Electronic Dictionaries

Abstract. This paper presents a software system called WebMonitoring. The system is designed for solving certain problems in the process of information search on the web. The first problem is improving entering of queries at search engines and enabling more complex searches than keyword-based ones. The second problem is providing access to web page content that is inaccessible by common search engines due to search engine’s crawling limitations or time difference between the moment a web page is set up on the Internet and the moment the crawler finds it. The architecture of the WebMonitoring system relies upon finite state machines and the concept of monitoring the web. We present the system’s architecture and usage. Some modules were originally developed for the purpose of the WebMonitoring system, and some rely on UNITEX, linguistically oriented software system. We hereby evaluate the WebMonitoring system and give directions for further development.

This paper presents a software system called WebMonitoring. The system is designed for solving certain problems in the process of information search on the web. The first problem is improving entering of queries at search engines and enabling more complex searches than keyword-based ones. The second problem is providing access to web page content that is inaccessible by common search engines due to search engine?s crawling limitations or time difference between the moment a web page is set up on the Internet and the moment the crawler finds it. The architecture of the WebMonitoring system relies upon finite state machines and the concept of monitoring the web. We present the system?s architecture and usage. Some modules were originally developed for the purpose of the WebMonitoring system, and some rely on UNITEX, linguistically oriented software system. We hereby evaluate the WebMonitoring system and give directions for further development.

By means of an overview of certain aspects of article structures in printed dictionaries and with reference to some examples from e-dictionaries a number of features of article structures in e-dictionaries are discussed. Reference is made to the positioning of articles in article stretches and functional partial article stretches. Different structural components of articles, i.e. text segments, comments and search zones are distinguished. The increased role of data-identifying entries as a type of non-typographical structural indicator in e-dictionaries receives attention as well as the fact that the traditional division of an article in two comments, typically a comment on form and a comment on semantics, cannot merely be maintained. The value of the cohesion resulting from the use of comments in printed dictionaries is much more restricted in e-dictionaries. The use of search zones and rapid access to these zones have a much more important role in the article structure of edictionaries. In the planning of e-dictionaries provision needs to be made for a multi-layered article structure with screenshots that display the data in a variety of search zones. Access to these search zones goes via structural indicators in an opening or further screenshot. Provision needs to be made for one lemma to occur in a comprehensive article but also in a number of restricted articles that can be retrieved from the same database. Users should also have the opportunity to design their own user profile that will allow them to consult dictionary articles structured according to their specific needs.

So far, there have been few descriptions on creating structures capable of storing lexicographic data, ISO 24613:2008 being one of the latest. Another one is by Spohr (2012), who designs a multifunctional lexical resource which is able to store data of different types of dictionaries in a user-oriented way. Technically, his design is based on the principle of a hierarchical XML/OWL (eXtensible Markup Language/Web Ontology Language) representation model. This article follows another route in describing a model based on entities and relations between them; MySQL (usually referred to as: Structured Query Language) describes a database system of tables containing data and definitions of relations between them. The model was developed in the context of the project "Scientific eLexicography for Africa" and the lexicographic database to be built thereof will be implemented with MySQL. The principles of the ISO model and of Spohr's model are adhered to with one major difference in the implementation strategy: we do not place the lemma in the centre of attention, but the sense description -all other elements, including the lemma, depend on the sense description. This article also describes the contained lexicographic data sets and how they have been collected from different sources. As our aim is to compile several prototypical internet dictionaries (a monolingual Northern Sotho dictionary, a bilingual learners' Xhosa-English dictionary and a bilingual Zulu-English dictionary), we describe the necessary microstructural elements for each of them and which principles we adhere to when designing different ways of accessing them. We plan to make the model and the (empty) database with all graphical user interfaces that have been developed, freely available by mid-2015.

Comune is an open-knowledge base for the Italian language, available through a Web-based collaborative platform, whose construction is in progress. The resource integrates dictionary data coming from both users and legacy resources with an ontological backbone, which provides foundations for a formal characterization of lexical semantic structures (frames). A nucleus of basic Italian lemmas, which have been semantically analyzed and classified, is available for both online access and downloading. A restricted community of contributors is currently working on increasing the lexical coverage of the resource. Research is underway to extend the knowledge base model to encompass verbal frames. RÉSUMÉ. Senso Comune est une base de connaissances ouverte de la langue italienne, disponible à travers une plateforme collaborative sur le Web, dont la construction est en cours. Cette ressource intègre les données lexicographiques provenant à la fois d'utilisateurs et de dictionnaires existants avec une ossature ontologique qui fournit les bases pour une caractérisation formelle de structures sémantiques lexicales (cadres). Un noyau de lemmes italiens de base, qui ont été analysés et classés sémantiquement, est disponible à la fois pour l'accès en ligne et le téléchargement. Une petite communauté de contributeurs travaille actuellement sur l'augmentation de la couverture lexicale de la ressource. Les recherches en cours visent à étendre le modèle de base de connaissances pour inclure les cadres verbaux.

The paper analyses the opportunities and perspectives of Ukrainian philological education digitalization. The development of philological education in Ukraine in the context of digitalization requires new approaches and tools for teaching and learning language, literature, and culture. Digitalization makes it possible to expand access to knowledge and information, promotes creativity and improves learning efficiency. A thorough analysis of the benefits and drawbacks of Ukrainian philological education digitalization has been carried out. It is concluded that the implementation of digitalization in philology education in Ukraine has the potential to transform teaching and learning, contributing to a more innovative and globally competitive educational environment.

In this paper we present our study how to use the Meta Dictionary of the Norwegian Language Collections to measure lexical stability in standard dictionaries across a timespan. The Meta Dictionary uses the lexical item as its core unit, expressing each lexical unit in a separate Meta Dictionary entry. The success of this model rests on having access to electronic versions of major and generally accepted dictionaries from the different stages of the orthography of a language. With this documentation it is possible to see, for instance, how much and which parts of the 1873 lexicon (Norwegian vernacular) is present in modern Nynorsk and Bokmål respectively, and whether this lexicon is present in its original orthography or not. This method for studies of the lexical development is comparable to remote sensing in archaeology and distant reading in literary studies. As an extended example of the application of the method we study a few issues related to the position of the pioneering lexicographers Ivar Aasen (1813-1896) and Hans Ross (1831-1912) in the description of Nynorsk, as shown in more recent lexicographical works, and in particular in two school dictionaries from 1954 and 1970 which border on being spellers.

