Solid State Fermentation

This study investigated the production of citric acid from solid state fermentation of treated sugarcane bagasse using Aspergillus niger. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for the optimisation of fermentation conditions namely broth pH, fermentation time and substrate loading. A three-variable, three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) comprising 15 experimental runs was used to develop a statistical model for the optimisation of fermentation conditions. The optimal fermentation conditions that resulted in the maximum citric acid concentration were broth pH, 2.0; fermentation time, 6 days and substrate loading, 80 g/L. Under these conditions, the concentration of citric acid produced was 18.63 g/L. Validation of the model indicated no difference between predicted and observed values as seen in the high correlation between model predicted results and experimental results.Read Complete Article at ijSciences: V2201302156

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The development of green technologies and bioprocesses such as solid-state fermentation (SSF) is important for the processing of macroalgae biomass and to reduce the negative effect of Sargassum spp. on marine ecosystems, as well as the production of compounds with high added value such as fungal proteins. In the present study, Sargassum spp. biomass was subjected to hydrothermal pretreatments at different operating temperatures (150, 170, and 190 °C) and pressures (3.75, 6.91, and 11.54 bar) for 50 min, obtaining a glucan-rich substrate (17.99, 23.86, and 25.38 g/100 g d.w., respectively). The results indicate that Sargassum pretreated at a pretreatment temperature of 170 °C was suitable for fungal growth. SSF was performed in packed-bed bioreactors, obtaining the highest protein content at 96 h (6.6%) and the lowest content at 72 h (4.6%). In contrast, it was observed that the production of fungal proteins is related to the concentration of sugars. Furthermore, fermentation result...

Cellulase is important enzyme required for catabolism of cellulose into smaller sugars in the animal metabolism. Cellulose is plant polysaccharides and contained higher range of sugar moleculs those with help of suitable enzyme and microorganism can be used for conversion of sugar into biofuels to meet the requirements of energy. In the present study Cellulase was produce from corn straw by solid state fermentation with the help of Trichoderma. Reesei. The corn straw was supplemented with wheat bran for supply of essential elements ( N and C). The optimal experimental conditions like temperature, pH, time total water contents of substrate were selected for this study. It was observed that cellulase shows its maximum activity at when corn straw and wheat bran ration is 1:1 (water contents ratios 1:2 ). The optimal temperature 28 o C, pH 5.5 and time duration for maximum activity was 72 hours. Furthermore the fermented activity of FPase 119.41 U followed by CMCase 452.5 U was observed in the present study.

Martani, E., A. Marwata, and I.D. Prijambada. 1999. Lignin degradation in pulp mill effluents by white rot fungi and the role of urea addition. Biologi 2(7): 317-328 The ratio of C-N is important in lignin biodegradation by white rot fungi. This research was conducted to study degradation of lignin in pulp mill effluents by white rot fungi and the role of urea addition in the biodegradation. Culture selection was based on lignolytic activity and tolerancy to Chlor compound. Urea was added into the effluent to reach C-N ratio 10 or 20. Fermentation was conducted on a rotary shaker. The results showed that the effluent is potencial for causing enviommental pollution. Coriolus versicolor has highest lignolytic and tolerancy to Chlor compound compared with Phanerochaete sordida and P. chrysosporium. Inoculation of C. versicolor into 100% of pulp mill effluent and 10% of black liquor enhanced lignin degradation. Decolorization of pulp mill effluent, as a criterium of lignin degradation, was obtained either in inoculated and uninoculated treatments. However, C. versicolor inoculation showed a tendency enhancement of decolorization. Urea addition into black liquor increased the rate of lignin degradation and the growth of C. versicolor. Lignin degradation in black liquor with C-N ratio 10 was higher than those in higher ratios.

This study was aimed at identifying highly capable lignolytic microbes from nature for use in Solid State Fermentation (SSF) of rice straw. The SSF silage was prepared in laboratory scale, as the following treatments: uninoculated (control), Lactobacillus plantarum FCC 123 (LP), fiber-degrading fungi (Aspergillus sp.) from horse cecum (FF), and fiber-degrading bacteria (Enterococcus casseliflavus) from buffalo cecum (FB). Incubation was carried out for a month at room temperature. The observed parameters were: organic acids, water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), microorganism and nutrient composition. Rice straw SSF that was inoculated with LP showed the highest quality of fermentation, indicated by significant highest lactic acid bacteria (LAB) population, and has the lowest of poor bacteria indicators (coliform, aerobic bacteria, and bacilli). The LP treatment also has the highest LAB content and lowest WSC. Among treatments, FB treatment seems to have given a similar result with LP followed by FF. While the chemical composition seems unaffected by treatments. Compared with the fresh material, all fermentation with and without inoculants has reduced neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and increased acid detergent fiber (ADF), but there were no differences among all treatments. Inoculation of both LP and FB could improve rice straw SSF silage quality, but this system could not improve fiber degradation as well as in liquid state fermentation (LSF).

A low cost and energy intensive solid-state fermentation medium was formulated by employing poultry feather for the production of keratinase by Bacillus weihenstephanensis PKD5 following 'one variable at a time' (OVAT) and response surface methodology (RSM). After OVAT optimization, four most critical factors were identified with significant increase of enzyme production (2.95-fold). Among them, incubation period, incubation temperature, pH and nitrogen source (ammonium chloride) were further optimized statistically by Box-Behnken RSM. The results of analysis of variance and regression of the second-order model of RSM showed that among the parameters, fermentation time (2.85 d), temperature (34.12°C), pH (7.79) and ammonium chloride (0.5%) had the significant influences on keratinase production. Under the optimized conditions, a maximum enzyme production of 164.9 U/g was achieved, which was 3.17-fold higher. During further investigation on milk clotting property, the enzyme had shown the clotting activity of 43.6 SU/mL, suggesting its usefulness as new source of milk-coagulant for cheese making.

