Faecal Coliforms

Abstract: The effects anthropogenic activities have on climate are becoming more apparent and this has serious implications for water quality. Existing literature already shows that rainfall is a primary requisite for water quality deterioration and even goes so far as to suggest that it is induced by ‘heavy’ rainfall events specifically. These are likely to increase in frequency in the future as climate change continues. A microbial risk assessment has therefore been conducted to investigate the effects of storm events on water quality in the River Ouse catchment, focusing specifically on the Bevern Stream.
Method: This investigation primarily focuses on faecal indicator organsism (FIO) concentration data obtained from AquaManche and precipitation volume (mm) data obtained from the Environment Agency. Samples were also gathered from the Bevern stream and analysed in the EPHRU laboratory.
Results: Findings suggest, although a number of other factors are involved with water quality in the River Ouse, water quality deterioration correlates with the occurrence of storm events of above a (>7.2mm) ‘heavy’ intensity for all indicator organisms. The proximity of these (>7.2mm) ‘heavy’ storm events to the sample date is important in relation to faecal coliform (FC) and intestinal enterococci (IE) concentrations, but it is less important with respect to somatic coliphage PFU/ML (4hrs) (SomCol4) and somatic coliphage PFU/ML (18-24hrs) (SomCol18) concentrations, which respond to storm events of above a (>7.2mm) ‘heavy’ intensity in the second week prior to sampling, as well as just in the sample week itself. This shows FC and IE indicators are more responsive to storm events, but somatic coliphiage indicators are actually more sensitive as FIOs to pollution. Regression analysis also indicates sufficient evidence ( =0.034) to suggest a significant positive (T=2.13) association between four-week cumulative precipitation volume (mm) and FC concentrations exists, and, that sufficient evidence (p=>0.05) also exists to suggest a significant positive association between two-day cumulative precipitation volume (mm) and both (T=1.99) SomCol4 and (T=2.33) SomCol18 concentrations. There was also however insufficient evidence (p=>0.05) to suggest any faecal indicator organism (FIO) concentrations were significantly greater when there had been some precipitation on either the sample date or in the sample week compared with when there had been no precipitation on the sample date or in the sample week, but this is probably because storm events must, as already discussed, be of above a (>7.2mm) ‘heavy’ intensity before they have an effect on FIO concentrations, no matter when they occur in relation to the sample date or sample week, to trigger a run-off event.
Conclusion: Water quality in the River Ouse as well as in the Bevern stream specifically exceeded EU Bathing Water Directive (2006) ‘sufficient’ status on almost every sample date, this is concerning, particularly if member states are expected to achieve at least ‘sufficient’ status by 2015. Regression analysis did however demonstrate sufficient evidence (p=0.000) to suggest a significant positive (T=5.62) association between turbidity (NTU) and FC concentrations exists as well as between turbidity (NTU) and both (p=0.000, T=6.78) SomCol4 and (p=0.000, T=6.14) SomCol18 concentrations. This could have useful applications elsewhere in the future when a full Microbial Risk Assessment cannot be conducted as turbidity testing is simpler and more laboratory efficient, it is also shown that FC are more ‘responsive’ as indicators to pollution events of different scales whereas SomCol are actually more ‘sensitive to different events ’longer term This is important especially when an initial overview of water quality at a particular location is necessary but cannot be completed, because of time and cost constraints and the limited availability of data. Some remediation strategies have also been suggested, but this is an area that requires further research.         

Keywords

water-quality, rainfall, volume, intensity, frequency, duration, faecal-indicator organisms, turbidity, microbial-source tracking,

Performic acid, or PFA (CH 2 O 3 ), is a well-known oxidizing agent and disinfectant in the medical field and food industry. It has recently become available on a commercial scale for potential use in wastewater disinfection. This study investigated its application to an advanced primary effluent which is recalcitrant to disinfection by UV and peracetic acid (PAA). Methods were developed for determining PFA concentrations in stock solutions as well as in residual concentrations in the wastewater. Batch and continuous-flow pilot studies showed a correlation between log fecal coliform removals and PFA doses. A PFA dose of approximately 3.4 mg/L and a contact time of 45 minutes could achieve 3-logs removal, and almost total disinfection could be achieved using a dose of 6 mg/L. The by-products of PFA addition are hydrogen peroxide and formic acid (CHOOH), neither of which is considered to be toxic to aquatic fauna at the doses required for disinfection.

The background biogeochemical status of the Nemrut Bay's water column was set to assess the impact of a proposed industrial discharge. The seawater samples were collected on seasonal bases representing winter (mixed water column) and summer (stratified) conditions, and were analyzed for dissolved heavy metal ions (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Fe, Mg), dissolved and particulate nutrients (NO3 -, NO2 -, PO4 3-, Si, TOC, TPP, POC, PON), dissolved oxygen (DO) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) contents. The baseline assessment was based on the Turkish regulatory liabilities. The analyses of the samples showed that anthropogenic influence is mostly detected in stations closer to the shoreline. The Nemrut Bay has quite a low level of pollution regarding the impacts of high intensity of industrial and maritime activities in its vicinity are considered.