The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section. Research into dictionary use has become increasingly important in recent years. In contrast to 15 years ago, new findings in this area are presented every year, e.g. at every Euralex or eLex conference. These studies range from questionnaire or log file studies to smaller-scale studies focussing on eye tracking, usability, or other aspects of dictionary use measurable in a lab. For

In this article, we describe a new sense-tagged corpus for Word Sense Disambiguation. The corpus is constituted of instances of 20 French polysemous verbs. Each verb instance is annotated with three sense labels: (1) the actual translation of the verb in the english version of this instance in a parallel corpus, (2) an entry of the verb in a computational dictionary of French (the Lexicon-Grammar tables) and (3) a fine-grained sense label resulting from the concatenation of the translation and the Lexicon-Grammar entry.

a través del corpus TMILG (). En número, los documentos colectados son más de 12.500. El arco cronológico va del siglo XIII a principios del XVI. imaxin|software fue la encargada de realizar tanto los motores de indexación del corpus como el motor de búsquedas. Este recurso permite búsquedas variadas en la documentación gallega medieval: por fechas, géneros, tipología textual, por variantes de una misma palabra y por concordancias, además de por patrones y expresiones regulares. No tiene equivalente en ninguna de las lenguas románicas. Las obras que ofrece son muy variadas, y van desde la lírica profana o religiosa (Lírica trobadoresca gallego-

In the past work on theoretical lexicography was often done simply "incidentally", usually flowing from research in pure linguistics. In the course of time theoretical lexicography and the compilation of dictionaries developed into a fully fledged discipline. The successful lexicographer requires particular characteristics and skills of a high quality. It appears from discussions with editors of dictionaries that even the best academic training does not necessarily produce an excellent lexicographer, as the compilation of dictionaries is a process that requires the skilful integration of theory, practice and language intuition. This study has tried to identify the knowledge, characteristics and skills that are necessary in order to train prospective lexicographers. An attempt has been made, by way of a selective literature review and conducting interviews with people engaged in the practice of lexicography, to design a model for the training of lexicographers.

In the past work on theoretical lexicography was often done simply "incidentally", usually flowing from research in pure linguistics. In the course of time theoretical lexicography and the compilation of dictionaries developed into a fully fledged discipline. The successful lexicographer requires particular characteristics and skills of a high quality. It appears from discussions with editors of dictionaries that even the best academic training does not necessarily produce an excellent lexicographer, as the compilation of dictionaries is a process that requires the skilful integration of theory, practice and language intuition. This study has tried to identify the knowledge, characteristics and skills that are necessary in order to train prospective lexicographers. An attempt has been made, by way of a selective literature review and conducting interviews with people engaged in the practice of lexicography, to design a model for the training of lexicographers.

Opsomming: Op die gebied van die leksikografie het die oorgang vanaf gedrukte na aanlyn woordeboeke 'n ingrypende invloed op talle aspekte van sowel die leksikografieteorie as die leksikografiepraktyk. In die voortgesette ontwikkeling van die leksikografieteorie moet hierdie invloed verwoord word sodat daar riglyne gebied kan word vir die optimale benutting van die vooruitspruitende aanpassings in die leksikografiepraktyk. Woordeboekstrukture moet opnuut ondersoek word om vas te stel watter strukture in die nuwe medium behou kan word, watter strukture aan aanpassings onderhewig is en watter nuwe strukture na vore tree. In hierdie artikel is die fokus op aanpassings in leksikografiese strukture. Daar word verwys na strukture waarvoor aanpassings reeds in die metaleksikografie bespreek is. Die hoofklem is op verskillende vorme van die dataverspreidingstruktuur in aanlyn woordeboeke. Voorsiening word gemaak vir 'n omvattende dataverspreidingstruktuur wat in woordeboekportale gebruik kan word en die gebruiker toegang tot woordeboekeksterne bronne gee. Die behoefte aan groter vryheid van die gebruiker om data te kies wat benodig word, lei tot voorstelle vir 'n nuwe struktuur, naamlik die datatrekkingstruktuur. Met behulp van hierdie struktuur kan gebruikers regstreeks vanuit 'n bepaalde posisie in 'n aanlyn woordeboek toegang kry tot die internet as leksikografiese korpus om aan die data daar die inligting te onttrek wat in 'n bepaalde gebruiksituasie verlang word. Die datatrekkingstruktuur bevestig die status van woordeboeke as geïntegreerde inligtingsinstrumente en plaas hulle binne die bestek van 'n oorkoepelende datastruktuur.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

This chapter is dedicated to the memory of Sue Atkins, the Grande Dame of lexicography, who passed away in 2021. In a prologue we argue that she must be seen on a par with other visionaries and their visions, such as Paul Dirac in mathematics or Ludwig van Beethoven in music. We proceed to review the last half century, through the eyes of Sue Atkins. In the process, the insights of other luminaries come into the picture, including those of Patrick Hanks, Michael Rundell, Adam Kilgarriff, John Sinclair, and Charles Fillmore. This material is used as a background to start thinking out of the box in terms of the future of dictionaries. In all, about 50 oppositions are presented, in which the past is contrasted with the future, divided into five subsections: (1) the dictionary-making process, (2) supporting tools and concepts, (3) the appearance of the dictionary, (4) facts about the dictionary, and (5) the image of the dictionary. Moving from the future of dictionaries to the future of lexicographers, the argument is made that we need to join forces with the Big Data companies, which, by its nature, brings us to America and thus Americans, including Gregory Grefenstette, Erin McKean, Laurence Urdang, and Sidney Landau. In an epilogue, the presentation’s methodology is defined as being ‘a fact-based extrapolation of the future’, and includes good advice from Steve Jobs.

