Forest fire

The main objective of the work had to characterize the fires occurrence using two types of satellites images: the Landsat images and the Modis images of high and medium spatial resolution respectively. The study was realized during the months: june to december of the period 2002-2004. The quantity of fire occurrence presented a significant increase, the total registered during the period 2002-2004 was 415 hot spots corresponding 80 hot spots to the year 2002, 156 to the year 2003 and 179 to the year 2004. The areas of burned zones totalized 33.575.49 ha corresponding the 42%, that means, the 14.391,72 ha to the year 2004, getting this last year the most significant periodo The earth cover and use most affected were the natural grassland and the agricultural areas with 20.189,7 ha and 11.200,6 ha respectively. A map that shows the sequential development of the fire occurrence during the analyzed period reveals the final result of the study. In a particular zone and in a specific period of time the fires could be characterize qualitatively and quantitatively using medium and high resolution satellite images.

Tropical rainforests store enormous amounts of carbon, the protection of which represents a vital component of efforts to mitigate global climate change. Currently, tropical forest conservation, science, policies, and climate mitigation actions focus predominantly on reducing carbon emissions from deforestation alone. However, every year vast areas of the humid tropics are disturbed by selective logging, understory fires, and habitat fragmentation. There is an urgent need to understand the effect of such disturbances on carbon stocks, and how stocks in disturbed forests compare to those found in undisturbed primary forests as well as in regenerating secondary forests. Here, we present the results of the largest field study to date on the impacts of human disturbances on above and belowground carbon stocks in tropical forests. Live vegetation, the largest carbon pool, was extremely sensitive to disturbance: forests that experienced both selective logging and understory fires stored, ...

HIRES is a high resolution mesoscale atmospheric modelling system to which has recently been added an atmospheric pollutant dispersion and chemical reaction module. This module, referred to as AIRCHEM, has a set of transport (advection), diffusion, deposition and chemical reaction components. The coupled HIRES-AIRCHEM system can be applied to local intra-regional problems, as well as to interregional and long-range air quality problems. The AIRCHEM component is in a relatively early stage of development and as yet has only a simple chemical scheme comprising 10 chemical species. In this study the coupled HIRES-AIRCHEM system is tested on three distinct problems. The ®rst problem is an ozone event over the Sydney, New South Wales (NSW) basin. This is an intra-regional example in which the NSW Environment Protection Authority's ozone concentration health limit of 10 pphm was attained or exceeded over a large section of the Sydney basin. The second case is an interregional one in which smoke from a prescribed burn ignited well to the north of Sydney was transported over the Sydney basin. A regional pollution index (RPI) was recorded that was more than four times the NSW Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) health limit. Finally, the third case presented here is one of long range transport of smoke particulates over southeast Asia, from the massive ®res that occurred during the 1997=1998 El Niño episode. The results obtained from these three very distinct cases were suf®ciently encouraging to suggest that the coupled HIRES-AIRCHEM system should prove to be a powerful tool in assisting environmental management and emergency policy in the air quality arena.

Studi simulasi dispersi gas polutan dari sebuah cerobong merupakan upaya pengembangan sektor industri yang ramah lingkungan. Prediksi sebaran emisi gas polutan terhadap udara ambien dilakukan untuk mengantisipasi dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan ...

Accuracy in evaluating the risk of credit applications is crucial for lenders, particularly when dealing with unsecured loans. Accuracy can be enhanced by selecting suitable features for a machine learning model. To better identify high-risk borrowers, this study applies an elaborate feature selection technique. This study uses the light gradient boosting machine (LGBM) Classifier model with boosting type gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) algorithm and n_estimator value 100 for feature selection process. This work uses advanced machine learning techniques namely stacking to improve accuracy model perform. The dataset consists of 307,506 applicants from European lenders who have applied for loans in Southeast Asia. Each applicant is described by 126 different features. Using GDBT algorithm GBDT, 30 best features were selected based on their maximum accuracy compared to another feature. By employing a stacking technique that combines the LGBM, gradient boosting (GB), and random forest (RF) models, and utilizing logistic regression (LR) as the final estimator, an accuracy of 0.99637 was reached. This study demonstrates an improved the accuracy compared to previous research. This discovery indicates that utilizing feature selection and stacking method can provide one of the most precise choices for modelling the binary class classification among the current models.

Detecting strokes at the early day is crucial for preventing health issues and potentially saving lives. Predicting strokes accurately can be challenging, especially when working with unbalanced healthcare datasets. In this article, we suggest a thorough method combining machine learning (ML) algorithms and ensemble learning techniques to improve the accuracy of predicting strokes. Our approach includes using preprocessing methods for tackling imbalanced data, feature engineering for extracting key information, and utilizing different ML algorithms such as random forests (RF), decision trees (DT), and gradient boosting (GBoost) classifiers. Through the utilization of ensemble learning, we amalgamate the advantages of various models in order to generate stronger and more reliable predictions. By conducting thorough tests and assessments on a variety of datasets, we demonstrate the efficacy of our approach in addressing the imbalanced stroke datasets and greatly enhances prediction accuracy. We conducted comprehensive testing and validation to ensure the reliability and applicability of our method, improving the accuracy of stroke prediction and supporting healthcare planning and resource allocation strategies.