Au Mali les vétérinaires recourent de plus en plus à un usage accru d’antibiotiques dans le traitement et la prophylaxie des maladies animales. C’est dans ce cadre que la présente étude a été conduite à partir des prélèvements d’organes de bovins, d’équidés et de volailles acheminés au Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Bamako pour analyse. L’objectif principal est de détecter les bactéries pathogènes potentiellement responsables d’infections, de déterminer leur profil biochimique, et d’évaluer leur sensibilité aux antibiotiques. Pour ce faire, la méthode de diffusion en gélose selon Kirby-Bauer a été utilisée pour tester la sensibilité de ces isolats aux principaux antibiotiques couramment employés en médecine vétérinaire et humaine. L’analyse bactériologique des 11 échantillons d’organes prélevés sur différentes espèces animales (bovins, équins et volailles) a révélé une diversité notable de pathogènes. Les analyses ont mis en évidence la présence de plusieurs bactéries pathogènes, avec une prévalence marquée de Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., ainsi que d'autres membres de la famille des Enterobacteriaceae. Ces bactéries ont été isolées à partir d’organes présentant des lésions suspectes observées lors des inspections post-mortem. Par ailleurs, des cas de co-infections et de présence simultanée de plusieurs espèces bactériennes (polymicrobie) ont été fréquemment rencontrés, ce qui complique la prise en charge thérapeutique et accentue les risques de transmission de pathogènes aux consommateurs. L’étude met en lumière la circulation de souches bactériennes multirésistantes à divers antibiotiques, notamment aux bêta lactamines, aux tétracyclines et aux aminosides, traduisant une pression de sélection due à l’usage inapproprié des antimicrobiens dans le secteur de l’élevage. Ces résultats soulignent l’urgence de renforcer la surveillance microbiologique des produits d’origine animale et de promouvoir des pratiques vétérinaires responsables pour limiter la propagation de l’antibiorésistance. Les résultats obtenus soulignent la nécessité de renforcer la surveillance microbiologique des animaux d’élevage, de rationaliser l’usage des antibiotiques en médecine vétérinaire, et d’intégrer ces actions dans la stratégie de l’approche « Une seule santé » pour la protection de la santé publique.
Mots clés : Analyse bactériologique ; Organes animaux ; Pathogènes ; Résistance aux antibiotiques.

Background The quality of food preparation is considered a public health concern. The present study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of grilled food and hummus. Materials and methods The study was conducted in Al-Ahsa Governorate, Saudi Arabia. Restaurants were categorized into traditional and non-traditional. Grilled food (meat and chicken) and hummus were collected without prior arrangement with the restaurant staff. All samples were examined for the total aerobic count and the presence of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. Staphylococcal enterotoxin and serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibilities and the PCR detection of virulence genes of E. coli and Salmonella spp. were determined. The culture of hands of food handlers was performed by direct swabbing. Results A total of 83 samples, including food and hand swabs, were collected from six traditional and four non-traditional restaurants. All samples cultured yielded acceptable total aerobic count. Of the 83 samples, 36 (43%) tested positive for the targeted organisms. Among these, 38% were hand swabs, 25% were hummus, 19% were meat tikka, and 6% each were meat kebab, chicken tikka, and chicken kebab. In total, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., and S. aureus were cultured from 29, 10, 20, to 13% of the collected samples, respectively. All S. aureus isolates (11) were positive for enterotoxin. E. coli isolates (24) were enteropathogenic with different serotypes, and the stx1, stx2 and eaeA genes were detected. Ten Salmonella isolates with different serotypes were positive for invA gene, and most also harboured hilA and fimH genes. Thirty seven percent of hands grew at least one of the targeted organisms, including one Salmonella. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was isolated from the hand of a food handler, and ciprofloxacin resistance was detected in 30% of the Salmonella spp. tested. Conclusion We found that food served in local restaurants contained potential pathogens or toxin. Random inspection, including bacterial cultures, and more rigorous rules may be required to improve food production standards. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

Due to the increasing cultural and economic benefits of bathing waters and the shellfish industry in the UK, water quality in estuarine and coastal waters has attracted considerable public attention in recent years. However, some bathing beaches have had to be closed on various occasions because the Faecal Indicator Organism (FIO) levels exceeded the minimum mandatory standard. The relationships between faecal bacteria sources in the upstream catchment and the bathing water quality are complex, since multiple processes and driving factors affect the transport and fate of FIOs through the basin. To obtain accurate FIO predictions and better management of bathing water compliance, for a changing environment and more stringent standards, it is necessary to build an integrated modelling system which includes comprehensive dynamic faecal processes from catchments, gullies, pipes, tanks, river networks etc., through to the estuarine and coastal waters. In the paper, details are given of the development of such an integrated numerical model for simulating the transport and dynamic decay processes of FIOs from a catchment region to the coast. The model is used to predict the distribution of FIO concentrations in the bathing waters near Blackpool, which is one of the most popular bathing resorts in the UK. Furthermore, its bathing water quality is governed by multiple faecal sources in the catchments, with different land uses and some highly urbanised regions. In addition, the FIO transformation processes in the riverine and estuarine waters are driven by: tidal currents, wind induced waves, inflow and faecal discharges, unsteady sediment transport etc., and are included in the integrated model by linking a number of processes within a modified EFDC 2-D model. The extensive measured and statistical data from the catchments, river networks, CSOs, WwTWs discharges and estuaries have been collected for determining various model parameters, and for calibration and validation of the integrated model. Model predictions are used to assess the impact of different concentrations and locations of FIOs on the bathing water quality, with the aim being to provide information for deriving more effective management strategies to meet the new EU standards, to be implemented in 2105.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Water  sanitation and hygiene are essential to human health and survival, as well as the development of the community. This research is a cross sectional study descriptive survey researches that assess the impact of good sanitation and hygiene in prevention of water Born  Disease in Babanna town of Borgu Local Government of Niger state Nigeria.Virtually if no hygiene and sanitation, risk exposure of diseases is progressively increase which indicate the hygiene (both the personal and environmental) are among the famous basic point of being healthy. Result shows that borehole (25%) and the tap (60%) is main source of water for consumption and domestic uses only few of 10% were using the well and 5% are using river. That indicates portable and semi - portable water is most consume in the study area and few (the vulnerable) are the risk of exposure of disease, because analytically things like dust, excreta, sewage disposal might have direct contact with the venerable group source of water such as well (unprotected) and predominantly river as the medium of Water -Born - Diseases.

Los abonos orgánicos, importantes fuentes de materia orgánica para los suelos, contienen cuantiosos microorganismos, algunos potencialmente patógenos al humano. En 2009, en la Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, se evaluó la presencia de coliformes totales y fecales, y Salmonella sp., en cuatro semicompostas de 24 semanas de descomposición, obtenidos a partir de mezclas de aserrín (A) y esquilmos de maíz (E) como fuente de carbono, y bovinaza (B) y gallinaza (G) como fuente de nitrógeno. Además, se identificaron los géneros bacterianos patógenos al humano con el sistema API 20E. Se estableció un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 2. La comparación de medias se realizó con la prueba de Tukey (α= 0.05). Los resultados que presentaron interacciones signif icativas fueron: para coliformes totales, estiércol-tiempo (p< 0.0038) con diferencia en la semana 12, y reducción en la 24. En coliformes fecales, e...