In this paper we propose an approach for identifying syntactic behaviours related to lexical items and linking them to the meanings. This approach is based on the analysis of the textual content presented in LMF normalized dictionaries by means of Definition and Context classes. The main particularity of these contents is their large availability and their semantically control due to their attachment to the meanings, which promotes the effective links between the syntactic behaviours and the meaning. In order to test the performance of the proposed approach, we tested it on an available Arabic LMF normalized dictionary. The experiment treats 9,800 verbs and allows us to evaluate the identified syntactic behaviours as well as their links to the meanings.

This study focuses on designing a pronunciation application model for students of the modules Afrikaanse Taalverwerwing (Afrikaans Language Acquisition) 178 and Afrikaanse Taalverwerwing 278 of the Department Afrikaans and Dutch at Stellenbosch University. The ultimate purpose of this application is to serve as a supporting aid outside of the classroom to help students improve their Afrikaans pronunciation (segmental features). In the current presentation of the task-based language learning and teaching approach, pronunciation does not receive sufficient attention since the primary focus of task-based language learning and teaching is meaning. Furthermore, classroom time for ensuring listener-friendly pronunciation is limited. Participants in this study confirmed this statement in their answers to the questionnaire. This time limit prevents students from improving their pronunciation to listener-friendly pronunciation. This is one of the main reasons for the decision to design a pronunciation application model. The theoretical framework for the design of the study is supported by mobile-assisted language learning, with specific reference to the principles for the development and implementation of mobile-assisted teaching by Stockwell and Hubbard (2013); guidelines for a user-friendly user interface by Clearbridge Mobile (2020) and user experience by Babich (2018); the gamification model by Huang and Soman (2013); the guidelines for pronunciation teaching (Smith and Conti, 2016 and Conti, 2016) and the guidelines for ethical gamification as proposed by Rootman-Le Grange, Barnard and Adams (2016). I used a mixed-methods approach. Observations and deductions were made from the data recorded in the form of answers to the questionnaire, as well as from sound recordings and previous studies. The use of these sources ensured triangulation and therefore increased the validity and credibility of the findings. Twenty-two students participated in this study The participants first completed a questionnaire. The aim of the questionnaire was to determine the participants’ needs and opinions with regards to their pronunciation, while also investigating their cell phone and application usage. Data on the participants’ language background were also collected in this way. Sound recording data was used in conjunction with the questionnaire data in order to determine which sounds are not pronounced as listener-friendly. The contribution of this study includes, among others, a user-centred pronunciation application model that can be used by all interested parties. Furthermore, guidelines for the execution of a needs analysis for the design of a pronunciation application is provided. A list of sounds that can help foreign language speakers of Afrikaans with their pronunciation is also provided. The study discusses how games can help students become aware of pronunciation differences between their first language and their target language. Other findings include participants’ language priorities, preferences and needs for a pronunciation application. In addition, the study reports on Afrikaans sounds that English-speaking students do not pronounce as listener-friendly. These findings can be applied in the foreignlanguage learning classroom as well as in the mobile-assisted language learning field.

Denne artikel er omfattet af ophavsretsloven, og der må citeres fra den. Følgende betingelser skal dog vaere opfyldt:  Citatet skal vaere i overensstemmelse med "god skik"  Der må kun citeres "i det omfang, som betinges af formålet"  Ophavsmanden til teksten skal krediteres, og kilden skal angives, jf. ovenstående bibliografiske oplysninger. Artiklerne i de aeldre LexicoNordica (1-16) er skannet og OCR-behandlet. OCR står for 'optical character recognition' og kan ved tegngenkendelse konvertere et billede til tekst. Dermed kan man søge i teksten. Imidlertid kan der opstå fejl i tegngenkendelsen, og når man søger på fx navne, skal man vaere forberedt på at søgningen ikke er 100 % pålidelig. brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Tidsskrift.dk (Det Kongelige Bibliotek)

تهدف هذه الورقة البحثية إلى تقصي المعاجم الالكترونية متعددة اللغات و سبل هيكلتها و دورها و فائدتها بالنسبة للمترجم و المصطلحي على حد سواء. كما تلقي الضوء بشكل خاص على بنوك المصطلحات الآلية، ماهيتها و دورها و خصائصها. سنخصص الحديث عن أهم بنك آلي مصطلحي في العالم العربي، البنك الآلي السعودي للمصطلحات العلمية و التقنية(باسم). ثم سنختم الدراسة باستقاء بعض مصطلحات الاتصال و تقنية المعلومات لتحليلها على أساس ما يعرف بتقنيات الترجمة.
This research paper aims at exploring multilingual e-dictionaries, how they are built, their role and advantage for translators and terminologists as well. It sheds the light, in details, on terminological data banks, their definition, their role and their characteristics. We will talk about the most prominent terminological data bank in the Arabic world, (BASM) Saudi Terminology Data Bank. This study will end by some examples pertaining to information and communication technology field. Translation strategies will be the basis on which the analysis of the examples will be carried out.

