open-network Internet TV, the importance of security and privacy, and the emergence of new business opportunities through targeted advertising and interactive services. Although IPTV is unlikely to completely replace traditional broadcasting, it is poised to play an important role in shaping the future of television by offering personalized, secure, and scalable viewing experiences.

This study evaluates the performance of the three latest video codecs H.265/MPEG-HEVC, H.264/MPEG-AVC and VP9. The evaluation is based on both subjective and objective quality metrics. The assessment metric Double Stimulus Impairment Scale (DSIS) is used to evaluate the subjective quality of the compressed video sequences. The Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) metricis used for the objective evaluation. Moreover, this work studies the effect of frame rate and resolution on the encoders' performance. The extensive number of experiments are conducted with similar encoding configurations for the three studied encoders. The evaluation results show that H.265/MPEG-HEVC provides superior bitrate saving capabilities compared to H.264 and VP9. However, VP9 shows lower encoding time than H.265/MPEG-HEVC but higher encoding time compared to H.264.

Video streaming is currently occupying a huge chunk of the Internet bandwidth. This is mainly attributed to the wide variety of applications that are being transmitted over current Internet infrastructure, such as videoconferencing, mobile television (TV), Internet video streaming, and Internet Protocol TV (IPTV). These applications are generally encoded using the H.264/AVC codec which encodes the video content into a single layer stream with a fixed spatio-temporal video resolution. This poses a limitation for such applications since the same video content must be encoded into different streams in order to cater for heterogeneous devices demanding different spatio-temporal resolutions. This paper presents the performance evaluation of the recent H.264/SVC standard. The H.264/SVC encodes the video into different layers and the receiving device can decide to drop some layers in order to meet the required spatio-temporal resolution. This work shows that transmission of H.264/SVC using multicasting provides a substantial reduction in bandwidth requirement over traditional H.264/AVC. Simulation results further demonstrate that the H.264/SVC provides less congestion and is thus provides better Quality of Experience (QoE).

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) face challenges related to the reliability of the data exchanged and the unstability of the communication links. These shortcomings have hampered the development of the long-awaited applications that would turn roads into a smart environment. We present a framework to deploy such services, in which a virtualization layer ensures means to efficiently deliver messages between vehicles and roadside units (RSUs) and, on top of that, blockchain technology is used to enable features of data integrity, traceability, and reliability that cannot be furnished by existing consensus and reputation mechanisms. A simulation experiment is included to determine the optimal number of RSUs to be installed as supporting infrastructure in a city.

A connected vehicle (CV) environment is comprised of diverse computing infrastructure, data communication and dissemination, and data collection systems that are vulnerable to the same cyberattacks as all traditional computing environments. Cyberattacks can jeopardize the expected safety, mobility, energy, and environmental benefits from CV applications. As cyberattacks can lead to severe consequences such as traffic incidents, it has become one of the primary concerns in CV applications. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of cyberattacks on the vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) network from a V2I application point of view. Then, we develop a novel V2I cybersecurity architecture, named CVGuard, which can detect and prevent cyberattacks on the V2I applications. In designing CVGuard, key challenges, such as scalability, resiliency and future usability were considered. A case study using a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack on a V2I application, “Stop Sign Gap Assist (SSGA)” ...

H2S gas sensing response characteristics of bare SnO2 thin films and heterostuctures with nanolayer (10 nm) of Cu and CuO are studied. Changes in resistance values, occurring with integration of Cu and CuO nanolayers on SnO2 is acquired real-time, and compared. Rise in sensor resistance after introduction of Cu and CuO nanolayers on SnO2 sensing layer is understood to enhance the sensing response characteristics. Formation of space charge region between p-type CuO and n-type SnO2 and difference in work-function values between catalyst and sensing layer are shown to govern the increased value of starting resistance. Increase in starting resistance and lowering of resistance in presence of H2S due to spill-over of dissociated H2S gas molecule are playing crucial role in influencing the sensing response.