An acidophilic α-amylase from Aspergillus niger RBP7 was purified after solid state fermentation on potato peel substrate. Molecular mass of the purified α-amylase was 37.5 kDa and it exhibited 1.4 mg/ml and 0.992 μ/mol/min Km and Vmax values, respectively. The enzyme was stable in the pH range from 2.0 to 6.0, at high NaCl concentration (3 M) and at temperatures between 40 °C and 70 °C. The enzyme showed an optimal activity at pH 3.0 and at 45 °C. The enzyme was inhibited by Hg2+ and was stable in the presence of different surfactants (Tween 60, Tween 80, and SDS at 1% level) and different inhibitory reagents (β-mercaptoethanol, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and sodium azide). This acidophilic amylase enzyme can digest heterogeneous food materials, i.e. the mixture of rice, fish, bread and curry with comparable activity to the commercial diastase enzymes available.

Low cost agro-waste was used as adsorption support for single-step purification of endoglucanase from the culture filtrate of A. fumigatus ABK-9. Among various agro-waste substrates, 1% NaOH pretreated rice bran was proved to be the best for adsorbing about 74.8 and 71.1% of endoglucanase at 4 degrees C and 10 degrees C respectively. Langmuir type adsorption isotherm at 4 degrees C showed maximum adsorption of enzyme at pH 5.0, which was in the range of optimum pH of the enzyme. The rice bran column bound enzyme was maximally eluted by a mixture of acetate buffer (0.05 M, pH 5.5) and ethanol (40%, v/v) at a ratio of 3:2 and a flow rate of 1 mL/min. A 5.52-fold purification of the enzyme was achieved from culture supernatant. The specific activity and recovery yield after purification were 294.0 U/mg and 40.15%, respectively, which were comparable with other contemporary protocols. The homogeneity of the enzyme was tested through sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophor...

Se describe la producción de fitasa mediante cultivos del tipo sumergido (SmF) y sobre sustrato sólido (SSF) con Aspergillus ficuum DSM 932 en medios de cultivos basados en residuos de la agroindustria. La actividad enzimática fitásica se usó como medida indirecta de la producción de la enzima. En SmF, pH 5,3 y 25 ºC, se trabajó en fermentadores de diferentes volúmenes y con el mayor se operó con diferentes niveles de aireación y agitación. En SSF a 25 ºC se usaron placas de Petri. En SmF con un medio basado en cereales se presentó la mejor actividad neta (0,25 FTU/mL) al sexto día para 300 rpm y 0,5 vvm. En SSF, la torta de canola resultó ser el mejor sustrato con una actividad fitásica neta máxima al tercer día de 6,79 FTU/mL de extracto, equivalente a 33,96 FTU/g de sustrato sólido o 56,43 FTU/g de sustrato seco. Aplicando tecnologías de membrana se concentró un extracto de fitasa a partir de una SmF en medio basado en cereales y también fue posible purificar 6,33 veces un extracto de fitasa producido en SSF con torta de canola, diafiltrando tres veces consecutivas el retenido de 100 kDa. La enzima fitasa de la cepa A. ficuum DSM 932 mostró tener un tamaño ≥ 100 kDa.

The present study dealt with the production of enzyme xylanase by solid substrate fermentation using Trichoderma viride-IR05. Different substrates such as wheat bran, rice polish, rice husk, soybean meal, sunflower meal, sugarcane bagasse or corn cobs were evaluated for enzyme production. Of all the substrates evaluated, sugarcane bagasse was found to be best for enzyme synthesis. The substrate, sugarcane bagasse pretreated biologically, 2% H 2 SO 4 , 2.5% KOH or 3%H 2 O 2 . However 2.5% KOH gave maximum yield of enzyme as evidenced by the SEM analysis of the pretreated substrate. The cultural conditions were optimized for the production of xylanase in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask such as incubation period (seven days), substrate concentration (10 g), liquid to solid ratio (11:10), initial pH of diluent (4.5), incubation temperature (30 C) with inoculum size of 10%. Further supplementation of xylose, NaNO 3 or tryptone and tween-80 as additional carbon source, nitrogen and surfactant improved (72.4 AE 1.42 U/g) the titer of xylanase by T. viride-IR05, respectively.

The present study dealt with the production of endoglucanase by Trichoderma viride in solid state fermentation in 250ml Erlenmeyer flask at 40°C for seven days of fermentation period. Various substrates like corn cobs, rice husk, rice polish, soybean meal, sunflower meal, wheat bran and sugarcane bagasse were evaluated for endoglucanase production. Of all these substrates, sugarcane bagasse treated with 1% H SO 2 4 gave the better yield of enzyme production using Vogel's medium. CMC and peptone at concentration of 0.5% as additional carbon and nitrogen sources enhance the titer of endoglucanase. Further supplementation 0.01% tween-80 as a surfactant significantly improves the enzyme production by Trichoderma viride in solid state fermentation.

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is gaining interest for its potential to extract bioactive compounds from agro-industrial by-products, particularly macronutrient-related compounds. This review explored the composition of by-products from processed fruits such as grapes, apples, pomegranates, mangoes, and pineapples with focuses on the SSF technique and key factors influencing this bioprocess. The SSF method has been successfully used to extract phenolic compounds from waste products. However, there is a significant research gap focused on enhancing the carotenoid content in agro-industrial residues or using them as growth substrates for microorganisms that produce carotenoids. Additionally, there is limited research on the use of mango peels as a substrate for SSF to extract phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Addressing these research gaps would significantly contribute to the understanding and application of SSF for the extraction of bioactive compounds from agro-industrial by-products.

