Exploration of hydrocarbon

Rumaila oilfield is the largest subsurface structural anticline in the southern Mesopotamia Plain of Iraq. It consists of two culminations these are the North and South Rumaila with N-S and NW-SE fold axes, respectively. Borehole breakouts data from Image-logs of 90 wells in the Mishrif Formation within Rumaila oilfieldwere used to derive the stress pattern.The World Stress Map shows no data within the study area. This study aims to contribute in adding borehole breakouts data of the Rumaila oilfield to the map and correlate this data with the data from other oilfields within the Iraqi-Iranian border. Results of this study show that the direction of the horizontal maximum stress axis at the North Rumaila is 358 and South Rumaila is 351.These results depict that the maximum stress axes are not perpendicular to the fold axis.The stress axes havean inclined angle of 7at North Rumaila and 10 at SouthRumaila. These differences suggested being as a result of the anticlockwise rotation...

In 1973, Iraq and Türkiye entered into an agreement (the Iraq-Turkey Crude Oil Pipeline Agreement) aimed at building a pipeline system for the transport of crude oil from Iraqi fields, as well as allowing its storage and loading at facilities at a Turkish Mediterranean port in Ceyhan for export. The Agreement has been amended by various additional agreements and protocols over the years, the latest of which was signed in 2010. All these agreements, together referred to by the Tribunal as ITP Agreements, constitute the legal framework that is still in force today. The first two pipelines built within the framework of the ITP Agreements became respectively operational in 1977 and in 1987. In 2005, the Kurdish Region of Iraq (the KRI) was established as an autonomous region of the federal Iraqi state. At that time, there were no federal regulations regarding the exploitation of crude oil reserves located in the KRI. In 2007, the Kurdish Regional Government (the KRG) issued a hydrocarbon regulation pertaining to the management of crude oil and gas fields in the KRI. However the Federal Government of Iraq (FGI) and the KRG disagreed on the interpretation of the Iraqi Constitution in relation to the management and ownership of oil and natural resources in the region. In 2012, the KRG and Türkiye announced that a new pipeline would be built in the KRI, close to the Turkish border, in order to export the KRI crude oil to the world via the ITP pipeline system. This latest pipeline, completed in 2013, was connected to the pumping station of the ITP system located in Fishkabur, Iraq. On May 23rd, 2014, the Republic of Iraq filed a complaint against Türkiye to the International Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Panel (the Tribunal), alleging that Türkiye transported Iraqi oil sent by the KRG without the approval of the Ministry of Petroleum of the Republic of Iraq, in violation of the ITP Agreements. Türkiye put forward various arguments against Iraq’s claims. One of these arguments stated that Türkiye had suspended the application fo the ITP Agreements pursuant to the rebus sic stantibus principle, as codified in Article 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Indeed, Türkiye claimed that this suspension was warranted, based on two material facts that created a fundamental change of circumstances: a) the KRG’s suspension of oil supplies to Iraq’s State Oil Marketing Company (SOMO) in 2012, and b) the bombing of the 1987 pipeline by the Islamic State terrorist group (more commonly known as ISIS) in 2014. In its final judgment, the Tribunal stated that the KRG’s suspension of oil supplies to SOMO in 2012 did not constitute a fundamental change of circumstances and rejected Türkiye’s claim that the rebus sic stantibus principle applied. With regard to the bombing of the second pipeline, the Tribunal accepted that this situation fundamentally changed the circumstances of the ITP Agreements. However, the Tribunal also noted that Türkiye had started transporting and storing crude oil from the KRG even before the second pipeline was damaged. According to the Tribunal, this showed that Türkiye’s motivation to cooperate with the KRG was not related to the ITP framework becoming inapplicable. In this context, considering that both parties to the ITP Agreements are under the obligation to act in good faith when it comes to applying their treaty obligations, the Court rejected Türkiye’s claims and stated that it could not apply the rebus sic stantibus principle for the events that occurred after Turkey had already violated its obligations arising from the ITP Agreements by engaging directly the KRG.

T he aim of this study is to demonstrate petroleum reservoir rock properties of Guney formation in Eregli-Ulukisla Basin in Turkey. The Guney formation has typical outcrops of sandstone-shale formation around Guney village in the Eregli-Ulukisla Basin. The permeability-porosity analyses and petrographic examinations were done on the 58 sandstone samples which were compiled from the study area. The porosity values change from 6.44 % to 35.14%, and the permeability values change from 0.2 md to 32 md. The sandstones are medium-worse rounded and poorly sorted according to the petrographic examinations. The porosity-permeability values of samples taken from channel fillings on the study area are high. According to the petrographic examination and porosity-permeability analyses results, The Guney formation represents generally worsemedium grade petroleum reservoir rock properties.