Ultra-thin CuO islands on the surface of SnO2 thin films, exhibit a high sensitivity and a fast response speed for trace level (20 ppm) detection of H2S gas as compared to other sensor structures. Thickness of the CuO islands in the nano-scale range yields a significant improvement in the sensor characteristics and studies on ultra-thin CuO islands in the range (2.5 to 20 nm) are reported. Optimized performance is observed with 8 nm thick CuO islands showing a high sensitivity of 8.065.10 3 at a low operating temperature of 150 ∞C. The response speed is 12 seconds and a recovery time of 366 seconds is observed under static air conditions (106 seconds in flowing air). Response time of the sensors is found to be proportional to the CuO thickness, however recovery time and sensitivity show a maximum at 8 nm CuO thickness. Modulation of the depletion regions formed between the p-type CuO and n-type SnO2 are found to govern the sensitivity values along-with spill over of hydrogen availab...

H 2 S gas-sensing properties of a novel SnO 2-CuO structure consisting of ultrathin (10 nm) CuO dotted islands (600 m diameter) on 120-nm thick, sputtered SnO 2 film are compared with a pure SnO 2 and a SnO 2-CuO bilayer sensor. The SnO 2-CuO-dotted sensor exhibited a high sensitivity of 7.3 10 3 at a low operating temperature of 150 C. A fast response time of 14 s for 20 ppm of H 2 S gas and a recovery time of 118 s under flowing air have been measured. The electronic interaction due to modulation of the space charge regions between the distributed p-type CuO islands on the n-type SnO 2 thin-film surface and the presence of adsorbed oxygen on the SnO 2 support have been analyzed. Dissociated hydrogen available from the CuO-H 2 S interaction spills over and its chemical interaction with the adsorbed oxygen on the SnO 2 surface is found to play a dominant role in the observed fast response characteristics.

1 Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Division in Poznan, Central Laboratory of Batteries and Cells, ul. Forteczna 12, 61-362 Poznań, Poland 2 Poznan Science and Technology Park of Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation, ul. Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland 3 Centre of Advanced Technologies Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89c, 61-614 Poznań, Poland *Corresponding author. E-mail: agnieszka.martyla@claio.poznan.pl

Optimizing the performance of TCP in wireless networks in a changing network condition is a highly challenging issue. The lack of information at the TCP layer about the link quality will result in inaccurate transmission rate. Therefore, TCP needs to have sufficient information about the environment and the different characteristics of the lower layers to improve the performance. To achieve this goal we proposed a cross-layer scheme which makes use of the information stored in the 802.11n compressed block acknowledged bitmap about the status of the transmitted subframes of the aggregated frame. This information is fed to the TCP transmission mechanism as a new criterion to adjust the TCP transmission rate with accordance to the aggregation level and channel quality. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme improves the TCP performance in term of throughput and packet loss.

The standard HEVC codec and its extension for coding multiview videos, known as MV-HEVC, have proven to deliver improved visual quality compared to its predecessor, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC’s multiview extension, H.264-MVC, for the same frame resolution with up to 50% bitrate savings. MV-HEVC’s framework is similar to that of H.264-MVC, which uses a multi-layer coding approach. Hence, MV-HEVC would require all frames from other reference layers decoded prior to decoding a new layer. Thus, the multi-layer coding architecture would be a bottleneck when it comes to quicker frame streaming across different views. In this paper, an HEVC-based Frame Interleaved Stereo/Multiview Video Codec (HEVC-FISMVC) that uses a single layer encoding approach to encode stereo and multiview video sequences is presented. The frames of stereo or multiview video sequences are interleaved in such a way that encoding the resulting monoscopic video stream would maximize the exploitation of temporal, inter-view, and c...

