Generative linguistics

Este articulo aborda la minusvalorizacion del habla coloquial/juvenil desde dos dimensiones diferentes: la dimension social, politica e ideologica y la dimension didactica. En este sentido, en primer lugar se trabaja sobre una serie de representaciones y prejuicios linguisticos instalados por una voz hegemonica que historicamente ha definido quienes “hablan bien” y quienes “hablan mal”. Esta distincion surge de comparar la variedad estandar del espanol con las variedades no hegemonicas (en este caso, el habla juvenil). En segundo lugar, se trabaja sobre la materializacion de dicha minusvalorizacion en el “aula de lengua”, centrando la atencion en el hecho de que los datos recopilados de dicha variedad se presentan como ejemplos de categorias conceptuales o de contenidos especificos, que no habilitan otros/nuevos niveles de reflexion.

En este trabajo presentamos los resultados de una investigación para identificar posibles áreas de variación sintáctica en el maya yucateco. Para ello, hemos desarrollado una nueva metodología que llamamos "metodología del texto comparado". Esta metodología consiste en tomar un texto base en la lengua original, y comparar la forma y estructura de las mismas oraciones que componen el texto en diferentes localidades, en este caso de habla maya. Al comparar las mismas oraciones entre estas diferentes localidades, tanto con el texto original como entre ellas, observamos importantes diferencias morfosintácticas y sintácticas, que en su mayoría no han sido reportadas previamente. Palabras clave: lenguas mayas, maya yucateco, variación lingüística, sintaxis, morfosintaxis. El Colegio de México (colmex),

Quantum computing holds promise for accelerating Transformer-based generative models, yet existing proposals often remain at the sketch level and lack full specification for near-term devices. We introduce QGT, a fully defined hybrid quantum-classical Transformer tailored to the NISQ-to-simulation regime. Under a low-rank or k-sparse attention assumption with efficient block-encoding oracles, QGT reduces the per-layer attention cost from O(n 2 d) to O(√ n d). We present a unified algorithmic and complexity framework with rigorous theorems and proofs, detailed quantum circuit implementations including parameter-shift gradient derivations and measurement-variance bounds, and comprehensive resource accounting of qubits, gates, and shots. A reproducible classical simulation and ablation study for sequence length n = 8 and model dimension d = 16 demonstrates that QGT matches classical Transformer performance using only 12 qubits and 40 shots per expectation. QGT thus establishes a concrete foundation for practical quantum-enhanced generative AI on NISQ hardware.

The concept of "inner speech" is fundamental to cognitive science and Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) research, yet it often conflates two distinct processes: the auditory experience of a "voice in the head" (subvocalization) and the mental simulation of muscle movements for speech (silent articulation). This paper proposes a theoretical framework to dissociate these phenomena from a computational linguistics perspective. We posit Substance-Free Phonology (SFP) as a theoretical prior to argue that subvocalization corresponds to computation at the abstract, symbolic level of phonology, while silent articulation involves the subsequent mapping of these symbols onto a concrete, substance-based phonetic motor plan. This distinction yields specific, testable neurophysiological predictions and provides a more nuanced foundation for developing next-generation, languagebased BCIs.

This paper is a follow up to Bondaruk (2023a), where evidence is provided that in Polish the verb wystarczać/wystarczyć 'to suffice' is polysemous and it has three different interpretations, viz. (i) the idiosyncratic one-'to suffice', (ii) the existential one-'to be enough', and (iii) the possessive one-'to have enough'. In this paper, a syntactic analysis is provided for the three above-mentioned interpretations of wystarczać/wystarczyć 'to suffice', couched in the Minimalist Program of Chomsky (2000, 2008). In all the three cases, wystarczać/wystarczyć 'to suffice' is treated as a monadic unaccusative verb whose internal argument varies. In the structure with the idiosyncratic meaning, the internal argument of the verb wystarczać/wystarczyć 'to suffice' corresponds to a simple DP, in the verb's existential use the internal argument is realised as a PredP, and in the possessive structure it is a complex DP containing a PossP. The analysis presented in the paper bears on the structure of existential and possessive clauses with unaccusative verbs.