Basement rock reservoirs are a special type of oil and/or gas reservoir, which has been usually neglected until recently as a target for exploration. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the hydrocarbon potential of Niğde Massif. The n-alkane hydrocarbons found in the water samples collected are the mature petroleum hydrocarbons, which are the geochemical evidence for a working petroleum system in the study area. The dom structures in which they are suitable to be entrapped and protected for hydrocarbons in a predominantly SW-NE orientation, where metamorphic rocks in which granite has been located in its center have formed, is the possible hydrocarbon reservoir in the study area. The geochemical exploration methodology used in this study may be a new method that can eliminate the discovery of hydrocarbons in the metamorphic massif and granitic rocks by chance.

Detection of hydrocarbons (HC) by a Controlled Source Electromagnetic (CSEM), based on resistivity contrast, makes electromagnetic (EM) waves convincing method for HC detection in deep water exploration. However, HC survey done in shallow water is difficult due to a phenomenon called "air wave effect". The waves that are produced by EM transmitter interact with air-sea interface to generate air waves that diffuse from the sea surface to the receivers. These air waves dominate the measured EM data such that the presence of the HC may not be detected. This work is a verification of the effect of air waves in shallow water environment. Data with hydrocarbon at 500m depth and data without hydrocarbon were simulated using CST EM Studio for this study for sea water depths from 1000m to 100m. Results have shown that the presence of hydrocarbon in shallow water is shielded by air waves.

An innovative approach to discriminate the lithology and fluid in the C39 field was adopted using the individual well to classify the elastic property of gas as well as that of water-bearing sands of the Mahuva Formation of the Oligocene age. These reservoir sands are thin and discrete and also being high impedance sands makes them difficult to understand. Issues during development drilling brought out this fact very clearly. Earlier attempts to understand and discriminate the facies and fluid could not be successfully achieved due to the poor quality of the seismic dataset as well as the lack of DSI logs. Improved seismic resulted in much higher quality of pre-stack Inversion results and DSI log from one development well helped in improving the understanding of this reservoir sand.

The multi-stack sand-rich sequence of the Daman Formation of the Late Oligocene age is very well known for its prolific gas production as well as its wide presence in the Surat Depression of the Mumbai Offshore Basin. The Late Oligocene sequence, bounded by unconformities, is a part of the passive margin 1st order Mega Sequence, which ranges in age from Early Eocene to Pliocene/Pleistocene. The Daman Formation is deposited in a tide-dominated delta within overall regressive conditions and is well known for a wide network of distributary/tidal channels and bars. The early phase of exploration in the B12C26 area met with mixed success primarily due to an approach that focused on the structural element in the area and the constraints of available seismic data. However, over the years, with more drilled wells and the acquisition of multiple seismic 3D, the area showed phenomenal growth. The primary pays in the area are multiple reservoir sands within the Daman Formation, and these sands demonstrate AVO anomaly well expressed on seismic data. Reservoir geometries of these channel sands were further enhanced on the basis of far-stack seismic data analysis. The study not only improved the understanding of the deltaic sands in terms of realistic reservoir geometries but also brought out a large potential area for exploration. This paper analyzes, in detail, the far stack study with a bird's eye view of exploration history over time and the challenges in exploration in the B12/C26 area.

SeaBed Logging (SBL) provides a powerful tool for the risk mitigation process. This study gives a case example for the application of SBL to reduce risks in drilling decisions. It underlines the importance of using all available resistivity information in the form of well logs as well as existing SBL data in the integration of the SBL data, including the interpretation of the inversion results. A discussion of the integration is performed, taking into account the uncertainties in the assumptions for different parts of the subsurface, and shows how the ranking of the prospects, based on SBL data, is interwoven with the perceived uncertainties. Drilling results yielded a commercial hydrocarbon discovery for one of the highestranked targets.