El propósito de este artículo es analizar el discurso de la activación presente en la EEE. La EEE, iniciada con la inclusión de un título de empleo en el tratado de Ámsterdam, ha suscitado cuestiones en torno a su capacidad para coordinar las políticas de empleo, debido a la ausencia de mecanismos sancionadores que caracteriza su modelo de gobernanza, basado en el soft law. Sin embargo, la ausencia de obligaciones legales, puede generar obligaciones morales y políticas a partir del desarrollo de marcos interpretativos comunes para describir el mercado de trabajo y problematizar ciertos aspectos de la realidad, conformando un mecanismo de gobernanza por persuasión. Mediante el análisis de los marcos interpretativos, el artículo tratará de de concretar las principales ideas que de ella emanan en relación a las políticas de activación y, en segundo lugar, de visibilizar los mecanismos discursivos de los cuales se sirve para convencer a los estados miembros sobre la bondad de sus propuestas.

Introduction
Watershed degradation had negative effects on ecological and anthropologic functions at different scales. Therefore, strategic planning and conserving watershed resources is the main goal for managers and policy-makers. To achieve this goal, it is essential to provide a scientific roadmap concerning the health degree of the watershed in terms of its multi-functions. A healthy watershed improves the resilience of local ecology to climate change and provides essential services for human and ecological functions. Identifying healthy watersheds could be an effective managerial tool for monitoring natural and human phenomena and impacts. Although, in recent decades, there have been numerous types of research on watershed health and its assessment methods in different water and soil environments and in relation to environmental and social processes with economic models for decision-making in different fields. But regarding to the interpretation of different watershed health assessment models with fuzzy logic, limited studies have been carried out. This is the fact that fuzzy science has been well-considered in various sciences. In recent years, fuzzy logic has been mentioned as a powerful technique in hydrological component analysis and resource decision-making. Hydrological problems are associated with uncertainty, which is managed by fuzzy logic-based models. Fuzzy logic is based on the language of nature.  To this end, the present study was planned to accomplish our previous information on the KoozehTopraghi Watershed health and develop a new PSR-Fuzzy-based framework.

Materials and Methods
To do this research, firstly the pressure, state-response (PSR) model was conceptualized and customized for the study watershed. Secondly, the main criteria of road density, watershed slope, runoff coefficient, agriculture area with a slope of more than 25%, precipitation, and temperature were computed for building the pressure indicator. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) also were computed for building the state indicator. Then, the specific erosion (m3 y-1), erosion intensity coefficient, river density, and rangeland area were computed for building the response indicator. Thirdly, these criteria are converted to fuzzy bases using Fuzzy Linear membership functions in the ArcGIS 10.8 environment. Fuzzification is a method in which each pixel in the map is given a value between zero and one. This amount expresses its value according to the goal it pursues, and the higher it is in terms of value, the higher it is awarded to it as a result. Six operators including AND, OR, SUM, PRODUCT, Gamma 0.9, and Gamma 0.5 were used for incorporating three indicators of PSR and watershed health zoning. Fourthly, to evaluate and classify the output results of the operators used in the estimation of watershed health, the Quality Sum (QS) was used.

Results and Discussion
The results proved the better performance of two operators of Gamma 0.9 and PRODUCT. The Qs was 0.46 for PRODUCT as the first priority, followed by Gamma 0.9 operators with a Qs of 0.37 in the second priority as the most efficient operators in mapping watershed health. The pressure indicator results showed that 33.84, 0.16, 9.45, 50.51, and 6.04% of the total area of the KoozehTopraghi watershed were classified as very high, high, medium, low, and very low, respectively. The results of the state indicator, 7.55, 52.71, 39.67, and 0.07% of the total area of the study watershed were classified as very high, high, medium, and very low, respectively. The response indicator results indicated that 15.16, 13.30, 29.99, 34.80, and 6.76% of the total area of the KoozehTopraghi watershed were classified as very high, high, medium, low, and very low, respectively. According to the results of the PRODUCT operator, 67, 23, 9, and 1 % of the study watershed were classified as unhealthy, relatively unhealthy, medium, and relatively healthy, respectively. For Gamma 0.9 operator 0.9, 46, 1, 17, and 36% of watersheds were classified in unhealthy, medium, relatively healthy, and healthy classes. Based on this, it is a priority to provide suitable solutions for basic land management. Because it may be intensified the continuation of the irreparable process at the watershed level.

Conclusion
The results confirmed the spatial changes in health status throughout the KoozehTopraghi Watershed. Therefore, different scientific and rational programs need to be adapted to improve health to various degrees. It is highly suggested to prioritize nature-based solutions, integrated participatory management, and adaptive co-management for improving the KoozehTopraghi watershed health. Acquaintance with modern management patterns in the world, of course, with the different climatic and social conditions of our country, we can open up in the field of comprehensive watershed management compared to the past.  The watershed health index as a practical tool in watershed management can be used to determine priorities and monitor watershed status changes. In addition, since the factors affecting the management of ecosystems are considered in the health index, it can be considered as a tool for analyzing the vegetation, water, and soil resources for use with the needs of the living organism.