Скраћенице и примери стандардизоване терминологије из области IT коришћене у раду за моделирање IES дати су у прилогу 5 (табеле А 1 -A 3).  (P) дефинисање оригиналних линија тренда иновирања енања;  (D) развој оригиналне методологије формирања модела за развој и примене IES, уз доказе полазних хипотеза;  (C) одређивање кластера иновативности свих области на ICS платформи стандардизације и  (A) утврђивање потребе за иновирањем енања, односно KBS, кроз модел за развој, унапређење и примене IES у PDCA, у смеру креирања СНАЗ. Иновирањем енања на платформи стандардизације и унапређењем KB, уз обезбеђење ресурса, као крајњи циљ унапређен је KBS. Формиран је модел IES и реализован развојем софтверске aжлжкафжјг Model_IES. Предложено софтверско решење Model_IES представља једну од могућности аутоматизације иновирања енања и решавања практичних проблема у стандардизованим областима стваралаштва, као и унапређења жпофгра сжпављања квалжегеом (QM) у опганжеафжјама. Истраживања представљају резултате анализе иновирања енања који су веома значајни за жобољцањг квалжегеа жпожевода и срлсга на глобалном (ISO) и локалном/ националном ** (SRPS) нивоу. Резултати истраживања, формиран модел и развијен IES доприносе креирању СНАЗ и применљиви су у образовном систему Србије. Остварени резултати стварају основу за квалитетније управљање у производном жпофгрс, за унапређење наставног жпофгра, али и за даља истраживања у овој области. Кључне речи: енањг, иновативност, моделирање, PDCA, KB, IES, развој, стандардизацијa. ** Национални (SRPS) ниво односи се на српске стандарде које доноси Институт за стандардизацију Србије (ИСС) као национално тело за стандарде и који су доступни јавности.  Abbreviations used in the paper and examples of standardized terminology in the field of IT for modeling IES are given in аttachment 5 (tables A 1 -A 3). The scientific contribution of the dissertation, from KS, through KB model, to KBS, and the realization of the set objectives and contributiоn to the creation of the Strategy national knowledge architecture (SNKA), is identified through the PDCA concept phases:  (P) defining the original trend lines of knowledge innovation;  (D) developing the methodologies for creating the original KB model for development and implementation of IES, with the confirmation of the initial hypotheses;  (C) determining the innovation clusters in all areas of creativity on the standardization platform, and  (A) determining the need to innovate knowledge, i.e. KBS, using the model for development, improvement and implementation of IES in the PDCA, in the direction of creating SNKA. Knowledge innovation on the standardization platform and KB development, with the resource provided, lead to the desired improvement of KBS. IES model was formed and realized due to the development of and Model_IES software applications. The proposed software solution Model_IES presents one of the possibilities to automate knowledge innovation and problem-solving skills in the standardized areas of creativity, as well as to improve the process of quality management (QM) in organizations. The research includes the results of the analysis of knowledge innovation, which are highly significant for improving the quality of products and services at the global (ISO) and local/ national ** (SRPS) level. The research results, the formed model and the developed IES contribute to the creating of SNKA and are applicable in the education system in Serbia. The obtained results establish the basis for quality management in the production, improvement of teaching, and further research in this area.

Desember 2007 ii VERKLARING Ek, die ondergetekende, verklaar hiermee dat die werk in hierdie proefskrif vervat, my eie oorspronklike werk is wat nog nie vantevore in die geheel of gedeeltelik by enige ander universiteit ter verkryging van 'n graad voorgelê is nie. HANDTEKENING DATUM Kopiereg © 2007 Universiteit van Stellenbosch Alle regte voorbehou iii OPSOMMING Hierdie studie poog om die toneelpop, masker en akteur as ikone en mediums binne Afrikaperformance te beskryf. Die tipe performance onder bespreking, is religieuse performances sowel as liminoïse en hibriede performances. Dit is in gevalle waar die masker en toneelpop binne 'n religieuse performance soos 'n ritueel gebruik word dat die ikoniese eienskappe of waardes tot die mediumskap van die voorwerp toegevoeg word. In sulke gevalle verteenwoordig hierdie voorwerpe nie iets nie, hulle is die konsepte/gedagte/persone/geeste teenwoordig in die ritueel. Kwessies rondom representasie en rolspel word daarom ook ondersoek, aangesien ikonografiese uitbeeldings nie van rolspel gebruik maak nie. Die akteur kan dus apart of saam met die performance-voorwerpe as ikoon funksioneer terwyl al hierdie performance-elemente as mediums funksioneer binne 'n performance waarin rolspel gevind word. Hierdie verskillende konsepte word dan binne performance in Afrika toegepas deur die term performance te bespreek. Daar word gekyk na wat performance behels, onder andere die verskillende eienskappe van performance, soos kwessies rondom die gebruik van tyd, ruimte, voorwerpe, produktiwiteit en die reëls van 'n performance. Die skepping van performance deur middel van herstelde gedrag word vervolgens bespreek, sowel as die resultate van die performance met verwysing na transformasies en transportasies as tydelike of permanente veranderinge wat by die gehoor of performer kan intree as gevolg van die performance. Die performance-genres soos die ritueel en sosiale drama word gebruik om die werking van die masker, toneelpop en akteur binne liminale en liminoïse performances te beskryf en om aan te toon hoe hierdie verskillende performance-voorwerpe as ikone en/of mediums in hierdie genres funksioneer. Hibriede vorme van performance wat nie as suiwer liminale of liminoïse performances beskryf kan word nie, word ook ondersoek, aangesien hierdie vorme van performance 'n kontemporêre neiging in dié van Afrika-performances is. Die produksie Tall Horse word as voorbeeld gebruik waar die performance-teorie toegepas word om die werking van die verskillende performance-voorwerpe en die veranderde kontekste waarin hulle gedurende 'n hibridiese performance funksioneer, te ondersoek.

This article introduces the Wanca 2017 corpus of texts crawled from the internet from which the sentences in rare Uralic languages for the use of the Uralic Language Identification (ULI) 2020 shared task were collected. We describe the ULI dataset and how it was constructed using the Wanca 2017 corpus and texts in different languages from the Leipzig corpora collection. We also provide baseline language identification experiments conducted using the ULI 2020 dataset.

