Fungal proteomics

Cloud computing is sharing of resources and its main advantages are SaaS, IaaS, PaaSas done with the providence of internet. Cloud computing has the feature of processing the data which is remotely placed. The people concern about three security problems in cloud. One is loss of trust, then multi tendency and finally loss of control. To address the loss of control problem, in this paper, I propose a decentralized Cloud Information Accountability(CLA) framework to keep track of the actual usage of the user’s data in the cloud associated with the introduction of the LOG file once the authentication is triggered. I provide a session key for the data download. I provide extensive experimental studies that demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approaches.

In einer Welt am ökologischen und spirituellen Kipppunkt rückt das meist übersehene Lebensreich der Pilze – die Funga – ins Zentrum einer transformativen Vision: als Architektin biologischer Systeme, als Brückenbauerin zwischen Geist und Materie, als Heilerin im wörtlichen wie im symbolischen Sinn. „Mystische Medizin“ entfaltet ein interdisziplinäres Panorama über die biologische, kulturelle und spirituelle Rolle von Pilzen. Es zeigt, wie Myzelnetzwerke nicht nur die Grundlage unserer Ökosysteme, sondern auch ein Modell für kollektive Intelligenz und planetare Heilung sein können.

Ausgehend von historischen Spuren psychedelischer und medizinischer Pilznutzung, über ökologische Leistungen bis hin zur globalen wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung der Funga, verbindet der Text aktuelle Forschung mit spirituellen Einsichten. Die Pilze erscheinen dabei als Schlüsselfiguren einer möglichen neuen Allianz zwischen Naturwissenschaften, Mystik und nachhaltiger Entwicklung. In einer Zeit wachsender Krisen ruft dieses Buch dazu auf, das Potenzial des Pilzreichs neu zu entdecken – als Mitgestalter einer regenerativen Zukunft für Körper, Geist und Planet.

Background: Many fungi cause pulmonary disease in HIV-infected patients. Pulmonary infections due to mycosis remain a major cause of both morbidity and mortality among HIV patients. HIV infection reduces the number and functionality of CD4 helper lymphocytes that direct and coordinate acquired immunity against most pathogens. The decrease in CD4+ T lymphocyte count leads to various opportunistic infections (OI) in HIV infected persons. Identification of the fungal species is important, as it helps in the initiation of specific antifungal therapy which improves the outcome of treatment. Systemic fungal infections are more frequent and sever in patients with HIV infection. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pulmonary fungal pathogens and their association with CD4+ lymphocyte count among HIVinfected patients. Method: A prospective cross sectional study was conduct at ALERT hospital from September, 2021 to April, 2022. Consented participants' information was collected using structured questionnaire. A total of 385 sputum and blood samples from HIV infected patients were collected aseptically by convenient sampling method and the sputum samples were inoculated into the sputum samples into SDA (Sabrouad's Dextrose Agar). Fungal culture identification was performed by studying the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of their colonies on SDA medium. Also Germ tube production test, CHROM agar test, Indian ink test and Lacto phenol cotton blue stain were used for further identification of fungal isolates and CD4+ T lymphocyte count were determined using BD FACSPristo machine. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Descriptive statistics and logistic regressions were used and P-value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Result: The prevalence of pulmonary fungal pathogens among HIV infected patient was 69.6% and nine different pulmonary fungal species were isolated from 268 cultures positive isolates. Candida Albicans and Aspergillus niger are among the predominant pulmonary fungal species and Cryptococcus species and Mucor specie showed the least. The highest pulmonary fungal isolates growth rate were observed from patients that have CD4+ T lymphocyte counts <200 cells/ml. Conclusion: The findings in this study reveal a high prevalence of pulmonary mycosis. It is higher among HIV infected patients with their immune status indicated by CD4+ cell counts <350 cell/ml. Pulmonary fungal infections in AIDS patients are a common and unrecognized problem. Early diagnosis is essential for effective management of the patients.