This research was evaluated the enhancement of essential amino acid (EAA) namely isoleucine, valine, methionine, lysine and tryptophan from soy pulp by using solid state fermentation. The EAAs were selected based on their importance and functions in fish nutrition. In this study, eight bacteria were isolated from solid state fermented soy pulp and screened for isoleucine, valine, methionine, lysine and tryptophan enhancement activities. The potential bacteria strain (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, and S8) were inoculated into solid state medium (soy pulp, 95.5%; yeast extract, 2%; ammonium sulphate, 2%; 0.5% glucose v/v) and subjected to solid state fermentation for eight days. The finding of screening test of bacteria S1 assay performed the highest total EAA bacteria (42.9 ± 19.50 gL -1 ). This was followed by S3 (28.2 ± 5.21 gL -1 ), S7 (23.2 ± 5.29 gL -1 ), S5 (18.8 ± 1.70 gL -1 ), S4 (30.0 ± 14.0 gL -1 ), S8 (19.9 ± 2.38 gL -1 ), S2 (20.3 ± 4.31 gL -1 ) and S6 (13.9 ± 0.46 gL -1 ). Bacteria strain S1 was then identified as Bacillus cereus (MH027625) by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay and sequencing. Therefore, the present bacteria isolate B. cereus (MH027625) can be used in enhancing EAA for aquaculture use.

In recent times, green technologies have gained space and interest in many industrial sectors. Examples of this are enzymes, which can be obtained by solid-state fermentation using microorganisms and agro-industrial residues as substrates. In this context, this study aimed to verify the production of hydrolases leading to Arthrobacter polychromogenes and Streptomyces violaceoruber strains as producers and the influence of moisture and residues of licuri [Syagrus coronata (Martius) Beccari] and wheat as substrates. The solid-state fermentation was performed at 28 °C/12 days, with different ratios of wheat bran/degreased almond licuri cake: 0/70%, 10/60%, 35/35%, 60/10% and 70/0%; and licuri peel, set at 30%. The medium moisture ranged from 29 to 67%. Licuri peel was added to facilitate aeration of the medium; wheat bran is commonly used to produce lipases and pectinases; and degreased almond licuri cake is the substrate of interest in this work, since it was inspired by the extractiv...

Background: The use of enzymes in various industrial processes has become increasingly frequent. When added to productive processes, it can accelerate reactions and generate a number of new products. The solid state fermentation (SSF), among other applications, has been employed also to obtain enzymes. Objective: The purpose of this prospection was to map registered patent documents about enzymes production by this type of fermentation in the world, identify the most obtained enzymes with patent documents and compilate information about the world and Brazilian enzyme markets. Methods: The experimental design was carried out by the keyword-driven scope through the advanced search in the Espacenet database European Patent Office (EPO). The keywords selected were solid-state fermentation and the International Patent Classification code, C12N9 (enzymes; proenzymes), for prospecting of interest. Results: In 2012, there was the higher number of registered patents (12). China holds 84% of ...

First of all, countless thanks to the creator of this mysterious universe "Allah" The most beneficent the most merciful, who grant me to think observe and courage to work. All respect for his last prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) who encouraged his follower to seek the knowledge.

Demand for microbial amylase production persists because of its immense importance in wide spectrum industries. The present work has been initiated with a goal of optimization of solid state fermentation condition for amylase using agroindustrial waste and microbial strain likeB. amyloliquefaciens(MTCC 1270). In an aim to improve the productivity of amylase, fermentation has been carried out in the presence of calcium (Ca+2), Nitrate (NO3−), and chloride ions (Cl−) as well as in the presence of D-inositol and mannitol. Amylase needs calcium ion for the preservation of its structure, activity and stability that proves beneficial also for amylase production using solid state fermentation. The inclusion of ions and sugars in the SSF media is promising which can be explained by the protection offered by them against thermal decay of amylase at various incubation periods at 37°C.

This study focuses on the production of Enzyme Alpha-glucosidase from biowastes such as apple and pear peels. We wanted to investigate the production of this enzyme at various pH levels, including 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Additionally, we observe the production at different incubation times, such as 24 hours and 48 hours. We used yeast to make the enzyme Alpha-glucosidase. We tested seven different pH levels to see which pH level shows the highest production of the enzyme. The production of the enzyme is maximum at pH levels of 7 and 8 when using apple peels. At the same time, the production is maximum at pH 4 and 7 by using pear peels. By maxing the peels of apples and pears, the production is maximum at pH 6 and 10. The optimum incubation time for the production of the enzyme is 24 hours.

Extracellular chitin deacetylase production by native soil isolates of Penicillium monoverticillium CFR 2 and Fusarium oxysporum CFR 8 in solid state fermentation (SSF) using commercial wheat bran (CWB) and shrimp processing by-products (SPP) as solid substrate has been studied. P. monoverticillium produced maximum chitin deacetylase activity of 547.7±45 and 390.2±31 units/g initial dry substrate (U/g IDS) at 96 h of incubation in CWB and SPP media, respectively. While, F. oxysporum produced maximum chitin deacetylase activity of 306.4±22 U/g IDS at 72 h of incubation in CWB medium and 220.1±20 U/g IDS at 120 h of incubation in SPP medium. Along with chitin deacetylase, P. monoverticillium and F. oxysporum produced other chitin degrading enzymes such as endochitinase and β-N-acetylhexosaminidase. P. monoverticillium produced maximum activity (U/g IDS) of endochitinase 4.6±0.20 at 120 h incubation and β-N-acetylhexosaminidase 82.6±03 at 120 h incubation in CWB medium. While, F. oxysporum produced maximum activity (U/g IDS) of endo-chitinase 7.8±0.20 at 144 h incubation and β-Nacetylhexosaminidase 38.3±02 at 120 h incubation in CWB medium. Production of extracellular chitin deacetylase by P. monoverticillium CFR 2 and F. oxysporum CFR 8 in SSF is being reported for the first time.

Environmental factors infl uencing spore germination of three fi lamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger (Aspergillus niger ( , Myceliophthora thermophila, Rhizopus microsporus) were studied. Four substrates, all containing sugar cane bagasse as support, were tested for spore germination. Different temperature, moisture, aeration and humidity conditions were evaluated for each species. Spore germination was assessed by observing emergence of the germ tube.

