Oceans as a Source of Hydrocarbon Energy

Scientific Programming, 2020

Nowadays fundamental scientific researches and practical works are carried out worldwide to identify and use alternative sources and resources of energy carriers in place of oil and gas. In the world practice, to date, there are no technologies and technology for the development of gas hydrate accumulations and gas hydrate deposits located at the bottom of the seas and oceans. In this article, some methods of possible drilling of conditional wells are being discussed, that is, the creation of gas-hydrodynamic channels for lifting gas through the water column and decomposition of gas hydrates inside gas-hydrate clusters-strata. The possibility of creating double-barrel horizontal wells for supplying the heat carrier and inhibitor to the bottom hole zone for fracturing the gas hydrate and producing gas by a single well is considered.

Przegląd Geologiczny, 2004

Global warming caused by increased emissions of greenhouse gases (especially carbon dioxide) to the atmosphere can be accelerated by release of additional amounts of methane from gas hydrates. These specific chemical compounds (clathrates) consisting of water and hydrocarbons exist as solids under a narrow range of conditions. The methane hydrates occur naturally mainly in the ocean bottom worldwide, as well as on lands in the permafrost zone. The last decade of the 20 th century expanded our knowledge on areas of occurrence, potential resources, environmental conditions of gas hydrate formation and their stability. Increasing average temperature of the Earth changes the conditions of gas hydrate stability and may result in release of methane into seawater and then atmosphere. This may intensify the greenhouse effect. Thus, international research centres should urgently develop an integrated effort towards studying the origin and areas of occurrence of the gas hydrates, as well as feasibility of their commercial exploitation. Such integration could be coordinated by the International Sea Bed Authority within the proposed Project HOPE (Hydrates in Oceans-Program of Explorations).

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2014

Exploita)on of hydrocarbons in the Arc)c region has many faces: Alaska holds most of the region's oil reserves , while reserves in Russia are dominated by natural gas; onshore resources have been producing for decades while offshore is largely a fron)er region. What is common is that the development of the Arc)c's offshore hydrocarbon resources faces an uncertain future. Many parts of the Arc)c Ocean are becoming more accessible due to improved technologies, as well as diminished sea-ice due to climate change. Concurrently, interest in exploi)ng offshore oil and gas in the Arc)c has grown in recent years, while progress con)nues in development of onshore resources. Largely untapped to date, the resource base is significant yet the technical and environmental aspects and high costs of operating in extreme condi)ons present par)cular challenges to developing the Arc)c's offshore oil and gas resources. Investment in explora)on and development are influenced by global markets, energy demand and policies concerned with economic development , energy security and climate change, among other dynamic variables. So the extent and)ming of oil and gas exploita)on in the Arc)c is not easy to predict. Yet it is clear that those resources may have important influences on the Arc)c environment, economies and socie)es. The prospect of oil and gas exploita)on also has implica)ons for the European Union (EU) economic, poli)cal and environmental landscape. This factsheet highlights offshore oil and gas resource exploita)on, its drivers, possible impacts and relevance in rela)on to the European Union. Nevertheless much of the discussion about the factors mo)va)ng oil and gas developments, impacts and role of the EU are also applicable to onshore hydrocarbon resources. 2 Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of Development of the Arc7c This factsheet is to s,mulate dialogue between stakeholders, Arc,c experts and EU policymakers. Stake-holder input informs the analysis of trends and the role of the European Union in shaping Arc,c developments. It will lead to recommenda,ons to EU policymakers and be published as the Strategic Assessment of Development of the Arc,c Report in spring 2014. The European Commission-funded project is implemented by a network of 19 ins,tu,ons lead by the Arc,c Centre in Rovaniemi and is linked to the EU Arc,c Informa,on Centre ini,a,ve. Type Website: www.arc0cinfo.eu "Many parts of the Arctic Ocean are becoming more accessible owing to improved technologies, as well as diminished sea-ice due to climate change." FACTSHEET

Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019

Experiments on methane hydrates formation in seabed deposits and gas recovery adopting carbon dioxide replacement strategies, Applied Thermal Engineering (2018),