Mazumde et al. [15] observed Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against some gram positive strains viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtillis, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Lactobacillus arabinosus and gram negative strains E. Coli, Shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, shigella boydii, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis and Vibrio cholerae by using citrinin. Antioxidant JBIR-124 [16], Cytotoxic penicitrinols C and E, topo IIαinhibitory tricitrinol B and the cytotoxic dicitrinone B [17]. The isolation of five polyketides including two benzopyranones, one isochroman

Mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Mucormycosis has been reported to show resistance to available antifungal drugs and was recently found in COVID-19 as a co-morbidity that demands new classes of drugs. In an attempt to find novel inhibitors against the high-affinity iron permease (FTR1), a novel target having fundamental importance on the pathogenesis of mucormycosis, 11,000 natural compounds were investigated in this study. Virtual screening and molecular docking identified two potent natural compounds [6′,7,7,10′,10′,13′-hexamethylspiro[1,8-dihydropyrano[2,3-g]indole-3,11′-3,13-diazatetracyclo[5.5.2.01,9.03,7]tetradecane]-2,9,14′-trione and 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(2,2,8,8-tetramethylpyrano[2,3-f]chromen-6-yl)chromen-4-one] that effectively bind to the active cavity of FTR1 with a binding affinity of −9.9 kcal/mol. Multiple non-covalent interactions between the compounds and the active residues of this cavity were noticed, which is required for FTR1 inhibition. These compounds were found to have inhibitory nature and meet essential requirements to be drug-like compounds with a considerable absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profile with no toxicity probabilities. Molecular dynamics simulation confirms the structural compactness and less conformational variation of the drug-protein complexes maintaining structural stability and rigidity. MM-PBSA and post-simulation analysis predict binding stability of these compounds in the active cavity. This study hypothesizing that these compounds could be a potential inhibitor of FTR1 and will broaden the clinical prospects of mucormycosis.

Chromoblastomycosis is the infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It can disseminate to distant tissues secondarily by hematogeous and lymphatic routes. In our search of the literature, we found only one case that showed involvement of the underlying bone. In this paper, we report an unusual case in which cutaneous chromoblastomycosis involved the flexor-pronator muscle group in the forearm, which presented as a stiff elbow. This case occurred in northeastern India, which is not endemic for this infection.

An experiment was conducted at Plant Pathology Section, College of Agriculture, Nagpur during 2023-2024. Seven days sporulated culture of Trichoderma harzianum mother culture was obtained from Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Dr. PDKV, Akola and it was subjected to chemical mutagenesis with ethyl methyl sulphonate (EMS) and hydroxyl amine (HA) @ 150μl/ml and 200μl/ml and physical mutagenesis with ultraviolet (UV) rays @ 254 nm wavelength. The time
durations for Chemicals mutagenesis treatments were 45 and 60 minutes and time for physical mutagenesis treatments was 3, 6 and 9 minutes. It was observed that the maximum mycelial growth inhibition of R. solani was exhibited by mutants ThMU-2 (T10) and ThME-3 (T7) i.e. 74.31 and 74.07 percent. It was observed that the maximum mycelial growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporium f.sp.ciceri was exhibited by mutants ThMU-2 (T10) i.e. 73.88 percent. It was observed that the maximum
mycelial growth inhibition of Rhizoctonia bataticola was exhibited by mutants ThMU-2 (T10) i.e. 67.79 percent. The highest mycelial growth inhibition of Sclerotium rolfsii by ThMH-4 (T4) and ThMH-2 (T2) i.e.75.92 and 72.59 per cent.

A low-molecular-weight (7000), heat-stable protein-HU-that stimulates transcription of bacteriophage X DNA by E. coli RNA polymerase was purified from E. coli extracts using affinity chromatography on DNA-cellulose. HU binds to native DNA, resulting in an apparent thickening of the DNA chains as revealed by electron microscopy. Contrary to DNA unwinding proteins, it causes no destabilization of the double helix. HU differs from previously described transcription factors (HI, D, etc.) and from the lowmolecular-weight w subunit of the RNA polymerase. By its amino-acid composition and characteristics, HU displays an interesting. resemblance to some eukaryotic histones, such as H2B and Hi.