Purpose Wheat straw is an agricultural waste which can be used as a cost effective animal feed. However, high hemicellulose and phytic acid content in wheat straw prevents it as a primary feed choice. Utilization of wheat straw in solid-state fermentation may result in wheat straw valorization and enzyme production. In this study, phytase production in solid-state fermentation of wheat straw using Aspergillus ficuum and valorization of wheat straw were evaluated. Methods A two-step experimental design procedure was employed for screening and optimization of influencing factors on phytase production. Effects of different nutritional and environmental factors were investigated by one factor at the time method (OFATM). To reach higher amounts of phytase, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize phytase production as a function of three of the most effective factors. Results Optimization of the significant parameters resulted in an increase in the phytase activity from 0.74 ± 0.12 to a maximum of 16.46 ± 0.56 Units per gram dry substrate (U gds -1 ). The high degree of the fungal phytase activity on wheat straw resulted in the decrease in phytic acid content by 57.4%, as compared to the untreated sample. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FTIR structural analysis showed intensive fungal growth on wheat straw, and partial removal of hemicelluloses, lignin and phytic acid. The study demonstrated the feasibility of wheat straw utilization in solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus ficuum toward the production of phytase and valorization of wheat straw as an animal feed.

Purpose The seemingly harmful effect of chemical insecticides to the environment, plants and human health, has led to prominent role of entomopathogenic fungi (ENPF) as biopesticide. However, the success of ENPF as biocontrol agent depends on their amenability to easy and cheap mass multiplication. Solid state fermentation (SSF) has emerged as an appropriate technology for management of agro-industrial residues and for their value addition. In this study, the potentiality of agricultural by-products for mass multiplication of Beauveria bassiana was determined. Methods Two sets of SSF experiments with agricultural by-products [tea leaf waste, wheat bran, husk of rice, pigeon pea and urad, and seed cake of jatropha and pongamia] as substrates; one with fortification of nutrients, while other with no nutrient addition were performed. The substrates (200 g) were inoculated with B. bassiana spore suspension (1 9 10 8 spores/ml) and incubated at 28 °C for 14 days. After the incubation period, B. bassiana spore concentrations were enumerated. Results Maximum spore production was observed in rice husk, while jatropha seed cake showed least spore production. Addition of nutrient supplements in the substrates showed slight (pongamia seed cake) to significant (rice husk, tea leaf waste) increase in spore production. The results showed constant increase in spore production with increase in C/N ratio of the substrates. Conclusions Mass production processes directly influences the cost, shelf life, virulence, and field efficacy of fungal pathogens. The results from this investigation are expected to pave the way towards commercialization of B. bassiana by augmenting the research in fungal mass production.

17.5%. Antiprotozoal effect of SRE and GE were confirmed in the present study. One possible mechanism to explain the inhibitory effect on protozoal growth is the change in the cell membrane permeability, as they form complexes with cholesterol in protozoal cell membranes and cause cell lysis (Hess et al., 2003). The structure and mechanism of action of garlic extract and its main active components on rumen microbial fermentaion are different from other compounds. Busquet et al. (2005) suggested that the antimethanogenic effect of garlic and its active components was the result of direct inhibition of Archaea microorganisms in the rumen. Archaea have unique membrane lipids that contain glycerol linked to long chain isoprenoid alcohols essential for the stability of the cell membrane (Kongmun et al., 2010). Goel et al. (2008) reported that Sesbania saponins decreased methanogen population by 78% and increased Fibrobacter succinogenes (21%-45%) and Ruminococcus flavefaciens (23%-40%). , observed that the inclusion of Quillaja saponaria extraxt (QSE) resulted in decrease in protozoal population by 41%, but there was no effect on methane production. The other study informed the reduction of methanogens number by reduction of protozoa, as 10%-20% of total methanonogens reside in close assosiation with protozoa (Kumar et al., 2009). who conducted a study on the sheep rumen in vitro informed that the absence of ruminal protozoa in the rumen ecosystem decreased feed digestibility and methane proportion. The supplementation of 1.8 g S. rarak extract and 0.25 ppm garlic extract per kilogram ration represents the best combination for dairy cattle feed containing adeguate Cr, Se, and Zn minerals to improve ruminal fermentation based on feed digestibility, fermentation products, and rumen bacterial population. Appreciations are forwarded to Jenderal Soedirman University (UNSOED) for funding this study via contract number :435/UN23/PN.01.00/2012.

Improved stability and anaerobic digestion (AD) process in a packed bed bioreactor can be achieved if bacterial consortia are retained in the process through the use of biofilms carriers. Three methanogenic biofilms carriers for biomass retention were studied to evaluate the performance of methanogenesis AD of Nile Perch fish solid wastes pre-treated by bacterial culture coded (CBR-11). The carrier material evaluated consisted of sisal fibre waste, pumice stones and Nile perch fish scales. Process performance was investigated by increasing the organic loading rate (OLR) step-wise. The best results were obtained from the bioreactor packed with Nile perch fish scales. It had the lowest total volatile fat acids (TVFA) accumulated at OLR in the range of 1-12 g volatile solids (VS)/l/d. The degradation pattern showed that the TVFAs was limiting at higher OLRs. The pH profiles showed an increasing pattern with an increase in OLRs. The pH was low (8-8.3) at low OLRs (1-6) gVS/l/d and incre...

Laccase belongs to the blue multi-copper oxidases, which are widely distributed in fungi and higher plants. Lignin degradation by several white-rot fungi, such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, Coriolus versicolor, Cyathus stercoreus, and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, have been studied. Laccase enzymes have attracted attention due to its wide use in textile, pulp and paper, and food industry. Recently, it is being used in developing biosensors for detection and removal of toxic pollutants, designing of biofuel cells and medical diagnostics tool. Laccase is also being used as a bioremediation agent as they have been found potent enough in cleaning up herbicides pesticides and certain explosives in soil. Because of having the ability to oxidize phenolic, non-phenolic lignin-related compounds and highly fractious environmental pollutants, laccases have drawn the attention of researchers in the last few decades. Commercially, laccases have been used to determine the difference between codeine and morphine, produce ethanol and are also being employed in de-lignify woody tissues. To sustain this trend widespread availability of laccase and efficient production systems have to be developed. The current review discuss major advances in application of fungal laccase in white biotechnology. It delineate the laccase production and various cultivation techniques that have been developed to efficiently produce laccase at the industrial scale. The role of laccase in different food industries, and significant recent advances in the use of laccases are discussed in this review.