The standard HEVC codec and its extension for coding multiview videos, known as MV-HEVC, have proven to deliver improved visual quality compared to its predecessor, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC’s multiview extension, H.264-MVC, for the same frame resolution with up to 50% bitrate savings. MV-HEVC’s framework is similar to that of H.264-MVC, which uses a multi-layer coding approach. Hence, MV-HEVC would require all frames from other reference layers decoded prior to decoding a new layer. Thus, the multi-layer coding architecture would be a bottleneck when it comes to quicker frame streaming across different views. In this paper, an HEVC-based Frame Interleaved Stereo/Multiview Video Codec (HEVC-FISMVC) that uses a single layer encoding approach to encode stereo and multiview video sequences is presented. The frames of stereo or multiview video sequences are interleaved in such a way that encoding the resulting monoscopic video stream would maximize the exploitation of temporal, inter-view, and c...

One of the biggest challenges associated with connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) is to maintain and make use of vehicles health records (VHR). VHR can facilitate different entities to offer various services in a proactive, transparent, secure, reliable and in an efficient manner. The state-of-the-art solutions for maintaining the VHR are centralized in nature, mainly owned by manufacturer and authorized in-vehicle device developers. Owners, drivers, and other key service providers have limited accessibility and control to the VHR. We need to change the strategy from single or limited party access to multi-party access to VHR in an secured manner so that all stakeholders of intelligent transportation system (ITS) can be benefited from this. Any unauthorized attempt to alter the data should also be prevented. Blockchain is one such potential candidate, which can facilitate the sharing of such data among different participating organizations and individuals. For example, owners, ...

Video sharing on social clouds is popular among the users around the world. High-Definition (HD) videos have big file size so the storing in cloud storage and streaming of videos with high quality from cloud to the client are a big problem for service providers. Social clouds compress the videos to save storage and stream over slow networks to provide quality of service (QoS). Compression of video decreases the quality compared to original video and parameters are changed during the online play as well as after download. Degradation of video quality due to compression decreases the quality of experience (QoE) level of end users. To assess the QoE of video compression, we conducted subjective (QoE) experiments by uploading, sharing, and playing videos from social clouds. Three popular social clouds, Facebook, Tumblr, and Twitter, were selected to upload and play videos online for users. The QoE was recorded by using questionnaire given to users to provide their experience about the v...

This paper reports the methodology and results of the test campaign performed in the context of the development of the Low Complexity Enhancement Video Coding (LCEVC) ISO standard. LCEVC is a video coding technology that can be applied in conjunction to any other single-layer video coding technology to re-encode the residuals between the original video and its compressed representation. The first part of the paper describes the methodology for the verification tests: Requirements, Test Conditions, Test Sequences, Test Methods (Metrics); the second one reports the results of the objective and subjective tests carried out applying such methodology. The bitrate savings achieved with LCEVC when used in conjunction with four video codecs (AVC, HEVC, EVC, VVC) are reported.

TV 3.0 is the next generation digital broadcasting system developed in Brazil by the SBTVD Forum. The ambition of TV 3.0 is significantly higher than that of previous generations as it targets the delivery of IP based signals for applications, such as 8K, HDR, virtual and augmented reality, video enhancement and scalability. To deliver such services, more advanced and flexible compression technologies are required. MPEG-5 Part 2 Low Complexity Enhancement Video Coding (LCEVC) is a new video coding standard which works in combination with a separate video standard (e.g., H.264/AVC [H.264/AVC], H.265/HEVC [H.265/HEVC], H.266/VVC [H.266/VVC], AV1 [AV1]) to enhance the quality of a video. In the typical scenario, the enhanced quality is provided in terms of a higher resolution video obtained by adding details coded through an enhancement layer to a lower resolution version of the same video coded through a base layer. The LCEVC format also provides the ability to signal the bit-depth of...

This paper presents a joint indexing-coding approach applied to global camera motion detection in the scalable H.264/SVC compressed domain. Our goal is to facilitate and to improve indexing in the MPEG compressed domain, if necessary by modifying the original coded stream, without losing compatibility with the standard. In frames with very noisy motion vector fields, we use the global motion information obtained by analyzing the raw video to modify the vectors of chosen macroblocks. This results in slightly decreased coding efficiency, but improved and more reliable indexing results in the compressed domain.