This paper traces the theoretical evolution of generative syntax from Chomsky's initial formulation in Syntactic Structures (1957) through the contemporary Minimalist Program. The analysis examines how syntactic theory has undergone fundamental reconceptualizations while maintaining core commitments to formal precision, explanatory adequacy, and the biological basis of language. Through detailed examination of the Standard Theory, Extended Standard Theory, Government and Binding Theory, and Minimalism, this study demonstrates that theoretical progress has been driven by the tension between empirical coverage and conceptual elegance. The paper argues that while surface theoretical apparatus has changed dramatically, the underlying quest for explanatory adequacy regarding the human language faculty has remained constant. Key findings indicate that each theoretical stage has contributed lasting insights while addressing predecessors' limitations, culminating in minimalism's attempt to derive syntactic complexity from independently motivated cognitive and physical constraints.

We examine ’mora da+complement’ constructions in Serbian within the framework of the Minimalist Program and propose an explicit syntactic derivation of such sentences with a null subject. This could explain the interpretative differences of mora (epistemic vs. non-epistemic) correlated with the syntactic status of the word da, which also contributes to a better understanding of the complex predicate in Serbian and, consequently, the monoclausal/biclausal nature of the explored constructions.
Keywords: modality, ’mora da’, null subject, subjunctive, correference, agreement, pro-drop, Minimalist program, Serbian language.

This paper presents a Universal Binary Principle (UBP) study, a study series proposing that reality emerges from discrete binary toggle operations within a high-dimensional computational substrate. We implemented the complete UBP framework with full Golay error correction, theoretically grounded toggle algebra, and realm-specific calibrations across seven physical realms. Our investigation revealed remarkable periodic coherence transitions in the UBP system, achieving perfect electromagnetic frequency mapping for specific test cases (Hydrogen Line: NRCI = 1.000000). We integrated Skye L. Hill's Fold Theory categorical framework to enhance our understanding of emergent spacetime properties. The study demonstrates both the potential and current limitations of the UBP approach and tests the "Three Column Thinking" framework developed in conjunction with UBP.

This paper examines the development, methodology, and impact of Bloomfieldian structuralism on American linguistics from the 1920s to 1950s. Bloomfieldian structuralism revolutionized linguistic analysis by establishing empirical, distributional methods that prioritized observable linguistic forms over speculative semantic interpretations. Through detailed analysis of Leonard Bloomfield's theoretical contributions, Zellig Harris's methodological refinements, and the broader structuralist school's achievements, this study demonstrates how structuralism created both the foundation for modern descriptive linguistics and the theoretical limitations that necessitated the generative revolution. The paper argues that while Bloomfieldian structuralism successfully established linguistics as a scientific discipline through rigorous analytical procedures, its behaviorist assumptions and anti-mentalist stance ultimately constrained its explanatory power, particularly in syntax and semantics. This paradigm's legacy persists in contemporary corpus linguistics, phonological analysis, and language documentation, even as its theoretical framework was superseded by generative grammar in the late 1950s.

Leonard Bloomfield played a key role in the development of American structural linguistics in the second quarter of the 20th century, but his profound influence involved two ironies. The first one is that Bloomfield's “followers” were called Bloomfieldians despite the fact that they departed from some of his key views and the second one is that Bloomfield himself came to be associated with some post-Bloomfieldian positions which he did not share. This study aims to provide a faithful presentation of the most important aspects of Bloomfield's writings pertaining to general linguistics and to critically analyse and compare his opinions with those of some of his distinguished (near-)contemporaries. Some of the salient points that emerge from it are the definition of language as a system of signals in Bloomfield's Language, the ambiguity between the phoneme as a bundle of distinctive acoustic features and as a class of sounds sharing those features and the structure and nature of his model of language. In addition, it is shown that, although Bloomfield's objective was to describe languages independently of psychological factors as autonomous systems, he was not as psychologically naive as it has been claimed and that the widespread idea that behaviourism had considerable influence on his descriptive theory and practice is largely incorrect.

Previous approaches to the organization of multiple-tiered phonology have posited a structure in which f0 extrema and changes to the pitch range are governed by separate phonological elements, on tiers which do not directly interact, but which must be combined on a third tonal tier to form the surface f0 contour. This paper proposes an alternative, in which a single set of elements governs both phenomena via the use of two tiers on the same plane. Support for this approach comes from patterns in the allomorphy of /H%/, an intonational morpheme in the Formosan language Kanakanavu that is realized as either an f0 maximum or upstep depending on structural factors in the phonological environment.

ON THE CONSTRUCTION ’MORA DA+COMPLEMENT’ WITH A NULL SUBJECT
We examine ’mora da+complement’ constructions in Serbian within the framework of the Minimalist Program and propose an explicit syntactic derivation of such sentences with a null subject. This could explain the interpretative differences of mora (epistemic vs. non-epistemic) correlated with the syntactic status of the word da, which also contributes to a better understanding of the complex predicate in Serbian and, consequently, the monoclausal/biclausal nature of the explored constructions.
Keywords: modality, ’mora da’, null subject, subjunctive, correference, agreement, pro-drop, Minimalist program, Serbian language.

