Fire Management

Fire occurrence affects the distribution of key resources for fauna in natural ecosystems worldwide. For fire management strategies adequate for biodiversity conservation, the understanding of how species respond to fire-induced changes is essential. In this study, we investigated the role of fire regimes on spaces used by medium and large mammals at multiple spatial scales (0.8 ha to 78.5 ha) in a fire-prone savanna ecosystem (Brazilian Cerrado). We sampled mammals using 60 camera traps distributed in 30 sampling units located in grassland and typical savanna formations. We applied single-species occupancy models and AIC-based model selection to assess how mammals use the space in response to pyrodiversity (both diversity of fire frequencies and diversity of fire ages), the proportion of recently burned area, and the proportion of long-unburned area while accounting for detectability. Our results showed that fire regime variables affected the study species differently. Deer species...

Resumen Durante el último siglo hemos visto que cuánto más eficientes somos luchando con el fuego, más grandes y mayores llegan a ser estos incendios. La necesidad de cambiar la manera de luchar contra el fuego es evidente, y se ha de trabajar antes, durante y después del fuego. Se necesitan más conocimientos y planificación de la emergencia para hacer frente a los fuegos y, a la vez, se hace más necesario el uso del fuego para la seguridad y ecología de los bosques. Esto implica un cambio de planteamiento tanto en la gestión de la emergencia como en la percepción social de los efectos y usos del fuego. Tanto para enfrentarse a estos rápidos e intensos incendios, como para confinar un frente o gestionar un incendio, requiere una estructura de los servicios de extinción dinámica y flexible, basada en la anticipación del comportamiento del fuego, la toma de decisiones dinámica en la línea de fuego y la gestión integral del incendio como emergencia. Este aumento de flexibilidad requier...

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

The spatial distribution of exotics across riparian landscapes is not uniform, and research elaborating the environmental constraints and dispersal behavior that underlie these patterns of distribution is warranted. This study examined the spatial distribution, growth patterns, and habitat constraints of populations of the invasive Dioscorea oppositifolia in a forested stream corridor of a tributary of Drury Creek in Giant City State Park, IL. The distribution of D. oppositifolia was determined at the watershed scale mainly by floodplain structure and connectivity. Populations of D. oppositifolia were confined to the floodplain, with overbank flooding from the stream. Dioscorea oppositifolia probably originates in disturbed areas upstream of natural corridors, and subsequently, the species disperses downstream into pristine canyons or ravines via bulbils dispersing in the water. In Giant City State Park, populations of D. oppositifolia were distributed on the floodplain across broad gradients of soil texture, light, slope, and potential radiation. The study also examined the longevity of bulbils in various micro-environments to illuminate strategies for the management of the species in invaded watersheds. After 1 year, the highest percentages of bulbils were viable under leaves, and much lower percentages were viable over leaves, in soil, and in the creek (76.0±6.8, 21.2±9.6, 21.6±3.6, and 5.2±5.2%), respectively. This study suggests that management procedures that reduce leaf litter on the forest floor (e.g., prescribed burning) could reduce the number of bulbils of D. oppositifolia stored in the watershed.

Forestry has contributed many problems to the Operations Research (OR) community. At the same time, OR has developed many models and solution methods for use in forestry. In this article, we describe the current status of research on the application of OR methods to forestry and a number of research challenges or open questions that we believe will be of interest to both researchers and practitioners. The areas covered include strategic, tactical and operational planning, fire management, conservation and the use of OR to address environmental concerns. The paper also considers more general methodological areas that are important to forestry including uncertainty, multiple objectives and hierarchical planning.

We develop the concept of virtual experiments and consider their application to environmental policy. A virtual experiment combines insights from virtual reality in computer science, naturalistic decision-making from psychology, and field experiments from economics. The environmental policy applications of interest to us include traditional valuation tasks and less traditional normative decision-making. The methodological objective of virtual experiments is to bridge the gap between the artefactual controls of laboratory experiments and the naturalistic domain of field experiments or direct field studies. This should provide tools for policy analysis that combine the inferential power of replicable experimental treatments with the natural "look and feel" of a field domain.

At City Fire Proofing Ltd, we recognise the importance of protecting buildings, people, and assets from the risks associated with fire. Our work as fire remediation contractors goes beyond installing protective systems-it's about ensuring every part of a structure meets the standards required to contain and slow down the spread of fire. With years of experience in the field, we have seen how the right approach to fire safety can make all the difference in preventing damage and safeguarding lives.

En este trabajo se realiza el estudio distribucional del conjunto arqueofaunístico de la unidad 4 del sitio Casa del Minero 1-Meseta Central de Santa Cruz, Patagonia argentina-para comprender las formas de organización social de los espacios reparados durante el poblamiento temprano de la región en el Pleistoceno final. Los resultados apoyan la idea de que en el sitio se dio una sucesión de ocupaciones humanas cortas y poco intensas. La distribución y concentración de huesos en correspondencia con las estructuras de fogón y las mayores densidades de artefactos líticos sugieren una preferencia y redundancia en el uso del espacio sudeste de la cueva, donde se habrían articulado la mayoría de las actividades domésticas de procesamiento y consumo faunístico. La distribución de restos de tres especies de camélidos con marcas antrópicas señala que casi todas las actividades se realizaron en un mismo espacio alrededor de los fogones, donde también se ubican los instrumentos líticos que procesaron fauna. No obstante, el descarne de un miembro de guanaco se habría realizado lejos de los fuegos. Finalmente, la comparación del patrón distribucional con el de otros sitios arqueológicos de la región muestra similitudes y diferencias entre ellos.