1: IUSTI-UMR CNRS 6595, University of Provence, France, Fabrice.Onofri@polytech.univ-mrs.fr 2: IUSTI-UMR CNRS 6595, University of Provence, France, Severine.Barbosa@polytech.univ-mrs.fr 3: IUSTI-UMR CNRS 6595, University of Provence, France, Mariusz.Wozniak@polytech.univ-mrs.fr 4: IUSTI-UMR CNRS 6595, University of Provence, France, OumarTourefr@yahoo.fr 5: CEPM, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland, Janusz.Mroczka@pwr.wroc.pl

In this article, a system using Unmanned Autonomous Quadrotor Helicopters (UqHs) for forest fire surveillance is presented. Quadrotor helicopters (equipped with inertial navigation systems, GPS, RF-transceivers and cameras) fly over the expanding perimeter of the fire and are used as the fire-front sensing systems. These helicopter-units patrol in a continuous manner and agree on varying rendez-vous with each other. These rendez-vous are set as waypoints in order to divide the surveyed fire-front length at equidistant portions. After the rendez-vousmeetings between these helicopters, and the anticipated spread of the fire, new temporal-spatial rendez-vous points are predicted and transmitted to each UqH. These rendez-vous waypoints rely heavily on the fire-front spread algorithm (wind condition, moisture, fire fuel and the firefighters' reaction. For more accurate observation, these UqHs fly at low-altitude and are prune to sudden wind-gusts. These wind-gusts can be detrimental not only to the flight performance of these units but also to their overall stability. In each helicopter, a back step propagation unit along with a stabilizing controller relying on the Constrained Finite Time Optimization Control (CFTOC) scheme is used. The CFTOC is responsible for attenuating the effects of the random wind-gust disturbances on tracking of the a priori reference trajectory. Simulation results are used to investigate the efficiency of the suggested concept.

Les forêts sont essentielles pour un développement économique et social équilibré du continent européen, parce ce qu’elles ne fournissent pas seulement des arbres, mais elles permettent aussi le développement de produits inestimables dérivés des écosystèmes parmi lesquels : la production d’oxygène, le stockage de carbone, la préservation des sols, la protection des paysages, la préservation de la qualité des sols, la purification des eaux de surface, la régulation du climat. De plus, elles représentent un facteur clé du contrôle des cycles hydrologiques, elles abritent la biodiversité, des éléments essentiels pour la qualité de vie des citoyens européens et du reste du monde. En plus de jouer un rôle significatif dans le développement social et économique des zones rurales, les forêts sont très importantes pour la survie des espèces, elles contribuent au patrimoine et aux connaissances locales, et constituent une source d’énergie et une réserve naturelle de médicaments et de nourrit...

Increasingly large fires are occurring in southern Europe, especially at its westernmost part, where a humid Mediterranean climate combines with rough topography, flammable vegetation types, undermanaged forest and high ignition rates. These fires have huge socioeconomic and environmental impacts, including the potential loss of human lives. Portugal was struck by an exceptionally severe fire season in 2017 that included a multiple mega fire event (~200 kha) in mid-October, unprecedented in Europe in terms of season and the extent of area burned in a very short period. This new phenomenon, arguably caused by climate change, needs to be characterized and understood to inform future fire management. We describe how five mega fires (or fire complexes) have developed in central Portugal on October 15-16, 2017, and assess their major drivers. We described fire weather through the Canadian FWI System, the C-Haines index and atmospheric profiles, retrieved weather data, and estimated fine dead fuel moisture content. Seven extremely large fire scars resulted from the October 15 event. We selected five of them (18,503-48,462 ha) for fire growth reconstruction. To describe fire spread we compiled data from various sources, including satellite imagery, official reports and fire suppression data, photos and videos, and people accounts. When satellite hotspots presented high density, the Fire Radiative Power of these points was interpolated to identify the approximate location and shape of the active fire front. We built a fire location chronology and interpolated the resulting points to support the final production of a map of hourly fire isochrones. For each hour period we calculated burned area and fire growth rate. Fire danger rating was Extreme, with most weather stations displaying FWI>50, expressing the joint effects of critical fuel aridity and hurricane Ophelia and its advection of warm and dry air from Africa. C-Haines index reached 10-11 (on a maximum of 13) and the moisture content of fine dead fuels was 3-6%. Forests comprised most (78%) of the burned surface, with Pinus pinaster generally dominating. Among fires, an average of 73% of the area burned for the first time since 1975 or had not experienced fire for the last 19 years or more, indicating potentially high fuel load. Fires spread followed the SW-NE axis and often crowned, with spotting as an important spread mechanism that allowed fire percolation through fragmented forest landscapes to impact important wildland-urban interfaces. Estimates of maximum hourly rates of spread varied from 5 to 9 km hr-1 between fires, corresponding to 50-90 MW m-1 for a typical fuel load. Initial fire growth was fast and dominated by strong winds and very low fuel moisture content. Wind subsided subsequently, relative humidity increased, and a sequence of pyro-convection events developed, coinciding with the fastest, and also erratic, fire spread periods. Overall, an average of 10,000 ha burned per hour between 16:00 and 05:00 of the following day. The findings from this reconstruction and the explanation of the events will assist in improved fire management policies and operational guidelines, from fuel management to fire preparedness and suppression.

This study presents the field validation of secondary vegetation data generated by the TerraClass project, for the municipality of Bragança, Pará State. The validation came from the comparison of mapping results with the answers found in a field study. To assist in the collection of field samples, a LANDSAT-TM5 (08/09/2008), vectors of secondary vegetation and the municipal boundary were compile and inserted into a appropriate GPS software. However, due to access difficult to the south side of the municipality, the points for this area were obtained from high resolution imagery available in Google Earth. In total we collected 79 samples, 69 field and 10 from Google Earth correspondent imagery. We observed that 93.6% of the verified information represents the secondary vegetation and 6.33% did not correspond to this typology. Another method used to validate the percentage of secondary vegetation was the Global Accuracy method, which was obtained 0.9405. It can be concluded that the secondary vegetation mapping for the region, showed great accuracy, becoming a important tool for the understanding of the land use dynamics especially after deforestation process.