The microcolonial black fungus Cryomyces antarcticus is an extremophile organism growing on and in rock in the Antarctic desert. Ecological plasticity and stress tolerance make it a perfect model organism for astrobiology. 2D-gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry were performed to explore the protein repertoire, which allows the fungus to survive in the harsh environment. Only a limited number of proteins could be identified by using sequence homologies in public databases. Due to the rather low identification rate by sequence homology, this study reveals that a major part of the proteome of C. antarcticus varies significantly from other fungal species.

Black microcolonial fungi and black yeasts are inhabitants of extreme environments like vulcanic, desert and polar regions, where they are exposed to enhanced temperature alterations and desiccation. They have developed, therefore, extraordinary biologic characteristics which are mainly based on the expression of proteins, however, these are rarely studied and known. The review article presented here is focused on the obstacles and solutions for the proteomic analyses of this very particular fungal species.

Group contribution methods are suitable tools for estimating many physicochemical properties of pure compounds and mixtures. The classical group contribution method decomposes each chemical compound into first, second, and third-order functional groups based on its molecular structure. The most significant advantage of these methods is that they need only the compounds chemical structure without any other input information. From these approaches, structural fragments and subsequent group contribution methods can be established. The knowledge of the molecular structure and its decomposing into molecular fragments can optimize the production of biosynthesis compounds for chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The current research proposes an innovative group contribution application as selection criteria to culture media carbon and nitrogen sources. The concept is based on group contribution to identifying molecular fragments present in tacrolimus structure. Tacrolimus is a macrolide...

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous endemic mycosis caused by species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. The most common clinical form of the disease is lymphocutaneous, while the fixed cutaneous and disseminated cutaneous forms are rare. Moreover, it is more prevalent in immunocompetent individuals. In this study, we present two cases of sporotrichosis with uncommon clinical forms: fixed cutaneous (Case 1) and disseminated cutaneous (Case 2). Both cases were diagnosed in immunocompetent males from endemic regions in Mexico, who had at least 1 year of evolution without improvement in response to prior nonspecific treatments. The diagnosis of sporotrichosis caused by S. schenckii sensu stricto was established through the isolation of the pathogen and its identification through the amplification of a 331 bp fragment of the gene encoding calmodulin. In both cases, improvement was observed after treatment with potassium iodide. Cases 1 and 2 illustrate the rarity of these clinical forms ...

The marine environment is an important source of specialized metabolites with valuable biological activities. Xanthones are a relevant chemical class of specialized metabolites found in this environment due to their structural variety and their biological activities. In this work, a comprehensive literature review of marine xanthones reported up to now was performed. A large number of bioactive xanthone derivatives (169) were identified, and their structures, biological activities, and natural sources were described. To characterize the chemical space occupied by marine-derived xanthones, molecular descriptors were calculated. For the analysis of the molecular descriptors, the xanthone derivatives were grouped into five structural categories (simple, prenylated, O-heterocyclic, complex, and hydroxanthones) and six biological activities (antitumor, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal, antiviral, and miscellaneous). Moreover, the natural product-likeness and the drug-likeness of m...

Ubiquitin-proteasome dependent protein degradation plays a fundamental role in the regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Cell cycle transitions between different phases are tightly regulated to prevent uncontrolled cell proliferation, which is characteristic of cancer cells. To understand cell cycle phase specific regulation of the 26S proteasome and reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway during cell cycle progression, we have carried out comprehensive characterization of cell cycle phase specific proteasome interacting proteins (PIPs) by QTAX analysis of synchronized yeast cells. Our efforts have generated specific proteasome interaction networks for the G1, S, and M phases of the cell cycle and identified a total of 677 PIPs, 266 of which were not previously identified from unsynchronized cells. On the basis of the dynamic changes of their SILAC ratios across the three cell cycle phases, we have employed a profile vector-based clustering approach and identified 20 functionally significant groups of PIPs, 3 of which are enriched with cell cycle related functions. This work presents the first step toward understanding how dynamic proteasome interactions are involved in various cellular pathways during the cell cycle.