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is widely recognised as a technique to increase the bioactive potential and nutritional value of plant materials. However, the effect of this biotreatment differs for individual substrates. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of SSF with filamentous fungi (Rhizopus, Aspergillus, and Neurospora) on a moringa leaf phenolic profile, antioxidant activity, and amino acid composition. A total of 43 phenolic compounds were determined in the dried leaves analysed by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS. The leaves contained 11.79 mg/g of free phenolics: flavonols (80.6%, mainly quercetin and kaempferol glycosides), hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (12.3%), vitexin and vicenin (6.9%), and a small amount of lignan (isolariciresinol isomers). The result of the 1-day fermentation was a slight enhancement in the concentration of individual free phenolics (flavones) and the antioxidant activity of the leaves. However, extending the incubation period caused a significant decrease in ...

Extraction of valuable bioactive compounds from olive leaves is a hot topic and the use of sustainable and green technologies is mandatory in terms of circular economy. In this way, the use of fermentation technologies showed very interesting results in terms of phenolic compound recovery. Because of that in this work the use of solid state fermentations, as valuable tool to improve the phenolic extraction has been checked. Aspergillus oryzae (in mycelium and spore form), Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillus niger were used as fermentation microrganisms. Phenolic compounds were determined by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS and, to our knowledge, new compounds have been tentatively identified in olive leaves. Fermentation using mycelium of Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae were effective to increase both hydroxytyrosol and elenolic acid derivatives whereas the use of spores of Aspergillus oryzae caused a loss of hydroxytyrosoyl derivatives, contrary the content of elenolic...

The production of xylanase without cellulase is required for prebleaching of pulp in pulp and paper industry. Aspergillus flavus produced high levels of xylanase on agricultural residues with wheat bran and sugarcane bagasse (4.17 U/mg), and wheat bran and corncob (2.97 U/mg). Xylanase was found to be stable at 45°C with 100% of its original activity remaining after 2 h incubation. At 50°C, xylanase was stable for the first twenty minutes, and had half-life of 50 min. The pH stability for the xylanase from A. flavus was most stable in the range of pH 3.0-8.0 retaining more that 100% activity after 1 h. The addition of 5% glycerol, mannitol or xylitol protected the xylanase from thermal inactivation at 50°C. The protective effect by glycerol, xylitol and mannitol resulted in increases of 162, 262.5 and 150% when compared with the control at 120 min, approximately. Increasing the polyols concentration up to 20% (w/v) further improved the thermostability of xylanase after 120 min at 50°C by 300% when compared with the control (no additive). The kappa number reduced 2.56 points, which corresponds to 18.34 kappa efficiency. This xylanase is an attractive enzyme for potential future application in the pulp and paper industries, since industrial application requires a cellulase-free activity, maintenance of high temperature and enzyme stability are desirable.

Nowadays, the use of agricultural by‐products, as the cheap substrate for the production of value‐added products, is of high interest for the researchers and practitioners. Cellulase is a relatively expensive and a very important industrial enzyme where in this study was produced form rice by‐products under solid‐state fermentation. A new mutant of Trichoderma reesei was used for cellulase production. The effective variables were initially screened by “Plackett and Burman design.” Afterward, the main variables including moisture content, P source, incubation temperature, and incubation time were optimized by “one factor at a time design.” Finally, the resulting variables including 74% for moisture content, 2 g/L for K2HPO4, 30°C of incubation temperature, and 4 days of incubation time were reported as the ultimate optimal condition for cellulase production.

Previous studies have documented the synthesis of prebiotics from agricultural wastes using Aspergillus fungi in solid-state fermentation. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with fermented wheat bran (FWB), produced through solid-state fermentation with Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae, on broiler performance and intestinal morphology under cyclic heat stress conditions. The experiment followed a 4 × 2 factorial design, incorporating four FWB inclusion levels (0.00, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15% of the diet, representing control and low, moderate, and high supplementation levels, respectively) and two broiler strains (Arian and Ross 308), with six replicates of six female chicks each. A total of 576 one-day-old chicks (288 Ross 308 and 288 Arian) was randomly assigned to treatment groups housed in wire mesh cages. From days 22 to 35, all birds were exposed to heat stress (HS). Dietary supplementation with 0.15% FWB significantly decreased feed intake (P<0.05) in both broiler strains during the period following HS exposure (35-42 d). Among Arian broilers, a high level of FWB supplementation resulted in poorer performance under HS conditions (22-35 days of age). In contrast, Ross broilers fed with 0.05% FWB demonstrated improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) throughout the rearing period (P<0.05). Additionally, all FWB supplementation levels were linked to a reduction in jejunal and ileal villus surface area in Arian chickens (P<0.05). These findings highlight the importance of exercising caution when recommending fermented wheat bran as a feed additive for broilers. Key factors such as the broiler strain, appropriate dosage, and the potential presence of mycotoxins-particularly ochratoxin A-must be carefully considered to ensure safety and effectiveness.

La presente invención se refiere a un biorreactor horizontal con chaqueta para la biodegradación y/o aprovechamiento de sólidos, semi-sólidos y la digestión acelerada de residuos sólidos orgánicos capaz de generar una fermentación homogénea debido a que cuenta con un sistema de agitación que incorpora en cada cuerpo o artesa un agitador/transportador tipo tornillo sin fin con álabes, un módulo de alimentación de sustrato, módulos de distribución de agua y/o aire y un sistema que permite establecer la velocidad, sentido de giro, mezclado continuo o intermitente del tornillo sin fin para la obtención de productos de alto valor agregado.