A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em . Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso.

Forest fires are considered natural phenomena but the magnitude of the problem can be attributed to poor forest management and to the extreme weather conditions. Furthermore, the abolishment of traditional activities related to forests has sent away people from the forests that they used to protect them. The aforementioned reasons result in the annual destruction of large forest areas, agricultural cultivations, industries, animals and even human lives. At the same time, catastrophic floods entail the gradual desolation of the affected areas and large amounts of carbon dioxide along with smoke particles aggravate air quality. In the present paper, a Decision Support System is proposed capable to support policy makers and services to counteract wildfires destruction danger in lowland Pine forests. The system is composed of two major components: (a) A Wildfire Destruction Danger Index useful for preventive and suppressive measures planning and decision policy making and (b) a Forest Management Planning Decision Support System useful for fire risk reduction through forest management plan. The open architecture of the system allows incorporation of data coming from external sources e.g. satellite systems, meteorological stations etc. All its subsystems can stand alone so as to satisfy the needs of responsible organisations (peripheral institutions of fire brigade, forest inspection and local authorities). The proposed system can be both used as an intergraded operational tool in forest fire management and as a training tool for personnel of various services involved.

Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) from wildfires is a key component of lightabsorbing carbon that significantly contributes to global radiative forcing, but its atmospheric evolution and lifetime remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate BrC evolution by synthesizing data from one laboratory campaign and four aircraft campaigns spanning diverse spatial scales across North America. To estimate initial conditions for evaluating plume evolution, we develop a method to parametrize the emission ratios of BrC and other species using commonly measured inert tracers, acetonitrile and hydrogen cyanide. The evolution of BrC absorption in the free troposphere is characterized as a function of hydroxyl radical (OH) exposure, yielding an effective photochemical rate constant of 9.7-1.6 +4.8 × 10-12 cm 3 molecule-1 s-1. The relatively slow reaction rate results in small BrC decay within the first few hours after emission, making it difficult to distinguish from source variability. This helps explain the absence of clear evolutionary trends in near-field studies. Assuming an OH concentration of 1.26 × 10 6 molecules cm-3 , this rate constant corresponds to an e-folding lifetime of approximately 23 h. After extensive photooxidation (OH exposure ∼10 12 molecules cm-3 s), 4 ± 2% of the emitted BrC persists, representing a recalcitrant fraction with potential long-term climate impacts. These results improve our understanding of BrC variability and photochemical processing and provide critical constraints for modeling its impacts on climate.

A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em . Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. Analysis of the jump fire produced by the interaction of two oblique fire fronts: Comparison between laboratory and field cases

The extent of the soil organic carbon pool doubles that present in the atmosphere and is about two to three times greater than that accumulated in living organisms in all Earth's terrestrial ecosystems. In such a scenario, one of the several ecological and environmental impacts of fires is that biomass burning is a significant source of greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. Nevertheless, the oxidation of biomass is usually incomplete and a range of pyrolysis compounds and particulate organic matter (OM) in aerosols are produced simultaneously to the thermal modification of pre-existing C forms in soil. These changes lead to the evolution of the OM to ''pyromorphic humus'', composed by rearranged macromolecular substances of weak colloidal properties and an enhanced resistance against chemical and biological degradation. Hence the occurrence of fires in both undisturbed and agricultural ecosystems may produce long-lasting effects on soils' OM composition and dynamics. Due to the large extent of the C pool in soils, small deviations in the different C forms may also have a significant effect in the global C balance and consequently on climate change. This paper reviews the effect of forest fires on the quantity and quality of soils' OM. It is focused mainly on the most stable pool of soil C; i.e., that having a large residence time, composed of free lipids, colloidal fractions, including humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA), and other resilient forms. The main transformations exerted by fire on soil humus include the accumulation of new particulate C forms highly resistant to oxidation and biological degradation including the socalled ''black carbon'' (BC). Controversial environmental implications of such processes, specifically in the stabilisation of C in soil and their bearing on the global C cycle are discussed.

We analyzed the changes in annual and seasonal rainfall and temperature across seven northeastern Indian states for the period 1970-2023. Our findings indicate significant changes in climatic conditions, including both maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall. Specifically, there has been a significant decline in seasonal monsoon rainfall, with overall annual rainfall also decreasing, except in Mizoram. Over the past five decades, there has been a marked increase in both maximum and minimum temperatures, though the extent of this warming differs by state and period. Temperature trends show a clear rise in both maximum and minimum temperatures. Considering the agricultural dependence in these states, we also examined the impact of climatic factors on Assam's agricultural output using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. Findings show that rainfall significantly affects food grain production in Assam, whereas temperature does not significantly impact food grain production.

In this study, we explored hybrid fuzzy logic modelling techniques to predict the burned area of forest fires. Fast detection is crucial for successful firefighting, and a model with an accurate prediction ability is extremely useful for optimizing fire management. Fuzzy Inductive Reasoning (FIR) and the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) are two powerful fuzzy techniques for modelling burned areas of forests in Portugal. The results obtained from them were compared with those of other artificial intelligence techniques applied to the same datasets found in the literature.