The Chaco region is one of the most important and diverse forestry ecoregions in South America, where fire represents an ecological event recurrent, indispensable for the natural dynamic of the open areas such as grasslands and savannas. Native species of forests and savanna trees have different strategies to survive fire by vegetative regeneration. In this chapter, we discuss antecedents related to the different topics of the fire ecology of the Chaco region: climatic and land use factors influencing the fire frequency on a regional scale, plant flammability and functional traits related to fire resistance and tolerance of woody plants, and the effects of fire on soil seed banks. Due to the fire being used in this region as a vegetation management tool, some aspects related to prescribed fire plans for grasslands and savanna restoration/rehabilitation are also discussed in this chapter.

Introduction
Drought is considered a complex hazard, whose severity depends on the climate and weather conditions of each region. In fact, drought is caused by dry and unusual weather conditions, among other things, lead to a change in vegetation characteristics. Since this dangerous phenomenon is caused by the lack of rainfall for a long period of time, it slowly and gradually leads to a natural disaster and conquers the environment compared to other environmental hazards. Therefore, it is not noticed and taken less seriously by people and authorities. Undoubtedly, the occurrence of drought and as a result the crisis of reduction and shortage of water resources is one of the main and most important risks of the natural environment that humans have faced since the past. Therefore, it can be stated that the possibility of this natural phenomenon also exists in humid areas. Drought causes unfortunate and in some cases irreparable damage to human life as well as the natural ecosystem which is very different from other natural events such as floods, storms, and earthquakes. So that it has caused wide and big problems in the economic, social, political, and cultural fields. Therefore, the impacts it causes are not only structural and the damage it causes affects different areas. Drought is one of the destructive phenomena of the natural environment that affects a significant number of countries and causes problems. Simultaneous droughts with the period of vegetation growth cause environmental ecosystem consumption, which results in biological compounds such as land surface, soil amount, and plant growth rate, that we need proper management and planning in order to deal with this phenomenon.

Materials and Methods
In the present study, drought in Marvdasht city was analyzed using remote sensing technology and satellite imagery as a time series. For this purpose, during the statistical period of 20 years (2000-2019), out of 460 satellite imagery of land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation cover (NDVI) were used in conjunction with the MODIS sensor of Terra satellite, from which to estimate the temperature condition index (TCI) and vegetation condition index (VCI) was used. The optimal index indicating the state of drought from satellite imagery, the SPI was also used. In this way, using the rainfall data recorded by synoptic and rain gauge stations in the study area, the SPI was calculated using MATLAB software for the period of 3, 6, and 12 months. One of the other goals pursued in this study is to determine the basic and optimal index, indicating the state of drought in the study area, which is based on TCI and VCI satellite drought indices. Thus, after calculating the SPI and its intervals for each station, the points of each ground station were placed on the maps produced from TCI and VCI satellite indicators. Then, by taking the numerical value of the corresponding points for each of the years of the investigated period, the obtained values were entered into SPSS 22 software and the amount of correlation coefficients between SPI and its intervals with TCI and VCI values was calculated.

Results and Discussion
According to the drought maps extracted from the TCI, the highest amount of land area with very severe drought in 2016 was 118.90 km2, and then in 2018 with 112.25 km2, and in 2017 with an amount of 101.66 km2 has happened. On the other hand, the least amount of extreme drought area in the first place is related to 2006 with an area of 46.10 km2, and then 2002 with an area of 48.21 km2. In terms of the severe drought category, 2009 with an area of 433.71 km2 experienced the largest area and 2007 with an area of 45.78 km2 experienced the lowest amount of drought. According to the maps obtained from the TCI, a very severe drought situation is observed in the southern and southwestern parts, especially in 2016 and 2018. It is also consistent with the results of the different intervals of the SPI in 2016 and 2018. They are considered as the years in which the highest amount of drought occurred. In addition, the year 2013 has less drought than other years in all three ranges of the SPI. From the comparison of the average SPI values for the studied years with the values obtained from the two indices, TCI and VCI obtained from satellite imagery, the highest amount of correlation coefficient between TCI and six-month SPI was equal to 0.65, which indicates that the TCI satellite index is the optimal index to indicate the drought situation in Marvdasht city.

Conclusion
According to the maps obtained from the NDVI, the studied area has normal and semi-dense vegetation density, which is scattered in all its different areas, so it has more density in the central and northwestern parts. The results of the VCI for the studied area, in none of the years, has not faced very severe drought. In terms of medium aridity, they have experienced the highest amount of drought in 2010 with an area of 62.98 km2 and after that in 2019 with an area of 50.04 km2. In contrast, the lowest drought in this layer was in 2002 with an area of 5.09 km2. According to the maps showing the drought condition of VCI, the studied area has almost the same distribution pattern in all areas and except for a small part of the southern part of the area which has a medium drought condition, the other areas have a mild drought condition and are not dry in most areas.

Forestry has contributed many problems to the Operations Research (OR) community. At the same time, OR has developed many models and solution methods for use in forestry. In this article, we describe the current status of research on the application of OR methods to forestry and a number of research challenges or open questions that we believe will be of interest to both researchers and practitioners. The areas covered include strategic, tactical and operational planning, fire management, conservation and the use of OR to address environmental concerns. The paper also considers more general methodological areas that are important to forestry including uncertainty, multiple objectives and hierarchical planning.