The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the technological solution of equilibrium conditions in the system "methanewater phasehydrate-R-2M"; to reveal existing ecological problems of methane gas hydrate extraction from the Black Sea bottom; to determine whether gas hydrate deposits of Black Sea methane are an ecological problem or should be considered as an energy source, to explain the necessity of introduction of the effect of forced self-preservation of methane gas hydrates into development of gas hydrates from the sea bottom. Results. This article analyses current research on gas hydrates specifically in the Black Sea. It shows that the necessary conditions exist for the accumulation of gas hydrates in certain areas of the deep Black Sea (one of the most favourable regions among modern sea basins). This article discusses some ideas for the development of experimental studies of the metastable state of methane gas hydrates at negative temperatures: stability and mechanisms of decomposition. Despite the great variety of technological solutions and schemes of gas hydrates application proposed by the leading researchers in the world, they have been tested practically on a small number of laboratory and model installations, mainly for water desalination and concentration of water solutions, separation of two-component gas mixtures. In fact, there is no data to calculate the processes of formation and melting of ice-gas hydrate methane. The effect of self-preservation of methane gas hydrates deserves special attention. Scientific novelty. An attempt was made to substantiate the issue of whether gas hydrate deposits of methane in the Black Sea are an environmental problem or should they be considered as an additional source of energy and even as a "fuel of the future". The authors for the first time introduced the concept of "forced preservation (activation) effect of methane gas hydrates", which makes it possible to stabilize methane hydrate decomposition when the system is transferred from the area of hydrate stability to the area of thermodynamic parameters, thus significantly reducing the environmental problems of the Black Sea.

E3S Web of Conferences, 2021

The present study was carried out to determine technically recoverable methane hydrate potential of the marine regions in the exclusive economic zones (EEZ) of Turkey by using the algorithm developed and Monte Carlo simulation method. It was found that technically recoverable methane in methane hydrate-bearings in the EEZ of Turkey is approximately 12.08 standard trillion cubic meters (tcm). These reserves are in the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean Sea within the EEZ of Turkey. Although there are some thermogenic gas hydrate potentials in the Sea of Marmara, the EEZ of Turkey in the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea (or the Sea of Islands) do not have any technically recoverable methane hydrate potential at current technological conditions.

Journal of Geological Society of India, 2010

2015

Gas hydrates in sub-seabed sediments is an unexploited source of energy with estimated reserves larger than those of conventional oil. One of the methods for recovering methane from gas hydrates involves injection of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), causing the dissociation of methane and storing CO2. The occurrence of gas hydrates offshore Portugal is well known associated to mud volcanoes in the Gulf of Cadiz. This article presents a determination of the areas with conditions for the formation of biogenic gas hydrates in Portugal's mainland geological continental margin and assesses their overlap with CO2 hydrates stability zones defined in previous studies. The gas hydrates stability areas are defined using a transfer function recently published by other authors and takes into account the sedimentation rate, the particulate organic carbon content and the thickness of the gas hydrate stability zone. An equilibrium equation for gas hydrates, function of temperature and pressure, was adjusted using non-linear regression and the maximum stability zone thickness was found to be 798 m. The gas hydrates inventory was conducted in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment and a full compaction scenario was adopted, with localized vertical flow assumed in the accrecionary wedge where mud volcanoes occur. Four areas where temperature and pressure conditions may exist for formation of gas

Energy & Fuels, 2005

In this paper, we present an equilibrium thermodynamic model to accurately predict the maximum depth of hydrate stability in the seafloor, including the effects of water salinity, hydrate confinement in pores, and the distribution of pore sizes in natural sediments. This model uses sediment type, geothermal gradient, and seafloor depth as input to predict the thickness of the hydrate zone. Using this hydrate model and a mass-transfer description for hydrate formation, we have also developed a predictive method for the occurrence of methane hydrates in the ocean. Based on this information, a prediction for the distribution of methane hydrate in ocean sediment is presented on a 1°latitude by 1°longitude (1°× 1°) global grid. From this detailed prediction, we estimate that there is a total volume of 1.2 × 10 17 m 3 of methane gas (expanded to atmospheric conditions), or, equivalently, 74 400 Gt of CH 4 in ocean hydrates, which is 3 orders of magnitude larger than worldwide conventional natural gas reserves. Of this number, we estimate that 4.4 × 10 16 m 3 of methane expanded to standard temperature and pressure (STP) exists on the continental margins.