In this study, we explored hybrid fuzzy logic modelling techniques to predict the burned area of forest fires. Fast detection is crucial for successful firefighting, and a model with an accurate prediction ability is extremely useful for optimizing fire management. Fuzzy Inductive Reasoning (FIR) and the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) are two powerful fuzzy techniques for modelling burned areas of forests in Portugal. The results obtained from them were compared with those of other artificial intelligence techniques applied to the same datasets found in the literature.

Hingga awal Agustus 2025, musim kemarau basah telah dialami oleh hampir separuh wilayah Indonesia. Musim kemarau basah dapat memicu bencana alam seperti kebakaran dan banjir yang terjadi secara bersamaan maupun berurutan di suatu wilayah. Kebakaran dan banjir berdampak multisektor termasuk pada sektor kesehatan. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengkaji upaya pengelolaan dampak kesehatan akibat bencana kebakaran dan banjir pada musim kemarau basah. Dampak kesehatan akibat kebakaran hutan dan lahan serta banjir tidak dapat dihindari namun dapat dikelola melalui peningkatan kegiatan penyuluhan masyarakat, promosi kesehatan dan advokasi kesehatan; pemantauan kualitas udara serta ketinggian air sungai dan air laut; peningkatan peran serta masyarakat; penyiapan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan dan sumber dayanya; peningkatan peran pemerintah daerah; serta peningkatan koordinasi antar-pemangku kepentingan. Komisi IX DPR RI perlu memantau upaya pemerintah dalam mengerahkan sumber dayanya untuk meningkatkan penanggulangan bencana dari sektor kesehatan dan meningkatkan penggunaan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan untuk menanggulangi bencana.

The artificial lake of La Môle in a fully forested watershed dominated by cork oak, supplying water to the tourist town of SaintTropez, Var, France. It is interesting to note that the water company is paying annual fees to the local forest owners (public and private) for maintaining the fuel break network, and thus limiting the risk of wildfires, whose impact on dam siltation and water quality can be huge.

Areas affected by forest fires that occurred in 2005 were mapped in the municipalities of Boca do Acre and Lábrea (in the southern part of Brazil's state of Amazonas) and estimates were made of the loss of biomass and carbon stock and the committed emissions from increased tree mortality due to fire. Fire scars observed on Landsat-5 TM satellite images from 2004 to 2006 were visually interpreted and digitized; over 865.6 km² of forest affected by fire were mapped, the majority (2.9% of the total forest cover) concentrated along the southern edges of the municipalities, which border on the states of Rondônia and Acre. The greatest loss of biomass due to the increase in tree mortality was indicated by the survey made four years after the fires: 4.5 × 10 6 Mg total (above + below-ground) and 3.7 × 10 6 Mg (only above-ground). Consequently, 2.2 × 10 6 Mg C (total) and 1.8 × 10 6 Mg C (above-ground) of potential carbon emissions were committed from the initial burn of forest biomass and from trees killed by the fire. Emissions occur both through oxidation of dead biomass by decomposition or through combustion in subsequent fire events. Our results indicate that fires can affect extensive tracts of forest and can emit significant amounts of carbon to the atmosphere in periods of drought. Fire plays a significant role as a threat to the biological balance of the forest and causes loss of biomass and emission of greenhouse gases that have critical implications for the future of forests in the Amazon.

The article deals with the methodology for detecting and monitoring of wildfires with remote sensing data. The development's purpose is to demonstrate the ways and methods of using free satellite data, as well as their practical application. We selected NASA's largest fire monitoring platform, which offers free access and data from the European Space Agency's Sentinel 2 satellites, for this purpose. This paper presents an overview of the physical basis for forest fire detection and provides a comparative study of the application of various satellite systems and equipment in the process of managing forest fire risks.

Converting available biomass from municipal, agricultural and forest wastes to biomethanol can result in significant environmental and economic benefits. Keeping these benefits in mind, one plausible scenario discussed here is the potential to produce energy using bio-methanol in five of the western United States. In this scenario, the biomethanol produced is from different biomass sources and used as a substitute for fossil fuels in energy production. In the U.S. West, forest materials are the dominant biomass waste source in Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington, while in California, the greatest amount of available biomass is from municipal wastes. Using a 100% rate of substitution, bio-methanol produced from these sources can replace an amount equivalent to most or all of the gasoline consumed by motor vehicles in each state. In contrast, when bio-methanol powered fuel cells are used to produce electricity, it is possible to generate 12 to 25% of the total electricity consumed annually in these five states. In the State of Washington, thinning "high-fire-risk" small stems, namely 5.1-22.9 cm diameter trees, from wildfire-prone forests and using them to produce methanol for electricity generation with fuel cells would avoid C emissions of 3.7 -7.3 Mg C/ha. Alternatively, when wood-methanol produced from the high fire risk wood is used as a gasoline substitute, 3.3 -6.6 Mg C/ha of carbon emissions are avoided. If these same "high-fire-risk" woody stems were burned during a wildfire 7.9 Mg C/ha would be emitted in the State of Washington alone. Although detailed economic analyses of producing methanol from biomass is in its infancy, we believe that converting biomass into methanol and substituting it for fossil-fuel-based energy production is a viable option in locations that have high biomass availability.