The degradation of water quality due to anthropogenic activities and natural processes poses a significant threat to public health and ecological integrity. This review highlights the biological, chemical, and physical parameters used in water quality monitoring and emphasizes their relevance in identifying pollution sources and associated health risks. We synthesized recent literature examining the roles of key parameters such as pH, BOD, COD, DO, TDS, heavy metals, and microbial indicators (e.g., E. coli, total coliforms). Findings underscore the elevated presence of heavy metals, nutrients, and pathogenic microorganisms in many freshwater systems, especially in densely populated or industrial regions. Agricultural runoff, industrial effluents, and poor waste management practices are primary contributors to contamination. Systematic monitoring of physico-chemical and biological parameters is critical for ensuring safe water use. Implementing comprehensive water testing protocols and enforcing environmental regulations are imperative for sustainable water resource management.

As global water resources decline, reuse of domestic greywater for the irrigation of home gardens is quickly becoming widespread in many parts of the world. However, the sanitary implications of reusing greywater to water edible crops remain uncertain. This study examined the benefits and risks associated with domestic greywater reuse for the purposes of vegetable garden irrigation. Untreated (settled only) and treated (settling and slow sand filtration) greywater collected from a family home was analyzed for basic water quality parameters, over a period of eight weeks. During that time, both greywaters were used to irrigate individually potted plots of lettuce, carrots and peppers in a greenhouse. Tap water was used as control. Upon maturity, plants were harvested and the edible portions tested for fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci, common indicators for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. Heavy metals were not detected in the greywater, but both fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci were present in high levels, averaging 4 x 10 5 /100mL and 2 x 10 3 /100mL of greywater, respectively. Despite these high counts, no significant difference in contamination levels was observed between crops irrigated with tap water, untreated and treated greywaters. Fecal coliform levels were highest in carrots and fecal streptococcus levels highest on lettuce leaves. However, contamination levels for all crops were low and do not represent a significant health risk. Plant growth and productivity were unaffected by the water quality, owing to the low N, P and K levels of the greywater. These results reinforce the potential of domestic greywater as an alternative irrigation source. My sincere thanks to my supervisor, Suzelle Barrington, for her support and mentorship, and for always making time for me even when there was none. Also a big huge thanks to Darwin Lyew, for being incredibly patient with me and showing me the ropes in the laboratory. Thanks also to my colleagues in Bioresource, Ardavan, Nida, Shilpa, Caitlin, Megan, Heidi, Qaiser, Hélène and Susan for making going to school more enjoyable. A big thanks also to Sadya who endured my relentless questions and helped me understand chemistry! Cat and Teri, thanks for making being nerdy seem like fun and stimulating my curiosity in these subjects. Finally thanks to my family for their unwavering support and to my mom for her offers of proofreading. And to all my friends and loved ones, for encouraging me and for putting up with all my greywater talk! V

As global water resources decline, reuse of domestic greywater for the irrigation of home gardens is quickly becoming widespread in many parts of the world. However, the sanitary implications of reusing greywater to water edible crops remain uncertain. This study examined the benefits and risks associated with domestic greywater reuse for the purposes of vegetable garden irrigation. Untreated (settled only) and treated (settling and slow sand filtration) greywater collected from a family home was analyzed for basic water quality parameters, over a period of eight weeks. During that time, both greywaters were used to irrigate individually potted plots of lettuce, carrots and peppers in a greenhouse. Tap water was used as control. Upon maturity, plants were harvested and the edible portions tested for fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci, common indicators for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. Heavy metals were not detected in the greywater, but both fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci were present in high levels, averaging 4 x 10 5 /100mL and 2 x 10 3 /100mL of greywater, respectively. Despite these high counts, no significant difference in contamination levels was observed between crops irrigated with tap water, untreated and treated greywaters. Fecal coliform levels were highest in carrots and fecal streptococcus levels highest on lettuce leaves. However, contamination levels for all crops were low and do not represent a significant health risk. Plant growth and productivity were unaffected by the water quality, owing to the low N, P and K levels of the greywater. These results reinforce the potential of domestic greywater as an alternative irrigation source. My sincere thanks to my supervisor, Suzelle Barrington, for her support and mentorship, and for always making time for me even when there was none. Also a big huge thanks to Darwin Lyew, for being incredibly patient with me and showing me the ropes in the laboratory. Thanks also to my colleagues in Bioresource, Ardavan, Nida, Shilpa, Caitlin, Megan, Heidi, Qaiser, Hélène and Susan for making going to school more enjoyable. A big thanks also to Sadya who endured my relentless questions and helped me understand chemistry! Cat and Teri, thanks for making being nerdy seem like fun and stimulating my curiosity in these subjects. Finally thanks to my family for their unwavering support and to my mom for her offers of proofreading. And to all my friends and loved ones, for encouraging me and for putting up with all my greywater talk! V

The present work focuses on investigating the role of exopolysaccharides produced by different species of lactic acid bacteria, namely Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus in heavy metal and dye removal. To identify the same, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production was optimized using different carbohydrates. Then the cultures were tested for their bioremediation efficiency in the presence and absence of cell bound exopolysaccharide. Cadmium was used as a representative heavy metal and its adsorption was estimated using atomic absorption spectroscopy. For dye removal commercial synthetic dyes, that is reactive pink (MB), reactive orange 16 (RO 16), tartrazine, carmoisine and erythrosine were used and measured using UV spectroscopy. 2% glucose and 2% sucrose seemed to be optimal carbon source for maximum exopolysaccharide production by L. casei and L. bulgaricus, respectively. The metal adsorption study revealed that the maximum cadmium uptake by L. casei and L. bulgaricus was 84% and 86%, respectively. In case of dye adsorption, L. casei and L. bulgaricus showed similar dye adsorption potential in presence and absence of exopolysaccharide except for carmoisine dye. Although, L. casei and L. bulgaricus has not shown high efficiency for the dye bioremediation, but have shown tremendous potential for cadmium uptake and thus it can be used as an alternative for treatment of industrial effluent containing cadmium.