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Minimalist Program, the most recent phase of Noam Chomsky's generative linguistic theory that has fundamentally transformed theoretical linguistics since the 1990s. The study examines the theoretical architecture of Minimalism, tracing its development from earlier frameworks and analyzing its core principles of economy, interface conditions, and feature-driven operations. Through detailed investigation of major contributors including Howard Lasnik, Juan Uriagereka, and Luigi Rizzi, this research documents how Minimalism has extended beyond syntax to encompass biolinguistic concerns, cross-linguistic variation, and interdisciplinary connections with cognitive neuroscience and evolutionary biology. The paper evaluates empirical applications across diverse linguistic phenomena, from A-movement and binding to parametric variation in polysynthetic and East Asian languages. Critical assessment reveals both the explanatory successes of Minimalism in unifying previously distinct phenomena and the ongoing challenges it faces from usage-based approaches, Construction Grammar, and questions about psychological reality. Contemporary developments in the biolinguistic program, computational implementations, and experimental syntax are examined alongside persistent theoretical tensions regarding economy conditions and phase theory. The analysis concludes that while Minimalism has achieved significant theoretical unification and methodological influence, its future development depends on resolving internal inconsistencies and integrating insights from empirical research. The paper argues that Minimalism's ultimate significance may lie not only in its contributions to syntactic theory but in its potential to illuminate fundamental aspects of human cognitive capacity and the biological foundations of language.

This integrated abstract summarizes a comprehensive research program, conducted within the Universal Binary Principal (UBP) Study Series, dedicated to the discovery, formalization, and rigorous validation of the *Three-Column Thinking" framework. This framework posits that Mathematics (formal symbolic), Language (narrative intuitive), and Script (executable verifiable) are isomorphic modalities for expressing and exploring reality.

Phase I: Framework Discovery and Refinement
The initial study documented the discovery and formalization of the Three-Column Thinking framework, prompted by an inquiry into modeling wave-like phenomena using a binary toggle system. This phase analyzed the responses of five contemporary AI systems (Manus, Deepseek, Gemini, Grok, and Perplexity) to a standardized prompt modeling thermal transfer. The comparative study identified divergences in interpretation, primarily concerning the definition of a "binary toggle system", underscoring the necessity for greater precision. Based on these findings, a refined version of the Three-Column Thinking prompt was developed, emphasizing clarity, column purity, and explicit cross-validation instructions to reinforce the framework's core goal of rigorous epistemic triangulation.

Phase II: Application to Discrete Thermal Modeling (BTTT)
Building upon the refined methodology, subsequent research applied the framework as a **triadic epistemology** to the Binary Toggle Thermal Transfer (BTTT) experiment. The study systematically generated and validated five sophisticated BTTT model variants, including those incorporating probabilistic toggles, environmental coupling, and state memory (hysteresis). The framework successfully maintained strong alignment between mathematical formalism, narrative intuition, and executable implementation for each variant. Through iterative refinement and parameter optimization, the final BTTT model demonstrated significant accuracy, achieving a correlation of over 0.9 with the analytical solution for thermal diffusion. This success supported the UBP's core tenet that complex, continuous phenomena can emerge from simple, discrete binary operations.

Phase III: Validation Against Fundamental Quantum Reality
The culmination of this research program tested the isomorphic thesis to its ultimate conclusion: determining if a deterministic language could compute physical reality with mathematical precision. A novel Logical Language System (LLS), based on type theory and modal logic, was developed and implemented via a Generative Simulation Kernel (GSK). This system was applied to three of the most precise phenomena in modern physics: the Lamb Shift, the Muon g-2 anomaly, and Quantum Anomalies (Chiral Anomaly). The final Verification Against Reality (VAR) protocol demonstrated that the predictions generated by the logical-language-based framework were in perfect agreement (0.00σ deviation) with real experimental data for all three phenomena. This validation confirms that Math, Language, and Script are isomorphic expressions of the same computational process and suggests profound implications for the computational nature of reality. The Three-Column Thinking framework thus provides a powerful new methodology for theoretical physics, uniting formalism, intuition, and verification.