El Parque Nacional “Lagunas de Zempoala” es un área natural protegida que se ubica en los límites de los estados Morelos y el Estado de México, en donde se eligió un oyamel sobramaduro de 20 m de alto para estudiar la distribución de insectos descortezadores, así como la presencia de sus enemigos naturales, a distintas alturas del tronco. El individuo presentó color con gradación en el follaje de amarillento a rojizo, característico del ataque por estos organismos. Se recolectaron los escarabajos presentes en el floema y el cambium provenientes de secciones de corteza extraídas previamente y cuyas dimensiones fueron de 10 x10 cm. Las especies identificadas correspondieron a Pseudohylesinus variegatus y Pityophthorus elatinus; el primero infestó el árbol de la base a los 7 m, y el segundo a partir de los 8 m y hasta los 20 m. La densidad promedio fue de 10.57 ind m-2, antes de los 15.16 m del fuste, al superar este punto aumentó la acumulación de escolítidos para llega...

World total installed photovoltaic (PV) capacity reached 320 GWp by the end of 2017. New market shave shown a rapid development in the implementation of large PV plants connected to the grid, but it is needed to face new challenges to overcome barriers for the massive deployment. The incorporation of renewable energy sources, such as solar, can affect the stability of the electrical grid. Predicting the energy production of PV plants is crucial for the massive integration of PV technologies in the grid. The aim of this research is to estimate the energy production within an infrahour period using minimal knowledge about weather conditions. In order to achieve this goal, a mathematical model is proposed which directly computes the energy as a function of module temperature and the available solar resource. The results of the model validation test show a root mean square error value of 6.42% and an mean bias error value of 1.51% and a good performance regardless the sky condition.

Land managers in the Lake Tahoe basin are considering increasing the use of prescribed fire and forest thinning to restore conditions that will be more resilient to wildfires. However, such restorative treatments also constitute disturbances that could increase sediment and nutrient loads. We examined whether the water-quality impacts from future treatments are likely to be lower compared to the potential impacts from future wildfires under various climate change scenarios. We applied an online interface for the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model in combination with a landscape change model (LANDIS-II) to evaluate the effects of different combinations of thinning and prescribed burning on fine sediment (< 2 mm), very fine sediment (< 16 µm), and phosphorus over time. First, we generated results based on historic weather data for soil disturbance conditions, including: an undisturbed baseline, a uniform thinning treatment; a uniform prescribed fire treatment; and uniform low, moderate, and high wildfire burn severity. Residual ground cover declined in that order, and expected loads of sediment and phosphorus increased. We then combined the estimated loads from hillslopes with projected management-disturbance regimes across each decade of the next century. We found that expected sediment and phosphorus loads were lower under the scenario that emphasized thinning, whereas scenarios that increased prescribed burning resulted in loads that were comparable to scenarios that involved less treatment. These results reflect the finding from the WEPP analysis that prescribed burning is expected to reduce ground cover more than is thinning. Our analysis supports efforts to increase fuel reduction treatments to mitigate future wildfires, but it also suggests that preventative treatments may not avoid a long-term decline in water quality as wildfires increase with climate change.

The increase in severe wildfires in recent years is due in part to an abundance of fuels in forests. In an effort to protect values at risk, and decrease the severity of wildfires, forest managers have embarked on a major program of fuel reduction. Past research has shown that such fuel reduction may have minimal impact at a hillslope scale, but when numerous hillsides are disturbed within a watershed over a number of years, the cumulative effect of such disturbances may be unacceptable. In addition, road networks are necessary to support fuel management activities by providing access for thinning crews, small diameter timber extraction, and fire crews. These road networks were frequently designed and constructed to minimize cost, and do not necessarily minimize adverse watershed impacts. Research findings from wildfire, fuel management, and roads will be presented to provide a context for predictive modeling. There are some new predictive tools to aid in watershed analysis. These include the GeoWEPP GIS wizard, the online WEPP:Road Batch processor and WEPP FuMe fuel management analysis tools, and a revised WEPP hillslope model with improved water balance and lateral flow capabilities. In this paper, we use these new technologies to explore the sources of sediment and runoff within a typical forested watershed. The paper shows improvements in runoff prediction with the revised WEPP model, as well as the relative importance of roads, wildfire, prescribed fire, and thinning operations in generating sediment at the hillslope and watershed scales. The analysis of the performance of the modified WEPP interface showed that there are problems within the WEPP Watershed stream flow routing routines that will need to be addressed before use of this modified model can be recommended.

Post-fire flooding and erosion can pose a serious threat to life, property, and municipal water supplies. Increased peak flows and sediment delivery due to the loss of surface cover and fire-induced changes in soil properties are of great concern to both resource managers and the public. To respond to this threat, interdisciplinary Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER) Teams are formed to assess potential erosion and flood risks. These teams are under tight deadlines as remediation plans and treatments must be developed and implemented before the first major storms in order to be effective. One of the primary sources of information for making these decisions is a burn severity map derived from remote sensing data (typically Landsat) that reflects fire induced changes in vegetative cover and soil properties. Slope, soils, land cover, and climate are also important parameters that need to be considered when accessing risk. Many modeling tools and datasets have been developed to assist BAER teams, but process-based and spatially explicit empirical models are currently under-utilized compared to simpler, lumped models because they are both more difficult to set up and require spatially explicit inputs such as digital elevation models, soils, and land cover. We are working to facilitate the use of models by preparing spatial datasets within a web-based tool that rapidly modifies model inputs using burn severity maps derived from earth observation data. Automating the creation of model inputs facilitates the wider use of more accurate, process-based models for spatially explicit predictions of post-fire erosion and runoff.