Bu araştırmada, Kıbrıs"taki İngiliz üslerinin stratejik önemi ele alınmıştır. Bundan hareketle araştırmanın temel amacı, Kıbrıs"ın İngiltere için politik önemini ve üslerin stratejik değerini göstermektir. İngilizler, adanın stratejik önemini açıklarken, Kıbrıs"ın Orta Doğu, Kafkasya, Güneydoğu Avrupa ve Akdeniz gibi karışık bir bölgede, oldukça önemli bir rol üstlendiğini belirtmektedirler. Hâl böyle olunca İngilizler, gerek Doğu Akdeniz"de, gerekse Orta Doğu"da daha etkin olabilmek için Kıbrıs meselesi diye bir meselenin olmamasını istemektedirler. Zaten petrol boru hatlarının geçiş güzergâhı, Arap-İsrail barış süreci ve Irak"ın geleceğinin belirlenmesi gibi etkenlerle doğrudan ilintili olan Kıbrıs"taki istikrarlı barış, en çok İngiltere"nin işine geleceği açıktır. Bu yüzden Kıbrıs"ta "kalıcı çözümün, ivedilikle bulunmasına" ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Aslında İngiltere"nin Kıbrıs"a olan stratejik ilgisi iki açıdan değerlendirilebilir. Bunlardan biri kendi ulusal çıkarlarını engelleyecek güçlerin bu bölgedeki etkinliğini ve imkânlarını minimize etmek veya mümkünse ortadan kaldırmak, ikincisi ise egemen üsler vasıtasıyla adadan belirgin bir biçimde yararlanmaktır. Ancak II. Dünya Savaşı"ndan sonra kurulan bu üslerin varlığı, şimdiye kadar layıkıyla tartışılamamıştır. Hâlbuki adadaki üslerin varlığı, en az Türk askerinin varlığı kadar gündeme getirilmesi gereken bir konudur. Ne var ki İngilizler, dünya kamuoyundan gelen tüm tepkileri, kuzeydeki Türk askeri varlığına yönlendirerek, adadaki İngiliz üslerinin mutlak egemenliğinin tartışılmasını önlenmişlerdir. Bu gerçekten hareketle araştırma, iki ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde İngiltere açısından Kıbrıs"ın jeopolitik önemi ele alınıp incelenmiştir. İkinci ve son bölümde ise Kıbrıs"ta İngiliz üsleriyle ilgili meselenin nasıl doğduğu, geliştiği ve günümüzdeki etkileri değerlendirilmiştir.

Özet Doğu Akdeniz' de keşfedilen enerji rezervleri tüm dünyanın dikkatini bu bölge üzerine çekmektedir. Söz konuesu coğrafyada gerek ulusal ve uluslararası aktörler gerekse büyük enerji şirketleri faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir. İlk olarak 2000'li yılların başlarında bölgede arama ve sondaj çalışmalarının başlatılması için ülkeler arasında ikili anlaşmalar gerçekleşmiştir. Sonrasında söz konusu anlaşmalar çerçevesinde bazı uluslararası enerji şirketleri bölgeye davet edilerek burada faaliyet yapmaları adına ruhsatlandırılmıştır. Bu sürecin ardından birtakım keşiflerin gerçekleşmesiyle birlikte bölgede zaten mevcut olan rekabet ortamının artmaya devam ettiği görülmektedir. Gelinen nokta itibariyle Doğu Akdeniz' deki ana motivasyon unsurlarının yeni kaynak alanları keşfetmenin yanında bu kaynakların en ekonomik ve güvenli şekilde transfer edilmesi olduğu söylenebilir. Doğu Akdeniz' de bulunan enerji kaynaklarının büyüklüğü bölgedeki stratejik ve ekonomik rekabeti tetiklemektedir. Dolayısıyla bölgede keşfedilen petrol ve doğal gaz miktarları ile buradaki kaynakların dış pazarlara nasıl ulaştırılacağı konusu bu güç mücadelesinin odak noktalarını oluşturmaktadır. Bölgede fosil yakıtlar bakımından önemli bir kaynak potansiyeli bulunurken söz konusu kaynakların enerji piyasalarına taşınmasında üç senaryo öne çıkmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki East-Med projesi, ikincisi Türkiye rotası ve sonuncusu da LNG seçeneğidir. Bu çalışmada Doğu Akdeniz' de bulunan enerji kaynaklarının büyüklüğü ve bu kaynakların enerji piyasalarına iletilebilmesi için öngörülen transfer seçenekleri üzerinde durulmaktadır. Ayrıca Türkiye'nin bu bölgedeki stratejik coğrafi konumu sayesinde Doğu Akdeniz' de keşfedilen kaynakların transferi noktasındaki avantajları ele alınmaktadır.

Magnetic surveys are one of the most mobile and low-cost geophysical methods. However, direct searching of hydrocarbon deposits by the magnetic method was questioned for a long time because of the virtual absence of the magnetic properties of oil and gas. Last investigations indicate that physical-chemical reactions of hydrocarbon deposits with the host media often create precursors for detecting directly magnetic signals from the oil and gas deposits even in the cases of large depths. Extraction of low-signal magnetic anomalies generated by hydrocarbon deposits is demonstrated on examples of several deposits from the Middle Kur Depression (Azerbaijan) and Dnieper-Donets Depression (Ukraine). Application of the proposed magnetic data analysis will allow not only to optimize hydrocarbon deposit searching in complex geological environments but also to decrease the number of prospecting boreholes.