Full GitHub Repository at: https://github.com/DigitalEuan/Language-Math-Script-Three-Column-Thinking-and-Physics-Phenomena

YouTube short explainer: https://youtu.be/ydLyZfRzPQ8

Филозофски факултет Одсек за славистику МОДАЛНИ ГЛАГОЛИ МОЧЬ/МОЋИ И ЖЕЛАТЬ/ЖЕЛЕТИ У СВЕТЛУ ВИДСКЕ (НЕ)ПАРНОСТИ Модални глаголи чине важан, али недовољно осветљен део граматичког глаголског (под)система и у руском, а посебно у српском језику. Имајући на уму да се у граматикама на руском језику они издвајају као специфична група унутар глагола непарних по виду, те неуједначену класификацију модалних глагола, у датом чланку покушаћемо да укажемо на видски статус модалних глагола мочь и желать у руском, тј. моћи и желети у српском језику. Сагледава се и граматички статус изведеница наведених модалних глагола и њихов статус у аспектосистему анализираних двају словенских језика.

هدفت الدراسة إلى وضع رؤية مقترحة لتعزيز الريادة الاستراتيجية بجامعة بني سويف باستخدام حدائق التکنولوجيا، من خلال التعرف على الأبعاد الفلسفية للريادة الاستراتيجية، وکذلک الأبعاد الفلسفية لحدائق التکنولوجيا، وتوضيح دورها في تدعيم الريادة الاستراتيجية، فضلاً عن التعرف على واقع ومعوقات الريادة الاستراتيجية بجامعة بني سويف، ووضع رؤية مقترحة مستندة إلى الإطارين النظري والميداني، واستخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي، کما استخدمت الدراسة استبانة للتعرف على واقع ومعوقات الريادة الاستراتيجية بالجامعة، طبقت على عينة قوامها (51) من قيادات جامعة بني سويف.
      وتتمثل أهم نتائج الدراسة في وجود بعض نقاط القصور في الريادة الاستراتيجية بالجامعة منها ضعف سعي الجامعة لاستقطاب الأساتذة المبدعين والمبتکرين، وضعف اهتمامها بالتأهيل المهني المستمر للجهاز الإداري، وقلة الأنشطة الداعمة للابتکار والإبداع بالجامعة، وضعف تخطيط الجامعة لإنشاء فروع لها في أماکن جديدة، فضلاً عن قلة الدخول في مشروعات مرتفعة العوائد عالية المخاطر، وضعف استثمارات الجامعة في التکنولوجيا عالية التقنية، وأيضاً ضعف التعاون مع مؤسسات القطاع الخاص وإقامة الشراکات مع رجال الأعمال، کما تتمثل أهم معوقات الريادة الاستراتيجية للجامعة في المقاومة الاجتماعية للأفکار الجديدة والتغيير، وعدم وجود حاضنات أعمال في الجامعة، وقد قدم الباحثان رؤية مقترحة لتدعيم الريادة الاستراتيجية بالجامعة باستخدام حدائق التکنولوجيا تقوم على بعدين أساسيين هما التخطيط لإنشاء حدائق التکنولوجيا، وتوظيف تلک الحدائق في تعزيز الريادة الاستراتيجية بالجامعة.

6.2 Nefinitni glagolski oblici (infinitiv, participi, gerund) 6.3 Nefinitni glagoli kao glagolske dopune 6.4 Nefinitni glagoli u adverbijalnim klauzama Apsolutne konstrukcije 6.5 Klauze bez glagola 6.6 Ostale upotrebe infinitiva i participa 6.7 Engleski gerund (glagolska imenica)

The traditional narrative of machine translation (MT) begins in the 1950s with Weaver and the Georgetown–IBM experiment. But in fact, the story had started much earlier: as early as 1929, Federico Pucci introduced his “mechanical translator,” anticipating by a quarter century ideas that would only be rediscovered in the computer age.

Departing from the concept of lexicon as a system and based on the Government and Binding Theory , the idiosyncratic pieces of information of nominal lexical structures aimed to be projected syntactically are identified. It is assumed the existence of a determining sintagma in which operations of quantification, of number attribution and, eventually, of genre take place. This is shaped in the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) to be exploited in systems of automatic treatment.