The decision of where, when, and how to apply the most effective postfire erosion mitigation treatments requires land managers to assess the risk of damaging runoff and erosion events occurring after a fire. To meet this challenge, the Erosion Risk Management Tool (ERMiT) was developed. ERMiT is a web-based application that uses the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) technology to estimate erosion, in probabilistic terms, on burned and recovering forest, range, and chaparral lands with and without the application of mitigation treatments. User inputs are processed by ERMiT to combine rain event variability with spatial and temporal variabilities of hillslope burn severity and soil properties, which are then used as WEPP input parameter values. Based on 20 to 40 individual WEPP runs, ERMiT produces a distribution of rain event erosion rates with a probability of occurrence for each of five postfire years. In addition, rain event erosion rate distributions are generated for postfire hillslopes that have been treated with seeding, straw mulch, and erosion barriers such as contour-felled logs or straw wattles.

In this study it was our aim to assess the amount of aboveground biomass and carbon stock of beech stands based on elevation. To achieve this, in the research area, 55 trial sites were chosen by selective sampling method depending on elevation climatic zones (400-600 m, 600-800 m, 800-1000 m). In these trial areas, 55 trees were cut down and the weights of their bark, leaves, stem and branches were determined. The carbon content of each component was calculated. The results of the study showed that, in all elevation zones, the stem wood had the highest average biomass and carbon stock values of all the tree components (for the 400-600 m, biomass was 199.19 kg and carbon stock was 95.82 kg; for the 600-800 m, biomass was 378.75 kg and carbon stock was 182.49 kg; for the 800-1000 m, biomass was 372.56 kg and carbon stock was 183.39 kg). This was followed by the branches, bark and leaves in descending order. The aboveground biomass in the single tree components of leaves, branches, stem and total biomass, all except the biomass of their bark varied with elevation in oriental beech stands, which are economically significant species in Turkey.

The study of tradeoffs among life-history traits has long been key to understanding the evolution of life-history strategies. However, more recently, evolutionary ecologists have realized that reproductive costs have the potential to influence population dynamics. Here, we tested for costs of reproduction in the California Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis), and assessed whether costs of reproduction in year t À 1 on reproduction in year t could be responsible for regionally synchronized biennial cycles in reproductive output. Logistic regression analysis and multistate mark-recapture models with state uncertainty revealed that breeding reduced the likelihood of reproducing in the subsequent year by 16% to 38%, but had no influence on subsequent survival. We also found that costs of reproduction in year t À 1 were correlated with climatic conditions in year t, with evidence of higher costs during the dry phase of the El Ni ño-Southern Oscillation. Using a simulation-based population model, we showed that strong reproductive costs had the potential to create biennial cycles in population-level reproductive output; however, estimated costs of reproduction appeared to be too small to explain patterns observed in Spotted Owls. In the absence of strong reproductive costs, we hypothesize that observed natural cycles in the reproductive output of Spotted Owls are related to as-yet-unmeasured, regionally concordant fluctuations in environmental conditions or prey resources. Despite theoretical evidence for demographic effects, our analyses illustrate that linking tradeoffs to actual changes in population processes will be challenging because of the potential confounding effects of individual and environmental variation.

Canaima National Park (CNP, Venezuela), located in the core of Guiana Shield and inhabited by the Pemón indigenous people, is an area of great value due to its biological and cultural singularity. High incidence of fires, together with increased forest vulnerability to fire as a result of global climate and socio-environmental changes, have been considered threats, since they could put at risk, both ecosystems and human well-being. The conflict over fire use is exacerbated by the fact that whereas the Pemón depend for their livelihood on the use of fire, the policy of CNP government agencies has been fire exclusion (although this is not effectively enforced). The aim of this work is to present the experience gained during the development, for almost 20 years, of three participative and trans-disciplinary research-action areas: 1) long-term indigenous, fire-fighters and scientists collaborative fire experiments to study fire behavior and effects on bio-geo-chemical cycles and biodive...

First time observations of spectral aerosol optical depths (AODs) at Mohal (31.9 • N, 77.11 • E; altitude 1154 m amsl) in the Kullu valley, located in the northwestern Indian Himalayan region, have been carried out during Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB), as a part of the Indian Space Research Organisation-Geosphere Biosphere Program (ISRO-GBP). AODs at six wavelengths are obtained using Microtops-II Sunphotometer and Ozonometer. The monthly mean values of AOD at 500 nm are found to be 0.27 ± 0.04 and 0.24 ± 0.02 during March and April, 2006 respectively. However, their monthly mean values are 0.33 ± 0.04 at 380 nm and 0.20 ± 0.03 nm at 870 nm during March 2006 and 0.31 ± 0.3 at 380 nm and 0.17 ± 0.2 at 870 nm during April 2006, showing a gradual decrease in AOD with wavelength. The Ångstrom wavelength exponent 'α' had a mean value of 0.72 ± 0.05, implying reduced dominance of fine particles. Further, the afternoon AOD values are higher as compared to forenoon values by ∼ 33.0% during March and by ∼ 9.0% during April 2006 and are attributed to the pollutant lifted up from the valley by the evolving boundary layer. Besides the long-range transportation of aerosol particles by airmass from the Great Sahara and the Thar Desert regions to the observing site, the high values of AODs have also been influenced by biomass burning and frequent incidents of forest fire at local levels.