Th is presentation will describe the current status of the Fire Eff ects Information System (FEIS) and explore lessons learned from this 23-yearold project about the application of science to fire management issues. FEIS contains literature reviews covering biology and fire ecology for approximately 1,100 species in North America: plants and animals, native and nonnative. Established in 1985 and continually updated, the system has served managers, researchers, students, and the general public for >20 years. Species reviews in FEIS provide information that can help managers plan a prescribed fire, write a fire or fuel management plan, determine the need for post-fire rehabilitation, or assess the potential for increase of invasive species aft er fire. FEIS is cited in nearly half of EISs written by federal wildland fire managers. Research Project Summaries, a recent addition to FEIS, supplement species reviews and provide information on fire eff ects for an additional 250 species....

Com o agravamento da crise climática, o tema da restauração ambiental se tornou a ordem do dia em diversos debates, ocupando o discurso de governos, empresas e organizações internacionais. Mas uma questão muitas vezes passa batida: quem criou a biodiversidade que se quer restaurar. No Brasil, os biomas que hoje se tentam recuperar não são obra unicamente da natureza. Eles foram moldados por milênios de práticas indígenas, por técnicas de cultivo, uso do fogo e jardinagem agroflorestal. Mesmo assim, essas formas de manejo são invisibilizadas na maior parte das políticas ambientais. Quem explica sobre a inclusão das perspectivas indígenas e dos povos tradicionais na restauração ambiental é Guilherme Moura Fagundes, professor da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da USP. (entrevista em áudio: https://jornal.usp.br/radio-usp/recuperar-a-biodiversidade-de-um-local-necessita-reconhecer-os-modos-de-vida-que-o-geraram/)

Drought is one of the most complex natural disasters that causes economic, social and environmental damage and is often described as a creeping phenomenon. Drought monitoring using satellite images can represent the severity of drought in areas with a lack of meteorological precipitation data and compensate for its spatial and temporal deficiency. In this research, the drought of Golestan province has been investigated using SPI, TCI, VCI and VHI indices and with the help of MODIS sensor satellite images. Therefore, first, VHI, VCI and TCI drought index maps were extracted. The findings in the TCI index study showed that in 2000, more than 80% of the studied area experienced severe drought. Similarly, in 2010, 2017 and 2018, a significant part of the studied area was in a severe drought situation. By examining the VCI index, 2008, and 2011. The maps also show that a very severe meteorological drought occurred in 2008. In the study of the VHI index during a period of 21 years in the studied area, it showed that the years

Climatic variability is a dominant factor affecting large wildfires in the western United States, an observation supported by palaeoecological data on charcoal in lake sediments and reconstructions from fire-scarred trees. Although current fire management focuses on fuel reductions to bring fuel loadings back to their historical ranges, at the regional scale extreme fire weather is still the dominant influence on area burned and fire severity. Current forecasting tools are limited to short-term predictions of fire weather, but increased understanding of large-scale oceanic and atmospheric patterns in the Pacific Ocean (e.g., El Niño Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation) may improve our ability to predict climatic variability at seasonal to annual leads. Associations between these quasi-periodic patterns and fire occurrence, though evident in some regions, have been difficult to establish in others. Increased temperature in the future will likely extend fire seasons throughout the western United States, with more fires occurring earlier and later than is currently typical, and will increase the total area burned in some regions. If climatic change increases the amplitude and duration of extreme fire weather, we can expect significant changes in the distribution and abundance of dominant plant species in some ecosystems, which would thus affect habitat of some sensitive plant and animal species. Some species that are sensitive to fire may decline, whereas the distribution and abundance of species favored by fire may be enhanced. The effects of climatic change will partially depend on the extent to which resource management modifies vegetation structure and fuels.

Since drought has widespread impacts on water resources, agriculture, and ecosystems, accurate assessment of drought and the use of appropriate tools for its monitoring and management are essential.
This study investigated and analyzes drought in Isfahan city between 2000 and 2022 using various indices including TCI (Temperature Condition Index), VCI (Vegetation Condition Index), VHI (Vegetation Health Index), AAI (Agricultural Appropriateness Index), PCI (Precipitation Condition Index), SMCI (Soil Moisture Condition Index), SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index), SPEI (Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index), EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index), SDI (Surface Drought Index), and OMDI (Overall Multivariate Drought Index).These indicators were analyzed on monthly, seasonal, and annual scales to assess the changes and fluctuations of drought in the region The results indicate that the SPEI index was higher in during the warm seasons compared to the cold seasons. This index also recorded the lowest and highest values in 2003 and 2005, respectively, over the past two decades. Based on the PCI and SPI indices, more than 80% of the region was experiencing precipitation deficits in 2000. The SDI also showed that from 2000 to 2020, drought stresses increased, with over 90% of Isfahan's areas facing severe drought stress. The VHI index indicated that in 2000 and 2017, approximately 82% and 67% of vegetation
cover were damaged due to temperature stress, significantly reducing its health. Finally, the results of this study show that drought has occurred as a multidimensional phenomenon in Isfahan with different intensities during the last two decades and this region continues to face persistent drought These results can help in management decision-making to reduce the effects of drought and improve the management of water resources and agriculture.
Key Words:
Drought indices, Vegetation cover, Water resources, Agriculture

QuestionWhat are the short‐term (first 4 yrs) dynamics of a Mediterranean heathland following burning during the early‐ vs the late‐fire season?LocationSerra da Lousã, Central Portugal.MethodsThe vegetation studied was a 16‐year old heathland with Erica australis (resprouter), Pterospartum tridentatum (resprouter/seeder) and Erica umbellata (seeder) among the dominant species. Four blocks, each with three 50 m × 40 m plots, were established. One plot per block was burned during the early season (ES) and one during the late season (LS), and the third remained unburned. Prior to, and during the first 4 yrs after burning, each burned plot was sampled for species abundance, vigour and richness. The effects of fire through time were tested using random blocks repeated measures ANOVA. Recruitment was modelled as a function of percentage of post‐fire soil covered by litter (%). MANOVA was used to test changes in the relative dominance of the woody species due to fire. Community dynamics we...