The KMM 4639 strain was identified as Amphichorda sp. based on two molecular genetic markers: ITS and β-tubulin regions. Chemical investigation of co-culture marine-derived fungi Amphichorda sp. KMM 4639 and Aspergillus carneus KMM 4638 led to the identification of five new quinazolinone alkaloids felicarnezolines A–E (1–5), a new highly oxygenated chromene derivative oxirapentyn M (6) and five previously reported related compounds. Their structures were established using spectroscopic methods and by comparison with related known compounds. The isolated compounds showed low cytotoxicity against human prostate and breast cancer cells but felicarnezoline B (2) protected rat cardiomyocytes H9c2 and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against CoCl2-induced damage.

The possibility of immobilization of scandium and other chemical elements by biogenic materials derived from an aquatic macrophyte was explored. The concentrations of scandium and some other chemical elements were measured in the dried biomass (mortmass) of aquatic plants Myriophyllum aquaticum. In the experiments, the mortmass was incubated in aquatic systems where some chemical elements were added to the aquatic medium. After the incubation, the concentrations of these chemical elements in the mortmass were measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), also referred to as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Increases in the concentrations of scandium and some other chemical elements (Ce, In, Se, Ru, Pd, U, and Zr) were observed in the biogenic material.

Background: This is a retrospective, analytic observational study where we describe cases of sporotrichosis and mycetoma from Acapulco General Hospital and Community Dermatology Mexico C.A. over 25 years. Analysis of environmental features that favour the development of such diseases has been made, as well as the limitations in the study and treatment of such diseases in resource poor settings. Methods: We reviewed the information on 76 sporotrichosis and 113 mycetoma patients out of a total of 14,000 consultations at Acapulco General Hospital and from Community Dermatology clinics. We analysed the epidemiological and mycological characteristics and the investigations used for diagnosis such as direct examination, culture, intradermal test reactions, and biopsy. Results: In total 91 confirmed cases of actinomycetoma, 22 of eumycetoma and 76 of sporotrichosis have been identified including diagnostic studies for both diseases and their treatment. Discussion: The results obtained have been analysed and interpreted in patients with mycetoma and sporotrichosis in the state of Guerrero, México, along with limitations in their management in areas with limited economic and logistical resources. The prevalence of mycetoma in our setting is compared with other centres where patients from all over the country are seen. The possible causes for variations in prevalence in specific areas has been looked for, in one of the poorest states of the Mexican Republic.

Transcriptome and ribosome sequencing have revealed the existence of many non-canonical transcripts, mainly containing splice variants, ncRNA, sORFs and altORFs. However, identification and characterization of products that may be translated out of these remains a challenge. Addressing this, we here report on 552 non-canonical proteins and splice variants in the model organism C. elegans using tandem mass spectrometry. Aided by sequencing-based prediction, we generated a custom proteome database tailored to search for non-canonical translation products of C. elegans. Using this database, we mined available mass spectrometric resources of C. elegans, from which 51 novel, non-canonical proteins could be identified. Furthermore, we utilized diverse proteomic and peptidomic strategies to detect 40 novel non-canonical proteins in C. elegans by LC-TIMS-MS/MS, of which 6 were common with our meta-analysis of existing resources. Together, this permits us to provide a resource with detailed ...

Plant terpenoids compose a natural source of chemodiversity of exceptional value. Many of these compounds own biological/pharmacological activity, others are regarded as unique chemical skeletons for the synthesis of derivatives with improved properties. Functional chemical modification of terpenoids through biotransformation frequently relies on the use of Ascomycota strains, but information on major cellular responses is still largely lacking. Penicillium janczewskii mediates a stereo-selective hydroxylation of labdanolic acid (LA)-terpenoid found abundantly in Cistus ladanifer-producing 3β-hydroxy-labdanolic acid with yields &gt;90%. Herein, combined analyses of mycelial and extracellular differential proteomes demonstrated that the plant terpenoid increased stress responses, especially against oxidative stress (e.g., accumulation of superoxide dismutase) and apparently altered mitochondria functioning. One putative cytochrome P450 monooxygenase differentially accumulated in the ...