A period of intensive physical and chemical aerosol characterisation measurements was held over 5 days during July 2000 as part of the European SUB-AERO experiment.. Concurrent measurements were performed at the Finokalia remote coastal site on the island of Crete (Greece) and onboard the R/V ''Aegaeon'' which cruised in south part of the Aegean Sea northwards of Crete. The objective of the study was to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of microphysical parameters of the submicron aerosol and their dependence on airmass origin and chemical composition. The results reflect the submicron aerosol properties during airmass transport from the north including Europe and the Balkans and are in line with other studies on the aerosol properties of polluted continental air entering the marine boundary layer (MBL). Concentrations of submicron particulate matter (PM) mass were relatively higher at sea (20 mg m À3 ) compared to the coastal site (16 mg m À3 ). Concentrations of both organic carbon and sulphate, being the major water soluble component, were also higher at sea than at land. The high concentrations of ammonium and those of the water soluble organics, such as oxalate, can be attributed to emissions from mainland forest fires. The submicron aerosol number size distribution was unimodal with mobility mean diameters (d g ) ranging from 98 to 144 mm and standard deviations (s g ) from 1.56 to 1.9. Aerosol number concentrations at Finokalia were at least 50% lower especially when R/V Aegaeon sampled polluted air, but the modal parameters of the size distribution were very similar (d g : 111-120, s g : 1.55-1.91). The surface MBL, under these conditions, was an aerosol rich environment where aerosol particles were transported both by the surface wind, advected from higher layers, chemically processed by interactions with gaseous precursors and physically altered by water vapour. The number to volume ratio for the submicrometer aerosol fraction reflected the effect of these mechanisms on the size distribution.

We study the effects of seismic coupling, friction, viscous, and inertia on earthquake nucleation based on a two-body spring-slider model in the presence of thermal- pressurized slip-dependent friction and viscosity. The stiffness ratio of the system to represent seismic coupling is the ratio of coil spring K between two sliders and the leaf spring L between a slider and the background plate and denoted by s=K/L. The s is not a significant factor in generating the nucleation phase. The masses of the two sliders are m1 and m2, respectively. The frictional and viscous effects are specified by the static friction force, fo, the characteristic displacement, Uc, and viscosity coefficient, h, respectively. Numerical simulations show that friction and viscosity can both lengthen the natural period of the system and viscosity increases the duration time of motion of the slider. Higher viscosity causes lower particle velocities than lower viscosity. The ratios g=h2/h1, f=fo2/fo1, y=Uc2/Ucl, ...

for an Invited Paper for the 4CF13 Meeting of the American Physical Society Remote Sensing of the Earth's Environment from Space: Past, Present, and Future MICHAEL KING, University of Colorado With the wide variety of satellites encircling the Earth, provided by many countries and government agencies, satellites provide an invaluable means of monitoring our planet with a consistent measurement capability across national and other political boundaries. Satellite observations regularly reveal features of the planet that take scientists by surprise and remind us that we remain a long way from fully understanding the behavior of the complex web of physical, chemical, and biological processes that take place on our home planet. In this presentation, I will review the current state of Earth remote sensing capabilities, with a particular focus on US space observations. I will highlight what we know and how we know it, and will illustrate many applications of "routine" space-based observing systems that have led to applications across a wide range of environmental issues. In addition to planned environmental observations, such as (i) aerosol and cloud properties, (ii) concentrations and vertical profiles of atmospheric constituents, (iii) land surface properties, (iv) biological and physical oceanography, and (v) cryospheric properties, satellites have led to a large number of unanticipated applications that are of a broad interest to the human condition. Among these are (i) monitoring of air quality, (ii) number, distribution and energy of fires, (iii) floods, (iv) droughts, (v) volcanic eruptions, and other natural disasters.

ABSTRACTSouthern South America (SSA), considered as the continental region south of 20°S, has experienced significant precipitation variability and trends in the last decades. This article uses monthly quality‐controlled precipitation data from rainfall stations with continuous observations during at least 100 years to quantify long‐term trends as well as interannual‐to‐centennial variability. Several statistical methods are applied to the data, primarily to detect jumps and look for changes due to relocation of the gauge stations, as well as to identify significant trends. Most of the regions have registered an increase in annual rainfall, largely attributable to changes in the warm season. On the other hand, during winter most stations in Argentina and Brazil do not have significant trends, although eastern Patagonia registered an increase in precipitation and Chile, a marked decrease in rainfall.In order to look into the physical mechanisms behind the observed variability, the ch...

Risk communication from the perspective of Extreme Event Attribution (EEA), which assesses the extent to which climate change influences various extreme weather events, has significant potential for climate change communication due to its ability to make the phenomenon more relatable to citizens. This study examines the digital conversation generated following the wave of wildfires in Spain in 2022, which was declared the worst year of the 21st century in terms of hectares burned. By using the Social Network Analysis (SNA) methodology, 145,081 tweets were analyzed to construct a mention network, capturing the digital clusters formed around this discussion and highlighting the predominant tones in the debate. The findings reveal that the conversation predominantly adopted a tone of outrage and assigned responsibility. This research study offers a renewed perspective on risk communication, highlighting significant challenges faced by environmental activism on social media and underscoring the need to improve communication strategies to increase awareness and mobilization around climate change.