BACKGROUND: Conidia from Metarhizium are part of the commercial formulations used worldwide for insect pest control. Among the alternatives proposed to improve conidia production, the use of packed column bioreactors allows controlled processes with higher levels of production and productivity than those obtained with the traditional process in plastic bags. However, problems associated with overheating, low CO 2 removal, and inadequate oxygen supply in packed columns limit the scale-up and operation at an industrial scale. RESULTS: Packed densities, up to 1.5 times higher than those obtained in lab-scale column bioreactors, negatively affected growth and conidia production by Metarhizium robertsii (ENCB-MG-81). Therefore, a spherical-style packing was added to decrease packed density and improve the culture conditions in packed column bioreactors. The addition of spherical-style packing reduced the axial temperature gradient (up to 50%), increased the maximum CO 2 production rate and the total CO 2 production (up to 2.5 times), and enhanced the volumetric conidia productivity in packed column bioreactors from 5.28 ± 1.36 to 6.77 ± 0.89 × 10 8 conidia cm-3. CONCLUSION: The use of spherical-style packing within the culture bed in column bioreactors improves the production of conidia by Metarhizium robertsii, as well as the gas exchange and heat removal from the bed.

La fermentación en medio sólido (FMS) es un proceso biológico caracterizado como el crecimiento de microorganismos en sustratos húmedos no solubles con bajo contenido de agua. Es un proceso de tres fases: sólida, líquida y gaseosa. En las últimas tres décadas, la FMS ha obtenido atención significativa en el desarrollo de bioprocesos industriales, debido principalmente a los bajos requerimientos de energía asociados, a los altos rendimientos de productos, a la menor producción de aguas residuales y al menor riesgo de contaminación bacteriana. La FMS emplea residuos sólidos agroindustriales como sustrato (fuente de carbono). Comparada con la fermentación en medio líquido (FML), la eficiencia en la transferencia de calor en la FMS es baja, es difícil de monitorear y es complicado controlar las variables de operación. Con base en el modo de operación, los biorreactores se dividen en cuatro categorías según las características de diseño, el efecto de las condiciones de operación en la productividad y las aplicaciones.

Las características térmicas (baja conductividad, densidad de empaque) del material orgánico y el bajo contenido de humedad en la fermentación en medio sólido (FMS) crean condiciones especialmente difíciles para la transferencia de calor. En la FMS estática esta pobre transferencia de calor conduce a un gran incremento en la temperatura del sustrato que tiene un impacto negativo en el crecimiento de los microorganismos, así como en la producción de enzimas. Lo anterior hace necesario el desarrollo de estrategias que permitan el control tanto de la temperatura como de la humedad; principalmente cuando se pretende el escalamiento de procesos de FMS desde nivel laboratorio al industrial. Hasta el momento se han desarrollado pocas estrategias que permitan la remoción del calor metabólico en biorreactores de charolas. La evaluación de las estrategias que se propongan requiere el desarrollo de balances de materia (agua) y energía (calor) que permitan conocer la contribución de cada uno de los mecanismos de transferencia de calor y masa. Estos balances permitirán elegir las estrategias de remoción de calor más efectivas y que tengan el menor efecto negativo en el lecho de fermentación (secado). Por otro lado, uno de los principales retos en FMS continúa siendo la estimación de los coeficientes de transferencia de calor y masa desde el lecho de fermentación hacia el aire en el “headspace” (nombre con que se designa al espacio de aire dentro del biorreactor que no está dentro de la matriz del sustrato) del biorreactor de charolas para FMS. Estos coeficientes de transferencia son necesarios en los modelos matemáticos. En algunos trabajos sobre FMS, los coeficientes de transferencia de calor son tomados de aquellos que fueron desarrollados para operaciones con secado de aire, pero estos tienen varias diferencias con los procesos de FMS.

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is characterized by its complexity and heterogeneity. Use of agro-industrial residues as substrate avoids accurate measurement of biomass and substrates during the solid-state fermentation process. Exhaust gas analysis has been used to indirectly estimate the biomass growth; however, these devices don´t allow simultaneous measurements from different experimental units or bioreactors; and, they don´t allow accurate simultaneous measurement of CO2, O2, and air-flow rate. A respirometry system based on CO2, O2, and airflow measurement detectors feed by a system of 15 solenoid valves controlled by a programmable logic controller and a data logger was developed and evaluated during the growth of Rhizomucor pusillus in SSF. The respirometry system was compared to a classical chromatographic respirometer. Accurate measurements of CO2, O2, and air-flow rate allows precise and instantaneous estimation of some kinetic parameters associated with the respiration of the culture such as the specific CO2 production rate and the respiratory quotient. The respirometry system herein described allows on-line measurements of the microbial process allowing to set control procedures in solid-state fermentation processes.

The aim of this project was to improve the Aspergillus terreus strain and pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse as carrier substrate for bulk production of lovastatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug, in solid state fermentation. Sugarcane bagasse was treated with alkali (1–3% NaOH) for the conversion of complex polysaccharides into simple sugars for better utilization of carrier substrate by microorganism for maximum lovastatin production. Ethidium bromide (time of exposure 30–180 min) was used to induce mutation in Aspergillus terreus and the best mutant was selected on the basis of inhibition zone appeared on petri plates. Fermented lovastatin was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The fermented lovastatin, produced by parent and mutant Aspergillus terreus strain, was checked on body weight, blood glucose and serum cholesterol, ALT, AST, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG and TC levels of rats for their cholesterol lowering capacity. Our results indicate that selected strain along with ...

Diacerein (DCN) is an anti-inflammatory, non-steroid drug with an analgesic effect, used in the treatment of osteoarthritis. DCN is pharmaceutically formulated as a yellow powder in capsules for oral use and it is mainly obtained from extracts of Rheum Emodi (rhubarb) and Aloe Vera. The pollution with pharmaceutical products represents one of the main interests in environmental protection. The influence of DCN was tested on different strains of bacteria and yeasts, common species that can be found in water and soil, and play an important part in decomposing chemical pollutants. The direct action of the pharmaceutical powder evenly spread or dispersed in solid specific culture media was evaluated. In liquid media in which different DCN concentrations were added, the microbial growth and DCN metabolization were analyzed using spectrophotometric methods. On solid media, DCN bioaccumulated in the microorganism colonies, giving them an orange colour depending on their specificity. In liq...