Biodiversity is in chronic decline, and extreme events -such as wildfires -can add further episodes of acute losses. Fires of increasing magnitude will often overwhelm response capacity, and decision-makers need to make choices about what to protect. Conventionally, such choices prioritise human life then infrastructure then biodiversity. Based on shortcomings revealed in the 2019-20 Australian wildfires, we propose a series of linked steps that can be used to identify and prioritise biodiversity assets (including their priority relative to other types of assets), enhance and implement their protection through planning and practice, and strengthen legislation to safeguard them.

Human fire use contributes to fire regimes and benefits societies worldwideyet is poorly understood at the global scale. We present the Global FireUse Survey (GFUS), an effort to elicit and systematize knowledge about fireuse from experts, including academics and practitioners. The GFUS datacover the stakeholders using fire, reasons for and seasonality of burning,recent trends in anthropogenic ignitions and burned area and the presence/absence and effectiveness of different policy interventions targeting fireuse. The survey garnered 311 responses for regions covering over 50% ofthe Earth’s ice-free land, improving on the coverage of literature syntheseson fire use. Here, we analyse the data on the distribution of fire use andpolicy interventions. The survey suggests that the most widespread fireusers are Indigenous and local people burning to meet objectives associatedwith small-scale livelihoods and cultural priorities, whereas burning bycommercial land users, state agencies and non-governmental organizationsis less widespread. Regulatory restrictions are the most common policyinterventions targeting fire use but are ineffective in achieving their aimsin regions with higher burned area. While community-led governanceof burning is rarer, it was deemed more effective than restrictive policyinterventions, particularly in regions with higher burned area.

Perspectives were established from the 1860s into the 1950s to offer sharecroppers the opportunity to manage parcels as a cohort and were places to get financial assistance and credit to buy and maintain farmland (Seals 1991; Siby, 2013). Black people rebuilt their communities decimated by the Civil War, and by 1910 there were approximately 240,000 or more Blackowned farms in the states of Alabama, Florida, and Georgia alone (USDA Census 1910). Many property owners possessed lands on former plantations. Eighty-nine years later in 1999, a USDA Agricultural Economics and Land Ownership Survey stated that African American landowners accounted for approximately 68,000 farms covering 7.8 million acres, approximately 2% of all private landowners in the United States (USDA ERS 1999). In 2017, these already dismal figures had dropped further: there were only 28,000 Black landowners, and these individuals

Research Communications Special Issue on Ethics in Ethnobiology recreational sites. Disturbance management regimes in this region include the concrete actions performed by a succession of societies beginning with huntergatherers and horticulturalists in the Prehistoric era, followed by Euro-American settlers in Colonial times, and then settler descendants as well as public and private land managers in the current era (Fowler and Konopik 2007). Disturbance management regimes intervene in species composition and spatial structure (Cox et al. 2016) in ways that influence ecosystem processes-such as succession, water circulation, carbon storage, and soil erosion-and functionincluding their protective, productive, and social roles. This article focuses on anthropogenic fire as a form of disturbance that, in the fall of 2016, had an unusually strong influence on landscapes in the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The fall 2016 wildfire season caused immediate environmental changes and will likely have long-term effects as well. A spatially and temporally dense cluster of wildfires called the "Blue

The fire management went through a ripening process. Initially, the exclusion of fire was the strategy of environmental preservation, but it resulted in accumulation of biomass fuel and severe fires. It sought to integrate fire with ecological and socioeconomic needs, an alternative rather than excluding the fire for conservation called by the Integrated Fire Management (IFM). In Brazil, this approach has been applied since 2012 with significant changes in governmental and community acceptance. Therefore, this paper reports the outcomes of the IFM in Federal Protected Areas (PAs). In 2014, only the Serra Geral do Tocantins Ecological Station and Chapada das Mesas National Park worked from the perspective of IFM. In 2017, 53 PAs planned their actions through the elaboration of Fire Management Plans (IFMP). Today, almost 200 PAs made their IFMP, of which, 44% have hired fire brigade. The hiring of specialized personnel was favored by Law No. 13,668/2018 which extends the contract term from 6 months to 3 years. The hiring of almost 1,200 wildland firefighters, mainly members of the local population, values the traditional and regional knowledge and contributes with the income linked to conservation. With the increasing consolidation of the IFM, there is a constant generation and exchange of knowledge and experiences between managers and institutions, boosting the development of techniques such as the fuel load mapping. The dissemination of knowledge occurs through exchanges and training cycles of public federal servers, firefighters and volunteers/community, training about 2,500 people/year. That generated many strategies for the reduction of fires, such as in the Serra da Canastra National Park, which started authorizing controlled burnings for producers, reducing recurrent tensions between managers and community; and the Campos Amazônicos National Park, with prescribed burnings (PBs). Those actions contributed for the reduction of 51% and 90% of burned area (2010/2018), respectively, protection of sensitive vegetation, springs/veredas, threatened species and reduction of GHG emissions. Another 25 PAs performed PBs in 2018 and 40 intend to execute them in 2019. The IFM is becoming consolidated. However it is still necessary to continue learning from the results to fit the best strategy for each area.

