Bitrate and Adaptive Streaming: What are We Measuring and Why?

Computer and Information …, 2004

IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2000

ith the increasing popularity of networked multimedia applications, video data is expected to account for a large portion of the traffic in the Internet of the future and next-generation wireless systems. For transport over networks, video is typically encoded (i.e., compressed) to reduce the bandwidth requirements. Even compressed video, however, requires large bandwidths of the order of hundreds of kb/s or Mb/s, as will be shown later in this tutorial. In addition, compressed video streams typically exhibit highly variable bit rates (VBR) as well as long range dependence (LRD) properties, as will be demonstrated later in this tutorial. This, in conjunction with the stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements (loss and delay) of video traffic, makes the transport of video traffic over communication networks a challenging problem. As a consequence, in the last decade the networking research community has witnessed an explosion in research on all aspects of video transport. The characteristics of video traffic, video traffic modeling, as well as protocols and mechanisms for the efficient transport of video streams, have received a great deal of interest among networking researchers and network operators.

2003

We consider streaming of video sequences over both, constant and variable bitrate (VBR) channels. Our goal is to enable decoding of each video unit before exceeding its displaying deadline and, hence, to guarantee successful sequence presentation even if the media rate does not match the channel rate. In this work, we will show that the separation between a delay jitter buffer and a decoder buffer is in general sub-optimal for VBR video transmitted over VBR channel. We will define the minimum initial delay and the minimum required buffer for a given video-stream and a deterministic VBR channel. In addition, we provide some probabilistic statements in the case that we have a random behaviour of the channel bit-rate. A specific example tailored to wireless video streaming is discussed in greater details and bounds are derived which allow to guarantee a certain quality-of-service even for random VBR channels in a wireless environment. Simulation results validate the findings.

2014 IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS), 2014

Due to the difficulties on approximating the human perception with algorithms, increasing the users Quality of Experience (QoE) in modern video services is a challenging task. But more than that, prior to estimating QoE, it is important to know how different types of network impairments actually affect the video quality. This paper takes a closer look at the relation between the network quality of service (QoS) and the video QoE degradation. Using a sophisticated network emulation environment, we benchmark a range of video types and video quality levels under controlled network conditions. Our analysis shows that, along with a number of expected situations come also some counterintuitive QoS-to-QoE conditions. We discuss ways in which a better understanding of the mutual influence between networks and video streams could lead to more efficient utilization of the Internet.

Sustainability

The demand for multimedia content over the Internet protocol network is growing exponentially with Internet users’ growth. Despite high reliability and well-defined infrastructure for Internet protocol communication, Quality of Experience (QoE) is the primary focus of multimedia users while getting multimedia contents with flawless or smooth video streaming in less time with high availability. Failure to provide satisfactory QoE results in the churning of the viewers. QoE depends on various factors, such as those related to the network infrastructure that significantly affects perceived quality. Furthermore, the video delivery’s impact also plays an essential role in the overall QoE that can be made efficient by delivering content through specialized content delivery architectures called Content Delivery Networks (CDNs). This article proposes a design that enables effective and efficient streaming, distribution, and caching multimedia content. Moreover, experiments are carried out f...

2010

Abstract Recent advances in scalable video coding have paved the way for the development of flexible and adaptive media streaming applications. In order to support rate adaptation, 3GPP Packet-Switched Streaming Service (PSS) has specified a feedback mechanism that includes transmitting information about the status of the client buffer.

ICET 2014

In this paper we discuss the potential effects of using various segment durations of the available contents within a simulated mobile environment. OPNET modeler was used to implement a real-time test platform for mobile video streaming using OPNET system in the loop component (SITL). The realtime test platform was then used to evaluate the performance of the requests for different segment size. Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) protocol was used to provide different test cases for video content with different segment sizes. In our experiment, we used different segments of different sizes (4, 8, and 12 sec.). Our comparison criteria include client download throughput (Bandwidth utilization), and CPU consumption. We identify the different trade-offs to be made in order to optimize the usage of available resources.

ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications, 2012

A lot of people around the world commute using public transportation and would like to spend this time viewing streamed video content such as news or sports updates. However, mobile wireless networks typically suffer from severe bandwidth fluctuations, and the networks are often completely unresponsive for several seconds, sometimes minutes. Today, there are several ways of adapting the video bitrate and thus the video quality to such fluctuations, e.g., using scalable video codecs or segmented adaptive HTTP streaming that switches between non-scalable video streams encoded in different bitrates. Still, for a better long-term video playout experience that avoids disruptions and frequent quality changes while using existing video adaptation technology, it is desirable to perform bandwidth prediction and planned quality adaptation.

2008

Video streaming over lossy IP networks is very important issues, due to the heterogeneous structure of networks. Infrastructure of the Internet exhibits variable bandwidths, delays, congestions and time-varying packet losses. Because of variable attributes of the Internet, video streaming applications should not only have a good end-to-end transport performance but also have a robust rate control, furthermore multipath rate allocation mechanism. So for providing the video streaming service quality, some other components such as Bandwidth Estimation and Adaptive Rate Controller should be taken into consideration. This paper gives an overview of video streaming concept and bandwidth estimation tools and then introduces special architectures for bandwidth adaptive video streaming. A bandwidth estimation algorithm – pathChirp, Optimized Rate Controllers and Multipath Rate Allocation Algorithm are considered as all-in-one solution for video streaming problem. This solution is directed an...

2006

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