FIGURE 1. loV componente registration. TABLE 1. Symbol and abbreviations. lightweight authentication system. Some works use multi- factor authentication like passwords and biometrics while others use algorithms like ECC, and hash functions. Two authentication strategies are adopted, central point using TA or distributed without TA. Blockchain as an emerging tech- nology is being integrated into the security process, promot- ing the use of distributed authentication in many recent works. Performance evaluation of proposed schemes includes formal and informal security analysis and tools such as AVISPA. FIGURE 2. loV componente registration. FIGURE 3. Mutual authentication. TABLE 3. Structure of a block k. TABLE 4. Attributes of functionality and security comparison. FIGURE 5. Verification claim and verification auto claim. TABLE 5. MIRACL execution time (ms). TABLE 6. Computation costs comparison. performance validation shows that the proposed BSDCE-IoV solution achieves the required level of security with minimal computational and communication overheads. in the future, further studies can be focused on the optimization and imple- mentation of an even more efficient, flexible, and practical vehicular network.