The objective of the work was to study the effect of agri-residue solid contents (2-20% w v) in fermentation medium on fungal growth, soluble and insoluble nutrient consumption and laccase production. Fungal strain and wheat straw substrate was screened for maximum laccase production. At low solid content submerged fermentation (SmF), fungus utilized mainly soluble nutrient and was unable to access the insoluble nutrient in media due to lack of contact with solid. At high solid content solid-state fermentation (SF), fungi grew on solid surface with dense and thin hyphae, utilized mainly insoluble nutrient. At medium solid content (8% w v) semi-solid fermentation (sSF), fungi grew on solid substrates with network of thick intercrossed hyphae, utilized both soluble and insoluble nutrients optimally resulting in highest fungal growth and laccase activity (~ 3.5 folds than in SmF and ~ 2.5 folds than in SF). Importance of soluble and insoluble nutrients was also established after isolat...

Soybean meal (SBM), a commonly used protein source for animal feed, contains anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitor, phytate, oligosaccharides among others, which limit its utilization. Microbial fermentation using bacteria or fungi has the capability to improve nutritional value of SBM by altering the native composition. Both submerged and solid state fermentation processes can be used for this purpose. Bacterial and fungal fermentations result in degradation of various anti-nutritional factors, an increase in amount of small-sized peptides and improved content of both essential and non-essential amino acids. However, the resulting fermented products vary in levels of nutritional components as the two species used for fermentation differ in their metabolic activities. Compared to SBM, feeding non-ruminants with fermented SBM has several beneficial effects including increased average daily gain, improved growth performance, better protein digestibility, decreased immunological reactivity and undesirable morphological changes like absence of granulated pinocytotic vacuoles.

A mixture of two microorganisms was used as starter culture, with the aims of producing cellulose from fermented cassava roots. Cellulase yields of 430 IU/g were recorded in solid-state fermentation of cassava starch with mixed culture of Lactobacillus plantarum and Rhyzopus oryzae, isolated from cassava dried chips. High cellulase activity (8.6 IU/ml) per unit volume of enzyme broth and high yields of cellulases were obtained and attributed to the growth of both strains on cellulose fraction of cassava roots. In Solid State Fermentation with Starter mix-culture (SSFS), fermentation retting was completed in two days, and significant softening was noticed. No significant softening was evidence in Solid State Sterile Fermentation (SSSF) and Liquid state fermentation (LSF).

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) of rice bran (RB) employing the edible fungus Pleurotus sapidus was investigated as a process strategy to improve the nutritional quality of this low-cost and abundant substrate. During fermentation, samples were withdrawn at different time intervals (4, 6, and 10 days) and further analyzed. Established methods were deployed to monitor the changes in nutritional composition (carbohydrates, proteins, ash, and lipids). Additionally, changes in fatty acid composition was studied as a function of culture progress. Results showed that the SSF of rice bran increased total carbohydrates from 36.6% to 50.2%, total proteins from 7.4% to 12.8%, and ash from 7.6% to 11.5%. However, the total lipid content was reduced from 48.5% to 27.8%. The fatty acid (FA) composition of RB included mainly oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids. Upon fermentation with P. sapidus, small differences were found: linoleic acid and oleic acid content were increased by 0.4% and 1.1%, res...

Background: Developments in biology, genetics, soil science, plant breeding, engineering, and agricultural microbiology are driving advances in soil microbiology and microbial biotechnology. Material and methods: The literature for this review was collected by searching leading scientific databases such as Embase, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Results: Recent advances in soil microbiology and biotechnology are discussed, emphasizing the role of microorganisms in sustainable agriculture. It has been shown that soil and plant microbiomes significantly contribute to improving soil fertility and plant and soil health. Microbes promote plant growth through various mechanisms, including potassium, phosphorus, and zinc solubilization, biological nitrogen fixation, production of ammonia, HCN, siderophores, and other secondary metabolites with antagonistic effects. The diversity of microbiomes related to crops, plant protection, and the environment is analyzed, as well as their role in improving food quality, especially under stress conditions. Particular attention was paid to the diversity of microbiomes and their mechanisms supporting plant growth and soil fertility. Conclusions: The key role of soil microorganisms in sustainable agriculture was highlighted. They can support the production of natural substances used as plant protection products, as well as biopesticides, bioregulators, or biofertilizers. Microbial biotechnology also offers potential in the production of sustainable chemicals, such as biofuels or biodegradable plastics (PHA) from plant sugars, and in the production of pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, hormones, or enzymes.

Ethyl methyl sulphonate was used to induce point mutation in Aspergillus oryzae (MTCC 1846). Incubation with ethyl methyl sulphonate for 1 h resulted in 98 % killing of spores. By screening the survived colonies three hypermorphs were found (Shan1, Shan2 and Shan3). These three mutants along with the A. oryzae (MTCC 1846) were used for the production of single cell proteins. They grew profusely on deoiled rice bran and produced higher percentage of protein. Among the three mutants Shan2 had higher protein content in the pH range of 3-7 and temperatures 36-45 °C, maintaining low quantities of nucleic acids. The specific growth rate of Shan2 was higher on the media containing substrates like glucose, maltose and cellulose. Shan2 had higher content of amino acids when compared with FAO standard and A. oryzae (MTCC 1846), but the amino acid content of Shan2 was approximately equal to that of soyabean meal. The comparative protein content of Shan2 and A. oryzae (MTCC 1846) was 57 and 43 %, respectively, while their nucleic acid content was 3 and 7.2 %, respectively. Protein enrichment of 18.9 % in Shan2 resulted from the cultivation on deoiled rice bran as compared to protein content of the A. oryzae (MTCC1846) indicating that Shan2 possessed good amenability for SCP production.