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a network that connects vehicles and their environment: in-built devices, pedestrians, and infrastructure through the Internet using heterogeneous access technologies. During communication between vehicles, roadside units, and control rooms, data confidentiality and privacy are critical issues that require effective measures. Several works have been proposed for securing IoV environments based on vehicles-to-infrastructure authentication; However, some schemes have security vulnerabilities, while others have shown efficiency issues. Due to its decentralization, stability, and transaction tracking capabilities, Blockchain as an emerging technology presents a potential solution for IoV security. This article provides an in-depth examination of the benefits of blockchain for a 5G-based IoV environment. In particular, we propose and evaluate a novel blockchain-based secure data exchange (BSDCE-IoV) scheme based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography algorithm. Our solution is designed to eliminate several potential attacks that pose a threat to the IoV environment. Deep examination using the Real-or-Random oracle model and Scyther tool, in addition to the informal security analysis, validates the scheme regarding security and privacy. The Multi-precision Integer and Rational Arithmetic Cryptographic Library (MIRACL) assesses the computational and communication overhead. Computational and communicative overheads were also evaluated using the Multi-precision Integer and Rational Arithmetic Cryptographic Library (MIRACL). BSDCE-IoV shows higher performance in terms of security, functionality, and time delay than a number of recent selective work in IoV security.

There is a variety of video compression methods proposed in the literature. Choosing the best method for a specific type of video can involve a lot of experimentation and trial-and-error. This paper offers a quantitative evaluation of three popular compression methods, namely HEVC, MJPEG, MJPEG2000. Our evaluation uses five different types of video data that are commonly transmitted over a network. We use two evaluation metrics, namely PSNR and encoding time. While our evaluation is still preliminary, and will eventually be expanded to include more compression methods, larger datasets, and more metrics, it already includes features not encountered in evaluations that have appeared in prior literature. Even in its current form, to the best of our knowledge, our evaluation is the first one to evaluate both PSNR and encoding time, of both inter-frame and intra-frame codecs, on both natural and synthetic videos. CCS CONCEPTS • Computing methodologies → Image compression; • General and reference → Evaluation; Metrics.

In a scalable video coding (SVC), spatial up-sampling of video sequences is an important process for spatial scalability. We propose an up-sampling method based on the type-1 DCT. For further improvement of the upsampling method, we introduce an adaptive filtering method, which applies different weighting parameters to DCT coefficients. The proposed adaptive up-sampling method shows much improved PSNR in comparison with the recent H.264 SVC up-sampling method.

In this paper, a novel rate-based macroblock classification is proposed for fast mode decision in H.264 video coding standard. The main idea is to classify each macroblock into simple or complex motion contents based on the Inter16x16 mode's residue block bit-rate and then according to the classification different mode searching orders with distinct early termination schemes are employed. This new algorithm is very simple for both hardware and software implementations without extra computational module. To speed up the intra mode decision, a new fast Intra 4x4 mode selection algorithm is also proposed by choosing most likely modes using the low complexity SATD cost as screening function. It is demonstrated by experimental results that the proposed fast algorithm can reduce 47% to 65% of the H.264 total encoding time with negligible degradation in the rate-distortion performance. While the rate-based algorithm combined with the fast intra mode selection method could further speedup 5% to 10% of the encoding time with only little rate-distortion degradation.

Content distribution is an application in intelligent transportation system to assist vehicles in acquiring information such as digital maps and entertainment materials. In this paper, we consider content distribution from a single roadside infrastructure unit to a group of vehicles passing by it. To combat the short connection time and the lossy channel quality, the downloaded contents need to be further shared among vehicles after the initial broadcasting phase. To this end, we propose a joint infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication scheme based on batched sparse (BATS) coding to minimize the traffic overhead and reduce the total transmission delay. In the I2V phase, the roadside unit (RSU) encodes the original large-size file into a number of batches in a rateless manner, each containing a fixed number of coded packets, and sequentially broadcasts them during the I2V connection time. In the V2V phase, vehicles perform the network coded cooperati...