СТЕФАНОВИЋА ВЕНЦЛОВИЋА ПОМОЋУ ВЕШТАЧКЕ ИНТЕЛИГЕНЦИЈЕ ** У раду је описан процес креирања и евалуације HTR (енгл. Handwritten Text Recognition) модела за аутоматско рашчитавање српских и српскословенских рукописа Гаврила Стефановића Венцловића помоћу софтверске платформе Transkribus, засноване на принципима вештачке интелигенције, машинског учења и напредних неуронских мрежа. Грађа за обуку модела узета је из два рукописа која се чувају у Архиву САНУ: Слова изабрана, писана српским језиком и полууставном ћирилицом; Разглаголник, писан српскословенским језиком и брзописном ћирилицом; као и из српскословенског Минеја за октобар из Архива Српске православне епархије будимске у Сентандреји, писаног полууставном ћирилицом. Најважнији резултат рада јесте креирање прве верзије генеричког HTR модела Венцл. 1.0 са изузетним перформансама -проценат погрешно препознатих слова износи само 3%. У раду је показано како се овај модел може успешно користити и за аутоматско рашчитавање осталих Венцловићевих српских и српскословенских рукописа, што би коначно могло учинити изводљивим не само критичко издање у оригиналној графији већ и креирање дигиталних претраживих издања, а затим и електронског корпуса Венцловићеве писане заоставштине. Кључне речи: српски језик, српскословенски језик, Гаврил Стефановић Венцловић, машинско учење, вештачка интелигенција, Transkribus, аутоматско рашчитавање текста, дигитално издање.

Посредством компаративне и дескриптивне методе, у раду се спроводи квалитативна анализа механизама представљања и различитих типова употребних квалификатора у трима општим двојезичним речницима с француским као полазним језиком и српским као циљним језиком. Главни циљ рада јесте испитивање прилагођености ових информација потребама ширих група корисникâ, који немају довољно развијену општу језичку компетенцију на страном језику, а често ни довољно напредну речничку културу. Компаративна анализа показује да се у свим речницима подаци о специфичним околностима под којима се употреба одреднице оцењује као (не)прихватљива обележавају експлицитно помоћу одговарајућих квалификатора, док се у извесној мери то постиже и посредством употребних напомена. Истраживање показује да, изузев иначе веома разуђених дијатехничких, најбројнији квалификатори долазе из реда дијастратских, дијафазних и дијаевалуативних, као (социо)прагматичких квалификатора par excellence.

The paper uses comparative and descriptive methods to analyze representation mechanisms and different types of usage labels in three general bilingual dictionaries with French as the source language and Serbian as the target language. The main objective of the paper is to examine the suitability of this information for the needs of wider user groups whose general linguistic competence in a foreign language is not developed to a sufficient extent, and who often lack sufficiently advanced lexicographic competence. The comparative analysis shows that, in all dictionaries, the data on the specific occasions in which the usage of a certain entry is seen as (un)acceptable is explicitly marked, using the appropriate usage labels, while this is to a lesser extent achieved by usage notes. The research shows that, apart from the otherwise highly diversified diatechnical labels, the most numerous labels belong to the group of the diastratic, diaphasic and diaevaluative ones, which are also regarded as (socio)pragmatic labels par excellence.

Cet article tend à apporter des éléments de réponses ayant trait au faible niveau des apprenants à l’écrit. Il s’agit d’explorer l'usage du code de correction dans l'évaluation des productions écrites des apprenants inscrits dans l’enseignement moyen, en analysant son efficacité dans l’amélioration de leurs compétences rédactionnelles et dans le développement de leur autonomie. Par le truchement d’une enquête auprès des enseignants et une analyse des copies corrigées, l’étude se penche sur la praxis de cet outil en pédagogie. En dépit d’une efficacité théorique reconnue, les résultats montrent que des défis subsistent quant à son application cohérente et systématique. Cette contribution met l’accent sur l'importance d’une intégration réfléchie du code et du développement professionnel des enseignants pour en maximiser l’efficience. Elle propose un accompagnement pédagogique pour garantir un usage optimal de cet outil, visant à faire de l’apprenant un scripteur autonome et compétent.

Denne artikel er omfattet af ophavsretsloven, og der må citeres fra den. Følgende betingelser skal dog vaere opfyldt:  Citatet skal vaere i overensstemmelse med "god skik"  Der må kun citeres "i det omfang, som betinges af formålet"  Ophavsmanden til teksten skal krediteres, og kilden skal angives, jf. ovenstående bibliografiske oplysninger. Artiklerne i de aeldre LexicoNordica (1-16) er skannet og OCR-behandlet. OCR står for 'optical character recognition' og kan ved tegngenkendelse konvertere et billede til tekst. Dermed kan man søge i teksten. Imidlertid kan der opstå fejl i tegngenkendelsen, og når man søger på fx navne, skal man vaere forberedt på at søgningen ikke er 100 % pålidelig.

Digital humanities represent a significant advance in the research and preservation of cultural heritage, enabling researchers to use modern technologies to analyze and interpret historical documents. Our paper analyzes two Serbian archival documents written in diplomatic minuscule Cyrillic. The first document from 1778 is unpublished and preserved in the archives of the Greek Church of St. George in Vienna, the oldest Orthodox church in today’s Austria. The second document from 1500 is the testament of Miloš Belmužević, a Serbian lord serving the Hungarian kings. The documents were initially subjected to manual reading and examination to extract information about persons, locations, and demographics. Simultaneously, a computational approach utilizing the Named Entity Recognition (NER) was employed to accomplish the same task. The dataset, which comprised the Charter of King Stefan Uroš II Milutin to the Monastery of St. Stefan in Banjska from the beginning of the 14th century, the Dečani chrysobulls from the 14th century, and the collection of 13th-century charters and letters from the Dubrovnik archive, was used to train the NER model. At the end, a comparative analysis of the traditional approach and the results of computational processing was performed, facilitating the assessment of the efficiency of both methods. This analysis additionally confirmed the value of Digital humanities in the preservation and study of Serbian historical documents.