In the present work, de-oiled rice bran (DOB) was exploited for SCP production using three different fungi, namely, Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 1846, Trichoderma viride NRRL 1186 and Aspergillus niger MTCC 1842 under solid state fermentation. DOB was found to contain 9% protein, 39% cellulose, 28% hemicellulose and 24% lignin. All the three cultures have shown more specific growth rate when grown on glucose in comparison to maltose and cellulose. The specific growth rates on glucose were 0.203, 0.201 and 0.196 h-1 and on maltose were 0.173, 0.171, 0.169 h-1 for A. oryzae MTCC 1846, T. viride NRRL 1186 and A. niger MTCC 1842, respectively. All the three microorganisms showed lowest specific growth rate on cellulose 0.119, 0.117, 0.114 h-1 for A. oryzae MTCC 1846, T. viride NRRL 1186 and A. niger MTCC 1842, respectively. The major constituent of dried fungi is crude protein, which contributes to 43% in A. oryzae MTCC 1846, 44% in T. viride NRRL 1186 and 39.2% in A. niger MTCC 1842 on dry basis. Among the three fungi A. oryzae MTCC 1846 shows minimum content of nucleic acids (5.3%) while A. niger MTCC 1842 and T. viride NRRL 1186 showed (6.1%) and (7.2%), respectively.

Rice bran is a primary by-product of the traditional rice processing industry. Once oil is extracted from rice bran, the left over residue is called de oiled rice bran (DOB). Its disposal presents economic and environmental problems. Microbial conversion of DOB into single cell protein (SCP) is an innovative practical approach for protein supplementation of a staple diet. The present research was undertaken to test the growth of industrially important fungi, Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 1846 on DOB through solid state fermentation (SSF) technology. Various process parameters effect such as moisture, pH of the substrate, inoculum size, temperature and nitrogen source for maximum protein enrichment were studied. The optimum conditions for the enrichment process were found to be moisture content 60%; temperature 280C; pH 6.0; inoculum's concentration 109 spores/ g substrate and particle size of DOB, 0.3 mm. Among the various nitrogen source tested, ammonium sulfate (0.6% w/w) showed maximum protein enrichment (24.30%) followed by vegetable + fruit waste extract (23.50%) and legume root extract (23.10%).

The demand for microbial pectinase has increased due to its vast applications in different industries. The current study dealt with the synthesis of pectinase by a novel native strain Aspergillus cervinus ARS2 using agro-industrial waste. Comparative studies conducted on pectinase production by submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) showed that pectinase activity was more increased in SSF (44.51 ± 1.33 IU/mL) than in SmF (40.60 ± 1.15 IU/mL) when using orange peel as a substrate. Using SSF, one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) studies were conducted, considering different process variables such as inoculum size, initial pH, incubation time, moisture content, incubation temperature, and substrate particle size, all of which affected the pectinase activity. OFAT results showed the highest pectinase activity at an inoculum size of 10 6 spores/mL (43.11 ± 1.06 U/mL), an incubation time of 6 days (43.81 ± 1.21 U/mL), a moisture content of 100% (44.30 ± 1.69 U/mL), a substrate particle size of 1.7 mm (42.06 ± 1.20 U/mL), an incubation temperature of 37 °C (45.90 ± 1.33 U/mL), and an initial pH of 4 (43.31 ± 0.89 U/mL). The identified significant process variables were then optimized by response surface methodology (RSM)-central composite design (CCD). The results showed optimum pectinase activity of 107.14 ± 0.71 IU/mL for a substrate particle size of 2 mm, an incubation temperature of 31.5 • C, an initial pH of 4.9, and a moisture content of 107%, which was obtained from the Minitab optimizer. By using statistical optimization, the pectinase production from the isolated novel fungal strain A. cervinus ARS2 was increased 2.38-fold. Therefore, the A. cervinus ARS2 strain can be further explored for large-scale pectinase production which could meet the growing industrial demands.

A 3 * 3 factorial study was used to evaluate the feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers fed on the test diets. The commercial soybean meal (SBM) was replaced by raw, full-fat soybean meal (RSBM) at 0, 10 or 20%, equivalent to 0, 30 and 60 g/kg of diet, respectively, and the microbial protease was also supplemented in diets at 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 g/kg, equivalent to ~7500, 15000 and ~22500 PROT/kg of diet, respectively. Microbial phytase (1000 FYT/kg) was uniformly added to each diet, which was fed to six replicate groups, with nine birds per replicate. Samples of test-ingredients and test-diets, after mixing, were also subjected to chemical analysis, prior to being used, to assess the nutritional compositions, particularly anti-nutritional factors. As the result of this study, the analysed concentrations of trypsin inhibitors (TI) in the diets ranging between 1730.5 and 9913.2 TIU/g. Increasing the levels of RSBM in the diets reduced the FI, during 1 to 35 d of age. Except in the starter phase, increasing the level of RSBM had no significant effect on BWG. When protease was added to the diets, the BWG was significantly improved during the periods of 1 -10 d, 1 -24 d and 1 -35 d. Feed efficiency was decreased by increasing the level of RSBM (1-10 d). Neither increasing levels of RSBM nor protease affected the yield of any meat part at d 35. The relative weight of the small intestine at d 10 increased with rising levels of RSBM, but was reduced when protease was added to the diets. In conclusion, commercial SBM could be replaced by RSBM up to 20% in diets for broilers when the test microbial protease is supplemented.

Metarhizium comprises species of importance as biological control agents whose conidia have been well produced in lab-scale packed column bioreactors. However, difficulties such as low oxygen supply, CO2 removal, and overheating limit bioreactor scale-up. To select suitable operating conditions in industrial-scale bioreactors, it is necessary to analyze the bioprocess in terms of O2 consumption and CO2 production. Metarhizium robertsii cultures reached maxima of O2 consumption and CO2 production rates of 0.23 and 0.35 mg/gidm h, respectively. The total O2 consumption (23.81 mg/gidm) and CO2 production (34.52 mg/gidm) were determined by experimental measurements and estimates by mathematical models with a coefficient of determination higher than 0.99. The respiratory quotient presented values from 1 to 1.2 (from 48 to 175 h). The respirometric analysis showed that the culture of is an aerobic process with low CO2 and low metabolic heat production, favoring the scale-up of the bioprocess