INTRODUCTION: With the ongoing revolution in the Internet of Things and Cloud Computing has made the potential of every object that is connected through the Internet, to exchange and transfer data. Various users perceive this connection and interaction very helpful and serviceable in their daily routines. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this research to identify the complex configured network system is a soft target to security threats, therefore we need a security embedded framework for IoT and cloud communication models. Another objective is to provide protection of information from unauthorized access controls in IoT-cloud integrated framework and secure data from spying. METHODS: This paper has applied an integrated IoT-cloud theoretical solution, whose activities are mainly decided by a centralized controller to provide safeguard against data attacks. Our theoretical integrated IoT-cloud theoretical solution is able to achieve unauthorized access control and data breach. RESULTS: Internet of things and cloud computing has intensively used by several real-time applications. After the thercical analysis, the different vulnerabilities explained after detail literature review to prevent unauthorized access and unauthorized data breach. CONCLUSION: Internet of things have changed the shape of communication and centralized data controller is the main entity that is robust against eavesdroppers. In case, any eavesdropper tries to be a normal user and attempts to access a personal file then he has been entertained with a misleading file that he considers as an authentic file but in actual it is not. Desirable IoT proposed solutions need to be design and deploy, which can guarantee: anonymity, confidentiality, and integrity in heterogeneous environments.

In this paper, a novel rate-based macroblock classification is proposed for fast mode decision in H.264 video coding standard. The main idea is to classify each macroblock into simple or complex motion contents based on the Inter16x16 mode's residue block bit-rate and then according to the classification different mode searching orders with distinct early termination schemes are employed. This new algorithm is very simple for both hardware and software implementations without extra computational module. To speed up the intra mode decision, a new fast Intra 4x4 mode selection algorithm is also proposed by choosing most likely modes using the low complexity SATD cost as screening function. It is demonstrated by experimental results that the proposed fast algorithm can reduce 47% to 65% of the H.264 total encoding time with negligible degradation in the rate-distortion performance. While the rate-based algorithm combined with the fast intra mode selection method could further speedup 5% to 10% of the encoding time with only little rate-distortion degradation.

One of the biggest challenges associated with connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) is to maintain and make use of vehicles health records (VHR). VHR can facilitate different entities to offer various services in a proactive, transparent, secure, reliable and in an efficient manner. The state-of-the-art solutions for maintaining the VHR are centralized in nature, mainly owned by manufacturer and authorized in-vehicle device developers. Owners, drivers, and other key service providers have limited accessibility and control to the VHR. We need to change the strategy from single or limited party access to multi-party access to VHR in an secured manner so that all stakeholders of intelligent transportation system (ITS) can be benefited from this. Any unauthorized attempt to alter the data should also be prevented. Blockchain is one such potential candidate, which can facilitate the sharing of such data among different participating organizations and individuals. For example, owners, ...

In this paper we propose a data dissemination technique based on Fountain codes, that is particularly suitable for vehicular environments, where mobility and connectivity issues often occur. We investigate the reliability of a real-time service and data delivery for multicast transmission over lossy Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs). The proposed technique represents the next work of a previous approach initially applied to traditional Mobile Ad-Hoc NETworks (MANETs). This technique combines application layer channel coding based on Luby Transform (LT) codes with multicast delivery in a wireless network exploiting PUMA (Protocol for Unified Multicasting through Announcements). The main goal is to achieve a real-time service with an high quality level in a lossy vehicular network environment. The rateless property, the ability of adapt the code on-the-fly, makes Fountain codes an attractive solution for data broadcast/multicast applications, like the well-known comfort applications. In a VANET scenario characterized by dynamic topology conditions, packet losses and disconnections, the proposed approach leads to an improvement on arrival times of packets towards destination vehicles. Simulation results provide the effectiveness of our technique compared with traditional data dissemination approach.

In this paper, a novel rate control mechanism is proposed for constant bit rate video streaming. The initial quantization parameter used for encoding a video sequence is determined using the average spatio-temporal complexity of the sequence, its resolution and the target bit rate. Simple linear estimation models are then used to predict the number of bits that would be necessary to encode a frame for a given complexity and quantization parameter. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed rate control mechanism significantly outperforms the existing rate control scheme in the Joint Model (JM) reference software in terms of Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and consistent perceptual visual quality while achieving the target bit rate. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is validated through implementation on a miniature test-bed.