  Fire is an important ecological factor in Cerrado vegetation of central Brazil, and in other savanna ecosystems. The effect of fire on the abundance of some Xenarthran mammal species Priodontes maximus Kerr, 1792 (giant armadillo), Euphractus sexcinctus Linnaeus, 1758 (yellow armadillo) and Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758 (giant anteater)) was studied at Reserva Xavante do Rio das Mortes, a 329 000 ha Xavante Indian reserve in the Cerrado of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Track counts were used to compare the abundance of these mammals along seven burned and seven unburned transects, on seven occasions between August 1995 and August 1996. The number of tracks in burned and unburned areas did not differ. Xenarthrans probably use burned areas to obtain food resources, basically termites and ants. Xavante traditional fire hunts may reduce fuel accumulation and function as a mechanism to prevent more destructive fires. Fire management at Reserva Xavante is recommended because the burning...

The paper presents a study of the use of past experience in emergency management with an application to Forest Fire-Fighting Management. Our objective is the sharing of experience between the emergency managers in order to support the re-planning task, regarded as the relevant task of Forest Fire-Fighting Management. Therefore it is necessary to establish a common working language to facilitate sharing. First, we present the methodology used to determine the key element of this language, which is called a unit of experience. We then introduce a method to capitalize such units. Next, we describe the utilization of units of experience to improve emergency management. The reasoning method provides several levels of support to fire managers.

The paper presents a study of the use of past experience in emergency management with an application to Forest Fire-Fighting Management. Our objective is the sharing of experience between the emergency managers in order to support the re-planning task, regarded as the relevant task of Forest Fire-Fighting Management. Therefore it is necessary to establish a common working language to facilitate sharing. First, we present the methodology used to determine the key element of this language, which is called a unit of experience. We then introduce a method to capitalize such units. Next, we describe the utilization of units of experience to improve emergency management. The reasoning method provides several levels of support to fire managers.

Sabine Delaitre SADIEL, C/ Isaac Newton s/n, Edificio SADIEL-SODEAN, Isla Cartuja, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain Email: delaitre@sadiel.es ... Alain Giboin INRIA, Acacia project, BP93, F-06902 Sophia Antipolis, France Email: Alain.Giboin@sophia.inria.fr ... Sabine Moisan INRIA, ...

Extreme wildfires are increasingly hazardous, particularly plume-dominated fires, which exhibit unpredictable behavior due to their self-sustaining convective columns. Despite their significance, these fires remain poorly understood, hindered by limited observational data and fragmented remote sensing approaches. This paper proposes an Artificial Intelligence-based method adaptive framework for real-time detection and characterization of plume-dominated wildfires using satellite and aerial imagery. The framework focuses on three critical aspects: fire intensity, vertical plume development, and rotational motion. Leveraging satellite data, alongside aerial datasets, the methodology dynamically adapts to available data to ensure accurate assessments. The final output is a risk-graded map identifying zones of active or potential plumedominated activity, and a deeper characterization of the plume internal mechanisms. The proposed framework has significant potential for improving wildfire prediction, management, and mitigation strategies, contributing to improved safety and resource allocation in wildfire-prone regions.

RESUMO O uso da iconografia e suas diversas formas de aquisição como recurso metodológico da pesquisa geográfica sempre foi expressivo. Neste trabalho é traçado um paralelo entre imagens produzidas por Pedro Pinchas Geiger no relatório da Excursão ao Jalapão e a produção de imagens com o auxílio de geotecnologias e registros fotográficos referentes à expedição de campo realizada em outubro de 2023. Ao longo dessa última expedição e com suporte do material de campo reunido procurou-se analisar aspectos da transformação da paisagem ao longo dos 80 anos que separam ambas as expedições de campo, construindo um arcabouço de evidências da história de uso e ocupação local e regional. A reflexão com as imagens indica a existência de temporalidades distintas nos processos de transformação da paisagem; a conformação de um olhar foto-geográfico, ou um modo de ver geográfico, e a persistência das imagens como meios para a descoberta do(s) mundo(s).

Over 1200 post-fire assessment and treatment implementation reports from four decades (1970s–2000s) of western US forest fires have been examined to identify decadal patterns in fire characteristics and the justifications and expenditures for the post-fire treatments. The main trends found were: (1) the area burned by wildfire increased over time and the rate of increase accelerated after 1990; (2) the proportions of burned area assessed as low, moderate and high burn severity likely have remained fairly constant over time, but the use of satellite imagery that began c. 2000 increased the resolution of burn severity assessments leading to an apparent decreased proportion of high burn severity during the 2000s; (3) treatment justifications reflected regional concerns (e.g. soil productivity in areas of timber harvest) and generally reflected increased human encroachment in the wildland–urban interface; (4) modifications to roads were the most frequently recommended post-fire treatmen...

Forests in the Western United States face escalating threats from wildfire, pest outbreaks, and drought, leading experts and policymakers to call for extensive forest management to promote forest resilience and reduce wildfire risk. High treatment costs represent a major choke point to achieving forest management goals, but selling timber and biomass from forest thinning can offset costs and provide the revenue to help rapidly scale management actions. In this study, we assess how forest product market conditions influence the economic feasibility and scale of forest management by modeling treatment potential across a Northern Sierra Nevada landscape using the US Forest Service's BioSum tool. We evaluate treatment outcomes across nine economic scenarios, incorporating wood and biomass price variations and treatment subsidies. Results indicate that baseline pricing assumptions facilitate aggressive forest treatment where thinning is feasible and needed, but a 50 % drop in forest product prices led to a one-third decline in treated area. These reductions are completely offset by a $500/acre treatment subsidy, suggesting that subsidies could serve as a 'price floor' to maintain treatment levels through market fluctuations. Optimal, cost-effective treatments overwhelmingly utilized prescribed fire following thinning, emphasizing the role of fire-inclusive approaches for forest treatment. While study findings indicate that forest product markets can support landscape-scale treatments, the capacity of regional processing facilities currently limits full utilization of forest products, underscoring the importance of expanding wood and biomass utilization infrastructure to realize the potential of market-driven strategies for improving forest resilience in the Sierra Nevada and similar fire-prone regions. ☆ This article is part of a Special issue entitled: 'Sust Sol INVITE ONLY' published in Current Research in Environmental Sustainability.