Dwa główne tematy artykułu to: projekcja "fokusu" w frazie werbalnej oraz sposób integracji okolicznika z tego typu frazą. Na początku postawionych jest kilka kwestii koncepcyjnych i empirycznych w stosunku do propozycji Hornsteina (2009) w tym zakresie. Uznaje się tam, że okoliczniki dodane są do struktury składniowej z użyciem prostej operacji "Połącz" (a nie operacji "Scal") i przez to są zawieszone "luźno" w strukturze. Jednak przy tym rozwiązaniu nie da się uniknąć niekorzystnej zasady "derywacyjnej antycypacji" (ang. look-ahead). Takie rozwiązanie jest też trudne do pogodzenia z realizacją funkcji okolicznika, którą jest modyfikacja wydarzenia wyrażonego przez czasownik. Dodatkowo, nie jest jasne dlaczego integracja w strukturze, konieczna dla przesunięcia, ma być warunkiem wystarczającym dla projekcji fokusu. Następnie przedstawiona jest klasyfikacja polskich konstrukcji z przesuniętą do przodu frazą czasownikową. Wyróżnia się...

The two main topics of the paper are VP focus projection and the integration of adjuncts in VPs. First, a few conceptual and empirical questions are raised to Hornstein’s (2009) account of VP focus projection which is based on the “pure Concatenate/dangling off&r

Algoritmik manipülasyon, dijital platformların algoritmaları aracılığıyla kullanıcıların algı, tercih ve davranışlarını gizliden etkilemesi olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu olgu, kullanıcı verilerinin toplanıp işlenmesiyle içerik akışının kullanıcının farkında olmadığı biçimde yönlendirilmesini içerir. Kısaca, algoritmik sistemler bireylerin karar süreçlerini kendi amaçları doğrultusunda şekillendirir. Bu şekillendirme, insan psikolojisinin zafiyetlerinden ve sosyal dinamiklerden faydalanan sofistike ve sistematik bir yönlendirme olarak görülmektedir[1]. Algoritmik manipülasyon, çoğu zaman dijital platformların hiper-optimizasyon çabalarının bir yan ürünü olarak "kendiliğinden" ortaya çıkmakta, kullanıcı davranışlarını belirli hedeflere doğru ince ayarlı müdahalelerle çekmektedir[2].

This article examines the system of combinations of cardinal numerals with their associatednouns in the Synodal First Copy of the Extended Edition of Russkaya Pravda, in comparison withthe Troitsky First Copy. Numerals remain one of the least studied parts of speech in the Russian
language, especially from a diachronic perspective. There are still aspects of their development as anindependent part of speech that are insufficiently clarified and require further investigation.
In Old Russian, words denoting numbers were not typically regarded as numerals in the grammatical sense of an independent part of speech. Instead, they were primarily linked by their shared semantic meaning. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of all combinations of cardinal
numerals with associated nouns in the examined document. These combinations were grouped, categorized, and systematically analyzed.
The research focuses on deviations from established norms in quantitative constructions. Particular attention is given to numeral-noun combinations that diverge from the grammatical standards of Old Church Slavonic (Russian recension), Old Russian, and early Russian Church Slavonic. These
deviations shed light on the processes influencing numeral syntax and morphology during this period.
The findings suggest that the text under study exhibits distinctive features that differ from the typical processes through which cardinal numerals acquired their general morphological and syntactic properties.
Keywords: Old Russian numerals, history of the Russian language, historical syntax.

hallazgos corresponden a la evaluación de los aprendizajes de veinte espacios académicos. La información se recolectó de dos estudiantes por espacio académico, en los casos en que la información suministrada por los estudiantes fue insuficiente, se hizo con los docentes. La información se categorizó desde la teoría triárquica de la inteligencia de Robert J. Sternberg (1990) con respecto a los usos del conocimiento, esto es, el conocimiento con un propósito analítico, creativo y práctico. Se halló que la evaluación de los aprendizajes va desde evaluar un conocimiento memorístico, es decir, un conocimiento textual, hasta evaluaciones exigentes intelectualmente por involucrar los tres razonamientos: el analítico, el creativo y el práctico. El razonamiento analítico se estimula en la evaluación de la mayoría de los espacios académicos, el analítico crítico y el creativo son los que menos se estimulan, seguido del razonamiento práctico.

The problem of defining and categorising parentheticals is long-standing in the theoretical linguistic literature. While some Biblical Hebrew scholarship has touched on this area, previous studies are almost exclusively concerned with narrative prose. In this essay I follow a variant of Holmstedt’s approach, appealing to a plurality of diagnostics for identifying parentheticals, while arguing that a prototype-theoretical approach best accounts for the diverse syntactic configurations which can constitute a parenthetical. Examples of parentheticals are identified and discussed from the books of Ezekiel and the Psalms—considered representative of prophetic and poetic literature—in the pursuit of advances both theoretical-linguistic and exegetical. In contrast to prose texts, care must be taken to account for line divisions and linear syntax in poetry. It will be shown that, despite serving distinct discourse functions from those in narrative prose, parentheticals are a prevalent syntactic configuration in prophetic and poetic literature of the Hebrew Bible.