As the year 2012 is taking off, multimedia-viewing behaviors are changing [1] 0, catalyzed by the ubiquitous availability of smartphones and tablet computers. The old paradigm of a single source serving a monolithic network and delivering content to a single device is more and more obsolete. The single delivery flow has evolved into a diffusive model of communicating nodes and converging nodes Media streaming is fast becoming the dominant application on the Internet. In this new world of immersive media viewing, new ...

As the year 2012 is taking off, multimedia-viewing behaviors are changing [1] 0, catalyzed by the ubiquitous availability of smartphones and tablet computers. The old paradigm of a single source serving a monolithic network and delivering content to a single device is more and more obsolete. The single delivery flow has evolved into a diffusive model of communicating nodes and converging nodes Media streaming is fast becoming the dominant application on the Internet. In this new world of immersive media viewing, new ...

In the incoming amendment of H.264/AVC for scalable video coding (SVC), down and up-samplings in a spatial domain are incorporated for spatial scalability. A new twofold up-sampling method is proposed for SVC. The proposed up-sampling method is based on a combination of the forward and backward type-II discrete cosine transform (DCT). As the proposed up-sampling kernel has various symmetries for efficient computation, a fast algorithm of type-II DCT-based up-sampling method is also proposed. For further improvement of the up-sampling performance, an adaptive filtering method in the type-II DCT up-sampling is introduced, which applies different weighting parameters to DCT coefficients. Even as this adaptive method is applied, the up-sampling operation in the decoder has the same computational complexity as the fixed weighting method. The proposed adaptive up-sampling method shows a much improved PSNR in comparison with the recent H.264 SVC up-sampling method.

Optimizing the performance of TCP in wireless networks in a changing network condition is a highly challenging issue. The lack of information at the TCP layer about the link quality will result in inaccurate transmission rate. Therefore, TCP needs to have sufficient information about the environment and the different characteristics of the lower layers to improve the performance. To achieve this goal we proposed a cross-layer scheme which makes use of the information stored in the 802.11n compressed block acknowledged bitmap about the status of the transmitted subframes of the aggregated frame. This information is fed to the TCP transmission mechanism as a new criterion to adjust the TCP transmission rate with accordance to the aggregation level and channel quality. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme improves the TCP performance in term of throughput and packet loss.

This work relates to the regions-of-interest (ROI) coding that is a desirable feature in future applications based on the scalable video coding, which is an extension of the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC standard. Due to the dramatic technological progress, there is a plurality of heterogeneous devices, which can be used for viewing a variety of video content. Devices such as smartphones and tablets are mostly resource-limited devices, which make it difficult to display high-quality content. Usually, the displayed video content contains one or more ROI(s), which should be adaptively selected from the preencoded scalable video bitstream. Thus, an efficient scalable ROI video coding scheme is proposed in this work, thereby enabling the extraction of the desired regions-of-interest and the adaptive setting of the desirable ROI location, size, and resolution. In addition, an adaptive bit-rate control is provided for the region-of-interest scalable video coding. The performance of the presented techn...

In the incoming amendment of H.264/AVC for scalable video coding (SVC), down and up-samplings in a spatial domain are incorporated for spatial scalability. A new twofold up-sampling method is proposed for SVC. The proposed up-sampling method is based on a combination of the forward and backward type-II discrete cosine transform (DCT). As the proposed up-sampling kernel has various symmetries for efficient computation, a fast algorithm of type-II DCT-based up-sampling method is also proposed. For further improvement of the up-sampling performance, an adaptive filtering method in the type-II DCT up-sampling is introduced, which applies different weighting parameters to DCT coefficients. Even as this adaptive method is applied, the up-sampling operation in the decoder has the same computational complexity as the fixed weighting method. The proposed adaptive up-sampling method shows a much improved PSNR in comparison with the recent H.264 SVC up-sampling method.