This paper focuses on the geochemical composition and isotope geochemistry of brines in the Cenomanian-Turonian carbonate Mishrif reservoir of southern Iraq. Main dissolved constituents, trace elements, δ 2 H and δ 18 O, 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, mineral saturation indices and thermodynamic calculations were investigated in formation waters from the Mishrif Formation to obtain a better understanding of brine evolution and diagenetic effects over geological time. Previous published δ 11 B data were also reinterpreted as a geothermometer tool. The results are compared with previous published data for local oilfields and coeval formations in the Arabian Gulf. The Mishrif brine has a marine origin and is diagenetically modified to Ca-excess and Na-deficit. Formation waters are quartz supersaturated and are in equilibrium with chalcedony and calcite-dolomite in the temperatures range of 50-75 • C, which is also confirmed by calcite-water oxygen isotope fractionation and δ 11 B geothermometer. The potential role of clays in conditioning brine chemistry during diagenetic processes was highlighted by activity diagrams; in particular, their adsorption/exchange effect on sodium could explain the lower temperature obtained by the Na/Li geothermometer (42 ± 6 • C). The δ 2 H and δ 18 O values show that oxygen isotope composition of the brines was isotopically more affected by interaction with limestone during diagenesis than seawater evaporation. The main effect is an 18 O-enrichment on the brine starting from the SMOW value. Locally, dilution by present-day meteoric water was also detected (Rumaila South), which is shifted towards the local meteoric water line. The strontium isotope ratios range from 0.707713 to 0.707749 and correspond to a marine strontium of late Cenomanian-early Maastrichtian age, except for the Majnoon sample, which shows a more radiogenic value (0.708043). Radiogenic strontium and gypsum and anhydride saturation indices of the Majnoon sample could indicate the contribution of calcium and sulphate from the strontium-rich sulphate minerals of the Cambrian salt domes occurring in the oilfields of southern Iraq. The higher manganese concentration (4 mg/l) and the slightly higher temperature inferred by geothermometers (up to 74 • C) in comparison with present-day could indicate that the Majnoon brine is a hot fluid, probably related to a deeper structure such as the Zagros Foredeep Fault.

The modern gravimetric equipment allows to register very small effects of gravity field changes and can be applied solving different geological, geophysical and environmental problems. However, sometimes insufficient calculation of various kinds of geological noise complicates effective application of detailed gravity field analysis. One of such factors is the temperature regime over and outside different buried objects of investigation. In this paper temperature changes in a subvertical zone over a hydrocarbon deposit and outside its contour are analyzed. The integrated density change and corresponding gravity effects are calculated for the Muradkhanly oil deposit situated within the southeast part of the Middle Kura Depression (central Azerbaijan). Calculation of these effects on the basis of density-temperature data correlation analysis could significantly improve the microgravity field examination over the hydrocarbon deposits. The similar correction procedure may be applied also over underground water horizons and some environmental targets.

Background and objective: Schizophrenia requires preservation of treatment with psychotropic medication and psychoeducational therapy. The nurse uses effective strategies to train those patients about stress management; relaxation technique and increase self-awareness, to improve their quality of life and enhance antipsychotic adherence. The study aimed to assess the effective strategies for nurses empowering the life quality and antipsychotic adherence of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Quasi-experimental research design was utilized in this study. The present study was achieved at the outpatient departments of the Mental Hospital in Beni-Suef, Egypt. A non-probability sampling of 60 patients with schizophrenia were recruited for the study. Tools of this study included: A structured interview questionnaire related to soci-demographic data, the quality of life scale, and the medication adherence rating scale. The training program consisted of 8 sessions. Results: The study indicated that there were statistically significant improvements in the life quality and antipsychotic adherence for patients with schizophrenia after application of psychiatric nursing instructions. Conclusions and recommendations: The results of this study concluded that psychiatric nursing approaches were effective in the improvement the quality life and adherence to antipsychotic of patients with schizophrenic disorders. Recommendations: This study recommended that a psychiatric nurse must use the effective strategies for empowering the life quality and antipsychotic adherence of patients with schizophrenia.

Magnetic surveys are one of the most mobile and low-cost geophysical methods. However, direct searching of hydrocarbon deposits by the magnetic method was questioned for a long time because of the virtual absence of the magnetic properties of oil and gas. Last investigations indicate that physical-chemical reactions of hydrocarbon deposits with the host media often create precursors for detecting directly magnetic signals from the oil and gas deposits even in the cases of large depths. Extraction of low-signal magnetic anomalies generated by hydrocarbon deposits is demonstrated on examples of several deposits from the Middle Kur Depression (Azerbaijan) and Dnieper-Donets Depression (Ukraine). Application of the proposed magnetic data analysis will allow not only to optimize hydrocarbon deposit searching in complex geological environments but also to decrease the number of prospecting boreholes.

Seabed Logging (SBL) is an application of marine Controlled-Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) technique to characterize hydrocarbon-filled layers underneath the seabed remotely in deep water regions. This technique maps structure of subsurface electrical resistivity in the offshore environment. Basically, exploration of offshore hydrocarbon is based on the contrast of electrical resistivity between hydrocarbon reservoir and its surrounding sea sediments. Modelling offshore hydrocarbon is a core analysis and time consuming task. Current numerical modelling techniques used in SBL application involve meshes and complicated mathematical equations. Thus, a simple supervised learning method which is Gaussian Process (GP) is proposed to process synthetic SBL data which are generated through Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software to predict the depth of hydrocarbon. This statistical model is able to provide additional hydrocarbon information by utilizing the prior information. 1-dimensional (1-D) forward GP models have successfully been developed to predict the presence of hydrocarbon and as the continuation work, 2-dimensional (2-D) forward GP model is then developed to be used as the standard profile in order to predict the depth of hydrocarbon. This shall give indication that GP can be used as the methodology to predict the depth of hydrocarbon reservoir underneath the seabed.