A survey of the microbiological and chemical quality of water supplies in the Bindura urban and peri-urban area was carried out over a three year period from January 2000 to July 2003. Bindura is the provincial city of Mashonaland Central, situated 88 km from the national capital, Harare. Large-scale farming and mining activities in the area predispose water bodies to eutrophication and chemical pollutants raising concerns about the safety of local water supplies . In this study , thermotolerant (faecal) coliform levels, total aerobic bacterial counts and physicochemical profiles were determined for municipal and borehole water as well as water supplies to mining and squatter communities. Although municipal and mining compound water supplies were of satisfactory microbial and chemical quality, borehole water supplies showed a seasonal fluctuation with higher coliform counts in the wet season from November to March. Stream water supplies to a squatter camp in the peri-urban area consistently recorded coliform levels greater than 1800 per 100 ml and total aerobic plate counts of up to 2.8 x 10 6 cfu/ml. All cholera incidents recorded in 1999 and 2000 at the Provincial hospital were from peri-urban settlements and surrounding commercial farms while 1045 to 2 632 cases of Dysentery were also reported each year at the Provincial Hospital during the period 1997-2002 .

The Nallamada Drain flows were observed during September to December month i.e. in the tune of 3 -4.5 TMC. During January to April and August months the outflow quantities were to the tune of 0.5 to 1.5 TMC. It was estimated that on an average about 43.84 TMC of water flows through the drain annually. The Electrical Conductivity of drain water up to the end of March, 2009 was less than 1.0 dS/m indicated that the water was fit for irrigation. The pH values of the drain water was estimated to be below 8.0 up to December 2008 and reached to greater than 8.0 and below 9.0 during January 2009 -March 2009. SAR values were within the safer limit of less than 10.0 and RSC was less than 2.50 meq/l during September 2008 to March 2009. Quantity and quality aspects,

An attempt was made to evaluate the parasitic load in vegetables grown organically is Majini Muhallah Gilgit, Pakistan. During this study Majini Muhallah was divided into three sectors. Six vegetables including Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Radish (Raphanus sativus), Sonchual (Malva verticillata) and Pino (Brassica rapa) were selected for the study. Three samples of each vegetable were taken from each sector. The present study was carried out to assess the intestinal parasitic load (Ascaris lumbricoid, Giardia lamblia, Tricuris tricuria, and cryptosporidium). Samples were identified on the basis of microscopy. In the sum total of three samples of each vegetable Ascaris Lumbricoid ranged maximum 18 (40.90 %) in spinach and minimum 7(25%) in sonchual. Giardia lamblia ranged maximum 14 (31.81 %) in spinach and minimum 7(24.13%) in pino. Tricuris tricuria ranged maximum 10(23.25%) in lettuce while minimum 7(24.13%) in pino. Cryptospo...

1* Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad del Carmen. Calle 56 #4. Av. Concordia. Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, México, CP 24180. Tel.: +52-938-38-11018; Fax: +52-938-38-26514. E-mail: aruiz@pampano.unacar.mx * Corresponding author ... The Lagoons of Pom and ...

Schistosomiasis also known as bilharziasis is among the major endemic parasitic communicable disease commonly found in developing countries including Rwanda and world over. The research aimed at determing the correlation between schistosomiasis with socio-demographic factors and water contact behaviors. It was a descriptive, cross-sectional study that adopted mainly quantitative data collection and analysis approach in purposively selected population of “391” patients attending health services. Data was collected and analyzed using SPSS. Cross-tabulation and chi-square were used to determine the association between independent and dependent variable. Findings indicated a high prevelance of 32% being highly associated with none use of shoes among females (p-value = 0.029: CI 95), agriculture activities in swamps (p-value =0.001: CI 95%), Swimming (p-value=0.001: CI = 95) and bathing in water sources (p-value=0.001 : CI = 95. Conclusivelly, this study indicated that demographic, socia...

The increasing interest in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy as a promising technology for wastewater treatment demands more efficient photosensitizers and faster methods for the monitorization of the photoinactivation process. Two sets of neutral and cationic porphyrins were used as photosensitizers for the photoinactivation of sewage bacteria. Two of the cationic porphyrins revealed to be highly active, even against Gram-negative bacteria, inactivating ca. 94-99.8% of these at 5 lM and after 270 min of irradiation with white light (9 mW cm À2). In addition, two expeditious methods for the evaluation of the bacteria photoinactivation were developed. These methods are based on b-galactosidase activity and on leucine incorporation and give an excellent relation with faecal coliform counts. The evaluation of these two descriptors of bacterial activity, directly related with bacterial abundance, is an easy and fast way to monitor the microorganisms during the photoinactivation process.

InTROduCTIOn: The demand and consumption of vegetables are significantly increasing worldwide, which has resulted in urban farming on anthropogenic sites. This study assessed the concentrations of some selected heavy metals in lettuce and spring onion in line with the WHO/FAO required standard and its implications on human health. MeTHOdS: The study was carried out in Kumasi, within moist semi-deciduous forest vegetation, Ghana. The digested samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Ni, and Zn) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS Model AA 400p). Analysis of variance was used to test the level of significance at α = .05. ReSuLTS: The study found mean concentrations of chromium and iron in lettuce and spring onion to be below detection level (BDL) in all study sites based on WHO/FAO permissible level. Also, while copper in lettuce was BDL at all the sites, there were higher mean concentration of copper in spring onion at BSGS (131.5 ± 0.31 mg/kg) and BSG (120.8 ± 0.01 mg/kg). The mean concentration of nickel in lettuce (137.15 ± 0.0231) and spring onion (173.55 ± 0.02 mg/kg) at BSGS were higher than WHO/FAO permissible level. Mean concentration of zinc in both lettuce and spring onion were higher than WHO/FAO permissible level in all the study sites, except zinc in spring onion at KT. The ANOVA test statistics showed no significant difference among the concentrations of heavy metals in all sites, except zinc in lettuce and nickel in spring onion. The study found cancer risk factor for nickel, which exceeded the benchmark of 1 × 10 −6 for both lettuce and spring onion, indicating that long-term consumption could increase the risk of cancer in consumers. COnCLuSIOn: The study's findings call for strict regulation and regular monitoring of heavy metals in vegetables cultivated at anthropogenic sites in urban areas to ensure food safety and consumer health.