Aims: This study assessed changes in woody vegetation cover, richness, diversity, and species composition in Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) between 2010 and 2023, focusing on the impacts of fire and elephants. Analyses were conducted for the entire park and its main vegetation types and ecoregions. Location: GNP is located in southern Zimbabwe, bordering Mozambique, covering approximately 5000 km 2. Methods: In 2010, 313 sampling areas were surveyed, and a resurvey was conducted in 2022/2023 using a plotless method. For each area, woody species cover was recorded in four height classes. Indices for total woody cover, species richness, diversity (Shannon), and evenness (Pielou) were calculated for both surveys across the park, ecoregions, and vegetation types. Differences between surveys were analyzed with paired t-tests. Species composition changes were analyzed using NMDS and PERMANOVA, while the effects of fire frequency, slope, and distance from rivers on species composition were tested with a mixed linear model. The change in dominant species occurrence was also examined. Results: Species richness significantly declined, with no changes in woody vegetation cover, diversity, or evenness, except in the alluvial ecoregion, where diversity decreased. Changes across height layers revealed increased richness and diversity in the < 1 m layer and declines in the 1-3 m and 3-5 m layers. Species composition changes were significant across ecoregions and influenced by fire frequency. A decrease in dominant tree species was observed, varying by species' resilience to current pressures. Conclusions: GNP is undergoing simplification in woody vegetation, likely due to the combined effects of elephants and fire. This is leading to shrubbier vegetation and changes in species composition, particularly in trees. To prevent further degradation, actions must be implemented, such as the use of individual protection systems from debarking, the development of a fire management system, and the creation of ecological corridors in the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area to facilitate the movement of elephants. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Elephant conservation in Africa occurs within and beyond gazetted protected areas. We collared and tracked 19 male and seven female savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Gonarezhou National Park (GNP), Zimbabwe, between 2016 and 2022. We investigated the extent of elephant activity outside the park and the role that season and diel played in this. We further documented habitat use, including the use of human-dominated landscapes. Our results showed that male elephants were more likely to move outside the GNP than females, dispersing at greater distances than females. Male elephants moved as far as 60 km from Gonarezhou, while females typically did not disperse farther than 15 km. Most movement outside protected area boundaries were during the cool-dry season (April–July). Male and female elephants returned to the GNP during the hot-wet season (December to March). When outside the GNP, male elephants preferred forested land cover types, while females remained in shrublands. Collared elephants avoided areas adjacent to GNP where human population densities were high. Surface water may also play a role in elephant movement outside of Gonarezhou, but we did not have reliable data to validate this. Our results indicate some use of areas neighbouring GNP by elephants, particularly in Mozambique, but not widespread dispersal.

Conservation implications: To achieve a stable elephant population growth rate in GNP, conservation planning in the region should consider immediate interventions for addressing barriers to the movement of elephants to Zinave and Banhine National Parks in Mozambique to avoid the risk of escalating fragmentation of the landscape. In addition, the communal area linking Gonarezhou to Kruger National Park should be prioritised for conservation efforts and pilot projects to test the functionality of the Sengwe corridor.