The paper aims to describe Composition and characteristics in hydrocarbons, oil and gas fields. By using descriptive method for primary model, synthesis methods and process analysis and analysis of difficulties and discussion, The study of this problem point that No less active influence on the properties and composition of oil, including their metallogeny, was also exerted by inversion processes. They manifested themselves especially brightly in the Varandey-Adzva zone.
Therefore, when it comes to the unfavorable environmental situation in these areas, then a significant contribution to its formation belongs to the extracted and utilized oil with PTE.

Kıbrıs sorunu, Yunanistan’ın ve Kıbrıslı Rumların
“Megali Idea” hedeflerinin, Kıbrıs adası ile ilgili “ENOSIS” amaçları doğrultusunda ortaya koydukları politikalarının sonucudur. Güncelliğini yitirmeyen bu sorun, Doğu Akdeniz’e olan ilginin artması ve Adanın çevresindeki zengin hidrokarbon kaynaklarının keşfi ile birlikte daha da karmaşık bir hâl almıştır. Hem adanın mevcut durumu hem de zengin deniz-dibi kaynakları bölgesel ve küresel aktörlerin politikalarının şekillenmesinde ana etken oluşturmaktadır. Doğu Akdeniz bölgesinde yer alan Kıbrıs Adası aynı zamanda Orta Doğu’nun çevresel bir parçası olarak da kabul edilmektedir. Kıbrıs ile ilişkilerin yürütülmesi ve ikili ilişkilerin kurulması konusunda belirsizliğin hâkim olması, daha çok garantör ülkeleri üzerinden ilişkilerin geliştirilmesi bu sorunun en önemli parçalarından bir tanesi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Buradan hareketle çalışmada, söz konusu Orta Doğu ülkelerinin Kıbrıs sorununa yönelik politikalarının yeni parametreleri üzerinde durulacaktır. Ayrıca Orta Doğu ülkelerinin Kıbrıs sorununa yaklaşımları ve garantör devletlerle aralarındaki ilişkileri de analiz edilecektir

Kızılırmak Graben Reservoir-targeted petroleum exploration TPH in water analysis Hydrocarbon-rich water Salt dome Salt formations exist in Kızılırmak Graben (Central Anatolia, Turkey), which consists of volcano-sedimentary units, and it was stated in previous studies that these formations have a diapiric structure. The adjacent basin, Ayhan Basin, contains bituminous shale and operated coal deposits. For this reason, in this study, it is aimed to investigate the oil and gas potential of the Kızılırmak Graben by conducting TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) analysis on the samples taken from natural cold-water resources by making use of the thought that hydrocarbon generation may come into existence from those units in the Ayhan basin. As a consequence of the analyses performed, hydrocarbons have been brought into the open in all the water samples. The organic geochemical methods have been used to find out the source of hydrocarbons determined in the water resources. The disclosed n-alkane hydrocarbons are the mature petroleum hydrocarbons derived from peat/coal type organic matter (Type III kerogen, gas-prone). These mature hydrocarbon-rich waters can be regarded as evidence for the availability of a working hydrocarbon system associated with possible salt diapir identified by using gravity and magnetic data obtained from the investigation area.

Levant Bölgesi'ndeki ticaret sisteminden başlayarak bölgenin hidrokarbon jeopolitiğine geçiş sürecine kadar uzanan tarihsel gelişimin uzun erimli (longue dureé) bakış açısıyla incelendiği bu çalışmada, bölgenin günümüzdeki durumu, petrol ve doğal gazın arama, üretim ve ihracı konusunda özellikle 2000'li yıllardan bu yana yaşanan gelişmelerle değerlendirilmiştir. Bölgenin hidrokarbon jeopolitiğindeki çatışma ve iş birliğinin sabit ve değişen boyutlarına, uluslararası ilişkilerin güç politikaları ve güçler dengesi gibi kavramları çerçevesinde özel bir yer verilmiştir. Bu çalışma sonunda test edilerek doğrulanan iki temel hipotezden bir tanesi, zaman içinde ticaretten enerjiye evrimleşen Levant jeopolitiğinin, küresel başat güç ve uluslararası devletler sistemindeki güç dengeleri için önemini uzun tarihi boyunca koruduğudur. Buna bağlı olarak geliştirilen ikinci hipotez de, Levant jeopolitiğinin kontrolünün başat gücün elinde olduğu zamanlarda bölgesel ve küresel çaptaki barış ve istikrarın arttığıdır. Güç dengelerindeki kaymalardan ötürü Levant'taki jeopolitik kontrol tek bir gücün elinden çıkmaya başladığı zamanlarda çatışmalar artmakta, iş birlikleri azalmaktadır. Doğu Akdeniz'in enerji konusunda günümüzde karşı karşıya kaldığı tehdit ve fırsatların incelenmesinin ardından bölgedeki çatışma ve iş birliği olanakları konusunda çıkarımlar yapılarak, bölgesel aktörlerin temel stratejileri değerlendirilmiştir. Levant'ta öne çıkan yeni enerji jeopolitiğinin bölgenin önemli bir gücü olan Türkiye için oluşturacağı tehdit ve fırsatlar tartışılmıştır.