Au Maroc, la pénurie des ressources en eau est aggravée par la détérioration de leur qualité sous l’effet des rejets polluants liquides et solides. La commune urbaine de Martil, comme exemple (nord du Maroc) a connu un développement urbain très important durant la dernière décennie 2003/2012, et de nombreux grands chantiers d’infrastructure sont en cours de réalisation. À défaut d’être traitées, les eaux usées de la ville sont collectées partiellement et déversées dans la nature sans aucun traitement. La rivière de l’oued Martil avoisinant la ville est utilisée comme réceptacle des eaux usées et industrielles de la ville de Tétouan. Il aggrave la problématique de la pollution des eaux souterraines de la région. Pour évaluer l’état de la contamination microbienne de la nappe phréatique de la commune, une étude a été menée durant une année (2010/2011). Un total de 15 puits a été retenu pour des analyses bimestrielles des coliformes totaux (CT), coliformes fécaux (CF) et streptocoques ...

The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of surface water in and around Jabalpur city, M.P. have been studied to evaluate the suitability of water for irrigation and domestic uses. Samples of water were collected from various localities such as Narmada and Pariyat water supply system, various ghats of Narmada river, various tals and tanks, main drains of the city such as Omti nala and Moti nala and were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, five days Biological oxygen demand , fecal coliform , turbidity, total solids, nitrates and phosphates.Water quality indices "WQI" developed in 1970 by the U.S. National sanitation foundation were calculated for these water samples. The results conclude that the water quality of water supply systems, various ghats of Narmada River is of medium quality and can be used for domestic use after suitable treatment. The water quality of various tanks and drains falls in the range of bad quality w...

We introduced flocculant-disinfectant water treatment for 12 weeks in 103 households in Bangladesh to assess if drinking water would be chemically and microbiologically improved and the body burden of arsenic reduced. The median concentration of arsenic in tubewell water decreased by 88% after introduction of the flocculant-disinfectant from 136 mg/l at baseline to 16 (p 5 0.001). The median concentration of total urinary arsenic decreased 42% from 385 mg/g creatinine at baseline to 225 mg/g creatinine after intervention (p 5 0.001). Among 206 post-intervention drinking water samples that were reportedly treated on the date the sample was collected, 99 (48%) lacked residual free chlorine and 100 (49%) were contaminated with thermotolerant coliforms. The flocculantdisinfectant markedly reduced arsenic in drinking water, but treated drinking water was frequently contaminated with fecal organisms. The lesser reduction in urinary arsenic compared to water arsenic and the health consequences of this reduction require further research.

Antimicrobial resistance is a serious health menace. Infections caused by multiple drug resistant organisms are on rise making community acquired infections a physicians’ nightmare. A survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of multiple drug resistant urinary tract pathogens affecting children in Jaipur. Urine samples were collected from children below five years of age. The urine samples were defined as positive culture when a single bacterial species was grown with colony count of >105 CFU/mL. A total of 240 urine samples were collected out of which only 67 were culture positive. It was found that 67% and 18% of infection was produced by E. coli and Staphylococcal species respectively. Other bacteria which produced urinary tract infection included Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas. The antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of E. coli isolates were tested against 10 commonly prescribed antimicrobial drugs for urinary tract infection as E. coli was the most predominant u...

Background: Epidemics of cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139 have been reported from different parts of India. It is necessary to investigate Acute Gastroenteritis cases for the presence of V. Cholerae by stool sample analysis in the reference laboratory.

Objectives: To analyze stool samples for the presence of V. cholerae and subtypes in confirmed cases of cholera during an outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis.

Materials and Methods: During an outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis, total 171 stool samples and 5 water samples were collected by local health authorities and sent to the Microbiology Department, Medical College, Baroda for the analysis.

Results: Out of total 171 stool samples, 46 stool samples were found positive (27%) for V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa as a sole pathogen. Highest positivity (50%) was found in age group of 0-15 years. Positivity rate was same among both the genders. Water samples showed presence of coliform bacilli with high MPN (most probable number) count. Faecal coliform was also found in both the water samples.

Conclusion: V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa was confirmed as a sole pathogen in stool samples confirm the cholera outbreak and water contamination was supported by the presence of Faecal coliform organisms in water samples.

Lagoon Area of Segara Anakan (SAL) have influence of natural and anthropogenic factors impacting on the increasing of macronutrient, ecologically SAL is downstream from several rivers watershed Citanduy. SAL is tropically moist and influenced monsoon wind, causing the fluctuated waters. The purpose of this research is to recognise the characteristic spatio-temporal makronutrien lagoon. The measurements of macronutrient, include: TN (Total of Nitrogen), NH3 (Ammonia), NO3-(Nitrate), TP (Total of Phosphate), and PO4 3-(Orthophospat), using methods of spectrophotometric and micro-kjeldahl. The spatial approach is done on 7 stations (S) with representations: (S) natural factors and (S) the presence of anthropogenic activities. The temporal approach (time series) for a year refers to the monsoon wind pattern (west, transition I, east and transition II) season. The results of laboratory tests are discussed descriptively and adapted to the Indonesian standart of waters quality. To facilitate spatio-temporal interpretation, the data is presented formingly a thematic map. Temporal results show in the west season, the highest macronutrient content is dominated by TN (0.587 ± 0.223) mg / L, NH3 (0.875 ± 1.290) mg / L and PO4 3-(0.390 ± 0.909) mg / L, while NO3-(0.185 ± 0.015) mg / L and TP (0.155 ± 0.026) mg / L highest during transitional season II. In the spatial approach, (S) with anthropogenic characteristics contribute to the whole height of the macronutrients. The effects of rainfall, anthropogenic pressure, aquatic hydrodynamics and the contribution of metabolic waste discharged from organisms, are thought to cause in the increasing of SAL macronutrients. Management and lagoon management strategies are required by the local government, stakeholders and communities to prevent the phenomenon of eutrophication of the lagoon.