Growing recognition that periodic fire is critical for maintaining the health of many rangeland ecosystems and concerns over more frequent catastrophic wildfires have focused attention on prescribed fire as an ecosystem restoration and fuel management tool. In states such as Texas, where most land is privately owned, the level of success of outreach activities aimed at expanding the adoption of specific management practices is influenced by the extent to which landowners' perceptions, interests, and concerns regarding such practices are addressed. This is particularly important for prescribed fire, which has been perceived by many landowners to be a dangerous or wasteful practice. Here we report the results of a mail survey of 185 members of the Edwards Plateau Prescribed Burn Association (EPPBA) and a random sample of 600 nonmember rural landowners in four counties in the Edwards Plateau and two counties in the Rolling Plains ecoregions of Texas. The overall response rate was 46.6%. Primary reasons respondents did not apply fire on their land were insufficient resources, legal concerns, and lack of assistance with burn plan development. EPPBA members had more positive attitudes than nonmembers about the ecological role of fire and the use of prescribed fire. Our study suggests that adoption of prescribed burning as an integral part of land management plans by private landowners could be expanded by forming new prescribed burning associations. The EPPBA model for such associations provides learning opportunities that are consistent with adult learning and innovation adoption principles. It facilitates fire safety training, reduces concerns over legal liability associated with fire ignition, and enhances access to shared fire management equipment and labor on burn days. The two-tiered structure of the EPPBA with some form of statelevel representation appears to be an efficient organizational structure for these associations. El reconocimiento cada vez mayor que el fuego perio ´dico es crı ´tico para mantener la salud de muchos ecosistemas de pastizales y las preocupaciones sobre los fuegos silvestres catastro ´ficos mas frecuentes ha enfocado la atencio ´n en los fuegos prescritos como una herramienta en la restauracio ´n de un ecosistema y el manejo de combustible. En estados, tales como Texas, donde la mayorı ´a de la tierra es propiedad privada, el nivel de e ´xito de las actividades de sobrepasar los objetivos en ampliar la adopcio ´n de especı ´ficas pra ´cticas de manejo esta influenciado por el grado de las percepciones, los intereses, y las preocupaciones de los propietarios con respecto a las direcciones de dichas practicas. Esto es importante particularmente para el fuego prescrito, el cual ha sido percibido por muchos propietarios de tierras como una pra ´ctica peligrosa o costosa. Aquı ´nosotros mostramos los resultados de una encuesta por correo de 185 miembros de la Asociacio ´n de Quema Prescrita del Edwards Plateau (EPPBA) y una muestra al aleatoria de 600 propietarios tierras rurales no miembros en cuatro condados en el Edwards Plateau y dos condados de los Rolling Plains de Texas. La tasa de la respuesta total fue de 46.6%. Las razones de los encuestados de no aplicar fuegos en sus tierras fueron recursos insuficientes, preocupaciones legales y la falta de asistencia con el desarrollo del plan de quema. Los miembros de la EPPBA tuvieron aptitudes ma ´s positivas que los no miembros sobre el rol ecolo ´gico del fuego y el uso del fuego prescrito. Nuestro estudio sugiere que la adopcio ´n de la quema prescrita como una parte integral de los planes de manejo de tierras de propietarios privados pudiera ampliarse mediante la creacio ´n de nuevas asociaciones de quema prescritas. El modelo de la EPPBA para tales asociaciones les brinda oportunidades de conocimiento que sean consistente con el conocimiento adulto y la innovacio ´n de los principios de adopcio ´n. Esto facilita el entrenamiento de seguridad contra incendio, reduce las preocupaciones sobre la responsabilidad legal asociada con la ignicio ´n del fuego, y facilita el acceso a compartir el equipo de manejo de incendio y la labor en los dı ´as de quemas. La estructura de dos niveles de la EPPBA con alguna forma de representacio ´n legal estatal parece ser una estructura organizacional eficiente para estas asociaciones.

The manipulative field study points toward new European Agroenvironmental policies. • The "boom and bust grazing" management may affect Mediterranean vegetation structure. • Cattle feed on flammable plant taxa. • Mediterranean forest fails to provide the energetic requirements of cattle. • The "boom and bust grazing" management needs further research.

Wildfires remain a significant challenge in fire-prone regions like Southern California, as evidenced by the ongoing 2024/25 wildfire disaster. This study introduces an innovative methodology for assessing wildfire risk by combining Fire Weather Index (FWI) components, historical burn probabilities, and multi-source meteorological and satellite data, including ERA5 reanalysis, MODIS and Sentinel-2 data.

The methodology includes a decomposition of FWI components — including temperature, wind, humidity, and fuel moisture—and their derived indices: Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC), Duff Moisture Code (DMC), Drought Code (DC), Initial Spread Index (ISI), Build-Up Index (BUI), and the final Fire Weather Index (FWI).  The Fire Weather Index (FWI) meteorological data will be sourced from the Copernicus ERA5 dataset because the ERA5 data provides essential weather information, including wind speed, surface temperature, and relative humidity. These parameters are cross-referenced with MODIS-derived Land Surface Temperature (LST) to validate spatial temperature trends, statistically downscale the derived data, and identify discrepancies that could signal pre-fire anomalies. Additionally, satellite-derived vegetation indices from Sentinel-2 (e.g., NDVI, NDWI, and MSAVI2) are incorporated to evaluate vegetation health and moisture stress. Before the fire, the vegetation states are compared with historical burn probability mapping, constructed using past wildfire records and environmental datasets, to create a comparative framework to assess predicted versus actual fire spread patterns.

The working hypothesis suggests that combining ERA5 meteorological data with satellite-derived indices can provide a deeper understanding of pre-fire conditions, thereby improving early warning capabilities. Preliminary findings suggest that anomalies such as elevated temperatures (from MODIS and ERA5) and vegetation stress (from Sentinel-2) are strong indicators of impending wildfire risks. These patterns highlight the importance of combining meteorological, historical, and satellite-based insights to inform wildfire risk management.

We propose developing an interactive early warning system using Google Earth Engine to operationalise these insights. This system integrates FWI components, ERA5-derived meteorological data, historical burn probabilities, and satellite-based indices into a dashboard for real-time monitoring. The dashboard will be designed to visualise critical thresholds, assess vegetation stress, and analyse fire risk trends. This comprehensive approach empowers proactive decision-making to mitigate the impacts of wildfires and improve overall disaster preparedness.

This study demonstrates the potential of leveraging cross-referenced ERA5, MODIS and Sentinel-2 data, FWI components, and historical probabilities to build a scalable, data-driven framework for wildfire risk assessment in vulnerable regions.

Resumo As máquinas fazem história? No que consiste a técnica-ou a tecnologia-, já que por vezes o conteúdo referido nesse verbete parece abranger todo conteúdo da atividade humana? Que resultado o avanço das forças produtivas tem nesse devir? Tais questões norteiam a excursão-no formato de revisão literária-em torno do tratamento do tema na filosofia europeia e estadunidense. Como se traçou a fronteira entre ferramentas e máquinas? Entre o qualificado e o mecanicamente determinado? Entre o manufaturado e maquinofaturado? Entre o puramente subjetivo e o puramente objetivo? Entre o projeto e execução? Ao percorrer os discursos que tocam essas dicotomias, indica-se qual pode ser o lugar do ser humano na multitude de processos fabricativos com os quais-com maior ou menor consciência-ele se engaja.