Dogu Akdeniz medeniyetler denkleminin merkezi olma pozisyonunu halen korumaktadir. Modern caglarin en buyuk ihtiyaci olan enerji konusunda da bu durumunu korumaktadir. Ozellikle Dogu Akdeniz, uzun bir zamandir ticaret yollarinin, enerji transfer guzergâhlarinin ve ulasimin temel noktalarindan birisi durumundadir. 2010 yilindan itibaren artan bir sekilde enerji kaynaklarinin ardi ardina bulundugu, dogalgaz yataklarinin ulkelerin enerji politika ve stratejilerini yeniden sekillendirme ve yeniden insa etme mecburiyetinde kaldigi bir bolge olmustur. Israil, acik denizlerinde buldugu dogalgaz yataklari ile tum bu degisimin temelinde yer almaktadir. Israil’in neredeyse tamamen disa bagimli olan enerji yonetimi ve politikalarinin, gaz yataklarinin kesfi ile yeniden sekillenmesi ve bu bagimliliktan kurtulmasinin uzerine enerji politikalarinda ne gibi degisiklikler olacagi merak konusudur. Israil, Ortadogu’da, Dogu Akdeniz’de ve nihayetinde dunya genelinde etki gosteren devletlerden biriyken...

This paper describes a technique called Sea Bed Logging (SBL) as a tool to investigate deep sea target reservoirs. SBL is an application of marine controlled source electromagnetic (MCSEM) sounding. The basis of the approach is the use of a mobile electric dipole source and an array of electric field receivers. The transmitting dipole emits a low frequency electromagnetic signal both into the overlying water column and downwards into the seabed. The array of sea floor receivers measures both the amplitude and the phase of the received signal that depend on the resistivity structure beneath the seabed. A survey consisting of many transmitter and receiver locations can be used to determine a multidimensional model of subsea floor resistivity. A hydrocarbon reservoir can have resistivity perhaps 10 to 100 times greater. With an in-line antenna configuration the transmitted electric field enters the high resistive hydrocarbon layer under a critical angle and is guided along the layer. Electromagnetic signals constantly leak from the layer and back to the seafloor. The guiding of the electric fields significantly alters the overall pattern of current flow in the overburden layer. These capabilities are harvested in this paper in an effort to determine the depth at which hydrocarbon can be detected. A survey is done for one field one with an offset 50Km. The depth of the Hydrocarbon reserves is varied from 1000m to 3000m at intervals of 100meters. The data collected is analyzed and summarized in the preceding sections.

Fractured and weathered basement rocks are important oil and gas reservoirs in various basins in the worldwide. This author has followed this subject very closely for 30 years since working in the early 1980’s as a development geologist on the Beruk Northeast basement oil field in Central Sumatra, Indonesia. He has been involved in evaluating other such fields over the years. He has also given many presentations on basement oil and gas fields at conferences worldwide. He hereby shares his knowledge and experience.

Introduction Basement rocks are important oil and gas reservoirs in a number of basins in the world including Indonesia (Sumatra, Kalimantan & Java), China, Viet Nam, the West Siberia Basin, Middle East (Yemen), South America (Venezuela, Brazil & Argentina), USA (California, Texas, Oklahoma & Kansas), and North Sea (UK West of Shetlands). The reservoirs include fractured and weathered granites, quartzites and metamorphics.

Background and objective: Cancer pain is the most common symptom among cancer patients. Despite strategies to control cancer pain, cancer patients' beliefs and attitudes influence the effectiveness of cancer pain management. The aim of this literature review was to identify and explore adult cancer patients' barriers toward pain management. Methods: A literature review was conducted. CINAHL, Medline, and PsychINFO databases were searched for relevant articles from 2008 to 2019. Twenty one articles were included in this literature review. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify and explore adult cancer patients' barriers toward pain management. Results: This literature review revealed several patient barriers toward pain management. These barriers were categorized into cognitive barriers that include poor pain communication, fatalism, and fear of addiction and tolerance; sensory barrier, such as fear of drug side effects; affective barriers, such as anxiety and depression, and socio-demographic barriers that influence cancer pain management. Conclusions: Adult cancer patients' barriers toward pain management significantly compromise the effectiveness of pain management and affect cancer patients' quality of life. A better understanding of cancer patients' barriers toward pain management by healthcare providers will result in better assessment and management of these barriers and will enhance evidenced-based patient education.