COMP en veronderstelde projecties van COMP (Doctoraalscriptie, 1988)

**Abstract** 
This 1988 thesis introduces the XP-Dat exclamative construction in Dutch syntax, a term suggested by Hans den Besten. Presented at the TIN-day in Leiden in 1988, it explores the role of *dat* in exclamative clauses and its structural position in Spec-CP. Though unpublished, the analysis likely influenced later works by Bennis and Corver.

This study presents the findings of cross-sectional psycholinguistic research investigating the first-language acquisition of Turkish among heritage speakers in Germany. Studies in heritage language acquisition in the last decades have provided increasing evidence that heritage speakers do not always converge on the grammars of native speakers, which is predominantly explained in relation to estimates of reduced input and output conditions. Nonetheless, Montrul (2010) underlines the fact that estimates of input cannot be used as measurements and addresses the need for a well-established theoretical It would not have been possible to write this doctoral thesis without the help and support of many kind and wonderful people.

One’s culture is an integral part of personal identity, and a person’s name often speaks volumes about their cultural heritage and the society they belong to. With the arrival of Christianity in Africa, many people were given foreign names at baptism. Even though the faith was taught in local languages and liturgies were celebrated in traditional styles, new converts were told they needed the names of saints for baptism. This book seeks to foster genuine conversation on inculturation, offering the Tiv people the opportunity to bear baptismal names in their own language and to discover scriptural connections for such names.

This work deals with the acquisition of L2 English 's Genitive Constructions with Bare Proper Name possessors by native speakers of Italian. We investigated original L2 English data collected through a written elicitation test from a group of 94 Italian teen-agers learning L2 English in a formal environment. Results indicate that both Universal Grammar and transfer from the L1 are implied in the acquisition of these structures In Section 1 we compare Italian and English Possessive Constructions in the light of a model of possessive DPs; in Section 2 we present and discuss the experimental design and the results. In Section 3 we discuss the results and examine how 's Genitive Constructions are presented in a sample of textbooks for Italian teenagers. The conclusions are consistent with the view that a closer relation between L2 acquisition research and teaching materials should be pursued. • We thank Adriana Belletti, Valentina Bianchi and Luigi Rizzi for helpful comments. Special thanks are due to Simona Matteini. All errors and omissions are of course our own. For the specific concerns of the Italian Academy, Elisa Di Domenico has taken care of Section 1 and Section 3, Elisa Bennati of Section 2. This work is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Marica De Vincenzi

This discussion note engages with Martina Wiltschko's (2024) exploration of the relationship between language and emotions, particularly her proposal aimed at accounting for the unavailability of grammatical emotional categories and the potential for neurocognitive evidence to support a uniform approach. While the article opens up compelling theoretical and empirical directions, several aspects of the argumentation invite further clarification or critical reflection, as Wiltschko herself explicitly acknowledges. By examining some of these areas and occasionally adopting a devil's advocate perspective, this note aims to contribute to developing a nuanced understanding of the interplay between linguistic and emotional structure.

Los verbos dicendi, de comunicación o de actos de habla como decir, hablar, platicar, preguntar etc., denotan una actividad comunicativa que involucra tres participantes básicos asociados a diferentes roles semánticos: el emisor (agente), la información reportada (mensaje, cita, asunto) y el receptor (destinatario, interlocutor); otros participantes adicionales son el código y el medio. En lenguas particulares se ha observado que la estructura argumental de estos verbos varía dependiendo de su semántica y los participantes que se privilegian en la construcción particular. El objetivo central de esta tesis es explorar la estructura argumental de verbos dicendi en maya yucateco. A partir de un corpus textual de 280 cláusulas con verbos dicendi se examina la estructura argumental según los roles semánticos y funciones sintácticas que satisfacen cada uno de los participantes que aparecen en los datos. El análisis sigue la propuesta de Ibáñez (2008, 2010, 2011) y los pocos estudios en lenguas minoritarias sobre esta clase verbal (Guerrero 2011; Guerrero Ibáñez y Mejía 2022). En este estudio se establece el inventario de verbos dicendi de esta lengua maya, la tendencia de codificación (explícita, implícita) de cada participante, las preferencias en la estructura argumental según los roles semánticos y la codificación morfosintáctica que muestra cada uno de los verbos bajo análisis.