In a scalable video coding (SVC), spatial up-sampling of video sequences is an important process for spatial scalability. We propose an up-sampling method based on the type-1 DCT. For further improvement of the upsampling method, we introduce an adaptive filtering method, which applies different weighting parameters to DCT coefficients. The proposed adaptive up-sampling method shows much improved PSNR in comparison with the recent H.264 SVC up-sampling method.

There is a strong demand to decrease the video transmission bitrate without reducing visual quality [1]. The x265 encoder [2]-[4] is a popular open-source encoder, which generates bitstreams compliant with the H.265/MPEG-HEVC video coding standard [5]. Built on top of x264[6], the x265 encoder is integrated into several popular open-source frameworks, such as ffmpeg [7], GStreamer [8], and Handbrake [9]. In addition, the x265 is used by a variety of broadcast and streaming service providers who leverage the benefits of HEVC for streaming live and over-the-top (OTT) content. In addition to implementing nearly all the tools defined in HEVC, it implements many algorithmic optimizations that enable trading off encoder performance for quality [2]-[4]. The performance-critical kernels are implemented with handcoded assembly kernels that use AVX2 and AVX-512 single instruction, multiple data instructions to improve performance on x86 CPUs. This flexible architecture of x265 makes it a popular choice for HEVC encoding for both onpremises and cloud services. Recent x265 development efforts have been focused on further improving the coding gains. Specifically, the motion compensated spatio-temporal filtering (MCSTF) employed

Currently, a significant increase in bandwidth requirements is expected in the next couple of years, particularly due to an increase in the device resolution [1]: a typical bit-rate for the 4K video is between 15 to 18 Mbps, while it is considered to be more than twice the High-Definition (HD) video bit-rate and a factor of nine the Standard-Definition (SD) video bit-rate. As a result, there is currently a strong demand to decrease video transmission bit-rate, substantially without reducing the visual presentation quality [1]. Bitrate is one of the most well-known and intuitively understood concepts in video transmission. With that said, there are several different definitions of how bitrate is measured, and different methods of measurement are applicable for different situations. Video compression standards, such as H.265/MPEG-HEVC [2], provide a normative definition of bitrate which applies to all Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) units or their subset, and it is followed by video encoders in a corresponding manner. However, we are not transmitting "bare" NAL units, and not necessarily doing so in a significantly constrained pipe. In addition, a ubiquitously used definition of bitrate in the MPEG-2 TS is provided within the measurement technical report for Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) systems-ETSI 101 290 [3]. Furthermore, the situation is different in the adaptive video streaming: for example, a 1-sec sliding window over a stream is less relevant when the unit of transmission is a segment. MPEG DASH [4] and Apple HLS [5] have their own definitions of bitrate, based on maxima of segment bitrates, and extended signaling for content-adaptive encoding. The concept of a constant-rate "pipe" is also often irrelevant-video traffic is de-facto multiplexed with all other traffic within: e.g., an LTE cell or a service group in a DOCSIS broadband network and CDN storage, and egress become the limiting per-stream factor. With that said, segment-level measurement is important for streaming clients reasoning the sustainability of a given variant. Lastly, ISPs and CDNs often use the so-called

In recent times, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) has gained significant attention for its potential application in the energy sector. Utilizing blockchain and DLT has demonstrated the ability to enhance the resilience of the electric infrastructure, which will support a more flexible infrastructure and advance grid modernization. However, the deployment of these technologies increases the overall attack surface. The MITRE ATT&CK ® matrices have been developed to document an adversary's tactics and techniques based on real-world observations. The MITRE ATT&CK ® matrices provide a common taxonomy for offense and defense and have become a valuable conceptual tool across multiple cybersecurity disciplines for conveying threat intelligence, performing testing through red teaming or adversary emulation, and enhancing network and system defenses against intrusions. The MITRE ATT&CK ® for Industrial Control Systems (ICS) matrix was created to provide knowledge about adversary behavior in the ICS technology domain. This study analyzes the relevance of various tactics and techniques across a seven-layer DLT engineering and cybersecurity stack, known as the DLT stack, designed by the Cybersecurity Taskforce under IEEE P2418.5-Standard for Blockchain in Energy working group sponsored by Power and Energy Systems-Smart Buildings, Loads and Customer Systems (PES/SBLC) Technical Committee. Additionally, this paper identifies specific mitigation strategies tailored to the energy ICS environment. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Peng-Yong Kong .