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) represents a critical concern worldwide due to its toxicity and recalcitrance to degradation. The capacity of Mucor plumbeus to transform PCP into several detoxification metabolites, including tetrachlorohydroquinone and several phase II conjugates, was observed by LC-HRMS. The data obtained support the degradation pathway proposed previously. PCP effects in M. plumbeus, an unsequenced species, were investigated using a proteomics approach (bidimensional gel electrophoresis followed by MALDI TOF/TOF analyses). The mycelial proteins identified in the differentially accumulated spots allowed the identification of PCP responsive proteins. The presence of PCP increased the energy demand, altered the cell wall architecture and cytoskeleton and induced a significant stress response. The latter was emphasised by the up-accumulation of protein species associated with defence mechanisms (e.g. HSP70 and cytochrome c peroxidase). Overall the data produced corroborate the capability of PCP to uncouple oxidative-phosphorylation in mitochondria. Importantly, one of the identified mycelial protein species, a NAD-and Zn-dependent ADH, is likely to be involved in PCP degradation. Amongst the fungal secretome analysed, no putative PCP degradative enzymes were detected. This work constitutes the first toxicoproteomic study involving a Zygomycota fungus and the very first concerning the effect of PCP in a fungal proteome.

Fusarium wilt caused by soil borne ascomycetes fungi Fusarium oxysporum which has host-specific forms known as formae speciales (ff. spp.), apparently requires plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDE) for successful invasion. In this study, 12 F. oxysporum ff. spp. were taken for genome-wide annotation and comparative analysis of CAZymes, with an assessment of secretory PCWDE and orthologues identification in the three legumes infecting ff. spp. Further, transcriptomic analysis in two legumes infecting ff. spp. using publically available data was also done. The comparative studies showed Glycoside hydrolase (GH) families to be abundant and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) formed two distinct clusters of ff. spp. based on the CAZymes modules and families. Nearly half of the CAZymes in the legumes infecting ff. spp. coded for signal peptides. The orthologue clusters of secretory CAZymes common in all the three legume infecting ff. spp. mostly belonged to families of AA9, GH28, CE5 and PL1 and the expression analysis revealed the abundant PCWDE were differentially expressed in these legumes infecting ff. spp. Therefore, this study gave an insight into the distribution of CAZymes especially extracellular PCWDE in legumes infecting ff. spp. with further shedding light onto some of the key PCWDE families through differential expression analysis.

The deep mycoses are uncommon in our setting. These fungal infections occur mainly in immunosuppressed patients or in tropical climates, and include subcutaneous infections and systemic infections. The skin is always involved in the former. In the first part of this review, we describe the main subcutaneous mycoses: sporotrichosis, chromoblastomycosis, mycetoma, phaeohyphomycosis, hyalohyphomycosis, and lacaziosis. Early recognition and treatment is important, as these infections are frequently associated with high morbidity.

This editorial provides a brief overview of the 12th International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) Student Council Symposium and the 4th European Student Council Symposium held in Florida, USA and The Hague, Netherlands, respectively. Further, the role of the ISCB Student Council in promoting education and networking in the field of computational biology is also highlighted.

Sporotrichoid lymphocutaneous infection is an uncommon syndrome that is often misdiagnosed and improperly treated. Of the several hundred cases seen each year in the United States, the majority are caused by Sporothrix schenckii, Nocardia brasiliensis, Mycobacterium marinum or Leishmania brasiliensis. The "sporotrichoid" disease begins at a site of distal inoculation and leads to the development of nodular lymphangitis. Systemic symptoms are characteristically absent. By recognizing the distinct pattern of nodular lymphangitis and focusing on the diverse but limited etiologies, the physician can obtain the appropriate histologic and microbiologic studies and start targeted antimicrobial therapy. Therapy is generally continued for two to three months after the resolution of cutaneous disease.

Proteomics of drug-resistant HIV-associated candidiasis 1Abrantes PMDS, 2Bouic PJD, 1Africa CWJ 1 Microbial Endogenous Infections Studies (MEnIS) Research Laboratories, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa, 2Synexa Life Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa Introduction Results The isolated species included C. albicans (n=198), C. glabrata (n=36), C. dubliniensis (n=11), Candida tropicalis (n=4), Candida krusei (n=3) and either Candida kefyr, Candida parapsilopsis, or Candida lusitaneae (n=2), with Cameroonian patients harbouring double the species of their South African counterparts. Drug resistance to different classes of antifungals was found to be widespread, especially in the case of azole drugs. Fluconazole-resistant Candida isolates run on SDS-PAGE expressed proteins with molecular weights consistent with that of tropiase (a 24kDa acid proteinase enzyme associated with increased Candida virulence) and exoglucanase (a 44kDa pro...