One of the most difficult and profit hurting problems found in the oil field is the build-up of scale deposits in the well bore, production string, flow lines and even in storage tanks. These deposits act as a restriction during build-up in the wellbore causing a gradual decrease in production and, in many cases, as a solid barrier for wellbore fluid flow. This paper presents an analytical model based on the existing thermodynamic model showing the endpoint mobility ratios for both vertical and horizontal wells with the incidence of scale precipitation and deposition at the near wellbore region during water flooding. The results revealed that Endpoint mobility ratio for a vertical well with radial flow approaches unity "1" faster than for the horizontal well with elliptical flow. And horizontal wells are good candidates for managing scale precipitation and deposition during waterflooding.

Background and objective: Schizophrenia requires preservation of treatment with psychotropic medication and psycho-educational therapy. The nurse uses effective strategies to train those patients about stress management; relaxation technique and increase self-awareness, to improve their quality of life and enhance antipsychotic adherence. The study aimed to assess the effective strategies for nurses empowering the life quality and antipsychotic adherence of patients with schizophrenia.Methods: Quasi-experimental research design was utilized in this study. The present study was achieved at the outpatient departments of the Mental Hospital in Beni-Suef, Egypt. A non-probability sampling of 60 patients with schizophrenia were recruited for the study. Tools of this study included: A structured interview questionnaire related to soci-demographic data, the quality of life scale, and the medication adherence rating scale. The training program consisted of 8 sessions.Results: The study indi...

Abstract—This paper describes a technique called Sea Bed Logging (SBL) as a tool to investigate deep sea target reservoirs. SBL is an application of marine controlled source electromagnetic (MCSEM) sounding. The basis of the approach is the use of a mobile electric dipole source and an array of electric field receivers. The transmitting dipole emits a low frequency electromagnetic signal both into the overlying water column and downwards into the seabed. The array of sea floor receivers measures both the amplitude and the phase of the received signal that depend on the resistivity structure beneath the seabed. A survey consisting of many transmitter and receiver locations can be used to determine a multidimensional model of subsea floor resistivity. A hydrocarbon reservoir can have resistivity perhaps 10 to 100 times greater. With an in-line antenna configuration the transmitted electric field enters the high resistive hydrocarbon layer under a critical angle and is guided along the...

Extensive 3D seismic data offshore Lebanon together with new investigations of 12 the onshore domain have resulted in a considerable wealth of information on the 13 regional geology and petroleum prospectivity. This article presents a new 14 interpretation of the Levant margin offshore Lebanon with an up-to-date review 15 of the geology of Lebanon and a new comprehensive insight on the petroleum 16 systems along the Eastern Mediterranean sector. The Lebanese onshore and 17 offshore territories are separated in this study into four different domains: the 18 deep basin, the Lattakia Ridge, the Levant margin and the onshore. Each of these 19 domains is marked by a general structural style and various stratigraphic 20 architectures, resulting in different source-reservoir-trap configurations. The 21 new subdivision impacts exploration as it highlights specific geographic areas 22 having distinct petroleum systems. This study takes into account all previously 23 published geological knowledge and provides new results from stratigraphic, 24

There are many giant oil and gas production fields associated with metamorphic and granitic rocks in the world. All the discovered hydrocarbon accumulations in metamorphic and granitic rocks are located at higher elevations than the sediments around these rocks. The sedimentary cover on those rocks may or may not contain petroleum reservoirs. Historically, oil and gas accumulations in these rocks had been generally discovered 10 to 30 years later after a certain amount of petroleum was produced from the sedimentary rocks overlying them. The hydrocarbon trapping mechanism in the rocks mentioned above is caused by an anticline or a formation structure with variable permeability. Metamorphic and granitic rock reservoirs are special types of oil and gas reservoirs, which have been usually neglected until recently as targets for exploration purposes. Most of these reservoirs have been discovered by chance so far because the metamorphic and granitic rocks are not primary targets in oil and gas exploration. On the other hand, the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) value provides information on hydrocarbon contamination of water resources and soils. To find the TPH concentrations of the water or soil contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, gas chromatography (GC) analysis is carried out. In this analysis methodology, aromatic hydrocarbons are separated and the total amount of petroleum hydrocarbons are determined in the samples taken from the surface, subsurface, distribution waters, and soils. Metamorphic massifs and granitic plutons are among the geological units exhibiting wide outcrops on earth. Therefore, in this study, the TPH in water and soil analysis, which can be considered as a geochemical method to reveal the discovery of hydrocarbon reservoirs in such rock units, is practically examined. It is also concluded that the existence of hydrocarbon reservoirs in such geological formations can be predicted by TPH analysis to be performed on samples taken from massifs and plutons and their surrounding water resources and soils. Keywords: Basement rock, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in water analysis, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in soil analysis, Hydrocarbon-rich water, Hydrocarbon-rich soil