Over the past two decades, business process reengineering (BPR) has become a popular approach to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of organizations. An examination of relevant BPR literature reveals that available BPR models that have been widely in use have some serious limitations and fail to take into consideration human factors and change management aspects. Both academic researchers and industrial practitioners have acknowledged the existence of this theoretical gap. This article proposes a BPR model that is named process reengineering integrated spiral model (PRISM). PRISM is a systematic agile model that would improve the chances for organizations to successfully carry out BPR initiatives and projects.

The physical immobilization of Bacillus sp GU215 on polystyrene polymer film by adsorption was performed and bacitracin (antimicrobial peptide) production by both free and immobilized cells were investigated at optimum conditions. The immobilized cells presented immediate log time within 4 h, while the free cells showed a 24 h delayed response. Likewise, free cells of Bacillus spp GU215 showed maximum zones of inhibition (18 mm) within 72 h at 30°C temperature and pH 8, whereas polystyrene polymer immobilized cells presented largest 14 mm zones of inhibitions within 48 h at same conditions as free cells. We concluded that there existed a weak physical adsorption between polystyrene polymer film and immobilized bacterial cells that rendered earlier detachment of cells and resulted in a decrease in antimicrobial activity as compared to free cells.

Passive co-treatment of municipal wastewater and synthetic acid mine drainage in a laboratory-scale, four-stage continuous flow reactor system was examined for changes in fecal indicator bacteria counts. Synthetic acid mine drainage was mixed at a 1:2 ratio with raw municipal wastewater from the City of Norman, Oklahoma and introduced to the system. The municipal wastewater contained varying concentrations of total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), E. coli (EC), and fecal streptococci (FS). Initial concentrations ranged from 6-13, 0.6-6, 3-5, and 0.1-0.7 million cfu/100 mL, for TC, FC, EC, and FS, respectively. During the 6.6-day system residence time, a 100% reduction of all indicator bacteria was observed. However, indicator bacteria exhibited evidence of sublethal injury with slower colony formation rates on standard growth media. Extending standard incubation periods resulted in higher concentrations of all indicator bacteria in each treatment stage, except the final stage where only EC and TC counts increased. Although this co-treatment regime effectively reduced indicator bacteria concentrations, much remains unknown about the potential for sub-lethal injury to indicator bacteria and its impact on the viability of cotreatment for pathogen removal.

The benefit of biochar as a soil fertility enhancer is well known and has been broadly investigated. Equally, many tropical and subtropical countries use wastewater for irrigation in urban agriculture. To assess the related health risks, we determined pathogen and heavy metal fate associated with biochar application and wastewater irrigation in the urban agriculture of northern Ghana. Rice (Oryza L.) husk biochar (20 t ha−1), N–P–K 15–15–15 fertilizer (212.5 kg ha−1), and their combinations were evaluated in a field‐based experiment. Untreated wastewater and tap water served as irrigation water. Red amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) was used as a test crop and was grown in wet (WS) and dry (DS) cropping seasons. Irrigation water, soil, and vegetables were analyzed for heavy metals, Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, helminth eggs, and Salmonella spp. Unlike the pathogens, analyzed heavy metals from irrigation water and soil were below the FAO/WHO permissible standard for agricultural...

Background: In Addis Ababa, where irrigation water for vegetable production is commonly derived from the highly polluted Akaki river, information on microbial contamination of water and irrigated vegetable is scanty. An assessment was done to determine the microbiological quality of irrigation water and lettuce harvested from 10 urban farming sites of Addis Ababa. The efficacy of 5 lettuce washing methods were also assessed. A total of 210 lettuce and 90 irrigation water samples were analyzed for faecal coliform and helminth eggs population levels. Results: The mean faecal coliform levels of irrigation water ranged from 4.29-5.61 log 10 MPN 100 ml −1 , while on lettuce, the concentrations ranged from 3.46-5.03 log 10 MPN 100 g −1. Helminth eggs and larvae were detected in 80% of irrigation water and 61% of lettuce samples. Numbers ranged from 0.9-3.1 eggs 1000 ml −1 and 0.8-3.7 eggs 100 g −1 wet weight for irrigation water and lettuce, respectively. The helminth eggs identified included those of Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia and Strongloyides larvae. Ascaris lumbricoides and Hookworm were most prevalent in both irrigation water and lettuce samples. Compared with the WHO recommendations and international standards, the faecal coliform and helminth eggs levels in irrigation water and lettuce samples exceeded the recommended levels. Irrespective of the tested washing methods, faecal coliform and helminth eggs levels were somehow reduced. Among the washing methods, potable tap water washing-rinsing (2 min) followed by dipping in 15 000 ppm vinegar solution for a minute supported the highest faecal coliorm reduction of 1.7 log 10 units, whereas lowest reduction of 0.8 log 10 units was achieved for the same procedure without vinegar. Conclusion: Compared with international standards, both faecal coliform and helminth eggs levels exceeded recommended thresholds in water and lettuce, but still in a potential risk range which can be easily mitigated if farmers and households are aware of the potential risk. Aside preventing occupational exposure, potential risk reduction programs should target households which have so far no guidance on how best to wash vegetables. The result of the present study suggest that the vinegar based washing methods are able to reduce faecal coliform towards low level while the physical washing with running water may help to substantially decrease potential risk of helminth parasitic infections.

The increasing interest in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy as a promising technology for wastewater treatment demands more efficient photosensitizers and faster methods for the monitorization of the photoinactivation process. Two sets of neutral and cationic porphyrins were used as photosensitizers for the photoinactivation of sewage bacteria. Two of the cationic porphyrins revealed to be highly active, even against Gram-negative bacteria, inactivating ca. 94-99.8% of these at 5 lM and after 270 min of irradiation with white light (9 mW cm À2). In addition, two expeditious methods for the evaluation of the bacteria photoinactivation were developed. These methods are based on b-galactosidase activity and on leucine incorporation and give an excellent relation with faecal coliform counts. The evaluation of these two descriptors of bacterial activity, directly related with bacterial abundance, is an easy and fast way to monitor the microorganisms during the photoinactivation process.