Lexicography, traditionally centered on the collection and organization of a language's vocabulary, the creation of language dictionaries (Rey-Debove 1970; Neuveu 2011: 215), has undergone a profound transformation with the integration of computer technologies, ushering in the era of computerized (Béjoint 2007; Martin 2008; Aquino-Weber & Greub 2020, etc.) or digital (Molinari 2021; Molinari and Vincent 2021, etc. Pruvost 2000) lexicography. This “metamorphosis, from incunabula to virtual space” (Pruvost 2011), was initially catalyzed by the incorporation of IT tools into lexicographical practices. This transformation became more complex with the emergence of the Internet and the development of contributory lexicography, illustrating a series of successive and diversified transformations that have redefined the very nature of lexicography in the digital age. As emphasized by (meta)lexicographers (Pruvost 2000, 2004, [2006] 2021, 2014; Jacquet-Pfau 2005; Béjoint 2007; Polguère 2014, 2018; Mejri 2020; Vincent 2023, etc.), the integration of digital technology into the lexicographic field has profoundly redefined dictionaries' spatial engagement, enriching their functionalities, but has also transformed a redesign of their architecture. This far-reaching evolution has highlighted the growing importance of digital lexical resources, both in terms of accessibility and diversity of use. However, it should be acknowledge that this transformation also, and perhaps above all, relies on the active involvement of the readership, who participate in collaborative projects inspired by the principles of participatory science. This new dynamic is reinforced by the development of lexicographic techniques and tools that adopt user-centric approaches, placing their experiences and needs at the heart of innovation (Dolar, Gasparini and Steffens 2023). This far-reaching transformation of French lexicography, propelled by digital technologies, is structured around several major areas of development. On the one hand, augmented digital publishing represents a revolution in the way dictionaries are enriched (from the "retro-conversion" of old dictionaries to the establishment of encoding standards such as XML TEI DTD, see the work of Quemada, Wooldridge, Wionet, Turban, Tutin, Rey, Geoffrey Clive Williams, Hervé Bohbot, etc.). Digital formats (HTML, TMX, ODBC, RDF) also offer unprecedented possibilities for interaction and real-time updating. On the other hand, the emergence of natively digital collaborative works illustrates the potential for co-creation and knowledge sharing within diverse communities, transcending the traditional barriers of lexicography (eg. DDF). Thus, France boasts a rich variety of online resources, including historical dictionaries (Furetières, Littré, …), general (Larousse, Robert), academic (Trésor de la langue française informatisé), collaborative (Wiktionnaire, Dictionnaire des ados, …), participatory (Dictionnaire des Francophones, DDF), institutional (Dictionnaire de l'Académie française), specialized (Dictionnaire des synonymes du CRISCO, …), etc. At the same time, the rise of Linked Lexical Open Data (LLOD) promotes interconnectivity between lexicographic resources, thus facilitating the cross-integration and analysis of large/vast datasets (following the FAIR principles: Findable, Accessible , Interoperable, Reusable). Finally, the interface - or sometimes interference - with digital assistants trained on Big data represents both a challenge and an opportunity for lexicography, requiring in-depth reflection on the role of dictionaries in the current information ecosystem. These different paths of evolution, which are currently being explored, outline the contours of a lexicography that is not only digitized, but truly transformed by digital technology. The recognition of these axes illustrates the importance of articulating innovations to better grasp the current and future challenges of digital lexicography. Thus, this article aims to explore the metamorphosis, focusing on an inventory of digital lexicography in France (limiting our presentation to French monolingual dictionaries), and endeavoring to sketch out future directions for this continually evolving field.
Domaines
Linguistique

The paper shows the contents of the TEMPUS project which was established in order to propose new master program in Land administration at the Department of geodesy and geoinformatics on the Faculty of civil engineering.U radu su prikazani ciljevi, zadaci i sadržaj TEMPUS projekta za unapređenje nastavnog procesa i uspostavljanje novog master programa u oblasti administriranja zemljištem (land law and economy) na Odseku za geodeziju i geoinformatiku Građevinskog fakulteta u Beogradu

The entries in a monolingual alphabetic dictionary are selected from the stand ard language of native speakers, and the lexicographer has to include an exten sive selection of simplex words. The mere occurrence of a simplex word as item in the standard language compels the lexicographer to accommodate it as a lemma. However, compounds are not treated in the same simplistic way, and their selection confronts the lexicographer with a wide range of linguistic prob lems. Although compounding is a very productive word-formation process in Afrikaans, not all compounds can be accounted for in a dictionary. To qualify for inclusion a compound has to satisfy, among others, some semantic criteria not applied to Simplexes. In contrast with Simplexes the mere inclusion of a compound in a dictionary has definite semantic implications with which the lexi cographer has to be well acquainted. The semantic criteria that apply to the se lection of compounds are by no means well defined and the lexicographer needs a sound semantic judgement to ensure successful treatment of this category of words. Even the most common criterion, that of word transparency, still offers many problems (cf. Stein 1985: 39). It is therefore understandable why Cowie (1983: 103) says: "There are few features of dictionary organization on which editorial policy differs as strikingly from one dictionary-or lexicographical tradition-to another as the treatment of compounds." This is yet another field where the collaboration of linguist and lexicographer is needed. This paper will focus on some of the semantic problems confronting the lexicographer. The main emphasis will be on the Afrikaans particle verb as one example of the category of compounds.

Traditional dictionaries offer curated data to users. Users should therefore be able to find the correct data to solve their information need. However, users don't necessarily know the exact scope of lexicographic information. Dictionary articles can still demand considerable interpretation by the user to select the appropriate meaning or equivalent. In the e-environment, users can easily navigate between different e-sources. This is especially evident on various e-book platforms, where one can link multiple dictionaries and other sources to a text or search of the internet. Internet content is obviously not curated, and providing access to such data is therefore anathema to the traditional lexicographer. A traditional dictionary is the result of an application of data pushing procedures. The online environment enables the use of data pulling procedures that give users access to both curated and non-curated data. These issues are illustrated by means of a number of examples that show that a large number of different and disparate information sources are easily available to the user to satisfy any specific information need, and that the dictionary is one of a plethora of information sources. The information is therefore available on demand, without risking information overload. It is argued that, when optimising a network of information tools that constitutes a comprehensive search universe, the information retrieval structure should preferably have a circular network as application domain, rather than a linear continuum.

Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Sy navorsing fokus primêr op die metaleksikografie en woordeboek navorsing-'n gebied waarin hy op nasionale en internasionale vlak wyd publiseer. Hy is 'n redakteur van twee toonaangewende inter nasionale tydskrifte in die leksikografie, te wete Lexikos en Lexico graphica, asook van die boekreeks Lexicographica Series Maior. Gouws is 'n NNSgeëvalueerde navorser en die ontvanger van verskeie beurse, pryse en toekennings, onder meer die SA Akademie se CJ Langenhovenprys vir Taalwetenskap. Hy vul sy werk in die teoretiese leksikografie aan met aktiewe deelname aan die leksikografiepraktyk as redakteur/ mederedakteur van verskillende woordeboeke, onder meer die bekende Afrikaanse woordeboek HAT, die internasionale Wörterbuch zur Lexiko graphie und Wörterbuchforschung/Dictionary of lexicography and dictionary research en ANNA, die vernuwende woordeboek met Nederlands en Afrikaans as taalpaar.

Summary: During the past decade, among the service offerings in American public libraries, there has been a noticeable trend of implementing library programs that include various forms of physical activity. Specific national initiatives appear on the scene as inspirations for an active and healthy lifestyle for librarians and users of different ages and abilities. From storywalks for children and parents, music and movement, fitness classes for teenagers, walk or run groups for adults, to chair yoga for seniors - the common goal is to support users’ physical activity throughout life. The paper highlights the benefits of these programs from the perspective of librarians, users and the community. It is illustrated with examples of best practices on the Let’s Move in Libraries website and an online survey results of different library activities in America and Canada, led by Noah Lenstra, professor of library science at the University of North Carolina in Greensboro. The work aims to inform Serbian librarians about details of the organization, implementation and positive/negative effects of the current trend in American libraries, as well as to encourage the development of similar, personal growth and health-oriented programs in Serbia.

Сажетак: У понуди услуга америчких јавних библиотека током протекле деценије запажен је тренд увођења библиотечких програма који укључују различите облике физичке активности. Специфичне националне иницијативе за очување здравља појављују се на сцени као инспиратори за активан и здрав животни стил библиотекара и корисника различитих узраста и способности. Од концепта storywalk (енг. истовременог читања и физичке активности) за децу и родитеље, преко музике и покрета, часова фитнеса за тинејџере, окупљања група одраслих за пешачење или трчање, до јоге у столици за старије грађане – циљ је поспешивање физичке активности корисника током целог живота. У раду су истакнути позитивни ефекти ових програма са становишта библиотекара, корисника и друштвене заједнице. Рад је илустрован примерима добре праксе са веб-странице иницијативе Let’s Move in Libraries и резултатима онлајн анкетног истраживања активности библиотека у Америци и Канади, под руководством Ноа Ленстре (Noah Lenstra), професора библиотекарства на Универзитету Северна Каролина у Гринсбороу. Циљ рада је да информише српске библиотекаре о појединостима организације, имплементације и о ефектима/недостацима актуелног тренда у понуди америчких библиотека, као и да подстакне развој сличних, ка личном развоју и здрављу оријентисаних програма у Србији.

The landscape of language automation has experienced notable strides in recent times, largely propelled by the advent of
artificial intelligence (AI) technologies like ChatGPT. These advancements have ushered in new possibilities for
comprehending and crafting text, raising an essential question: does AI empowerment solve the problems of
lexicographers? Phraseology, as the study of fixed expressions and associated lexical units, imposes specific demands on
linguistic processing. This article focuses on tackling these challenges by integrating the phraseological aspects of
language with AI and, specifically, the capabilities of ChatGPT-4 and ChatGPT-4o to comprehend and produce
phraseological units (PUs) in the monolingual contexts of French and Chinese as well as in bilingual settings involving
French to Chinese and Chinese to French translation. Research shows that, for now, ChatGPT cannot replace human
phraseography, especially when it comes to phraseoculture (Chen 2022), which would require “post-editing” (Jakubíček
& Rundell 2023) and validation by humans. Despite this, ChatGPT remains a valuable auxiliary tool for phraseography.

kunde aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Sy primêre doseer-, studieleidings-en navorsingsgebied is die teoretiese leksikografi e. Hy publiseer wyd in plaaslike en internasionale vaktydskrifte en boeke en tree gereeld op as spreker en aanbieder by internasionale kongresse, simposia en kursusse. Vir sy leksikografiese navorsing ontvang hy verskeie beurse en toekennings. Sy werk in die teore tiese leksikografi e word aangevul met werk aan verskillende woordeboekprojekte, onder meer die internasionale Dictionary of Lexicography and Dictionary Research en, in die Afrikaanse leksikografi e, die HAT.

Opsomming: Hierdie resensieartikel wil vasstel in watter mate WAT deel XII aan die missie van die WAT voldoen, naamlik "om die Afrikaanse taal en die gebruikers daarvan te dien, asook die leksikografie in die algemeen, veral die Suid-Afrikaanse leksikografie". Daar word ondersoek ingestel na die voortekste, agtertekste en die sentrale teks, en aangetoon dat albei buitetekste geïntegreer is met die sentrale teks en in daardie opsig dus wel die leksikografie dien. Wat die sentrale teks betref, word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die gebruikers van die Afrikaanse taal sowel as die Suid-Afrikaanse leksikografie meer daarby sal baat indien dit deegliker gekonseptualiseer en beplan sou word aan die hand van leksikografiese funksies. Die keuse van leksikale items wat die omvattendheid van die Afrikaanse leksikon illustreer en verteenwoordig sal ook aan die hand van 'n goed beplande korpus herbedink moet word. Frekwent gebruikte woorde sal dus nie langer as lemmatekens oor die hoof gesien word nie en die lengte van artikelinskrywings behoort ook meer gelykvormig gebalanseer te word. Sodoende sal die Afrikaanse taal en die gebruikers daarvan beter gedien word. Die Suid-Afrikaanse leksikografie sal daarby baat indien die WAT sou terugkeer na wat van 'n omvattende woordeboek verwag word, naamlik 'n meer gebalanseerde verteenwoordiging van makro-en mikrostruktuur. Dit behoort ook te lei tot 'n meer eweredige verspreiding van artikelomvang en minder onbewerkte lemmatekens.