Oceans have shown to be a remarkable source of natural products. The biological properties of many of these compounds have helped to produce great advances in medicinal chemistry. Within them, marine natural products containing an oxepanyl ring are present in a great variety of algae, sponges, fungus and corals and show very important biological activities, many of them possessing remarkable cytotoxic properties against a wide range of cancer cell lines. Their rich chemical structures have attracted the attention of many researchers who have reported interesting synthetic approaches to these targets. This review covers the most prominent examples of these types of compounds, focusing the discussion on the isolation, structure determination, medicinal properties and total synthesis of these products.

Western blotting (WB) is widely used to test antibody specificity, but the assay has low throughput and precision. Here we show that an inverted version of WB allows parallel readout with antibody arrays, shotgun mass spectrometry (MS) and immunoprecipitation followed by MS (IP-MS). The pipeline provides means for largescale implementation of concepts proposed by an international working group on antibody validation (IWGAV).

Group contribution methods are suitable tools for estimating many physicochemical properties of pure compounds and mixtures. The classical group contribution method decomposes each chemical compound into first, second, and third-order functional groups based on its molecular structure. The most significant advantage of these methods is that they need only the compounds chemical structure without any other input information. From these approaches, structural fragments and subsequent group contribution methods can be established. The knowledge of the molecular structure and its decomposing into molecular fragments can optimize the production of biosynthesis compounds for chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The current research proposes an innovative group contribution application as selection criteria to culture media carbon and nitrogen sources. The concept is based on group contribution to identifying molecular fragments present in tacrolimus structure. Tacrolimus is a macrolide lactone originally obtained from fermentation of Streptomyces tsukubaensis broth. This drug decreases the occurrence and severity of refractory rejection episodes. In addition, tacrolimus is recommended for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In order to investigate the application of the group contribution, tacrolimus molecular structure and fermentation results of this macrolide were analyzed. This approach can enhance productivity of this important immunosuppressant.

The opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans causes a wide variety of infections including deep systemic syndromes. The C. albicans plasma membrane is an important interface in the host–pathogen relationship. The plasma membrane proteins mediate a variety of functions, including sensing and signalling to the external environment, in which the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored membrane proteins play a crucial role. A subproteomic approach to obtain a global picture of the protein composition of the C. albicans plasma membrane was developed, and different strategies were tested in order to extract the largest number of yeast plasma membrane proteins and GPI‐anchored membrane proteins. These methods involved: (i) protoplast generation, (ii) mechanical disruption, (iii) ultracentrifugation in sucrose gradients, and (iv) Na2CO3 treatments. To isolate GPI‐anchored proteins two additional steps were performed: two‐phase separation and phosphatidylinositol‐phospholipas...

Candida albicans public proteomic data sets, though growing steadily in the last few years, still have a very limited presence in online repositories. We report here the creation of a C. albicans PeptideAtlas comprising near 22000 distinct peptides at a 0.24 % False Discovery Rate (FDR) that account for over 2500 canonical proteins at a 1.2% FDR. Based on data from 16 experiments, we attained coverage of 41% of the C.albicans open reading frame sequences (ORFs) in the database used for the searches. This PeptideAtlas provides several useful features, including comprehensive protein and peptide-centered search capabilities and visualization tools that establish a solid basis for the study of basic biological mechanisms key to virulence and pathogenesis such as dimorphism, adherence, and apoptosis. Further, it is a valuable resource for the selection of candidate proteotypic peptides for targeted proteomic experiments via selected reaction monitoring (SRM) or SWATH-MS.