En esta época ha habido grandes avances en muchas áreas del conocimiento, impulsados especialmente por el desarrollo de las tecnologías; sin embargo, se siguen presentando rezagos en la investigación de algunos campos de la lingüística. Es de sobra conocida la necesidad apremiante que hay de obras que analicen y reflexionen acerca de la lengua española, especialmente acerca de las variantes hispanoamericanas. Recordemos lo que al respecto señala Lara (2013:17), quien explica cuál fue su punto de partida en la minuciosa investigación que realizó para escribir acerca del desarrollo del español en sus múltiples ubicaciones: Me parece no sólo una necesidad, sino una obligación, tratar la historia del español en todos los territorios en que se habla; lamentablemente, o los estudios particulares sobre la historia del español en la mayor parte de los países hispanoamericanos son todavía demasiado exiguos y fragmentarios, o no los encontré en nuestras bibliotecas, por lo que, a pesar de esa necesidad, no he podido tratar el español de esas regiones como debiera ser […].

proposes that a projection called AxPart (Axial Part) exists below PlaceP. This projection dominates a KP whose head is realized by case-makers, explaining sequences such as from in front of the house [PathP -PlaceP -AxPartP -KP -DP]. In models such as Distributed Morphology where acategorial root-items merge with categorial heads (n_,v_ and a_) to give roots a syntactic identity, it is argued that root-items can be categorized by adpositional features (i.e. little p_) (Deacon , 2014a)). When this analysis is merged with the cartographic approach, it helps explain why the same form can operate as a Path, Place, and Directional preposition. More importantly, by viewing AxPart as a root-node categorized by p_, the different syntactic properties between /a-/ and /be-/ prefixed prepositions in contrast to other putative Ax-Part items in English can be explained. Mono-morphemic AxPart forms (e.g. front) must select a KP, bi-morphemic items (e.g. inside, outside) "optionally" select a KP, /be-/ prefixed forms do not select a KP, and /a-/ prefixed forms either select a KP, "optionally" select a KP or cannot select a KP. To explain this, it is proposed that /be-/ corresponds with a case feature while /a-/ is underspecified for case.

В статье обозначается пространство функционального взаимодействия двух типов модификаторов пропозиции – сентенциальных наречий и предикативов. Устанавливаются семантические группы лексем, которые в данных функциях очень ограниченно формируют синонимичные структуры или не коррелируют вовсе.
Ключевые слова: предикатив; наречие; сентенциальное наречие; сфера действия; наречие с плавающей сферой действия.
The article reveals the field of functional interaction between two types of propositional modifiers – sentential adverbs and predicatives. The author identifies semantic groups of lexemes that are significantly limited in their ability to form
synonymous structures or do not correlate at all.
Keywords: predicative; adverb; sentential adverb; scope; adverb with floating scope.

The study examined heritage speaker grammars and to what extent they diverge with respect to grammatical gender from adult L2 learners. Results from a preference task involving code-mixed Determiner Phrases (DPs) and code-mixed copula constructions show a difference between these two types of operations. Heritage speakers patterned with the control group of L1 Spanish/L2 English speakers for the copula/agreement constructions but differed from the control group for the DP conditions. We argue that it may be the case that the two operations (concord versus agreement) are processed differently by heritage speakers and people raised monolingually. If this idea is on the right track, then it can be assumed that it is processing and not different underlying representations that are the cause of the differences among the groups.

There has been a growing interest in the examination of the steady state of simultaneous bilinguals. An understanding of what leads to the possible weaknesses in the grammar of early bilinguals can contribute to our understanding of the possible causes of the apparent ...

In an era defined by rapid technological evolution, digital publications are not only effective means of distribution; they also advance creativity, collaboration, and cultural impact. This paper explores the seven-year journey of Taper, a magazine for computational poetry, broadly defined, that invites computational creativity and uses a minimal design. By embracing deliberate constraints, including a restriction on program/poem size and different themes for different issues, Taper fosters innovation through remix culture, experimentation, and collaboration. These approaches nurture a dynamic community of practice at the intersection of literary art and programming while advancing grassroots strategies for sustainable growth and long-term viability. Reflecting on Taper's evolution, this paper illustrates how minimalist design principles and computational frameworks can amplify creative expression, strengthen community engagement, and cultivate ecosystems capable of addressing pressing societal challenges. These findings demonstrate how a collectively-edited project can spur artistic innovation and "creativity for change, " enabling lasting impact in a shifting creative landscape. CCS Concepts • Applied computing → Arts and humanities; • Social and professional topics → Sustainability; • Human-centered computing → Collaborative and social computing.