The present study is to bring into notice the importance of maintaining proper water quality standards of holy water bodies taking one such holy water body as a case study. Water samples were collected and were being tested for certain water quality parameters. The results revealed that the samples were unable to reach the required standards which is harmful to human skin. So, there is a great necessity to look over the problem and provide proper alternative to avoid deterioration of water quality and protect deities from illness.

Purpose Huge amount of yard waste is produced in cities with excessive agricultural activities like Cameron Highlands, Malaysia where most of the time the yard waste is being managed poorly and big portion of it ends in dump sites. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the applicability of converting yard waste generated in Cameron Highlands Malaysia into high-quality and fast compost via in-vessel method. Methods In-vessel composting technique was applied for speedy biotransformation of yard waste. Addition of food waste, effective microorganisms (EM) and Shimamoto Enzyme Ò (SE) were investigated for improvement of compost quality. Four compositions of feedstock with different yard waste (YW) and food waste (FW) ratios were tested. The compositions were 70%YW ? 30%FW, 80%YW ? 20%FW, 90%YW ? 10%FW and 100%YW. Physicochemical properties of compost including pH, moisture content and C/N ratio were monitored throughout the experiment. Furthermore, quality of compost and its potential for direct application after production were evaluated based on germination index (GI) and nutrient content (NPK). Results The compost samples had pH ranging from 7 to 9 and moisture content of 15.45-32.13%. Initial C/N ratio of all feedstock was decreased throughout the composting process by more than 50%. Seed germination test showed that only 70%YW ? 30%FW feedstock produced immature compost with GI \ 80%. The highest GI of 130% was obtained when FW represented in 10% of the feedstock with addition of EM. Average concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were 1.73, 1.21 and 1.66% in case of EM additive and 1.47, 0.56 and 1.74% in case of SE additive. Conclusion Application of in-vessel composting can improve solid waste management in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia and yield a high-demand product. The approach used in this study can be a good practice for the societies have difficulties in managing their yard waste.

With the objective in evaluating chemical and bacteriological quality of water in a pig production unit, located on the Rincon de Monagas, municipalty of Maturin, Monagas state, Venezuela, we proceeded to collect water samples from both, the well drilled and the drinking troughs from diff erent production areas of the farm. After that, we quantifi ed aerobic mesophiles, total coliforms, fecal, E. coli and the presence of Pseudomonas spp. Deep well water did not provide microbial contamination: total coliforms, fecal coliforms and E. coli; however, the pH was bellow allowable limits. Microbiological analysis of water, in diff erent production areas, gave elevated counts of the mentioned microbial groups, and they increase in the tour of the pipeline and ready pig drinkers. There was no presence of Pseudomonas spp. in water of the pig production unit. Microbiological monitoring every six months, and corrective actions to reduce microbial groups that impact zootechnical parameters, are very necessary.

Antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates. The antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method towards antibiotics as mentioned: Ampicillin AMP (10 mcg), Gentamicin GEN (10 mcg), Amikacin AK (30 mcg), Ciprofloxacin CIP (5 mcg), Ofloxacin OF (5 mcg), Co-Trimoxazole COT (25 mcg), Amoxyclav AMC (30 mcg), Cefuroxime CXM (30 mcg), Ceftazidime CAZ (30 mcg), Ceftazidime/Clavulanic acid CAC (30/10mcg), Cefepime CPM (30 mcg), Imipenem IPM (10 mcg), Cefotaxime CTX (30 mcg), Cetriaxone CTR (30 mcg), Cefoxitin CX (30 mcg), Meropenem MRP (10 mcg), Piperacillin/Tazobactam PIT (100/10 mcg), Aztreonam AT (30 mcg), Gatifloxacin GAT (5 mcg), Ampicillin/Sulbactam A/S (10/10 mcg), Cefoperazone (CPZ 75 mcg), Levofloxacin LE (5 mcg), Ceftizoxime CZX (30 mcg), Ticarcillin/Clavulanic acid TCC (75/10mcg).

This chapter shows results obtained from analyzing samples of vegetables taken at the farm gate and from selling points in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale. Microbiological data are based on a total of about 1,500 vegetable samples taken from different sampling points along the vegetable distribution chain – farm gates – and from different categories of sellers in Accra, Tamale and Kumasi. Fecal coliforms and helminth eggs were mainly used as the fecal contamination indicator organisms. For chemical contaminants, heavy metals and pesticides in irrigation water and vegetables were analyzed, while estrogens were used as an example for emerging contaminants.

Inland fisheries provide income, food security and nutrition and act as a labour buffer. Yet they scarcely receive consideration in water resource allocation and economic decisions. Inland peri-urban fisheries face many challenges to their sustainability such as urban encroachment, environmental degradation and climate change. This study aimed to assess the historical fish catches, species composition, and investigate the effects of climatic variability and catchment dynamics in periurban Lakes Chivero and Manyame in Zimbabwe. The Mann-Kendall test was used to analyse time series trends in fisheries and climatic data. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess relations between fish catches and climate data for Lakes Chivero and Manyame. Fish catches have significantly declined in Lakes Chivero and Manyame over the periods considered with a shift towards a monospecies dominance in the fish community. Peri-urban lakes are characterised by highly adapted, relatively large sized fish species which have an ability to utilise a directional environmental disturbance such as hypereutrophication. Climatic factors have significant effects in fish catches in Lake Chivero. Despite the potential negative socioeconomic consequences inferred from declining fish catches, water pollution, gross underreporting, poor recording and preservation of fisheries statistics remains a massive threat to the survival of inland peri-urban fisheries in Lakes Chivero and Manyame.