Данас, када свака библиотека улаже напоре за примену информационо-комуникационе технологије, и Народна библиотека "Стеван Сремац" развија библиотечко-информациони систем помоћу рачунара како би следила савремене токове у својој професији. Одељење развоја Народне библиотеке у Нишу има добру комуникацију са осталим одељењима Библиотеке, што му омогућава да изналази нова решења како би корисницима библиотеке омогућила што ефикасније и доступније коришћење информација. Народна библиотека "Стеван Сремац", у складу са захтевима једне матичне библиотеке, већ четири године користи библиотечко-информациони систем НИБИС.

Данас, када свака библиотека улаже напоре за примену информационо-комуникационе технологије, и Народна библиотека "Стеван Сремац" развија библиотечко-информациони систем помоћу рачунара како би следила савремене токове у својој професији. Одељење развоја Народне библиотеке у Нишу има добру комуникацију са осталим одељењима Библиотеке, што му омогућава да изналази нова решења како би корисницима библиотеке омогућила што ефикасније и доступније коришћење информација. Народна библиотека "Стеван Сремац", у складу са захтевима једне матичне библиотеке, већ четири године користи библиотечко-информациони систем НИБИС.

Избори за реч године, поготово на енглеском говорном подручју, временом све више привлаче пажњу лингвиста, лексикографа, али и медија. Иако нису темељени строго на лингвистичким критеријумима, ови избори показују одређене језичке, културолошке, политичке, па и економске трендове у развоју друштва, што потврђују и примери као што су: вакс, локдаун, постистина, брегзит, бинџовање и сл. Циљ нашег рада је да испитамо какав је положај неологизама који су у последњих десет година проглашавани за реч године од стране угледних речника енглеског језика данас у српском лексичком систему, њихов статус у речницима нових речи и речницима англицизама, односно да утврдимо за које од њих можемо рећи да су постале активан део домаћег лексичког фонда, а које су се повукле на маргину.

Sözcükler dilin ses ve anlam ögelerinden oluşan sözlüksel anlamlı biçim birimlerdir. Anlama ve anlaşmanın temel ögeleri olan sözcükler ana dili öğretiminde, toplumsal kültürü tanımada, bireyin duygu ve düşünce gelişiminde önemli işleve sahiptir. Bu bakımdan sözcüklerin öğretiminin bireyin sosyal ve bireysel gelişimi üzerinde etkisini dikkate almak gerekir. İlköğretim okulları Türkçe derslerinin sözcük öğretimi ve bireylerin kavram gelişimi bakımından irdelenmesi oldukça önemlidir. Bu araştırmada ilköğretim okulları Türkçe derslerinde öğretmenlerin sözcük öğretimini nasıl gerçekleştirdikleri, ne gibi sorunlarla karşılaştıkları üzerinde durulmuştur. Araştırma nitel örnek olay araştırması desenindedir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu Eskişehir'de görev yapan on beş Türkçe öğretmeninden oluşmaktadır. Görüşme yoluyla örneklemden elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre öğretmenler ders kitaplarını yeterli bulmakta, sözcük öğretimini ise ders için oldukça gerekli görmektedirler. Sözcük öğretimi çok boyutlu karmaşık öğrenme sürecine sahiptir. Öğretmenlerin deneyim ve bilgi birikiminin farklı oluşu Türkçe derslerinde sözcük öğretiminde birbirinden çok farklı yaklaşım ve teknikler kullanmalarına neden olmaktadır. Araştırmada sözcük öğretiminde karşılaşılan sorunların analizinde öğrenci ve dış etkenlere de ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır.

English: The project presented here is rooted in the Digital Humanities, which aim at providing researchers in the social sciences with tools to help them explore and treat their corpora of texts. Its goal is to develop a software that can automatically detect sentences and phrases that have a negative coloration in French texts, including political debates and speeches, newspaper articles, inline forums, etc. We present a set of linguistic resources constituted by a dictionary of negative and positive terms, an inflectional and derivation grammar and a syntactic grammar. The two crucial problems to take into account are: positive terms used in a syntactic negation, and aspectual or modal verbs that may reverse the value of the main verb.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2019.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Opsomming Vanweë die toenemende verengelsing van openbare ruimtes soos die staatsdiens, opvoedkundige instellings en howe, het dit vir Afrikaanssprekende Suid-Afrikaners nodig geword om hulle na digitale platforms te wend om deel te neem aan openbare gesprekke oor politieke kwessies wat vir hulle van belang is. Maroela Media, as die grootste Afrikaanse nuuswebtuiste, is ideaal geposisioneer om aan lede van hierdie taalgroep toegang te bied tot ’n Afrikaanse openbare sfeer, waartoe alle lede van dié gemeenskap geredelik toegang het en waar hulle vrylik aan openbare debatte kan deelneem. Die navorsing het onderneem om te bepaal tot watter mate Maroela Media aan hierdie ideaal voldoen. Ten einde Maroela Media se rol en effektiwiteit met betrekking tot die skep van ’n Afrikaanse openbare sfeer te ondersoek, het die navorser ’n kombinasie van die beginsels van die Ubuntu-benadering tot etiek en die netwerk-aangedrewe openba...

The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section. 1 Introduction Research into dictionary use has become increasingly important in recent years. In contrast to 15 years ago, new findings in this area are presented every year, e.g. at every Euralex or eLex conference. These studies range from questionnaire or log file studies to smaller-scale studies focussing on eye tracking, usability, or other aspects of dictionary use measurable in a lab. For an overview of different studies,

A workshop on Computational Japanese Studies provides an opportunity to take stock of what exactly is computing in Japanese,  and how it differs,  if at all,  from languageprocessing activities in other languages. Where such differences exist,  is is appropriate to consider whether they are still relevant today,  when there has been a massive investment in such things as internationalized “single binary ”  software and  unified character