The claim that extant terminologies are optimal solutions in a space of all possible terminologies depends on invalidly assuming any partition of a set of genealogical relations is a possible kinship terminology. Instead, kinship terminologies have a particular type of logical/formal structure that is generative with categories providing for classification that is reciprocal. As a consequence, all terminologies, extant or hypothetical, are optimal solutions in the sense this term is used in the claim made about kinship terminologies.

In this paper we provide an analysis of meteorological verbs that allows us to account for their distribution in coordinated structures with a non-overt subject in the second conjunct, of the kind it snowed and covered the tracks, focusing on Spanish data. We argue that verbs like rain and snow, in their pure meteorological uses share with unergatives such as laugh the property of being denominal, and that in Spanish they appear in defective structural configurations that do not license a specifier for vP/VP or TP. We propose that (i) the nominal in the lexical derivation of meteorological predicates remains accessible for a limited range of syntactic processes and (ii) Spanish meteorological sentences are subject-less. Under these assumptions, we provide a novel analysis of apparent 'subject' omission in coordinated structures with meteorological predicates.

En las últimas décadas ha sido común escuchar el término ‘formación integral’ en los entornos escolares e institucionales. Sin embargo, las confusiones, ambigüedades y el uso indiscriminado de dicho concepto han generado una trivialización del mismo. Por ello, en el presente artículo de reflexión se realiza una exposición acerca de cómo se ha venido entendiendo la formación integral y cómo debería asumirse según su etimología y las teorías de las ciencias de la educación. Posteriormente, se propone relacionar el concepto de ‘formación integral’ con algunos modelos de pensamiento crítico, al igual que exponer su articulación curricular y funciones misionales de la formación universitaria.

This study examines the nature of the relationship between phonology and phonetics and advocates a modular view in which there is a principled mapping between phonological representations and phonetic expressions. In particular, this modular view is advocated by Laboratory Phonology that can be characterized by two beliefs. First, it is believed that there should be a division between phonetics and phonology. Second, there should be a considerable interconnection between them. Contrary to this modular view, other approaches are somewhat radical in that abstract phonological features are not associated with phonetic facts and that phonetics and phonology are integrated into a single module which is all phonetic. In favor of the modular theory, I propose a principle about phonology-phonetics interface: unmarked items display a wider range of phonetic realization but cannot be realized in a more marked way than their marked counterparts. One representative evidence would be that the higher pitch value of a tone compared with other tones has to be a phonological high tone rather than a low tone. Further discussions about phonology-phonetics interface are done with regard to speech perception and production. It is shown that perception and production data are valid when they are used as phonetic evidence to resolve phonological controversies. On the other hand, the P-map hypothesis seems invalid when dealing with some cases where speech production and perception do not match. (Dankook University)

Contrary to popular beliefs, idioms show a high degree of formal flexibility, ranging from word-like idioms to those which are like almost regular phrases. However, we argue that their meanings are not transparent, i.e. they are non-compositional, regardless of their syntactic flexibility. In this paper, firstly, we will introduce a framework to represent their syntactic flexibility, which is developed in Chae (2014), and will observe some consequences of the framework on the lexicon and the set of rules. Secondly, there seem to be some phenomena which can only be handled under the assumption that the component parts of idioms have their own separate meanings. However, we will show that all the phenomena, focusing on the behavior of idiom-internal adjectives, can be accounted for effectively without assuming separate meanings of parts, which confirms the non-transparency of idioms.

The Bangla discourse particle -to and the German discourse particle doch share a number of syntactic and semantic properties. Their phonetic similarity suggests a remote historical relation. While the latter part will only be mentioned and must remain for the specialists in Indo-European reconstruction, the present short study will highlight points of convergence between the two languages with respect to these particles along a series of concrete tests. The convergence appears to be more than accidental. * Thanks to Jogamaya Bayer for sharing her intuitions about Bangla, to Heinrich Hettrich, Rosemarie Lühr and Paul Kiparsky for useful historical information and especially to Probal Dasgupta for joint research and discussions of Bangla grammar, as well as to Sibansu Mukhopadhyay for compiling a corpus of Bangla sentences with -to. This article will also be published in: Dan, Mina & Aditi Ghosh (eds.