ABD yönetiminin Doğu Akdeniz’de keşfedilen hidrokarbon kaynaklarının Avrupa’ya ulaştırılması için; İsrail, Yunanistan ve Güney Kıbrıs Rum Yönetimi’nin (GKRY) katılımıyla hayata geçirilmeye çalışılan Doğu Akdeniz Gaz Boru Hattı (Eastmed Pipe Line) projesinden desteğini çektiğini açıklaması, bölgedeki mevcut konjonktürün değişmesini sağlayacak kadar etkili olmuş gözüküyor. Bunun ilk yansıması da İsrail-Türkiye ilişkilerinin yeniden normalleşme sürecine gireceğine dair işaretlerin birbiri ardına gelmeye başlaması.

Doğu Akdeniz bölgesi; Ortadoğu, Kuzey Afrika, Kafkasya ve Avrupa olmak üzere dünyanın dört
önemli ticaret ve doğal kaynak merkezinin kesiştiği kavşakta konumlanmaktadır. Söz konusu jeopolitiğin
ve doğal kaynakların düğüm noktası ise Türkiye’dir. Doğu Akdeniz’in en uzun sahil şeridine sahip olan
Türkiye, bölgenin enerji güvenliği noktasında köprübaşı olurken aynı zamanda Asya kaynaklarının
Avrupa’ya aktarılmasında da bir transit merkezdir. Bunların yanı sıra Türkiye’nin kıta sahanlığının
korunması ve KKTC’nin varlığı Ankara’nın Doğu Akdeniz’de devamlı olarak diplomatik manevralar
yapmasını zorunlu tutmaktadır. Doğu Akdeniz jeopolitiğine son yıllarda Çin’de eklenmiştir. İstediği nüfuz
genişliği, doğal kaynaklara olan bağımlılığı ve Avrupa’ya bağlanan ticaret yollarının kısaltılması için Doğu
Akdeniz, Çin’in, son dönemlerde dış politikasının hedefleri arasında bulunmaktadır.

The controlled source electromagnetics (CSEM) technology normally seen as complement to seismic methods offers a great promise for improved ranking of development of prospects and reduced appraisal drilling. Highly successful surveys of CSEM with infused R&D efforts, converting CSEM as a key tool for the E & P industry in the near future. The paper presents the basic methodology of the technique with illustrated results, limitations of the technique and future developments.

Seabed hydrocarbon detection by electromagnetic method is widely used for its effectiveness and efficiency. In this paper, we analyze the seabed survey and geometry from the reflection coefficient, develop a new algorithm and complete the software to calculate the EM response of VMD and HED source which is widely used in the seabed detection. At the end of the paper, we inverse the 1D response by least square method based on Monte Carlo method for initial selection. The simulation result shows that our algorithm is stable and efficient.

This paper describes a technique called Sea Bed Logging (SBL) as a tool to investigate deep sea target reservoirs. SBL is an application of marine controlled source electromagnetic (MCSEM) sounding. The basis of the approach is the use of a mobile electric dipole source and an array of electric field receivers. The transmitting dipole emits a low frequency electromagnetic signal both into the overlying water column and downwards into the seabed. The array of sea floor receivers measures both the amplitude and the phase of the received signal that depend on the resistivity structure beneath the seabed. A survey consisting of many transmitter and receiver locations can be used to determine a multidimensional model of subsea floor resistivity. A hydrocarbon reservoir can have resistivity perhaps 10 to 100 times greater. With an in-line antenna configuration the transmitted electric field enters the high resistive hydrocarbon layer under a critical angle and is guided along the layer. E...

The Levantine Basin in the East-Mediterranean is proven as a prolific hydrocarbon province, with numerous gas fields and discoveries, including several of giant reserve size extending from the over-explored Nile Delta of Egypt and offshore Israel in the south to underexplored Cyprus and Lebanon to the north and east. Many of the gas discoveries to the east are biogenic in origin, although a thermogenic source underlies the Nile Delta, as evidenced by minor oil discoveries and, especially in the pre- Pliocene, ubiquitous gas condensate discoveries (Figure 1). Historically, exploration of the Nile Delta targeted siliciclastic plays since AGIP (now ENI) made the groundbreaking discovery of the Abu Madi Field in the Nile Delta of Egypt in 1967. The Abu Madi gas condensate play was followed offshore with the Baltim discoveries and throughout the 1970s and 1980s this play was exploited, following Miocene channel deposits, broadly deposited during the Mediterranean drawdown of the Messinia...