One of the biggest challenges associated with connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) is to maintain and make use of vehicles health records (VHR). VHR can facilitate different entities to offer various services in a proactive, transparent, secure, reliable and in an efficient manner. The state-of-the-art solutions for maintaining the VHR are centralized in nature, mainly owned by manufacturer and authorized in-vehicle device developers. Owners, drivers, and other key service providers have limited accessibility and control to the VHR. We need to change the strategy from single or limited party access to multi-party access to VHR in an secured manner so that all stakeholders of intelligent transportation system (ITS) can be benefited from this. Any unauthorized attempt to alter the data should also be prevented. Blockchain is one such potential candidate, which can facilitate the sharing of such data among different participating organizations and individuals. For example, owners, ...

One of the biggest challenges associated with connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) is to maintain and make use of vehicles health records (VHR). VHR can facilitate different entities to offer various services in a proactive, transparent, secure, reliable and in an efficient manner. The state-of-the-art solutions for maintaining the VHR are centralized in nature, mainly owned by manufacturer and authorized in-vehicle device developers. Owners, drivers, and other key service providers have limited accessibility and control to the VHR. We need to change the strategy from single or limited party access to multi-party access to VHR in an secured manner so that all stakeholders of intelligent transportation system (ITS) can be benefited from this. Any unauthorized attempt to alter the data should also be prevented. Blockchain is one such potential candidate, which can facilitate the sharing of such data among different participating organizations and individuals. For example, owners, ...

The latest video coding standard (Wiegand, 2003), H.264/AVC, uses variable block sizes ranging form 16x16 to 4x4 to perform motion estimation in inter-frame coding and a rich set of prediction patterns for intra-frame coding. Then a robust RDO (Rate Distortion Optimization) technique is employed to select the best coding mode and reference frame for each macroblock. As a result, H.264/AVC exhibits high coding efficiency compared to older video coding standards [2, 3] and shows significant future promise in the fields of video broadcasting and communication. However, high coding efficiency also carries high computational complexity. Fast mode decision is one of key techniques to significantly reduce computational complexity for a similar RD (Rate Distortion) performance. This chapter provides an up-to-date critical survey of fast mode decision techniques for the H.264/AVC standard. The motivation for this chapter is twofold: Firstly to provide an up-to-data review of the existing techniques and secondly to offer some insights into the studies of fast mode decision techniques.

We use various multimedia applications on smart devices to consume multimedia content, to communicate with our peers, and to broadcast our events live. This paper investigates the utilization of different media input/output devices, e.g., camera, microphone, and speaker, by different types of multimedia applications, and introduces the notion of multimedia context. Our measurements lead to a sensing algorithm called MediaSense, which senses the states of multiple I/O devices and identifies eleven multimedia contexts of a mobile device in real time. The algorithm distinguishes stored content playback from streaming, live broadcasting from local recording, and conversational multimedia sessions from GSM/VoLTE calls on mobile devices.

One of the biggest challenges associated with connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) is to maintain and make use of vehicles health records (VHR). VHR can facilitate different entities to offer various services in a proactive, transparent, secure, reliable and in an efficient manner. The state-of-the-art solutions for maintaining the VHR are centralized in nature, mainly owned by manufacturer and authorized in-vehicle device developers. Owners, drivers, and other key service providers have limited accessibility and control to the VHR. We need to change the strategy from single or limited party access to multi-party access to VHR in an secured manner so that all stakeholders of intelligent transportation system (ITS) can be benefited from this. Any unauthorized attempt to alter the data should also be prevented. Blockchain is one such potential candidate, which can facilitate the sharing of such data among different participating organizations and individuals. For example, owners, ...