Better prognostic predictors for invasive candidiasis (IC) are needed to tailor and individualize therapeutic decisionmaking and minimize its high morbidity and mortality. We investigated whether molecular profiling of IgG-antibody response to the whole soluble Candida proteome could reveal a prognostic signature that may serve to devise a clinical-outcome prediction model for IC and contribute to known IC prognostic factors. By serological proteome analysis and data-mining procedures, serum 31-IgG antibody-reactivity patterns were examined in 45 IC patients randomly split into training and test sets. Within the training cohort, unsupervised two-way hierarchical clustering and principal-component analyses segregated IC patients into two antibody-reactivity subgroups with distinct prognoses that were unbiased by traditional IC prognostic factors and other patients-related variables. Supervised discriminant analysis with leave-one-out cross-validation identified a five-IgG antibody-reactivity signature as the most simplified and accurate IC clinical-outcome predictor, from which an IC prognosis score (ICPS) was derived. Its robustness was confirmed in the test set. Multivariate logistic-regression and receiver-operating-characteristic curve analyses demonstrated that the ICPS was able to accurately discriminate IC patients at high risk for death from those at low risk and outperformed conventional IC prognostic factors. Further validation of the five-IgG antibody-reactivity signature on a multiplexed immunoassay supported the serological proteome analysis results. The five IgG antibodies incorporated in the ICPS made biologic sense and were associated either with good-prognosis and protective patterns (those to Met6p, Hsp90p, and Pgk1p, putative Candida virulence factors and antiapoptotic mediators) or with poor-prognosis and risk patterns (those to Ssb1p and Gap1p/Tdh3p, potential Candida proapoptotic mediators). We conclude that the ICPS, with additional refinement in future larger prospective cohorts, could be applicable to reliably predict patient clinical-outcome for individualized therapy of IC. Our data further provide insights into molecular mechanisms that may influence clinical outcome in IC and uncover potential targets for vaccine design and immunotherapy against IC. Molecular & Cellular

Lyme disease, the most common tick-borne disease in the United States, is caused by infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. While most patients with acute Lyme disease recover completely if treated with antibiotics shortly after the onset of infection, approximately 10–30% experience post-treatment symptoms and 5–10% have residual symptoms with functional impairment (post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome or PTLDS). These patients typically experience pain, cognitive problems, and/or fatigue. This narrative review provides a broad overview of Lyme disease, focusing on neuropsychiatric manifestations and persistent symptoms. While the etiology of persistent symptoms remains incompletely understood, potential explanations include persistent infection, altered neural activation, and immune dysregulation. Widely recognized is that new treatment options are needed for people who have symptoms that persist despite prior antibiotic therapy. After a brief discussion of treatment a...

Sporotrichosis is caused by fungi belonging to the genus Sporothrix, which saprophytically are found in plants and organic matter. However, cats are highly susceptible to contamination with fungal spores and, when they become sick, they can transmit it to other animals and to man. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review on the emergency, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, therapeutics, and control of zoonotic sporotrichosis. Published data covering the last 50 years using a combination of keywords were selected to answer the question: Why has the zoonotic sporotrichosis been a neglected disease up to now? A total of 135 studies were included in this review. The studies emphasize that in recent decades, Brazil has experienced an unprecedented zoonotic outbreak of sporotrichosis. Advances on the genus Sporothrix allowed one to associate thermotolerance, capacity for melanin synthesis, potential for adhesion to tissue macromolecules, ergosterol peroxide production, a...

Nowadays we are witnessing the consequences of humanity's negative attitudes toward nature. Over the years, natural balance has been undermined by the impact on nature. To date, however, it is the fate of mankind, its fate the next day, that dictates to solve just such issues. Efforts to implement cost-effective, environmentally friendly technologies, consistently conduct conservation activities, or improve industry-wide legislation in addressing environmental issues are not enough to address them. Raising the ecological culture of the population, rational treatment of the environment, and the formation of a sense of preservation of the benefits of nature for future generations are key factors in the prevention of anthropogenic influences. The importance of environmental education is also extremely high. This, in turn, plays an important role in the country's financial and economic growth. The sustainable development goals (SDGs) are a blueprint for a better and more sustainable future for all. In order to eradicate poverty, safeguard the world from natural disasters, and guarantee that everyone lives in peace and prosperity, SDGs have been established.