Valuation of natural resources requires a multifunctional vision incorporating market and nonmarket values like environmental services and landscape goods. Though widely used in forest firest analysis, teledetection has never been used in the economic valuation of forest fires damages. Application of this tool in the valuation of forest fires damages provides a versatile tool with many benefits. For example, it allows identification and valuation of large forest fires inexpensively compare to on the ground monitoring by providing periodic information of vegetation post-fire behavior. Using Landsat 8 satellite images and the economic procedure in Visual SEVEIF we provide an economic valuation of the damages caused by the Alhama de Almeria fire (3,260 ha). The satellite images are an important source of georeferenced information and can be used to determine the resource net-value-change based on fire intensity by classifying the vegetation indexes as resource depreciation rates. For the Alhama de Almeria fire the dNBR index provides a more robust representation of fire severity than RdNBR because of the boosting effect caused by the pre-fire NBR due to the areas scant vegetation, low precipitation and intense sun light. The economic valuation of the damages caused by this fire was estimated at 656,981 € or 201.53 €/ha. The most important resources in the valuation were landscape goods because of their closedness to the province capital. Over 57% of the total losses correspond to landscape goods and environmental services.

There is mounting evidence that warmer and drier climates will result in an increase in fire activity. Lower fuel moistures result in an increase in fuel availability, and hence a greater probability of fire ignition success, with fires potentially burning for extended periods and at higher intensities. At present, the implications of these anticipated changes in fire regimes for carbon dynamics in Australian ecosystems are unclear. This study attempts to address this by combining the carbon dynamics model FullCAM and the landscape fire regime simulator FIRESCAPE to investigate the relative effects of projected climate changes on fire and carbon dynamics in the south eastern Australian high country. Three climate scenarios were simulated, representing the present climate and two projections for the year 2070. To encompass the range of climate change scenarios, both projected changes are based on anticipated global populations peaking mid-century, with one projection resulting from the use of fossil intensive technologies (A1FI), and the other projection resulting from the use of clean and resourceefficient technologies (B1). The 2 million hectare study landscape predominantly contains a diversity of native forest communities, with some areas containing native and pasture grasses, shrub communities and Pinus radiata plantations. Simulations using the FIRESCAPE / FullCAM hybrid model indicate that both fire regimes and carbon dynamics are sensitive to projected changes in climate, with the greatest deviances evident for the warmest and driest climate (A1FI). In simulations, the fire incidence, fire areas and fire intensities all increased as the climate became warmer and drier. Declines in carbon stocks were also evident across the landscape as shorter inter-fire intervals in all vegetation communities resulted in younger stand ages and hence reduced biomasses. Simulated carbon emissions increased for warmer and drier climates, reflecting the associated increase in fire activity. This study provides useful insights into changes in fire and carbon dynamics for the high country of south eastern Australia resulting from increased fire activity during warmer and drier climates.

There is mounting evidence that warmer and drier climates will result in an increase in fire activity. Lower fuel moistures result in an increase in fuel availability, and hence a greater probability of fire ignition success, with fires potentially burning for extended periods and at higher intensities. At present, the implications of these anticipated changes in fire regimes for carbon

We use the historical presence of high‐severity fire patches in mixed‐conifer forests of the western United States to make several points that we hope will encourage development of a more ecologically informed view of severe wildland fire effects. First, many plant and animal species use, and have sometimes evolved to depend on, severely burned forest conditions for their persistence. Second, evidence from fire history studies also suggests that a complex mosaic of severely burned conifer patches was common historically in the West. Third, to maintain ecological integrity in forests born of mixed‐severity fire, land managers will have to accept some severe fire and maintain the integrity of its aftermath. Lastly, public education messages surrounding fire could be modified so that people better understand and support management designed to maintain ecologically appropriate sizes and distributions of severe fire and the complex early‐seral forest conditions it creates.

In the past few years several Australia forestry companies have set in place procedures for certification in sustainable forest management (Forest Stewardship Council and Australian Forestry Standard). Eucalypt plantation forestry in sub-tropical New South Wales and Queensland is substantially different from that in temperate southern Australia, with currently the majority of plantations grown for long-rotation sawlogs, and a range of tree species different from that planted for pulp in southern Australia. Also, the major insect pests in this region are multivoltine and active for much of the year, due to the warmer climate and the short milder winters, compared to shorter periods of activity of larvae of any one species of mostly univoltine insects in temperate Australia. Insect pest management strategies currently used in Australia include tree improvement, improved site-species matching, and chemical control, mostly using an integrated pest management approach. Monitoring is essential for correct timing of insecticide application but, due to limited resources, forestry companies in Australia struggle to monitor effectively for multiple insect pests over extended periods of insect activity. Because of the relative immaturity of the plantation industry in subtropical * Based on a paper presented at Technical Session 025: "Certification of Fast-grown Plantation Forests. Issues, Costs, and Benefits", held during the XXII IUFRO World Congress 2005,

In the past few years several Australia forestry companies have set in place procedures for certification in sustainable forest management (Forest Stewardship Council and Australian Forestry Standard). Eucalypt plantation forestry in sub-tropical New South Wales and Queensland is substantially different from that in temperate southern Australia, with currently the majority of plantations grown for long-rotation sawlogs, and a range of tree species different from that planted for pulp in southern Australia. Also, the major insect pests in this region are multivoltine and active for much of the year, due to the warmer climate and the short milder winters, compared to shorter periods of activity of larvae of any one species of mostly univoltine insects in temperate Australia. Insect pest management strategies currently used in Australia include tree improvement, improved site-species matching, and chemical control, mostly using an integrated pest management approach. Monitoring is esse...