Monitoring the groundwater chemical composition and identifying the presence of pollutants is an integral part of any comprehensive groundwater management strategy. The present study was conducted in a part of West Tripura, northeast India, to investigate the presence and sources of trace metals in groundwater and the risk to human health due to direct ingestion of groundwater. Samples were collected from 68 locations twice a year from 2016 to 2018. Mixed Ca–Mg–HCO3, Ca–Cl and Ca–Mg–Cl were the main groundwater types. Hydrogeochemical methods showed groundwater mineralization due to (1) carbonate dissolution, (2) silicate weathering, (3) cation exchange processes and (4) anthropogenic sources. Occurrence of faecal coliforms increased in groundwater after monsoons. Nitrate and microbial contamination from wastewater infiltration were apparent. Iron, manganese, lead, cadmium and arsenic were above the drinking water limits prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards. Water quality in...

Febros river water was sampled weekly, during 35 successive weeks, and analyzed for microbiological (total coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and enterococci) and chemicalphysical (ammonia and temperature) parameters. All microbiological parameters were highly correlated with each other and with ammonia, suggesting that the simultaneous determination of all variables currently in use in the evaluation of the microbiological quality of waters is probably redundant, and could be simplified, and that ammonia should be tested as a sentinel parameter of the microbiological pollution load of Febros river. From the strains isolated from positive tubes of the faecal coliforms test (multiple tube fermentation technique) and retested in this assay, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae strains were positive, indicating that the faecal coliforms test is not totally specific for Escherichia coli, and can detect other bacteria. Considering that these Klebsiella spp. are not necessarily of faecal origin, it was concluded that the faecal coliforms test can overestimate true faecal pollution. From the strains isolated from positive tubes of the faecal coliforms procedure, only Escherichia coli strains were clearly positive in the β-D-glucuronidase test. All other species were negative or very weakly positive, suggesting that the assay of the β-D-glucuronidase activity is less prone to false positives than the faecal coliforms test in the quantification of Escherichia coli in environmental waters.

We introduced flocculant-disinfectant water treatment for 12 weeks in 103 households in Bangladesh to assess if drinking water would be chemically and microbiologically improved and the body burden of arsenic reduced. The median concentration of arsenic in tubewell water decreased by 88% after introduction of the flocculant-disinfectant from 136 mg/l at baseline to 16 (p 5 0.001). The median concentration of total urinary arsenic decreased 42% from 385 mg/g creatinine at baseline to 225 mg/g creatinine after intervention (p 5 0.001). Among 206 post-intervention drinking water samples that were reportedly treated on the date the sample was collected, 99 (48%) lacked residual free chlorine and 100 (49%) were contaminated with thermotolerant coliforms. The flocculantdisinfectant markedly reduced arsenic in drinking water, but treated drinking water was frequently contaminated with fecal organisms. The lesser reduction in urinary arsenic compared to water arsenic and the health consequences of this reduction require further research.

Objective: Isolation and purification of naringinase from Mircoccus sp. Methods: The naringinase producing microorganism was isolated from the soil sample by the serial dilution method. The isolate was identified based on morphological, microscopic and biochemical characters. The physico-chemical parameters, effect of carbon and nitrogen source was carried out. The protein was purified using ultrafiltration, ammonium sulfate precipitation and Dialysis and detected by using SDS-PAGE. Results: A total of 10 isolates were obtained among them isolate AMJVC-8 showed the highest activity and hence the same was selected for further studies. Based on morphological, microscopic and biochemical characters, the isolate tentatively identified as the member of Micrococcus. The optimum pH and temperature for nariginase production were found to be 6.0, 37 o Conclusion: Microbial enzymes are gaining special importance in the recent days due to cost effective production and economically viable process. Microbial naringinase has completely replaced the chemical methods of naringin reduction in industries. Production of naringinase has been very well studied in fungal sources, however, very limited reports are available on bacterial naringinase. There is a great scope for fermentation process development using new isolates, which would result in the commercially viable processes. Thus, isolation of new promising naringinase producers is the need of the hour. C respectively. The optimum inoculums size, agitation speed was found to be 6% and 160rpm respectively. The optimum carbon and nitrogen source for nariginase production were found to be 1.5%, 0.50% respectively. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to 48 kDa.

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Au Maroc, la pénurie des ressources en eau est aggravée par la détérioration de leur qualité sous l’effet des rejets polluants liquides et solides. La commune urbaine de Martil, comme exemple (nord du Maroc) a connu un développement urbain très important durant la dernière décennie 2003/2012, et de nombreux grands chantiers d’infrastructure sont en cours de réalisation. À défaut d’être traitées, les eaux usées de la ville sont collectées partiellement et déversées dans la nature sans aucun traitement. La rivière de l’oued Martil avoisinant la ville est utilisée comme réceptacle des eaux usées et industrielles de la ville de Tétouan. Il aggrave la problématique de la pollution des eaux souterraines de la région. Pour évaluer l’état de la contamination microbienne de la nappe phréatique de la commune, une étude a été menée durant une année (2010/2011). Un total de 15 puits a été retenu pour des analyses bimestrielles des coliformes totaux (CT), coliformes fécaux (CF) et streptocoques ...

Objective: Isolation and purification of naringinase from Mircoccus sp. Methods: The naringinase producing microorganism was isolated from the soil sample by the serial dilution method. The isolate was identified based on morphological, microscopic and biochemical characters. The physico-chemical parameters, effect of carbon and nitrogen source was carried out. The protein was purified using ultrafiltration, ammonium sulfate precipitation and Dialysis and detected by using SDS-PAGE. Results: A total of 10 isolates were obtained among them isolate AMJVC-8 showed the highest activity and hence the same was selected for further studies. Based on morphological, microscopic and biochemical characters, the isolate tentatively identified as the member of Micrococcus. The optimum pH and temperature for nariginase production were found to be 6.0, 37 o Conclusion: Microbial enzymes are gaining special importance in the recent days due to cost effective production and economically viable process. Microbial naringinase has completely replaced the chemical methods of naringin reduction in industries. Production of naringinase has been very well studied in fungal sources, however, very limited reports are available on bacterial naringinase. There is a great scope for fermentation process development using new isolates, which would result in the commercially viable processes. Thus, isolation of new promising naringinase producers is the need of the hour. C respectively. The optimum inoculums size, agitation speed was found to be 6% and 160rpm respectively. The optimum carbon and nitrogen source for nariginase production were found to be 1.5%, 0.50% respectively. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to 48 kDa.