The enzyme invertase is very useful, especially in food industries. Invertase hydrolyzes the disaccharide sucrose into two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. Invertase was extracted from Aspergillus sp. CSA35, and studied using spectrophotometric methods for enzyme kinetics and determination of other factors affecting enzyme activities such as salt tolerance, pH, temperature and substrate specificity. The invertase secreted by Aspergillus sp. CSA35 has a substrate concentration (km) value of 1.25 mg/ml and maximum velocity (Vmax) of 15.15 U/mg protein. It is tolerant to salt concentrations of 3 M NaCl for 24 h and shows a broad range of substrate specificity. The enzyme activity was optimal at pH 6.0 and at a temperature of 50°C. The Vmax of the enzyme was high compared to other invertases from fungal sources, previously reported in literature. This invertase could be useful in commercial processes where high activity invertase with salt-tolerant and broad specific properties are required.

Fungal growth and development are coordinated with specific secondary metabolism. This coordination requires 8 of 74 F-box proteins of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. F-box proteins recognize primed substrates for ubiquitination by Skp1-Cul1-Fbx (SCF) E3 ubiquitin RING ligases and degradation by the 26S proteasome. 24 F-box proteins are found in the nuclear fraction as part of SCFs during vegetative growth. 43 F-box proteins interact with SCF proteins during growth, development or stress. 45 F-box proteins are associated with more than 700 proteins that have mainly regulatory roles. This corroborates that accurate surveillance of protein stability is prerequisite for organizing multicellular fungal development. Fbx23 combines subcellular location and protein stability control, illustrating the complexity of F-box mediated regulation during fungal development. Fbx23 interacts with epigenetic methyltransferase VipC which interacts with fungal NF-κB-like velvet domain regu...

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are conserved signalling cascades in eukaryotes which regulate a myriad of processes in fungi from sexual reproduction to stress responses. These pathways rely on recruitment of three kinases on a scaffold protein to facilitate efficient kinase phosphorylation and subsequent downstream signalling to the nucleus. The model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans utilises a MAPK pathway termed the pheromone module to regulate both development and secondary metabolism. This complex consists of the MAP3K (SteC), MAP2K (MkkB), MAPK (MpkB) and adaptor protein SteD. To date, there has been no scaffold protein identified for this MAPK pathway. In this study, we characterised a protein termed HamE, which we propose as a scaffold that regulates kinase phosphorylation and signalling in the pheromone module. Mass spectrometry analysis and BIFC experiments revealed that HamE physically interacts with both MkkB and MpkB and transiently interacts wi...

Bioinformatics has allowed for vast amounts of data, tools, knowledge, and technology to be created and collected. Large volumes of information have presented a problem with interpreting and using the majority of it. Bioinformatics is continuing to look for ways to utilize, connect, and condense all of this information for researchers to enable them to easily use and manipulate their research data, whether that is through data mining, manipulation, or using any other type of bioinformatics applications. This project provides a sampling of the types of information that can be obtained using specific tools and applications with a focus on the folate one-carbon system and breast cancer. At each step of our workflow we generated several results to better understand the FOCM behavior, supporting the relationship between the FOCM and the breast cancer disease, and new biological hypotheses that require experimental validations.

Mazumde et al. [15] observed Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against some gram positive strains viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtillis, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Lactobacillus arabinosus and gram negative strains E. Coli, Shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, shigella boydii, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis and Vibrio cholerae by using citrinin. Antioxidant JBIR-124 [16], Cytotoxic penicitrinols C and E, topo IIαinhibitory tricitrinol B and the cytotoxic dicitrinone B [17]. The isolation of five polyketides including two benzopyranones, one isochroman

ABSTRACTMycetoma is an infrequent subcutaneous infection caused by true fungi (eumycetoma) or aerobic actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). We report the case of a 62-year-old man with eumycetoma involving the left foot and ankle. Skin biopsy revealed black-brown grains, and in culture, a white colony fungus grew at day 8. Molecular sequencing using ITS1-ITS4 primers identified the species as Aspergillus sydowii. The patient was treated with itraconazole 200 mg twice daily and terbinafine 250 mg daily for 8 months, with complete response and no recurrence after 2.5 years of follow-up. Aspergillus sydowii is a saprotrophic fungus that rarely causes skin or nail disease. No cases of eumycetoma caused by this agent have been previously reported. As its geographic distribution continues to expand, it may increasingly be recognized as a cause of human disease.